Zootecnica International - English edition - 06 June - 2020 by Zootecnica International

Zootecnica International – June 2020 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze

Drinking systems and water solutions for hygiene in farms The effect of diet and epigenetic alterations on the gut microbiome Patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017

2020

PALLET CARGO PALLET CARGO

PALLET CARGO

Cod. 0420002.00 with Cod.feet 0420002.00 with feet Cod. 0420103.00 without Cod. 0420103.00 feet without feet

Cod. 0420002.00 with feet Cod. 0420103.00 without feet

HYGIENIC DURABLE HYGIENIC DURABLE PLASTIC PALLETPLASTIC 1200x800 PALLET 1200x800 Dimensions: Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

HYGIENIC DURABLE ® ® PLASTIC PALLET 1200x800

Dimensions: Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

Dimensions:

purely professional. purely professional. Lenght: 1.200 mm Width: 800 mm Height: 160 mm

Load capacity Load capacity Static: 4.500 kg Static: 4.500 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg In rack: 750 kg In rack: 750 kg Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)

Load capacity Static: 4.500 kg Dynamic: 1.100 kg In rack: 750 kg Weight: 16 kg (+/-0,2)

Temperature range: Temperature range: in use: -20°C up to +60°C in use: -20°C up to +60°C cleaning: up to +100°C cleaning: up to +100°C

Temperature range: in use: -20°C up to +60°C cleaning: up to +100°C

CHARACTERISTICS: CHARACTERISTICS:

CHARACTERISTICS:

• Standard colour: grey• Standard colour: grey • Impact-resistant raw •materials Impact-resistant raw materials • Food-grade approved• Food-grade raw materialapproved (HDPE) raw material (HDPE) • Easy to clean & dry • Easy to clean & dry • UV and bad weather• resistant UV and bad weather resistant

• Standard colour: grey • Impact-resistant raw materials • Food-grade approved raw material (HDP • Easy to clean & dry • UV and bad weather resistant

OPTIONS:

Giordano Poultry Giordano PlastPoultry S.p.A. Pla

Via Bernezzo, OPTIONS: 47Via Bernezzo, 47 • Special colours available request 12023 CARAGLIO 12023 - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy upon - Cuneo (min. order 500 units) Tel. +39 0171• Personalization 61.97.15 Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 is possible (name/numb Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com - PRODUCT OF

OPTIONS:

• Special colours available • Special uponcolours requestavailable upon request (min. order 500 units)(min. order 500 units) • Personalization is possible • Personalization (name/numbering is possible RFID) (name/numbering RFID)

DURABLE/RECYCLABLE AND DISINFECTABLE PLAST

- NO METAL REINFORCEMEN

- FULLY RECYCLABLE - FULLY RECYCLABLE

- FULLY RECYCLABLE

www.poultryplast.com

- NO METAL REINFORCEMENTS - NO METAL REINFORCEMENTS

www.poultryplast.com

- PRODUCT OF - PRODUCT OF DURABLE/RECYCLABLE DURABLE/RECYCLABLE AND DISINFECTABLE AND DISINFECTABLE PLASTIC PLASTIC

www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

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MANOLA ® Cod. 0301001

purely professional. purely professional. Diameter: 45 cm/

Perfect functionality. Optimum Perfect functionality. performance. Optimum No waste, performance. no No waste, no leakage, always dry litter. leakage, Permanent alwayssupply dry litter. of fresh Permanent water. supply of fresh water. Healthy environment. Healthy Less mortality. environment. Less mortality.

Circumference: 13 Depth: 7,5 cm/3” Feeder capacity: 20 Weight: 1,723 kg Standard packing: 20 cones per carto 26.80”x14.18”x27. DRINKER T-LINE 20 pans per carton 17.72”x17,72”x22.8 ADVANTAGES Shipping capacity: Perfect functionality. Optimum performanc leakage, always dry litter. Permanent supp Healthy environment. Less mortality.

PRESSURE REGULATOR PRESSURE REGULATOR

PRESSURE REGULATOR

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DRINKER T-LINE DRINKER T-LINE ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES

Giordano Poultry Giordano PlastPoultry S.p.A. Pla

BREATHER UNITBREATHER UNIT

BREATHER UNIT Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47

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Cod. 0301105

OVAL CUP FOR OVAL DAY-OLD CUPTURKEYS FOR DAY-OLD TURKEYS

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0171 81.75.81 Fax CUP +39 0171 81.75.81 Cod. 0301106 Fax +39 Cod. 0301106 Cod.OVAL 0301110 Cod. DAY-OLD 0301110 Cod. 0301105 Cod. 0301118 FOR TUR

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ROUND CUP FOR ROUND ADULTCUP TURKEYS FOR ADULT TURKEYS

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INSTALLATION INSTALLATION 5 cups each 3 m 4 cups each 3 m 3 cups each 3 m

INSTALLATION

5 cups each 3 m CY

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4 cups each 3 m 3 cups each 3 m

DRINKING CAPACITY DRINKING CAPACITY

Day-old turkeys: 30-40 birds per drinker. CMY CMY

Adult turkeys: 15-30 birds per drinker, de and weight.

www.poultryplast.com

Cod. 0301117

DRINKING CAPACITY

Day-old turkeys: 30-40Day-old birds per turkeys: drinker. 30-40 birds per drinker. Adult turkeys: 15-30 Adult birds per turkeys: drinker, 15-30 depending birds perondrinker, sex depending on sex and weight. and weight.

GARDEN RA

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GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. GIORDANO reservesPOULTRY the right to PLAST modify S.p.A. products' reserves features the right and to in this catalogue, and accepts in nothis liability catalogue, for errors andand/or acceptsomissions no liabilityinfor theerrors publish an

The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.

CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net

www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

EDITORIAL While the modern poultry industry undoubtedly started in the USA, the historical roots of â&#x20AC;&#x153;our illustrious feathered friendsâ&#x20AC;? are to be found elsewhere. An historical example can be found in the celebrated works of the Roman writer Columella (1st century AD), an enthusiastic student of agriculture, who in his writings entitled De Re Rustica gave advice also on the rearing of chickens and laying hens and highlighted the possibilities of cross breeding and also how fertile eggs might be incubated. Moving forward it can be stated that agriculture and poultry production carried out in an industrial scale did not occur until the 20th century. Up until 1930 poultry growing in Europe was a rural activity which took place alongside general farming. The Second World War also was a time of reduced activity in poultry growing and did cause a reduction in genetic research and development. Regretfully during this period of reduction many pure breeds were lost to the industry. At the end of the 1940s poultry growing was considered a marginal farming activity when compared to beef and pig production. Chicken growing was orientated more to providing food for the farmers and their families and friends. In the late 50s and early 1960s European poultry growers started to increase the size of their flocks although they still grew the increased numbers of birds in their existing farm buildings. In the same period small chicken hatcheries started to emerge along with feed mills which mirrored the development which had been taking place in the USA during the preceding 10 years. In Europe, the 1970s saw an explosive increase in the poultry industry and between 1950s and 1970s the consumption of poultry meat doubled. In the span of 40 years the evolution in the poultry industry far exceeded that of any other livestock sector. The physiognomy of the poultry market and the operating companies has changed dramatically. The technological evolution, the advancement in genetic research, the profound understanding of avian pathology and nutrition, the development of biosecurity programs have all contributed to ensure poultry meat today is produced at a low cost and is a secure and healthy product. Unfortunately the various past crises in the market which seem to occur in cyclical periods and, the incessant process of globalization have over the years created a reduction in the number of companies operating in the field and have caused changes in the physiognomy of the poultry industry. Foreseeing the future is very difficult. The world wide market crises seen in the past should give some guidelines but, unfortunately, there does not seem to be an international desire to adopt a common approach towards finding solutions.

F L EXI BL E M O D U LA R S Y S TE M

Big volumes of eggsperience: NATURA Barn egg production? Free-range? Organic? We have the appropriate solution for each type of management. Guaranteed.

Natura-Step

Natura Floor

One-Level System

Natura Colony

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Natura 60/70

Natura Nova

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SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 6 FIELD REPORT How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the livestock industry?....................... 14

FOCUS: Drinking systems and water solutions for hygiene in farms The hose and drinking water hygiene: inhibiting the growth of biofilm............... 16 Facco drinking systems ................................................................................ 18 Giordano Poultry Plast: for an optimal and healthy administration of drinking water in poultry farms.................................................................... 20 How an automatic flushing system can reduce the use of antibiotics................ 22 Clear visualization of biofilm removal from drinking water lines with Intra Hydrocare...................................................................................... 24 Lubing products for washing and sanitizing drinking lines................................ 26 Prevent contaminated water with automated drinking systems......................... 28

Mastering the Water Line – Height & Pressure................................................ 30

DOSSIER The effect of diet and epigenetic alterations on the gut microbiome, inflammation and poultry production............................................................... 32

MARKETING Patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017................................................................................. 38

TECHNICAL COLUMN How can hatcheries lessen the impact of COVID-19?...................................... 42

NUTRITION Natural antioxidants in poultry production From vitamins to vitagenes – Second part...................................................... 44

VETERINARY SCIENCE Avian reoviruses, molecular characterization: looking for better classification methods......................................................... 48

MARKET GUIDE.................................................................................52 INTERNET GUIDE.............................................................................56

WORLDWIDE NEWS

Global Egg Nutrition Expert Group formed The International Egg Nutrition Centre (IENC) has announced the formation of the ‘Global Egg Nutrition Expert Group’ which will focus on developing, collating and optimising research on the nutritional value of eggs, to ensure the information is readily available to all. Made up of nine leading scientists, nutritionists and industry representatives, the group will advise and provide human nutrition input into the World Egg Organisation programs, its charitable arm, the International Egg Foundation. “We are really pleased to be able to bring together such a diverse range of top nutritional minds with experience which expands across continents and throughout both developed and developing nations – explains Tim – the collective expertise of this group will assist the development of key resources to support the global understanding of the nutritional impact of the egg, helping to overcome misinformation. This is a really exciting initiative for the IENC, and one which can have a positive impact on so many lives through the promotion and dissemination of the latest scientific research and evidence.”

The group, which has been formed in line with two of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, Zero Hunger, and Good Health and Wellbeing, will look to collate balanced information on the nutritional impact of the egg. This will be disseminated to stakeholders across the globe, from producers through to health professionals and consumers. Speaking on the creation of the Global Egg Nutrition Expert Group, Tim Lambert, Group Chair and IEC President said: “The egg is a fantastic nutritional product, which can support healthy balanced diets throughout the developed and developing world. The formation of the Global Egg Nutrition Expert Group is an important initiative for the egg value chain, which will advance the global industry by ensuring the latest research on the nutritional value of the egg is accessible for all.”

- worldwide news -

To find out more about the IENC and the Global Egg Nutrition Expert Group, please visit the IEC website www.internationalegg.com/representing-the-industry/egg-industry/ international-egg-nutrition-centre/

About the IENC The International Egg Nutrition Centre (IENC) was established by the World Egg Organisation (WEO) to join human nutrition professionals worldwide to make it easier to share ideas and resources relating to the nutritional impact of eggs.

WORLDWIDE NEWS

Researchers at Wageningen Livestock Research have been able to define when a turkey takes a step. This is an important milestone to automating gait scoring by sensors. Locomotion obviously is an important indicator of animal welfare. With gait scores based on sensor data, breeding programs are able to better select animals with the best locomotion. Gait scores are determined by trained experts; they examine the animals one by one, which is laborious and time consuming. Sensors have the potential to automatically register a number of characteristics that underlie the experts’ gait scores and the advantage that they can measure repeatedly and thus follow the scores from day to day. In this study by the Breed4Food consortium, turkeys from Hendrix Genetics were equipped with advanced accelerometers. The sensors produce information about the turkey’s speed and orientation. The researchers were able to determine the start and end times of a step with ‘machine learning’. This step detection model enables fast and accurate step detection in large data sets. Researchers now want to determine the characteristics of each step to predict the turkey’s running scores. These results are published (open access) in a special issue of Frontiers Genetics: High-Throughput Phenotyping in the Genomic Improvement of Livestock. The paper by Bouwman et al. is entitled: Automated Step Detection in Inertial

Measurement Unit Data From Turkeys. This work was done within Breed4Food in close collaboration with Hendrix Genetics (Boxmeer) and PDEng students from the Jheronimus Academy of Data Science (Den Bosch). Source: www.wur.nl

Enhancing turkey welfare one step at a time

Committed and connected to your business

At Petersime, we do not only go the extra mile to make sure our incubators and hatchery equipment are as innovative as they can be; we always combine them with our excellent service. The Petersime Easy Connect™ service app speeds up and simplifies the process for hatchery managers and technical staff to connect with the Petersime team and services. Get the app today!

Connect to people

Connect to knowledge

Connect to machines

Get first-line support from our team of specialists

Find useful information on machines and incubation

Monitor your own hatchery directly from the app

Available on Google Play

- june 2020 -

Available on the App Store

www.petersime.com

COMPANY NEWS

Hubbard, Dr Bentley is the new Global Technical Director Hubbard announced that Dr James Bentley has accepted the position as Global Technical Director effective as from April 6th, 2020. James will lead the Hubbard Technical team and reports to David Fyfe, Global Commercial Director. James obtained his PhD in Agriculture at the University of Reading in 1988. He then started as a Research Specialist-Nutrition at British United Turkeys (BUT) in the UK during which time he also liaised with the US and European teams of Hubbard, BUT’s sister company. In 1994 he became R&D Manager for BUT and was promoted to Director of Breeding and Research & Development in 2003.

Hubbard announced that Dr James Bentley has accepted the position as Global Technical Director. James Bentley has over 30 years of work experience in poultry breeding, nutrition and management. After his BSc. degree in Agriculture at Bangor,

Since 2005 James Bentley has been an independent consultant covering turkey and poultry nutrition, breeding and management and then also became the organiser of the internationally highly appreciated Turkey Science and Production Conference held each year in the UK. During the last years James has been working closely together with

New packer Prinzen 50 The Prinzen 50 represents a new packer generation and is the successor of the former PSPC 30. The proven technology for careful egg packing on 30-cell trays with the unequalled point down setting is fully maintained. New design details are incorporated with a welded frame which makes the packer even more solid and hygienic. Modern machine controls are combined with a touch panel for easy operation and access for information. The compact and flexible design of the Prinzen 50 packer makes daily egg collecting a quick and comfortably task at any size farm. In addition, the low energy consumption and operational costs ensures a quick return on investment.

- company news -

Hubbard as a consultant assisting the Hubbard Technical team to provide customers with advice for both broiler breeders and broilers covering mainly nutrition and management aspects. More recently his involvement focussed mostly on the Asian region. David Fyfe commented: “We are very pleased to welcome Dr Bentley as a fulltime member of the Hubbard staff. We know James since a very long time, our customers and staff alike appreciate his in-depth knowledge of poultry breeding, nutrition and management and are looking forward to his input in his new role to further strengthen our customer support and product performances.”

Image: Fotolia - Â© Minerva Studio

COMPANY NEWS

- june 2020 -

COMPANY NEWS

Petersime BioStreamer™ Chick-Store.

Petersime’s new products and services Optimal chick storage conditions with BioStreamer™ Chick-Store

Petersime has developed the BioStreamer™ Chick-Store, a new incubator that automatically delivers the perfect chick storage environment in order to control temperature, airflow and oxygen which play an important role in keeping the environment of day-old chicks in the right conditions. Chick storage redefined Suboptimal storage conditions can negatively affect chick quality, post-hatch performance and animal welfare, especially if storage times are long and transport times following storage are extended. By introducing the BioStreamer™ Chick-Store, Petersime offers a solution that automatically delivers a completely controlled chick storage environment in any climate and any size hatchery. Inside the BioStreamer™ Chick-Store, the temperature is controlled in a very precise way, creating the perfect, uniform ambient temperature for chick storage. Another critical factor in storage, besides temperature, is airflow. The BioStreamer™ Chick-Store distributes air evenly over the rows of chick box trolleys and chick boxes inside the incubator. Excessive humidity and CO2 are removed through the air outlets.

- company news -

COMPANY NEWS

Petersime maximizes the potential of day-old chicks Chicks that are held in an optimal storage environment will show higher quality, perform better post-hatch and are less likely to die in the first week. At the same time, the completely controlled environment also improves their well-being. In addition, Petersime’s BioStreamer™ Chick-Store delivers even more benefits, such as increased flexibility in chick storage management, for instance when chicks need to be stored for next-day shipping; a fully automated process, thanks to the specific incubation programs and easy monitoring, complete with historical data analysis.

The BioStreamer™ Chick-Store by Petersime delivers the perfect chick storage environment.

Easy Connect™: The new go-to service app by Petersime tersime experts, browse relevant technical and incubation information, order the right spare parts and even remotely monitor their machines. The aim of Easy Connect™ is always bringing the user to the right person or information as quickly as possible.

The Easy Connect™ app in 1, 2, 3

Easy Connect™: The new go-to service app.

Easy Connect™ is a new smartphone app that speeds up and simplifies the process to connect with the Petersime team and services. Customers can use the app to request expert support, gain knowledge, order spare parts and monitor their hatchery.

Petersime goes the extra mile for the most accessible customer service As world leader in the field of incubation, Petersime has always focused on offering a full range of customer service activities that help maximize customers’ hatchery results and minimize downtime. With the launch of Easy Connect™, the company is presenting an all-encompassing service app that provides a seamless digital experience, covering all aspects of Petersime’s service and assistance. In just a few clicks, customers can contact Pe-

Petersime’s Easy Connect™ app is built around three main categories: people, knowledge and machines. By clicking Connect to people, customers can contact the support team responsible for their region to request technical or incubation assistance, get help with spare parts and repairs, or ask a price offer for incubators and hatchery equipment. Easy Connect™ can also be consulted to brush up on technical and incubation knowledge anywhere, anytime thanks to the Connect to knowledge database. Moreover, the app also allows hatchery managers to oversee their machine and alarm statuses from outside the hatchery. This service, previously known as the Petersime Eagle Eye™ app, is now seamlessly integrated into the new Easy Connect™ app as Connect to machines. Additional functionalities include a built-in QR code scanner and a direct link to the Petersime E-shop. Easy Connect™ is part of Petersime’s service pack for customers and can be downloaded for free on iOS and Android. The app and its functions are subject to ongoing development.

- june 2020 -

COMPANY NEWS

Moba appoints new Chief Executive Officer Moba, the leading producer of high-quality integrated systems for grading, packaging and processing eggs, is pleased to announce the appointment of Edwin Bolwerk as the new Chief Executive Officer of the Moba Group, effective as of May 1, 2020. the company into the future,” said Anton Janssen, Chief Financial Officer of the Moba Group. “Edwin’s business development skills and extensive background in the innovative manufacturing industry will contribute to Moba’s growth and strengthen our leadership position in the egg industry.” “I’m looking forward to joining the team at Moba”, said Edwin Bolwerk. “The future that lies ahead for Moba is promising and the ability to lead this next chapter is very exciting. I am focused on accelerating the innovation and execution that our customers need from us. Their success will continue to drive us. I’ll be using my background to focus efforts, prioritize activities and help attract talent. I greatly look forward to meeting employees, customers and other stakeholders and to working with them to achieve further success in the years to come.”

Edwin Bolwerk, new Chief Executive Officer at Moba

Mr. Bolwerk has more than 25 years of senior management experience, most recently as CEO of NEDCON, a company that designs, manufactures and installs warehouse storage solutions. Prior to that, Mr. Bolwerk served as Executive Managing Director at Vanderlande Industries, a company that specializes in material handling. “After a very thorough search, we are pleased to welcome Edwin to Moba. In Edwin, we have found the right person to lead

- company news -

Throughout his career Mr. Bolwerk held several leadership positions in engineering, project management, sales, procurement, project director, business-unit manager and CEO. He has lived in the US for 5 years and was active in Asia for another 5 years. His educational background is in commercial and mechanical engineering.

Taking responsibility Moba has announced that it will be canceling all exhibitions for 2020. In these uncertain times, where there is no assurance when the COVID-19 virus stops spreading, Moba is taking a stance in favor of safety and health. “Although we have many innovations to share this year, it is our responsibility as an industry leader to focus on the

COMPANY NEWS

safety and health of our customers, agents, employees and other players in the egg business. This is the very reason we have decided to cancel our participation in all upcoming shows in 2020,” says Paul de Schouwer, Sales

Moba has many innovations to share with the industry. As product launches can no longer be showcased at exhibitions, Moba has made preparations to share the company’s innovations in new and creative ways. To stay

“Moba has many innovations to share with the industry. As product launches can no longer be showcased at exhibitions, Moba has made preparations to share the company's innovations in new and creative ways”

Director of the Moba Group. “The industry will need time to recover from this chaotic period and we want to contribute to that by not participating at exhibitions. In these precarious times, we don’t want our customers to worry about shows and we don’t want them to make uncertain travel and other arrangements, because we don’t know when the COVID-19 virus will stop spreading,” Paul de Schouwer continues. “Their safety and health comes first.”

informed about new products and innovations, go to the Moba website www.moba.net and subscribe to the online NewsGrader or the company’s other social media platforms.

For more information about Moba visit their website: www.moba.net

»ZEW« Flatwave

The wall inlet with wave structure for a high throwing range

winter position

summer position – no ﬂoor ventilation

●

Wave structure for high throwing range in wintry conditions

●

Optimal fresh air regulation

●

Air guidance directed slightly upwards

●

Four independently adjustable air conduction lamellas

●

Flat installation - no protruding ventilation flap

●

Integrated slot for optional bird protective grid and air conduction sheet

●

Made of heat-insulated polyurethane

summer position – incl. ﬂoor ventilation (from 75 % on)

REVENTA® GmbH | D-48612 Horstmar | GERMANY | Tel. +49 (0) 25 58 / 93 92 - 0

- june 2020 -

www.reventa.de

COMPANY NEWS

Cobb-Vantress launches new Biosecurity Resource Hub Cobb-Vantress’ ability to achieve critical genetic progress relies on uncompromising biosecurity – a commitment Cobb has made for decades. osecurity program, guidelines and recommendations with our customers and provide them access to our top experts’ knowledge, regardless of where they are in the world.” The hub features expert advice from poultry industry veterans on topics ranging from best practices on house hygiene to animal welfare. The best practices included in this content have a long history of helping prevent the introduction of disease to produce healthy, disease-free chickens in a safe and secure environment, while also helping to protect employees operating in the same facilities.

Now, customers from around the globe can better tap into Cobb’s biosecurity expertise through a new resource hub. Available at cobb-vantress.com/biosecurity, the hub includes a wide range of free resources, such as videos, posters and articles, all available in multiple languages including English, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian, French, Turkish and Chinese. This new biosecurity section was built to be simple and provide a great user experience. “In the middle of a global health crisis, the importance of protecting our product and our team members is paramount, and we know our customers share this priority,” said Roger Vessell, Senior Director of Global Marketing at Cobb. “We created this hub on our global website to share our rigorous bi-

- company news -

“Biosecurity is nothing new for Cobb, as it has been part of a core tenet of our business for decades,” said Dr. Aldo Rossi, Vice President of Research and Development at Cobb. “From required disinfection of the interior and exterior of all Cobb trucks to mandatory showers for all personnel entering our farms and hatcheries, we have an extensive biosecurity program at Cobb. We’re excited to have a vehicle to better share these resources with customers and distributors around the world.” Cobb encourages all interested parties to check cobb-vantress.com/ biosecurity each week, as new content will be added regularly.

COMPANY NEWS

Roxell has a brand new website Roxell, the worldwide innovative leader in house equipment for poultry and pig companies, has just announced the launch of their new website. available. On each product page, alternatives or additional products are suggested. The website is about much more than just products; it also offers special focus on service, innovation, animal welfare, biosecurity, and information on what’s going on in the company with news and stories about references and projects. A map shows the global Roxell’s distribution network. Supported languages are: English, Dutch, French, Spanish, German, Russian, Chinese, Portuguese.

The new Roxell’s website combines a fresh layout with many innovative features. These features help visitors to learn more about the company and brand and guide them to find the right solutions for their specific needs. The new roxell.com also contains lots of information. By bookmarking the website one can find help for any requested information about house equipment.

The website provides a newsletter service, with 6 e-mailings per year. Roxell.com can also be used on a tablet or smartphone, because the website is optimized for mobile devices.

roxell.com Readers can select the animal segment of interest, going to the needed category and use product filters to make their search more specific. Many new options are now

- june 2020 -

FIELD REPORT

How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the livestock industry? It is difficult to make predictions when trying to assess how the coronavirus (COVID-19) will impact the livestock industry in the foreseeable future. However, some essential points can be outlined to see what the main criticalities of the sector will be. These include nuclear war, disease (Sars, ebola, etc.), Bug2000, global warming, famine from over-population, and financial crash, among others. Fortunately, none of them ever became truly global disasters. We have grown accustomed to having confidence in scientists, economists, statesmen, and others to avert global catastrophe just as they have done since World War 2. This is likely to change. People will no longer assume that “it will be all right in the end.” They will be prepared to take measures that cost effort and money to prevent future problems.

Health The most fundamental change will probably occur in the health sector. At present there is a system of tradeoffs between certainty of no health issues and cost. I expect this relationship to be drastically changed.

By Stanley Kaye The writer is a poultry consultant for Agrotop. He has 30 years of handson experience in poultry farming. He holds an economics degree from Leeds University and an MBA from Heriot Watt University, Scotland.

Clearly, the outbreak of the pandemic has been one of the most disruptive events of the last 100–150 years, on a par with the two world wars and the Spanish flu. Although it is hard to forecast exactly what will happen, we can be almost certain that, as after every massive disruption, profound changes will occur. In modern times, we have been threatened or scared into worrying about a range of frightening scenarios, each of which was going to do the world tremendous harm.

- field report -

So, for example, the usage of antibiotics in growing chickens will witness a major shift. The ongoing debate about whether antibiotics should be used in poultry and livestock growing will come to an end. Currently, there are two sub-parameters to the debate: • If the antibiotic is being used for human use, it is regarded as more dangerous for use with livestock. The risk is that resistance will build up and prevent it from being suitable for human use.

FIELD REPORT

â&#x20AC;˘ A clear distinction is made between using antibiotics with a vetâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s prescription for treating illness and using antibiotics prophylactically. There is less tolerance for prophylactic use than as a specific treatment. There has been movement, generated by regulation and consumer pressure, to ban or reduce the use of antibiotics in livestock.

Technology

Though there is no direct connection between COVID-19 and antibiotic resistance, I expect consumer demand and regulators to become completely intolerant of mass use of antibiotics in treating livestock.

The coronavirus outbreak will provide an opportunity for technologies that were ready at the time to make a leap. Some technologies will become mainstream, while others will be forgotten in a year or so.

Until now the industry argued that banning antibiotic use would result in a price increase. Considering the massive expenses caused by the pandemic and the forced shutdowns, this argument will no longer be accepted.

In the poultry field, the technologies that might shine are those that enable processes to carry on with fewer people on the ground, particularly skilled people. The adoption of remote monitoring and operating is likely to be accelerated by farms, slaughterhouses, product factories, etc. The remote monitoring technology itself is likely to develop further and rely even more on artificial intelligence.

I predict that antibiotics will be banned almost totally for livestock growing. While it might still be allowed in certain cases for grandparent or breeder stock, it will be banned for meat that reaches consumers. This will affect the way we grow, influencing farm sizes, bird density, feed conversion, and more.

Environment Up until now, to most world consumers global warming sounded like a distant threat that might affect people in particular areas. Most people, including many world leaders, did not lose sleep over global warming. I expect this to change too. The continuing demand to be carbon neutral (or negative) will affect the livestock industry and every aspect of the economy.

The current crisis is expected to boost the development and adoption of new technologies that have entered our lives recently, whether it is Zoom for meetings, remote monitoring for agriculture and livestock, and a host of other applications.

Moreover, now that the whole issue of protection from viruses is high on the agenda, I expect that breakthroughs will be reached that will not only affect human health, but also livestock health. Better vaccination and protection will lead to healthier birds and reduce the need for antibiotic use. The next few months and years promise to be interesting ones. As an industry, we must look for silver linings and use every opportunity to improve and make our product safer and more sustainable if we wish to thrive in a changing and challenging environment.

First choice in agricultural ventilation components tpi-polytechniek.com

The Netherlands

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The hose and drinking water hygiene: inhibiting the growth of biofilm Hygienically clean water is essential in poultry growing. Farmers report that cleaner drinking water increase their birds’ performance, with measurably better results, and that the effect on the birds’ health is also positive. The reduction of biofilm should therefore be an important goal. tracellular space, allowing the construction of a three-dimensional structure. Microorganisms are released and settle elsewhere. This process continues arbitrarily so that the microorganisms spread in the water line.

Risk factor PVC hose

Fig. 1: The PUR spiral hoses after installation in the broiler house.

Biofilms Livestock producers often use well water, which contains organic and inorganic suspended matter as well as a part of the soil’s natural microflora. Poultry managers therefore deal with a mixture of different algae, yeasts, fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms in the drinking water. Another source of contamination is the introduction of microorganisms when the birds touch the drinking nipple.

Timo Rothstein Big Dutchman

Microorganisms adhere to surfaces in water within just a few minutes. The microbes’ metabolic products are excreted into the ex-

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In a poultry growing house, an elevation difference of three to six meters must be compensated between the central water supply, which is suspended under the ceiling, and the drinker lines, which are laid close to the floor. Height adjustments during the batch and in the service period are therefore only possible when the line contains flexible parts. Considering the entire water supply system, these parts make up about three to four percent of the total system length. The standard component is a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fabric hose with a plasticised inner surface, as used in private gardens. This choice seems obvious, since all water-carrying components from the water connection unit to the nipple drinker are made of this material. But: not all PVC materials are the same. The hygienic aspects of PVC-U (hard PVC), the material used in these components, differ considerably from those of PVC-P (soft PVC) hoses. PVC hoses are very popular because they are resistant to acids, lyes and many chemicals.

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Microbes destroy PVC hoses

place far too early. He therefore decided to test a PUR spiral hose on his farm (fig. 1).

However, the colour of PVC hoses fades over time, and they harden and become brittle. Causes include UV light and temperature, pressure and air/water fluctuations – as well as microbes. A first indicator of damage are changes to the surface colour. Small cracks form, allowing microbes to penetrate the material even deeper. Visible results are a loss of rigidity and increased brittleness. Depending on their use, the hoses are often damaged beyond repair after a short period of time.

Two and a half years after installation, the lines were opened at the coupler to the pressure reducer in February 2019, on day 14 of the current batch. A section of the pipes was removed to inspect the inside. The result (fig. 2): The pale grey colour of the PVC hose indicates that the surface structure has corroded and changed. The PUR hose shows only a thin biofilm layer that is hardly noticeable.

The reasons are obvious. Hoses are installed directly before the drinker line and thus permanently located in the warm bird area. This leads to increased contamination in both directions: When germs enter the line after a bird uses the nipple drinker, they only need to cover a short distance in opposite direction of the flow. Germs that are introduced in flow direction multiply directly before the drinker line and need only cover a short path to the broiler’s beak. In a traditional water supply system for a broiler house, hoses account for only about four percent of the total system length. Nevertheless, their impact on hygiene cannot be overestimated.

PUR as an alternative An alternative material is polyurethane (PUR). This plastic is resistant to the effects of the weather and has a high chemical resistance. In addition, PUR hoses are very flexible.

Fig. 2: Inside of the hoses. On the left: PUR hose after 2.5 years. On the right: PVC hose after 4.5 years.

A look through a microscope confirms the suspicion: the PVC hose has numerous microcracks. With such a surface structure, thorough cleaning and disinfection are virtually impossible. The cracks provide the microbes with a perfectly protected habitat without any water movement. The PUR spiral hose, in contrast, does not show any structural surface changes. Even after thorough removal of the residual biofilm, no microcracks or other changes are visible. The surface of the PUR spiral hose is thus less susceptible to biofilm.

More advantages: • smooth surface structure; • extremely high resistance to microbes; • harmful substances cannot escape (confirmed by certification according to EU regulation 10/2011).

Long-term testing

Conclusion

PVC or PUR? A broiler farmer from Lower Saxony, Germany, has investigated the question. The trigger: a service appointment in late summer 2016, during which part of the PVC hoses had to be replaced because of material wear. From the farmer’s point of view, the change took

Consistently implemented hygiene concepts significantly improve the quality of drinking water. In case of issues, we therefore recommend checking the hoses following the motto “small cause, big effect”: seemingly inconspicuous components might play a significant role.

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Facco drinking systems Water is an essential resource for animal well-being.

The Facco drinking system is designed to achieve the best performance in guaranteeing the well-being of birds reared in poultry farms. It is essential to provide the birds with the correct amount of easily accessible fresh water, free from contamination, using drinkers connected to the main water line. The Facco solution, comprising drop-type nipple drinkers with accessories like the pressure regulator with rinsing system and terminal aeration unit, is well suited to the needs of the poultry since it ensures that water is always available during regular use and while rinsing is performed to remove residues from the pipes (no algae). The water is dispensed through Facco nipples, which are made of stainless steel or plastic: two solutions that open through 360°, an essential feature that ensures easy water intake in all types of poultry farm (broilers, chicks or laying hens). Besides the drinkers, another important point for a good drinking system is the connection to the main water line. This system, which can consist of different modules, allows the water to be sanitized and filtered before it reaches the individual water lines. The main unit can therefore comprise a combination of

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the following components: • filter system (filtering coarse suspended substances in the line so as to prevent the equipment downstream from being harmed); • pressure reducer, which regulates the inlet pressure to suit system requirements and the pressure at which water must be dispensed (useful for preventing water hammer effects on the equipment downstream); • hose bib-cock, useful for connecting cleaning systems or simply as a source of water for pre-mixing the substances required by the birds; • pulse emitting water meter, essential for checking the amount of water consumed by the poultry; • medicine dispenser, mechanical or digital, that dispenses the correct amount of medicines, nutritional supplements or products for sanitizing the lines; • monitoring solenoid valve, it enables water supply to be timed in order to avoid waste. It is also useful for planning when products must be added to the drinking system at precise intervals.

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Giordano Poultry Plast: for an optimal and healthy administration of drinking water in poultry farms and with leading technological partners in their respective specialization sectors. Among the most dynamic areas of its business and to give an increasingly adequate response to one of the aforementioned key factors for the economic success of poultry production, namely, the administration of water, Giordano Poultry Plast has regularly expanded the range of its drinking troughs over time. The offer, therefore, is evolving and growing: the classic JUMBO B and JUMBO T (respectively for broilers and turkeys) have been joined by efficient automatic watering lines for all species of poultry interest and for every breeding need. Simple to assemble and maintain, the automatic GPP DRINKING LINES allow a significant reduction in time and management costs. They are made with the 28x28mm square anchoring section, much more rigid and stable than the conventional round section. The stainless-steel nipple valves used increase the effective flow of water.

Wherever and whatever their size, poultry farms need an adequate administration of food and drinking water to ensure a positive economic result in terms of conversion and homogeneity of groups, in compliance of course with regulatory requirements and growing expectations of animal welfare, environmental sustainability and control of health and hygiene conditions. It is therefore necessary that both those who build breeding farms and those who manage them are constantly updated on the context and on the offer coming from the market, particularly in its most dynamic areas, such as genetics, nutrition, equipment and automation. In its business career, launch in Italy in 1964 and gradually expanded worldwide, Giordano Poultry Plast has always shared and often anticipated the search for effective solutions for the entire poultry production chain. From breeding to the slaughterhouse, from the hatchery to the handling of meat and eggs, with innovative solutions obtained by continuous interaction with the production world

Alongside the design peculiarities, Giordano Poultry Plast lavishes special care on checking the health status of the breeding environment. To this end, all poultry equipment produced by including drinking, trough can be made by adding a specific additive with antibacterial action to the plastic material. Through the regular release of silver ions, the bacterial load of the surface is significantly reduced for many years, thereby ensuring a better quality of drinking water and a significant improvement of the overall health and hygiene conditions. The range of automatic feeders and watering systems developed, the excellence of the technological solutions applied and the identification of optimal complementary components, currently enable Giordano Poultry Plast to offer adequate and effective solutions of every need for professional poultry breeding.

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How an automatic flushing system can reduce the use of antibiotics Consumers worldwide start to worry about the use of antibiotics in livestock production and their effect on human health. Antibiotic-free chicken is increasingly becoming the standard for supermarkets and restaurants. To produce poultry without using antibiotics, poultry farmers have to pay more attention to hygiene and the health of the broilers. Water hygiene is an important part of this. Reducing the use of antibiotics The fear of resistance has prompted an increasing number of countries to ban the use of antibiotics in livestock production. This means that many poultry farmers have to manage their poultry in a different way. The main point is to improve hygiene in and around the poultry houses. After the supply of healthy day-old chicks, it is the task of the poultry farmer to keep them healthy.

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All possible ways in which pathogens can enter the house should be monitored. Potential factors include water, feed, vermin, personnel and farm equipment. Without antibiotics, there is no last line of defence, so pathogens must be stopped before they reach the animals. Improving overall hygiene is an important part of this. This also applies to the drinking water system.

Improving water quality

How does this work? Sensors in the drinking lines register the quality and temperature of the water in the lines, to which the computer then responds. A biofilm sensor registers the cloudiness of the water by means of light measurement. The colour of the light indicates the level of pollution. When the set parameters are exceeded, the lines are automatically flushed.

Generally broilers consume 1.6 to 2 times more water per day than feed. When that water is polluted, the couple will perform less and suffer from gut health problems. With the introduction of drinking nipple systems to replace open water systems, the quality of drinking water has improved considerably. Yet modern drinking systems only have added value if the lines are kept clean and the water does not contain any harmful bacteria. The main danger here is that biofilm can form on the inside of the pipework. This biofilm acts as a food source for harmful organisms that can be spread through the water. To maintain the water quality, poultry farmers must use effective disinfectants to keep the drinking lines free of biofilm. In an antibiotic-free production, it is important to regularly check the quality of the original water sources and to carefully clean the lines and drinking equipment between rounds. These cleaning procedures can be quite time consuming, but using an automatic flushing system will make it much easier.

What is an automatic flushing system? An automatic flushing system consists of a flushing computer, pressure regulator, end air outlet set and sensors. The flushing computer regulates the entire flushing process by processing the information obtained from various sensors. These settings can be personalized in the following ways: • The duration of the flushing program • Calculating and programming the amount of water used • Interruption of the flushing program when administering medication • The possibility to flush per line, all lines or automatically

The same happens when the temperature sensor indicates that the programmed maximum water temperature has been reached. It is also possible to install a second sensor in the supply line. If the temperature difference between this sensor and the sensor in the drinking lines is too high, the lines are automatically flushed. If the cloudiness of the water does not dissolve or the water temperature remains higher than allowed, it may happen that the pre-programmed maximum number of flushing rounds is reached. When this number is exceeded, the computer issues an alarm indicating that additional measures are required.

Quality and hygiene The quality of the drinking water is extremely important for the health of a broiler. The use of an automatic flushing system contributes to improving hygiene and thus the reduction of antibiotics. Would you like more information about automatic flushing systems? Check www.impex.nl!

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Clear visualization of biofilm removal from drinking water lines with Intra Hydrocare Clean and fresh drinking water is essential for bird health and performance. Even when the incoming water is clean, a biofilm may rapidly form at the inner lining of a drinking water system. This biofilm reduces the water flow, clogs drinking nipples, and provides an ideal hiding place for pathogens. Before

After

biofilm inside a line is not just a slimy layer, but actually a well-structured and highly organized microbial community. This process of biofilm formation is further accelerated by the relatively high temperatures in a broiler house, and stimulated by the low water flow volumes at the start of a round.

Intra Hydrocare effectively removes biofilm

Figure 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Visual appearance from the outside of the tube (top row), inside the water system (middle row) and on the inserts (bottom row) before (left) and after (right) the continuous addition of Intra Hydrocare to the water.

Biofilm is an invisible threat

Gerwen Lammers PhD, Tom van Oorsouw BSc, Jan SchĂśnberg, Marc Spackler MSc, Carly Vulders BSc Intracare BV, Veghel, The Netherlands

The build-up of a biofilm typically starts with the attachment of a single microorganism cell in suspension onto a surface, for example the inner surface of a drinking water line. This microorganism starts to multiply and secretes extracellular matrix components to build a protective environment. So the

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Traditional disinfectants, like chlorine, may disinfect the water, but form harmful residues and/or negatively affect the taste of the water. Intra Hydrocare is a silver-stabilized hydrogen peroxide solution that disinfects the water and also physically removes the biofilm from the inner lining, without residues and taste changes. Due to its unparalleled stability, Intra Hydrocare remains active from the beginning of the water line until the last nipple. Its addition to the drinking water guarantees that the water will remain free of microorganisms and no biofilm will build up in the water system. The functionality of Intra Hydrocare has proven itself around the globe in the most varying practical conditions, the study described in this article clearly visualizes its functionality under experimental test conditions.

Biofilm generator to study biofilm formation and removal Intracare has developed a biofilm generator as a model to study the natural growth and

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When the growing biofilm was clearly visible by eye and water ATP measurements stabilized, the continuous addition of an extremely low ppm level of Intra Hydrocare was started to investigate its effect on the biofilm.

106) increase. The subsequent continuous addition of Intra Hydrocare quickly resulted in a two million-fold (log 6) decrease, demonstrating the fast and effective removal of microbiological contamination from the surface of the inserts and inner lining of the tubes. Biofilm bacterial counts 100.000.000

No Treatment

Intra Hydrocare

10.000.000 1.000.000 100.000

Fold change

subsequent removal of biofilm with Intra Hydrocare in an experimental set-up. Plastic tubes representing the drinking water lines were filled with contaminated water and animal drinking behavior was mimicked by a daily flow/ no-flow schedule. Water quality was determined by measuring the amount of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as a marker for micro-organisms using the Intra Clean Quick Scan in Relative Light Units (RLU). Removable plastic inserts were positioned inside the tubes to assess the number of bacteria in the biofilm.

10.000 1.000 100 10 1 0

Time (weeks)

Visible growth of biofilm and its fast removal with Intra Hydrocare From the start of the experiment, a gradual formation of a biofilm was noticed by eye, resulting in a clearly visible greasy layer in the inner lining of the tubing and inserts (Figure 1). This visible biofilm completely disappeared from all surfaces after the continuous addition of Intra Hydrocare was started. During the biofilm growing period, the water ATP count rapidly increased up to 1,662 RLU, indicating severely polluted water (Figure 2a). After the continuous low maintenance addition of Intra Hydrocare, the RLU count rapidly decreased within a short timeframe and remained low, as the measurement in week 19 shows with an RLU value of 66. Water pollution 2.000

No Treatment

ATP count (RLU)

1.800

Intra Hydrocare

1.600 1.400 1.200 1.000 800 600 400 200 0 0

Time (weeks)

Figure 2a – Water pollution before (red) and after (blue) the continuous addition of Intra Hydrocare.

The ATP measurements are in line with the bacterial counts from the inserts, which rapidly increased within 6 weeks (Figure 2b) to an almost two million-fold (1.9 x

Figure 2b – Biofilm bacterial counts before (red) and after (blue) the continuous addition of Intra Hydrocare. Please note that the bacterial counts are plotted on a logarithmic scale.

Practical use of Intra Hydrocare in broiler houses The biofilm generator enabled us to visualize the rapid growth of a biofilm inside a drinking water system and clearly demonstrated the fast and effective removal of this biofilm already with the continuous addition of low maintenance ppm levels of Intra Hydrocare. Biofilm bacterial counts dropped immediately. The RLU measurements in this laboratory model indicate that with these extremely low levels it may take up to two weeks before the entire system is cleaned. In order to guarantee direct results, it is in broiler houses allowed to use a higher maintenance dosage up to 250 ppm. Especially when taking into account that in practice the water system will also be used for the addition of feed supplements or medication to the animals, and during these days it is not advised to dose Intra Hydrocare. Please note that for a quick and effective cleaning and disinfection of the drinking water system, the lines of an empty house should always be cleaned with 1-3% Intra Hydrocare to guarantee a clean system at start of a new round. A low maintenance dosage during the round ensures that the water system remains clean. Intracare BV, Veghel, The Netherlands, Tel.: +31-(0)413-354105 – Email: info@intracare.nl

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Optima E-Control

Lubing products for washing and sanitizing drinking lines LUBING has always been attentive to promote systems that have as their target the hygiene and sanitation of drinking lines and water used in the houses. Optima E-Flush and Touch Control LCW The pressure regulator LUBING Optima E-Flush is the basic model which guarantees always fresh and clean water in the drinking lines. This pressure regulator is equipped with a manual by-pass and can be upgraded with an actuator for automatic flushing. The basic model is managed directly by the breeder, while the Optima E-Flush with actuator for automatic flushing must be combined with the Touch Control LCW which allows to program, times and duration of the flushing, depending on the needs.

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The control unit (art. 4482) successively switches the actuators which open the integrated flush valve of the pressure regulator. Once the line is pressurized, the flush breather closes itself automatically, thus causing the water to flow out of the house through the LUBING drainage system. LUBING Touch Control LCW offers several features: â&#x20AC;˘ temperature-flushing: the temperature of the drinking water can be monitored and flushed out at high temperatures, replaced with fresh cool water; â&#x20AC;˘ refill: the drinking line can be flushed after a treatment (for example a

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medication) - after previous calibration – and refill it completely; • the flushing can be either time-based or water-meter controlled. • If there are more than 10 lines to be checked, an expansion box can be used for additional 8 lines (LCW extension box, art. 4483). This pressure regulator also works in case of power failure; in this case use the red knob to wash the line manually.

Optima E-Control and Touch Control LCO At a higher technological level than the previous pressure regulator, there is the new Optima E-Control, equipped with a dedicated Touch Control LCO. With the LUBING Optima E-Control system, by means of continuous monitoring, the water pressure can be regulated and set electronically in order to provide animals a constant quantity of water. Feedback from the water columns of the individual lines to a central control unit allows for easy monitoring on a constant basis for the user. The LUBING Optima E-Control system goes one step further yet: it automatically adjusts the water column in the drinking line; it can be time-controlled, by function or according to specific programs. Thus, the moisture content of the litter can be reduced significantly, improving the welfare of the animals (the key word here being the health of the footpad by avoiding pododermatitis) without needing to regulate the water column manually or, in extreme cases, even to turn off the water supply. An automatic reaction to the change of external conditions is also possible, such as an automatic increase in water column height with rising temperatures, concurrently increasing the water supply.

TwinClean Line This system guarantees perfect hygiene of the drinking lines in poultry farms. The drinking water in the TwinClean Line is continuously circulated inside the drinking line. In addition a pump is installed in the circulation unit, which pumps the water with defined pressure to the upper line of the drinking line profile. The water runs to the end and flows back again in the lower nipple pipe to the pump.

E-Dos Touch

The advantages at a glance: • no still water in the drinking line. • uniform water temperature in the entire drinking line. • uniform distribution of vitamins and medications. • secure transport of water by means of the double pipe cross-section and additional pump. • drinking line with hygienic profile that allows easy and thorough external cleaning. The new front valve considerably facilitates flushing and medication or vaccination processes because the filling of the line can be controlled right at the supply point instead of at the end of the line.

E-Dos and E-Dos Touch Upstream of the drinking lines, LUBING has designed a range of electrical dosers for the sanitization and administration of special products and additives through water. Also in this case LUBING offers two solutions: E-Dos 1,2+3 easy to use and essential in technology and E-Dos Touch 1&2 with a more refined technology. Both products are user-friendly, guarantee high performance and are highly resistant against acids. The different models, their options and configurations allow to satisfy the most varied needs of modern poultry farms.

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Prevent contaminated water with automated drinking systems Poultry farmers often cast a critical eye on the quality of feed. However, do they hold the quality of drinking water in the house to the same high standards? Clean, fresh water is just as essential for the health of the animals. If you don’t clean the drinking lines often enough, they can become a threat to the health of your chickens. A hygienic drinking system for your situation Roxell drinkers are available in different versions and for all types of poultry. Discover the features of two types of drinking systems - nipple drinkers and cup drinkers. Both solutions are closed systems that will keep your birds healthy and the floor of the house dry at any time.

Swii’Flo® drinking nipples with plastic or metal housing Swii’Flo ® is an automated drinking system with nipples for broilers, broiler breeders and layers. Swii’Flo has been designed to be strong and high performing. The durable materials can withstand all commonly used cleaning products and powerful flushing. We have outlined the additional benefits below.

Sparkcup drinking cup

When choosing an automatic drinking system, hygiene should be an important criterion. You can assess the quality of a drinking system by looking at the seals, housing and flushing system. The availability of clean and fresh water is Roxell’s main priority. Our drinking lines are therefore always closed systems and easy to manage. Adjusting the water pressure, flushing or changing the height of the nipples are one-person jobs that can be carried out quickly and precisely.

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Clean and fresh water with a reliable flushing system for drinking lines Swii’Flo has an extremely useful and thorough solution for flushing the drinking system. The process is simple; you will never skip a flushing session again. You can also use the drinking lines to distribute and administer medicines and vaccines. The deep cleaning technology quickly removes the residue.

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In order to have a good house hygiene, the litter needs to stay dry. This will benefit the health of your chickens’ feet. For this, Swii’Flo nipples have a double sealing that will prevent leaks.

It has a unique and innovative design. The durable materials can withstand all commonly used cleaning products, high water pressure and powerful flushing. We have outlined the additional benefits below.

Complete range of nipple drinkers for the rearing or production phase

For large water flows and more animals per cup

The Swii’Flo nipples are available with plastic or metal housing. For stronger or heavier birds like broiler breeders, you could opt for a drinking nipple in metal housing. You can also decide how maneuverable you want the nipples to be. Day-old chicks benefit from a nipple that moves in all directions, 360°. Adult birds have learned the habit to just press the nipple upwards. Remember if you want a higher water capacity, a drip tray is required. The litter stays dry because the water is caught in the tray. In the Swii’Flo, the drip tray is round and has just one arm, which means there is more room for the chickens to reach the drinking nipple. The round design of all the components also limits the risk of injury.

Sparkcup™ drinking cup with high water flow Sparkcup™ is an automated drinking system with cups for broiler breeders, broilers, layers and turkeys. Sparkcup is the solution for poultry farmers who require a large water flow, e.g. in hotter countries or for broiler breeders and broilers. If you want to provide easy access to water for animals that drink copious amounts, choose a drinking cup like Sparkcup.

The water flow for one drinking cup is between 500 and 600 ml per minute. In comparison, a nipple drinker produces between 40 and 130 ml of water per minute. You therefore need fewer cups to produce the same result. Fewer cups also means less obstacles for hens as they make their way to their nests, as well as fewer floor eggs. Sparkcup a modular solution. Once it is installed, you can easily switch out the small cups for the medium ones. In a rearing house, you will need smaller cups. In a production house, you can use the medium cups and for turkeys we have large cups. In addition, cups encourage chicks to drink more. Drinking large amounts of water is important during the first hours of a chick’s life. A cup encourages this behavior. Not only do the chicks see the water in the cups, the cup also makes the water very accessible. In this phase the Sparkcup is used with a float ball, which automatically keeps the water level high. Clean and fresh water with self-cleaning effect due to high water pressure The high water pressure in a Sparkcup drinking system has a self-cleaning effect. The cup system is cleaned automatically. There is also a reliable flushing system for the lines. Animal-friendly perch protection Both drinking systems can have a SPINsoft perch protection. SPINsoft has wings that rotate on a shaft and prevent chickens from sitting on the drinking line. It is animal-friendly, with no electricity. A good functioning drinking system will have a significant impact on the health of the birds. There are three criteria one needs to keep in mind at any time: clean water, fresh water and dry litter.

Swii’Flo drinking nipples

For more information about each individual system, please visit roxell.com.

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Mastering the Water Line – Height & Pressure Birds require ample water supply in order to digest their food. Let’s see how to monitor and adjust properly height and pressure to have birds better than ever. Why is the drinker line height so important? Because water is the most important nutrient. Birds require ample water supply in order to digest their food. If the line is too low, most of the water ends up in the litter, not in the birds. If the line is too high, birds can only peck at the trigger instead of activating it properly, so they don’t consume enough water. All of this results in poor weight, performance, and increases the opportunity for disease. Only about one-third of the water pumped into a chicken house comes out in bird weight; the other two-thirds is either ventilated out or stuck in the litter. We can’t make water less available, we just have to manage it differently. This is done in two parts:

Before we get started on why drinker line height and pressure are so important, there are a few facts you need to know: 1. Chickens consume 1.75 pounds of water for every pound of feed. This is a constant. 2. Chickens have a maximum rate at which they can consume water, and this rate changes with age. To determine what this rate is, use this equation: [(Bird Age in weeks) x 7] + 20 = Flow Rate. 3. Chickens can’t swallow. There is a split in their hard palate so they cannot create the vacuum to swallow, so they just tilt their heads back and let the water slide down their throat.

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• First, it’s imperative that the nipples aren’t leaky. Drinker lines should be cleaned and flushed regularly, at least once a week. Nipple drinkers have a lifespan of 5-10 years, depending on water quality. Replace your old drinkers when you notice that no amount of cleaning is fixing the leaky nipple problem. • Second, the drinker line height needs to be examined and adjusted almost daily. Today’s broilers grow exceptionally fast, and you can’t afford to get behind with proper watering. The easiest way to determine if the height is suitable is to watch the birds. If they must sit to drink, it is too low. If they must stretch their necks straight up, stand on their

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toes, or hop, the line is too high. Here are some age guidelines to help you make appropriate adjustments:

As a general guideline, you should provide at least 25 psi (pounds per square inch) of pressure to the system and then adjust the regulator so that the ball height is 2-4” (510cm). After the second week, water pressure should be as high as possible without wetting the litter. We’ve outlined more specific guidelines to help you manage water pressure:

70° 80°

30° 45°

• Day-old chicks – drinkers should be just above eye level. Remember to have the barn lit well enough that the chicks are drawn to the shiny metal pin, so that they learn to drink from the nipples. • 2 – 3 days – raise the lines so chicks drink at a 3045° angle. • 4 – 10 days – raise lines so birds are reaching at a 60° angle. • 10 days through grow out – check frequently that birds are reaching at a 70-80° angle towards the bottom of the trigger pin.

The float ball in the standpipe is used to see how much pressure is in your water line

• Day-old chicks: 1-2” of standpipe pressure • Day 3: raise to 3-4” • Day 5: raise to 5-6”

But what about water pressure? Chickens have a maximum rate at which they can consume water, and this rate changes with age. Some simple math can determine what that rate is: [(Bird age in weeks) x 7] + 20 = Flow Rate (mL/s) This equation creates a target sweet spot for producers where the drinker flow rate matches the beak capacity of the bird. Drinker flow rates are important to note, but the water pressure in the drinker line influences the flow rate. Too much water pressure results in wasted water because too much water comes out when the nipple is triggered. It can also result in leaky nipples because it will inhibit the shut off mechanism from sealing properly. Too little pressure doesn’t allow the birds to drink enough, resulting in decreased performance.

Continue to raise the water pressure 1-2” every other day until you notice litter conditions getting wet. Stop adjusting the pressure until the litter conditions improve (litter should be just damp enough that it clumps and then crumbles when squeezed into a ball). Once conditions have returned to normal, continue increasing the pressure 1-2” every other day until 28” is reached. Increase the life span of the regulator by turning the pressure back to 2-4” immediately after removing the birds from the house. If both of these things are monitored and adjusted properly, your birds will be better than ever! For more information, contact VAL-CO, your watering specialists! Visit www.val-co.com or send an email to marcom@val-co.com.

- june 2020 -

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DOSSIER

The effects of diet and epigenetic alterations on the gut microbiome, inflammation and poultry production

Michael H. Kogut Southern Plains Agricultural Research Center, USDA-ARS College Station TX 77845 mike.kogut@usda.gov

The gut microbiota is a fundamental force influencing diverse aspects of avian physiology. Microbiome studies are at a critical juncture and facing a challenging transition from descriptive studies of association towards mechanistic studies tackling causality. Essential for this transition is a diversity of thinking (chemical and systems biology, metabolism, microbiology, physiology and immunology) and approaches (assays and models).

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DOSSIER

The gastrointestinal tract, or “gut”, regulates homeostasis of the microbiological, physiological, and physical functions that allows the host to endure infectious and non-infectious stressors that it encounters. Because the gut has the greatest surface area separating the environmentally exposed lumen and the internal subepithelial tissue, it is constantly exposed to infectious and non-infectious stressors making it an active immune organ containing more resident immune cells than any other organ in the host. The gut mucosal immune system, a highly-regulated network of innate and acquired elements, provides a remarkable ability to respond and modify to these extremely diverse encounters. The development of the different divisions of the immune response has corresponded with the acquisition and maintenance of a symbiotic microbiota. The microbiota trains, stimulates, and functionally adjusts the different features of the immune system.

Intestinal immunity Like the systemic immune system, the mucosal immune system is made up of a network of innate and acquired elements. However, unlike the systemic immune system, the intestinal immune system has two distinct functions: the ability to respond to pathobionts (potential pathogenic microbes), invasive pathogens, and microbial products while also maintaining a state of tolerance to the diverse and beneficial commensal intestinal microbes. Both systems working together through innate immune sensing using pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on epithelial cells and professional immune cells in the lamina propria (dendritic cells and macrophages), trigger immune pathways resulting in microbial killing and the activation of various acquired immune effector T cells (Th1, Th2, Th17, Treg) all while keeping the resident microbiota in check without generating an overt inflammatory response. The intestinal innate defenses are characterized by a ‘mucosal firewall’, a system of barriers that separates the lumenal side of the intestine from the subepithelial tissues. The reliability of the mucosal firewall is vital for the interactions between the immune system components and the intestinal contents. The first component of the mucosal firewall is the microbiological barrier where the microbiota live in or at the upper mucus layer. These commensal bacteria function to provide colonization resistance against pathogen colonization, produce metab-

olites/components that modulate immune signaling, and promote immune homeostasis. The second firewall is the chemical barrier consisting of the mucus overlaying the gut epithelium. The mucus regulates contact between the commensal bacteria and the epithelial cells. This division between the epithelium and commensals is achieved by the activity of the mucus produced by goblet cells in the epithelium, antimicrobial peptides released by the epithelial cells, and mucosal IgA produced by dendritic cells in the intestine. The third component of the firewall is the physical barrier provided by the single cell epithelial cell layer. The intestinal epithelium is a single cell layer that assists the absorption of nutrients while providing a physical barrier that prevents both pathogen invasion and extra- intestinal translocation of commensal microbes. Besides being the primary barrier preventing a microbial breach of the intestine, the epithelial cells should also be considered part of the cellular component of the innate immune response possessing PRRs for sensing microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPS), but also capable of producing cytokines and chemokines to drive an inflammatory response against pathogen infection. The final component of the mucosal firewall is the immunological barrier where the professional immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes) reside in the lamina propria. Further innate sensing of microbes is conducted by the macrophages and dendritic cells which can present antigens to T cells resulting in the differentiation and activation of various T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17 or Treg). Specialized epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract function together with lymphoid, myeloid, and stromal cells to secrete mucus, antimicrobial peptides, IgA, and chemokines that limit direct contact between the epithelium and infectious agents and activate target cells that mediate innate defenses. The importance of these epithelial defense mechanisms is highlighted by the ability of enteric pathogens to target these mechanisms to achieve invasion and dissemination. Besides being the primary barrier preventing a microbial breach of the intestine, the epithelial cells should also be considered part of the cellular component of the innate immune response possessing PRRs for sensing microbial MAMPS, but also capable of producing cytokines and chemokines to drive an inflammatory response

- june 2020 -

DOSSIER

against pathogen infection. The final component of the mucosal firewall is the immunological barrier where the professional immune cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, lymphocytes) reside in the lamina propria. Further innate sensing of microbes is conducted by the macrophages and dendritic cells which can present antigens to T cells resulting in the differentiation and activation of various T cell subsets (Th1, Th2, Th17 or Treg). This infiltration of immune cell in lamina propria is inversely correlated with weight gain, showing that this final component of the mucosa firewall has a metabolic cost for the host that affects animal performance.

Microbiota interactions with immune system The host-microbiota interaction that affects the host metabolism, immunity and health is exceedingly complex. This crosstalk is mediated by dietary nutrients, host and microbiota metabolites, microbial structural components, as well as antimicrobial compounds. Microbiota growth and anatomical location are regulated by the host through production of non- specific antimicrobial peptides such as defensins, IgA, and miRNAs that regulate bacterial transcripts and bacterial growth. The commensal microbes in the intestinal tract sense the local environment to induce biochemical pathways to activate bacterial metabolism that allows them to avoid, alter, and/or survive host innate immune killing. Furthermore, some microbial-based molecules can promote specific commensal processes that are beneficial to both host and microbe. Similarly, the host detects the microbes through their production of specific mole ules or components with unique molecular patterns that leads to activation of innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the adaptation of the commensal bacteria (as well as viruses and fungi) living in the intestine of a host has resulted in a mutually beneficial coexistence for both microbiota and host during homeostasis. The interdependent relationship between host and microbiota pointedly influences the host immune response to induce an immune tolerance to commensal microbes while also maintaining responsiveness to invading pathogens. Altering the intestinal microbial communities disturbs this immune balance and leads to immune dysregulation and susceptibility to diseases.

Sensing of the microbiota by PRRs generates a number of mechanisms that promote the hostâ&#x20AC;&#x201C; microbiota relationship while preventing infection by pathogenic organisms. Microbial signals induce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-23 and IL-1b from macrophages and DCs that then activate IL-17 and IL-22 production by T cells, leading to the production of steady-state physiological inflammation. DCs can carry microbiota antigens to the Peyerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s patches and/or small lymphoid follicles in the avian intestine, where they drive the differentiation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and Th17 T cells that, in turn, induce the differentiation of IgA- producing plasma B cells that secrete further amounts of IgA.

Microbiota-based metabolites and immunity The microbiota is directly engaged in maintaining the functional innate immunity of the host. The host immune system consistently senses the intestinal microenvironment to determine the metabolic state and colonization status. In the steady state, the metabolites and/or components of the commensal microbiota are recognized by various PRRs, including toll-like receptors (TLRs) and Nod-like receptors (NLRs), to regulate intestinal epithelial barrier function, cellular lifespan of phagocytes, and induce secretion of antimicrobial peptides and IgA. Furthermore, benefical bacteria ferment dietary fibers to produce small chain fatty acids (SCFA) which stimulate the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines that drives the production of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In addition, the microbiota influences the priming signal of the inflammasome activation that leads to the transcription of IL-6, as well as pro-IL-1Î˛ and pro-IL-18. The gut microbiota is involved in maintaining intestinal immune homeostasis by stimulating different arms of the T-cell response. Segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB) are potent promoters of Th17 cells in the intestine; whereas, polysaccharide A from the commensal Bacteroides fragilis stimulates the generation of Tregs. Alternatively, pattern recognition by TLRs and NLRs can also induce the maintenance of tolerance. Lastly, it has become readily apparent that the intestinal immune system can also detect the metabolic state of the microbiota by recognition of microbial metabolites via their PRRs. The microbiota, using a number of biochemical pathways, metabolizes both diet- and host-derived metabolites that then influence various components of

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DOSSIER

the intestinal immune system. For example, the microbiota converts non-digestible fibers to SCFA that have a number of anti-inflammatory activities. Dietary tryptophan can be degraded by the microbiota into indoles which promote epithelial cell barrier function. Likewise, the microbiota can metabolize dietary arginine to polyamines that inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages. The microbiota converts primary host-derived hepatic bile acids to secondary bile acids that inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by DCs and macrophages. Besides having a repertoire of metabolite sensing receptors, the host has developed immune signaling pathways (inflammasomes) expressed in various intestinal cell subsets (macrophages, DCs, epithelial cells, T cells) that recognize microbial-mediated metabolic activity that can stimulate anti-microbial activity involved in stable colonization of the intestine. Therefore, there is intimate cross-talk between the microbiota and the host that is steered by metabolite secretion and immune signaling that has critical influence in animal health and disease through multiple physiological functions of the host.

Colonization resistance The commensal bacteria also provide protection to the host from colonization by exogenous pathogens by a process known as colonization resistance. Two primary mechanisms of colonization resistance have been identified: direct, where the microbiota are in direct competition against pathogen colonization and indirect, where the commensal microbiota stimulate the innate and acquired immune systems as described in the previous sections. The direct competition of colonization resistance involves multiple processes that include: (a) occupying microbial niches: specific commensal microbes can prevent pathogen colonization to the intestinal mucosa by occupying the niche where a pathogen would normally establish; (b) limiting carbon sources: individual commensals, such as Bacteroides thetatiotaomicron can metabolize fucose (sugar) molecules thereby preventing the availability of this sugar moiety in to certain pathogens in the intestine; (c) siderophore production: some commensals possess the genes for the production and acquisition of the metal ion iron via iron chelators (siderophores) that can

- june 2020 -

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Two primary mechanisms of colonization resistance have been identified: direct, where the microbiota are in direct competition against pathogen colonization, and indirect, where the commensal microbiota stimulate the innate and acquired immune systemsâ&#x20AC;?

uptake iron limiting its availability to pathogens, especially during gut inflammation; (d) production of antimicrobial compounds: some Enterobacteriaceae commensals produce antimicrobial compounds, such as bacteriocins, that target competitor pathogens; (e) contact-dependent delivery of toxins: some commensals can express a type VI secretion system (T6SS), a needle-like injection system that inject toxic proteins into close competitors in a contact-dependent manner. The indirect mechanisms of colonization resistance against enteric pathogens are mediated by microbiota-stimulated activation of both host innate and acquired immunity. Commensal bacteria can indirectly control pathogen colonization by stimulating of intestinal barrier function and innate immunity as described above. In this case, the commensal bacteria, through the production of metabolites or release of surface components (LPS, peptidoglycans, DNA, etc.) are recognized by the PRRs on the intestinal epithelial and professional immune cells that result in the production and secretion of mucins, secretory IgA (sIgA), and antimicrobial peptides, all of which either increase barrier function of the mucosal firewall or

are lethal to pathogens. Furthermore, the commensal microbiota can enhance epithelial barrier function by producing small chain fatty acids (SCFA), such as butyrate, from dietary fibers. T-cell subsets in the intestinal lamina propria are involved in the establishment and the maintenance of colonization resistance. A balanced Thelper/Tregulatory status is generated by diverse populations of commensal bacteria in the intestine. For example, segmented filamentous bacteria promote acquired immunity by T cells by stimulating Th17 cells whereas other commensals, such as Clostridium and Bacteroides fragilis, induce the expansion of T regulatory cells that can regulate inflammatory responses through the production of IL-10.

Gut microbiota as an epigenetic regulator of gut function Epigenetics involves genomic modifications through post-translational and post-transcriptional modification induced by environmental factors, but without modify-

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DOSSIER

ing the nucleotide sequence of the host cell. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate transcriptional control by external environmental cues such as diet, stress events, disease, infections, and host-microbe cross-talk. Since epigenetic events do not alter the DNA, the epigenomic effects are associated with the attachment of different chemical groups to DNA, histones, and chromatin post-translationally and the epigenetic alterations can persist for several generations. These epigenetic alterations affect both the chromatin structure and serve as recognition elements for proteins with motifs dedicated to binding particular modifications Since the gut microbiota plays such a pivotal role in poultry metabolism, microbiota-induced epigenetic alterations by dietary nutrients could be a significant environmental factor affecting poultry performance and health. Based on studies in mammals, microbiotaâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;generated metabolites of dietary components can be epigenetic activators of gene expression that modify or inhibit enzymes involved in epigenetic pathways. This can best be exemplified by the production of SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate) produced by intestinal microbiota by bacterial fermentation of non- digestible carbohydrates. Butyrate is best known for its beneficial effects on intestinal barrier function, anti-inflammatory activity, and as the primary source of energy to intestinal epithelial cells. Butyrate regulates these biological activities of host gut health by functioning as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC). Butyrate anti-inflammatory activity is mediated by HDAC suppression of NF-ÎşB in phagocytic cells and dendritic cells, increased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and the increased differentiation of naive T cells into T regulatory cells. Other microbial metabolites derived from dietary components, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)-dependent deacetylases called surtuins, have been shown to mediate the regulation of epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation noncoding RNAs and histone modification, in the host intestinal immune-barrier function of mammals. Further research is need to determine whether such gut microbiota metabolite-mediated epigenetic modifications of the immuno-barrier function occur in the poultry intestine. References are available on request From the Proceedings of 2019 Animal Nutrition Conference of Canada

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MARKETING

Patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017 The development of the egg imports by the EMC â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Part 4

The last part of the report will analyse the development of egg imports by the EMC between 2006 and 2016. Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is scientific director of the WING at the Hannover Veterinary University and Prof. emeritus of the University of Vechta, Germany

Between 2006 and 2016, egg imports by the 37 EMC grew much slower than exports, this is the case in the absolute as well as in the relative increase. The absolute import volume grew from 253,044 t in 2006 t to 557,628 t in 2016 or by 120.4%; the export volume in contrast by 534,094 t or 136.2% in the same time period (see also Table 10). The share of the EMC in the global import volume increased from 21.0% to 26.5%; their contribution to the global egg export volume from 31.8% to 46.5%.This documents, as was already mentioned, that many EMC were able to meet the growing domestic demand by intensifying their egg production.

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MARKETING

Table 14 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The fifteen EMC with the highest egg imports in 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; own corrections and calculations). 2006 Country

Imports (t)

2016 Share (%) in global imports

Country

Imports (t)

Share (%) in global imports

China

91,303

7.6

China

162,591

7.7

Czech Rep.

38,735

3.2

Russia

87,915

4.2

U. Arab. Em.

28,545

2.4

U. Arab. Em.

71,275

3.4

Mexico

13,685

1.1

Mexico

63,234

3.0

Hungary

13,272

1.1

Qatar

29,451

1.4

Oman

12,116

1.0

Czech Rep.

25,876

1.2

Poland

10,643

0.9

Poland

18,032

0.9

Russia

8,855

0.7

Oman

16,239

0.8

Qatar

8,121

0.7

Saudi Arabia

16,143

0.8

Romania

7,294

0.6

Hungary

13,194

0.6

Ukraine

3,805

0.3

Romania

11,093

0.6

Greece

3,461

0.3

Israel

10,530

0.5

Saudi Arabia

3,231

0.3

Ukraine

10,333

0.5

Israel

2,552

0.2

Greece

9,958

0.5

Venezuela

2,172

0.2

Bulgaria

6,144

0.3

15 countries

247,790

20.6

15 countries

552,008

*26.2

EMC

253,044

21.0

EMC

557,628

26.5

World

1,204,705

100.0

World

2,106,561

100.0

* sum does not add because of rounding

The fifteen leading EMC in egg imports in 2006 and 2016 are listed in Table 14. They shared 20.6% in the global import volume in 2006 and 26.3% in 2016. The contribution of the other 22 EMC with only 0.4% respectively 0.2% was extremely low. In 2016, six countries did not import any eggs and 13 fewer than 100 t. A detailed analysis of the changes in the composition and ranking of the leading countries reveals that Venezuela was substituted by Bulgaria, all other countries were identical. Their ranking changed considerably, however. China

was still in a top position, followed by Russia which replaced the Czech Republic. It is obvious that Western Asian countries imported higher volumes in 2016 than in 2006. A growing demand and limited possibilities to increase the domestic production were the main steering factors behind this development. Several Eastern European countries and Greece were obviously forced to raise their import levels in consequence of the banning of conventional cages and the transformation to alternative housing systems from 2012 on. Russia was not able to meet the growing demand by domestic production. The country expanded its broiler production considerably and reduced its initiatives in the egg sector for several years. Despite the growing production, Mexico was forced to increase its egg imports because of several AI outbreaks and a resulting shortage of shell eggs for consumption. The fact that Bulgaria is listed in top positions regarding the growth of egg exports and imports is surprising. In 2016, eggs were mainly imported from Poland and Romania and exported to Greece. It was obviously attractive to import cheap eggs from Romania and to sell them

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Figure 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Egg imports by Emerging Market Countries in 2016.

with profit to Greece. The spatial pattern of egg imports by the EMC in 2016 is documented in Figure 4. In Table 15, the ten EMC with the highest absolute growth of their egg imports are listed. Russia and China showed the highest absolute increase, followed by Mexico and

Table 15 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; The ten EMC with the highest absolute increase of their egg imports between 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; own calculations). Country

Absolute increase (t)

Relative increase (%)

Russia

79,060

892.8

China

71,288

78.1

Mexico

49,549

362.1

Un. Arab. Em.

42,730

149.7

Qatar

21,330

262.7

Saudi Arabia

12,912

399.6

Israel

7,978

312.6

Poland

7,389

69.4

Ukraine

6,528

171.6

Greece

6,497

187.7

10 countries

305,261

174.4

EMC

304,584

120.4

World

901,900

74.9

the United Arab Emirates. The highest relative growth rates were to be found in Russia, Saudi Arabia and Mexico. Eight EMC imported less than 1,000 t of shell eggs in 2016; only one, South Africa, did not import any eggs. Twelve countries imported fewer eggs in 2016 than in 2006. The seven countries with the highest absolute decrease of their import volume are listed in Table 16. The Czech Republic showed the highest absolute reduction with almost 12,900 t. The country was able to switch to alternative housing systems in a comparatively short time and to cover most of the demand by domestic production.

Summary The preceding analysis of the dynamics in egg trade by the EMC could document that the trade volumes grew much slower than production. This indicates that most of the EMC were able to meet the increasing domestic demand by intensifying their production. Exports grew even faster than imports, documenting that many EMC successfully modernized their production systems and were also able to generate a production surplus over demand. An indicator for this statement is the fact that the regional

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MARKETING

Table 16 – The seven EMC with the highest decrease in egg imports between 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO database; own calculation). Country

Absolute decrease (t)

Relative decrease (%)

Czech Rep.

12,895

66.7

Venezuela

891

41.0

Nigeria

789

79.1

South Africa

713

100.0

Indonesia

242

98.2

India

205

85.8

Korea, Rep.

167

29.3

7 countries

15,902

Emerging Market: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerging_market (retrieved: May 2020). FAO database: http://www.fao.org/faostat. Kvint, Vladimir (2009): The Global Emerging Market: Strategic Management and Economics. New York, London: Routledge. Vercueil, Julien (2012): Les pays émergents. Brésil Russie - Inde - Chine... Mutations économiques et nouveaux défis. Paris: Bréal, 3rd Ed. Windhorst, H.-W.: A projection of the future dynamics in

“Exports grew even faster than imports, documenting that many EMC successfully modernized their production systems and were also able to generate a production surplus over demand. An indicator for this statement is the fact that the regional concentration in exports was considerably higher than in imports” concentration in exports was considerably higher than in imports. In exports, the newcomers Turkey and Poland were able to share over 26% in the global export volume. In imports the regional concentration was lower and more evenly distributed. China and Russia were the two EMC with the highest import volumes.

Data source, references and further reading El Hedi Arouri, M.; Boubaker, S.; Khuong Nguyen, D. (2014): Emerging Markets and the Global Economy: A Handbook. Oxford, UK: Academic Press.

global egg production. In: Zootecnica international 40 (2018), no. 7/8, p. 24-26.

List of Emerging Market Countries Argentina, Bangladesh, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Colombia, Czech Rep., Egypt, Greece, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Korea, Rep., Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Qatar, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Saudi Arabia, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey, UAE, Ukraine, Venezuela, Viet Nam.

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TECHNICAL COLUMN

How can hatcheries lessen the impact of COVID-19? The world is currently experiencing a pandemic caused by a coronavirus, Covid-19. While the virus probably originated in animals, it appears that it only spreads between humans, and only humans seem to be affected. The symptoms vary from a mild form of flu to severe inflammation of the lungs, and in a few cases infection is fatal. to country, we know from our network that hatcheries are facing labour-related issues and supply chain challenges. While poultry farms and hatcheries continue to operate, more people are staying home as countries try to ‘flatten the curve’ and measures are implemented to reduce transmission of the virus. There is also no denying that market conditions are in flux: restaurants and markets are being closed down, air transport has been disrupted, country borders are closing. All these may have a knock-on effect on how long hatching eggs need to be stored and on the transport times for dayold chicks.

Labour matters Poultry play no role in spreading COVID-19, and unlike viral diseases found in the poultry industry (such as Avian Influenza, Newcastle disease) poultry are not affected by the virus. So far, so good. The bad news is that COVID-19 is now affecting a massive proportion of the human population, if not directly, then indirectly – and certainly in terms of their work. And hatcheries are no exception. At Royal Pas Reform we are closely monitoring developments in our global markets so we can provide maximum support to our customers in these challenging times, while bearing in mind that visits in person are not possible. Although circumstances differ from hatchery to hatchery and from country

- technical column -

No matter how automated a hatchery is, its operation remains heavily dependent on personnel. And hatchery work is teamwork, involving close proximity, with the risk that someone who is infected will pass the virus on to their colleagues. It is crucial that you instruct your personnel to stay home if they (or someone else in their household) show even the mildest flu symptoms like a runny nose, coughing or low fever. Even if they only have ‘regular’ flu, it’s better to be safe than sorry. It is also possible for someone to be infected but not show symptoms, and this raises the risk of transmission everywhere including the workplace. It is therefore vital that you apply all measures recommended by

TECHNICAL COLUMN

local health authorities and the World Health Organization, including the following: • hand hygiene - wash hands, disinfect them regularly and wear disposable gloves; • avoid touching eyes, nose and mouth; • cough or sneeze into a paper tissue or into your elbow, not your hands. And most important of all: keep 1.5-2 metres distance. Enforce this rule as strictly as possible. Where this is impossible, for example at the chick grading belt, issue your personnel with face masks. One option for creating distancing could be to work with fewer people at once (which will mean longer operating hours or working in shifts). Avoid overcrowding in the canteen; let people take their break in shifts. Needless to say, you should only allow essential staff into the hatchery. Now is not the time to invite external consultants or call in outside handymen to fix utilities that your staff can take care of. You also need to instruct your truck drivers to keep their distance from people on breeder farms and those they deliver chicks to.

Prolonged storage of hatching eggs Some of the customers we called have mentioned that they are experiencing difficulties in selling hatched chicks: they don’t have enough housing due to reduced output at processing plants; reduced confidence has meant less investment in chicks and feed; and demand for poultry meat is likely to drop as restaurants and fast-food chains remain closed. In anticipation of this situation continuing, some have reduced the number of eggs set. This means they will need to store hatching eggs for a longer period. Hatcheries with their own breeder flocks or breeder flocks under contract will be particularly affected, as they have a continuous supply of hatching eggs. For this part of the industry, it is even more important than usual to ensure optimal egg storage conditions. Especially where storage time is likely to be longer, it is advisable to reduce the temperature in the egg storage room to 12–14 °C and to turn the eggs 2–4 times/day provided they are stored on setter trolleys. This will be an extra challenge if storage capacity is limited and simply based on regular settings. In this case, renting a refrigerated container could be a temporary solution. One way to partly reduce these negative effects is to apply a heat treatment during egg storage (often called SPID-

ES) even in your regular setters, assuming some of them are empty. If you find eggs are getting too old, it might be better to use them for egg products and accept these losses; and use the fresher eggs for incubation when setting starts up again.

Prolonged transit time of day-old chicks As selling day-old chicks becomes more difficult, the chicks may have to stay a day longer in the hatchery. Some customers have also mentioned that transport time is being prolonged due to roadblocks and especially at border crossings. Chicks can go without food and water for up to 3 days, and their residual yolk sac provides enough nutrients. As long as they are kept comfortable, the chicks will stay quiet and not use much energy. The greatest risk is dehydration. Chicks have only limited water reserves. Under optimal conditions chicks will breathe through their nostrils and lose little water, but when the conditions become too warm, they will start panting with their beaks open in an attempt to prevent their body temperature from rising. Keeping the chicks’ environment comfortable is the most effective way to avoid dehydration. If waiting times are likely to be longer than normal, you could inject newly hatched chicks with 1cc saline solution. Or provide them with water-containing feed. There are special gels and feeds available, but citrus fruit, watermelon, and boiled rice work well too. And don’t forget that, just as important as overheating, chicks mustn’t become chilled during extended storage.

To sum up It is vital that you ensure all your staff are following all the rules issued by the local health authorities to prevent transmission of the virus. You can minimise the effects of prolonged egg storage by improving storage conditions and carrying out heat treatment. After they have hatched, keep chicks as comfortable as possible, while avoiding overheating, dehydration and chilling. If delivery is delayed, make sure to give the chicks water-containing feed. You can find useful information about egg storage on our website: www.pasreform.com/en/page/15/covid-19

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NUTRITION

Natural antioxidants in poultry production From vitamins to vitagenes – Part 2 Peter F. Surai1-5, Vladimir I. Fisinin5-6 1Trakia

University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; 2Szent

In this second part the focus will be on the Vitagene concept, which refers to a group of genes involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stress conditions.

Istvan University, Godollo, Hungary;

3Sumy

National Agrarian University, Sumy, Ukraine;

4Odessa

National Academy of Food Technologies, Ukraine;

5Russian

Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia;

6All

Russian Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Sergiev Posad, Russia.

Vitagene concept development Since at the molecular level most stresses are associated with overproduction of free radicals and oxidative stress, the development of effective antioxidant solutions to decrease negative consequences of commercially-relevant stresses is an important task for poultry scientists. One of such approaches is based on the possibility of vitagenes modulation, a family of genes responsible for animal/poultry adaptation to stress. The term “vitagene” was introduced in 1998 by Rattan who wrote “Our survival and the physical quality of life depends

- nutrition -

NUTRITION

upon an efficient functioning of various maintenance and repair processes. This complex network of the so-called longevity assurance processes is composed of several genes, which may be called vitagenesâ&#x20AC;?. Later the vitagene concept has been further developed in medical sciences by professor Calabrese and colleagues in 20042016. In accordance with Calabrese et al. the term vitagenes refers to a group of genes that are strictly involved in preserving cellular homeostasis during stress conditions and the vitagene family includes heat shock proteins (HSPs), including heme oxygenase-1 (HSP32, HO-1) and HSP70, the thioredoxin system and sirtuins. The list of potential

(HO-1) and HSP70, are responsible for protein homeostasis in stress conditions of poultry production, while the thioredoxin system is the major player in maintaining redox status of the cell involved in protein and DNA synthesis and repair as well as in regulation of expression of many important genes. Furthermore, sirtuins regulate the biological functions of various molecules post-translationally by removing acetyl groups from protein substrates ranging from histones to transcription factors and orchestrate cellular stress response by maintenance of genome integrity and protein stability. Finally, SODs belong to the first level of antioxidant defense preventing lipid and protein oxidation at

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Since at the molecular level most stresses are associated with overproduction of free radicals and oxidative stress, the development of effective antioxidant solutions to decrease negative consequences of commercially-relevant stresses is an important task for poultry scientists. One of such approaches is based on the possibility of vitagenes modulation, a family of genes responsible for animal/poultry adaptation to stressâ&#x20AC;?

candidates to the vitagene family was extended. In particular, SOD, a major inducible enzyme of the first level of antioxidant defense, has been included into the vitagene family. The products of the mentioned genes actively operate in detecting and controlling diverse forms of stress and cell injuries. The cooperative mechanisms of the vitagene network are reviewed in recently publishedcomprehensive reviews with a major conclusion indicating an essential regulatory role of the vitagene network in cell and whole organism adaptation to various stresses. Indeed, cellular stress response is mediated via the regulation of pro-survival pathways and vitagene activation with the following synthesis of a range of protective antioxidant molecules is the central event in such an adaptation. The vitagene concept helped in developing effective strategies to fight oxidative stress in various human diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, neuroprotection, aging and longevity, dermatology, osteoporosis and Alzheimer pathology, and other free radical-related diseases. Indeed, HSPs, including heme oxygenase-1

the very early stages. All the aforementioned vitagenes operate in concert, building a reliable system of stress detection and adequate response and are considered to be key elements in stress adaptation.

Vitagene-based concept of fighting stress in poultry production Recently, the vitagene concept has been successfully transferred from medical sciences to poultry science. The new concept of fighting stresses is based on an idea that supplying birds with various antioxidants via the drinking water could help them to effectively deal with stress conditions. Indeed, a decreased feed consumption at time of stress is observed and existing feeding systems do not allow to include anything into the feed loaded into the feed storage bins. Therefore, water-soluble additive supplementation via drinking system is shown to be a valuable option. In fact, modern commercial poultry houses are equipped with water medication systems, which can be

- june 2020 -

NUTRITION

ti-stress composition in drinking water at specific periods of increased stress can improve breederâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s performance. In particular there was an increase by 2% of the egg peak production and peak plateau lasted about 50 days longer than that in the control birds. It is interesting to note that egg production in the control group (260.8 eggs) was higher than the target for the line (253.4 eggs) and in the experimental group it increased by 6 eggs. Furthermore, improved egg production was associated with increased weight of the oviduct in the experimental layers. It is also important to mention that FCR (feed per 10 eggs) improved with the use of the anti-stress composition and was better than the target for the line. Notably, shell strength at age 26, 36 and 56 weeks was improved in the experimental group by 2.8, 5.6 and 5.6%, respectively. The most interesting finding was related to a significant increase of the carotenoid level in the egg yolk of experimental birds. Since carotenoids were not supplied with the anti-stress composition, this increase could be due to improved absorption of nutrients resulting from anti-stress composition usage. This can also explain improved FCR in the experimental birds.

effectively used for the aforementioned supplementations. It was proven that inclusion of vitagene-regulating compounds (carnitine, betaine, vitamin E, etc.) as well as some minerals, vitamins, electrolytes and organic acids in water, could be effective in fighting various stresses. This helps at chick placement, when the antioxidant system is crucial for the digestive and immune system development. In particular it was proven that inclusion of an anti-stress composition (PerforMax) into the drinking water in a University trial improved chicken growth and feed conversion ratio. Using the same anti-stress composition in commercial conditions improved FCR during a 39 day broiler growth trial. At the end of the trial, the improvement in FCR due to the anti-stress composition during the first three days post-hatch as well as before and after vaccination was highly significant. The importance and efficacy of the anti-stress composition for rearing birds and adult egg type parent stock at one of the biggest egg producing farms in Russia (Borovskaya poultry farm, Tumen region) have been recently reviewed. In particular it was shown that using the an-

Vitamin A level in the egg yolk from the experimental layers increased probably reflecting its transfer from the anti-stress composition. In particular, anti-stress composition usage was associated with improved fertility at 16, 40, 48 and 56 weeks by 2.5; 2.7; 2.8 and 3.7%, respectively. In the same experimental group the hatch conditions improved at 26, 32, 40, 48 and 56 weeks by 3.6; 2.1; 3.4; 4.9 and 4.3%, respectively. In addition, it was shown that the anti-stress composition had an immune-modulating effect in broilers and growing ducklings. Improvement of the antioxidant system by supplying an anti-oxidant composition via the drinking water could also help dealing with various mycotoxins in feed, including DON, ochratoxin and T- 2 toxin. Furthermore, such a technology could help fight heat stress and immunosuppression. However, further work is required to understand molecular mechanisms of the interactions of vitagenes with various signaling systems and transcription factors in the cell to build an adequate adaptive response to minimize detrimental consequences of commercially-relevant stresses in poultry production. References are available on request From the Proceedings of XXV Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Poultry Congress

- nutrition -

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VETERINARY SCIENCE

S. Egana-LabrinA,B, S. StouteC, H.L. ShivaprasadD, B. CrossleyE, H.J. RohF, and R. A. GallardoB ADepartment

of Animal Science, Animal Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Davis; BDepartment

of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory; CTurlock Branch; DTulare Branch; EDavis Branch; FCEVA Animal Health.

Avian reoviruses, molecular characterization: looking for better classification methods Avian reovirus (ARV) is the main cause of viral arthritis and tenosynovitis in chickens and turkeys, triggering economic losses in the poultry industry due to impaired feed conversion rates, lack of uniformity and increased condemnations in the affected flocks worldwide. ARVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are non-enveloped viruses. Their genetic material is formed by ten segments of double-stranded RNA. These features allow a high mutation and recombination rates, escaping the immunity elicited by vaccines. Classical vaccine strains such as S1133, 1733 and 2408,

- veterinary science -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

have been used since the 1970’s and molecular variants homologies to these vaccines are frequently under 80%. For years, molecular variants have been detected and classified into five and six genotypic clusters based on the S1 gene, that encodes for the Sigma C protein. Nevertheless, we know that characterizations based on S1 don’t provide the full picture and do not correlate with antigenicity and pathogenicity of these strains is a quick and easy method to group these isolates. Since the viruses incorporated in autogenous vaccines are selectedin part based on S1 characterization, it is necessary to reconsider the approach. Previous studies in our laboratory have suggested that other genes i.e. M2 and L3, coding for outer structural proteins, have a high variability and would be good candidates for classification of molecular variants of ARV and might be associated with pathogenicity and antigenicity. Since 2015 we have started a molecular characterization effort based on a S1 characterization and grouping of

the isolates obtained by the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory. In addition, we have selected distinct isolates to perform full genome sequencing looking for differences and variability of the different reovirus genes.

Materials and methods One hundred and fifty reovirus isolates were selected based on clinical importance, year, tissue of isolation and cytopathic effect in cell culture (CPE). Confirmed isolates were submitted to an S1 gene RT-PCR and sequencing using the forward and reverse primers. The resulting sequences were aligned with the commercial vaccine S1133 in order to compare homologies. Phylogenetic trees were crafted in order to visualize the classification of the ARV molecular variants. Seventeen representative isolates were selected and whole genome sequenced and classified in order to check gene associations. Statistical data analysis and graphs were made using PRISM Graph Pad.

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- june 2020 -

VETERINARY SCIENCE

consistency. GC1 was the group with the highest homology to S1133 while GC4, GC5 and GC6 the groups with the lowest homologies. In order to assess the similarity of the S1 sequences within each cluster we calculated the homology within GC. From high to low, these homologies were GC1 (96.4%), GC2 (77.5%), GC4 (77.0%), GC5 (97.7%) and GC6 (94.8%) (Table 2).

Figure 1 – Phylogenetic tree depicting 85 ARV S1 sequences (883 bp). Sequences were obtained from reoviruses isolated from tenosynovitis cases in CA between 2015 and 2018. The backbone sequences (black) were obtained from other authors. Sequences were grouped into six genotypic clusters (GC). Commercial vaccine strains are labeled by asterisks.

A summary of the sequence distribution on the different genetic clusters and their homologies by year are shown in Figure 2. A considerable reduction of sequences clustered in GC1 was followed by an increase in GC2, GC4 and GC6. GC3 was first identified in 2016, GC5 was first identified in 2017. Seventeen ARV isolates associated with clinical signs in the field, were selected for full genome and serotype studies.

Results

Discussion

Eighty-five out of 150 (56,6%) ARV S1 segment (1,088 bp) were effectively RT-PCR amplified, sequenced and classified into six genotypic clusters (GC). In 2016 the GC1 strains were predominant with approximately 80% of the variants for that year. In

2017, CG6 increased it representation with 31% of the sequences while GC1 was still the most predominant with 40% (Figure 1). The average homology of each GC to S1133 was calculated and shown in Table 1. The percent homologies to S1133 of the S1 sequences by year showed

Table 1 – Sequence frequencies by genotypic cluster (GC) and year from 2015 to 2018, arithmetic sum and percentage of the total sequences by genotypic cluster (ND = non-detected). Genotypic cluster

Total sequences by year

Sum

Total (%)

51.8

12.9

1.2

7.1

GC5

2.4

GC6

24.7

2015

2016

2017

2018

GC1

GC2

GC3

GC4

- veterinary science -

Molecular surveillance is crucial to control and prevent pathogenic ARV outbreaks. Using the primers described by Kant et al., only 85 out of 150 (56.6%) partial S1 genes were detected, amplified and sequenced. We attribute the lack of amplification of more than 30% partially to the molecular divergence on ARV variant strains. Kant et al., using the same primers between 1980 to 2000, had a slightly higher amplification success (70%). Partial S1 gene characterization methods have classified ARV strains into five and six genotypic clusters. Our research showed that strains isolated in California belong to all six distinct genotypic clusters. The most predominant clusters were GC1 (51.8%), GC6 (24.7%) and GC2 (12.9%). Similar results were

VETERINARY SCIENCE

Table 2 – Average homologies to S1133 of each of the genotypic clusters by year and homologies within GC (ND= non-detected). Homology to S1133 (%)

Genotypic cluster

2015

2016

2017

2018

Total Average (%)

Homology within GC (%)

GC1

77.9

77.0

76.8

76.9

77.2

96.4

GC2

59.2

58.6

58.0

58.6

77.5

GC3

58.1

GC4

53.7

52.6

53.8

53.4

77.0

GC5

53.2

97.7

GC6

54.2

53.9

54.1

94.8

described in Europe. While Lu et al. stated that most of their sequences clustered in GC2, followed by GC4 and GC1, Palomino et al. affirmed that their most predominant sequences were from GC5, followed by GC4 and GC1. The “cluster” nomenclature is used to compare the

GC1

GC2

viruses detected in different parts of the country and the world even though, we need to take into consideration the fragment size, number of sequences in the analysis, sequences selected as backbone and the subjectivity of the analysis. These factors play a role in the con-

GC3

GC4

GC5

GC6

25 19.6

- 70

15.3 12.8

- 60

10 - 50 4.3

3.4 1.7

1.7

1.7 1.7

3.4

% Avarage homology to S113

Number of Arv’s sequences

1.7

- 40 15 20

16 20

Year

17 20

18 20

Figure 2 – Frequencies and average homologies based on 85 ARV S1 sequences (883 bp) obtained from reovirus (ARV) isolates from tenosynovitis clinical cases. Bars are showing the isolate frequencies in each Genotypic cluster (GC) per year. Numbers above bars represent the percentage (%) from the total samples (85). The bold line represents the average homology to S1133 based on the S1 sequences. GC (genotypic clusters).

- june 2020 -

formation of the clusters. Between 2015 and 2018, the ARV isolates genotypic cluster representation in the State of California has changed. A decrease on the representation of GC1 and an increase of GC6 classified strains have occurred (Table 2). Multiple factors might be influencing this shift, including the use of autogenous vaccines. The use of certain GC’s as a predominant antigen in autogenous vaccines might be important in driving the change in the representation of that genetic cluster. Our hypothesis relies in the fact that inactivated non-homologous vaccines provide partial protection to the field challenge not eliminating viral shedding from infected birds. This allows selection of strains different than the vaccine altering the representation of ARV’s in the environment. Homologies to a reference commercial vaccine strain showed that GC1 had the highest homology. Even though, GC1 is the group that encompasses the vaccine strains, the average homology of this group was under 78%. The rest of the GCs had average homologies to S1133 between and 53.2%, very distant from the viruses that are used in commercial live and inactivated vaccines explaining the lack of effectiveness of these vaccines in the generation of protection. Based on the homologies over time, we see that each of the clusters have maintained their homologies to S1133 since 2016 (Figure 2). References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 68th Western Poultry Disease Conference

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Editorial Director Lucio Vernillo Editorial Staff: Daria Domenici, Tania Montelatici (zootecnica@zootecnica.it) Account Executive Marianna Caterino (amministrazione@zootecnica.it) Editorial Office Zootecnica International Via Ugo Foscolo 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy Tel.: +39 055 2571891 Fax: +39 055 2571897 Website: www.zootecnicainternational.com Licence Registrazione Tribunale di Firenze n.3162 Spedizione in A.P. Art.2 comma 20/B legge 662/96 - Filiale di Firenze ISSN 0392-0593 Subscription Rates (1 year / 11 issues): Europe Euro 44 Rest of the World Euro 57 * Subscribe online by Credit Card or Paypal: www.zootecnicainternational.com * Subscribe by money transfer: 1. effect a money transfer to: Zootecnica International, via Ugo Foscolo, 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy; bank: UNICREDIT, BIC: UNICRITM1OU9 Iban: IT 81 H 02008 38083 000020067507 2. send us your complete shipping address by fax (+39 055 2571897) or by email (amministrazione@zootecnica.it). Art Direction & Layout Laura Cardilicchia - ellecigrafica.com Cover Image: © Denise Vernillo Printed Nova Arti Grafiche, Florence

English Edition Year XLII June 2020

® ®

purely professional.

GAME BIRD COOP GAMEWITH BIRD TOP COOP DOOR WITH TOP DOOR GAME BIRD COOP GAMEWITHOUT BIRD COOP TOP WITHOUT DOOR TOP DOOR GAME BIRD COOP WITH TOP DOOR

Cod. 0113004

Cod. 0113003

GAME BIRD COOP WITHOUT TOP DOOR

Cod. 0113004

Cod. 0113003

Dimensions: 650x360x250 Dimensions: mm 650x360x250 mm Weight: 2,450 kg Weight: 2,450 kg

Dimensions: 650x360x250 mm Weight: 2,450 kg

• HD polyethylene UV•stabilized HD polyethylene UV stabilized

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ast S.p.A.

Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A. Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

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BIRDS BIRDS TRANSPORT TRANSPORT

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Giordano Poultry Giordano PlastPoultry S.p.A. Plast S.p.A.

Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO 12023 - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

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ECONOMICALECONOMICAL SLAT SLAT Cod. 0450002 ®

Cod. 0301001

purely

Circumference: 130 cm/51” Depth: 7,5 cm/3” Feeder capacity: 20 kg/45 lbs Weight: 1,723 kg Standard packing: 20 cones per carton – 680x360x700 mm/ 26.80”x14.18”x27.55” 20 pans per carton – 450x450x580 mm/ 17.72”x17,72”x22.85” Shipping capacity: 2.100 units per 20 ft cnt

M Aluminium stem

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Cod. 0301104

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Cod. 0301116

Cod. 0301105

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Cod. 0301101

Cod. 0301102

Cod. 0301103

• The low cost, long term solution for your flocks • Easy to assemble and to remove • This slat must be screwed upon wooden beams having a minimum width of about 40 mm • One support is needed each 630 mm

DRINKERS FEEDERS FEEDERS

SLATS SLATS FEEDERS

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. reserves the right to modify products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts no liability for errors and/or omissions in the published information

GARDEN RAIN COVER

Cod. 0301117

Cod. 0301117 ®

purely professional.purely professional.

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Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. reserves the right to modify products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts no liability for errors and/or omissions in the published information

www.poultryplast.com

AIN GARDEN COVER RAIN COVER

Dimensions: 1.150 x 630 mm Self-supporting Weight: 3,5 kg Load resistance: 200 kg/piece Material: polypropylene copolymer UV stabilized, resistant to high temperatures Standard colours: grey/black, white Shipping capacity: 2.700 pieces per 20 ft cnt

Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

DRINKERS DRINKERS

reduce waste of ry litter conditions.

Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

Via Bernezzo, 47 Via Bernezzo, 47Via Bernezzo, 47 Y 12023 CARAGLIO12023 - Cuneo - Italy 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo CARAGLIO - Italy - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Galvanized washer Tel. +39 0171Anti-waste 61.97.15 Tel. +39 Bottom stabilizing bar Screw grid 0171 61.97.15 Cod. 0301116 81.75.81 Cod. 0301106 Fax +39 0171 Cod. 0301110 Fax +39 0171Cod. 81.75.81 Fax0301118 +39 0171 81.75.81 CM info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com

RKEYS

Cod. 0450002 ®

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Giordano Poultry PlastPoultry S.p.A. Giordano Giordano PlastPoultry S.p.A. Plast S.p.A.

Galvanized washer

ECONOMICAL SLAT

Cod. 0450002

Dimensions: 1.150 x 630 Dimensions: mm Self-supporting 1.150 x 630 mm Self-supporting ® Weight: 3,5 kg Weight: 3,5 kg Load resistance: 200 kg/piece Load resistance: 200 kg/piece Material: polypropylene Material: copolymer polypropylene UV stabilized, copolymer UV stabilized, professional. resistant to high temperatures resistant to high temperatures Standard colours: grey/black, Standardwhite colours: grey/black, white Shipping capacity: 2.700 Shipping piecescapacity: per 20 ft2.700 cnt pieces per 20 ft cnt

www.poultryplast.com

Galvanized Anti-waste grid washer

purely professional. Diameter: 45 cm/18” purely professional. purely professional.

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0301116 Cod.Cod. 0301118 RKEYS

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Cod. 0301101 0301102 Cod.

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Cod. 0301001

/18” Diameter: 45 cm/18” 30 cm/51” Circumference: 130 cm/51” Depth: 7,5 cm/3” 20 kg/45 Feeder lbscapacity: 20 kg/45 lbs Weight: 1,723 kg Standard packing: on –20 680x360x700 cones per carton mm/– 680x360x700 mm/ 7.55”26.80”x14.18”x27.55” n – 20 450x450x580 pans per carton mm/– 450x450x580 mm/ 85” 17.72”x17,72”x22.85” 2.100 Shipping units per capacity: 20 ft cnt 2.100 units per 20 ft cnt ce. No waste, no ply of fresh water.

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LINDAMATIC -LINDAMATIC 360 EGGS - 360 EGGS Cod. 0401001

LINDAMATIC - 360 EGGS

Cod. 0401001

Dimensions: 68x37xh.36 Dimensions: cm 68x37xh.36 cm Capacity: 360 eggs Capacity: 360 eggs Weight: 2,5 kg Weight: 2,5 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Shipping capacity: 800Shipping pieces +capacity: 24.000 800 egg trays pieces + 24.000 egg trays cartons per 20 ft cnt cartons per 20 ft cnt

Cod. 0401001 ®

Dimensions: 68x37xh.36 cm Capacity: 360 eggs Weight: 2,5 kg Load resistance: 300 kg Shipping capacity: 800 pieces + 24.000 egg trays cartons per 20 ft cnt

GIORDANO, GIORDANO, thethe widest widest GIORDANO, the widest choice choice of plastic of plastic choice of plastic poultry poultry equipment. equipment.poultry equipment. EGGS EGGS SYRINGES SYRINGES FOR FOR SYRINGES FOR TRANSPORT TRANSPORT VACCINATION VACCINATION VACCINATION All All purely purely professional. professional. All purely professional. GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. GIORDANO reservesPOULTRY the right to PLAST modify S.p.A. products' reserves features the right and to data modify contained products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts in nothis liability catalogue, for errors andand/or acceptsomissions no liabilityinfor theerrors published and/or information omissions in the published information

Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

Via Bernezzo, 47 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com

www.poultryplast.com

purely professional.

Giordano Poultry Giordano PlastPoultry S.p.A. Plast S.p.A.

www.poultryplast.com

purely professional.purely professional.

www.poultryplast.com

GIORDANO POULTRY PLAST S.p.A. reserves the right to modify products' features and data contained in this catalogue, and accepts no liability for errors and/or omissions in the published information

www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.comwww.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com

Giordano Giordano Poultry Poultry PlastPlast S.p.A. S.p.A. Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A.

www.poultryplast.com

Via Bernezzo, Via Bernezzo, 47 ,12023 47 ,12023 CARAGLIO CARAGLIO - Cuneo Via - Cuneo Bernezzo, - Italy - Tel. Italy47 +39 Tel. ,12023 0171 +39 0171 CARAGLIO 61.97.15 61.97.15 Fax - Cuneo +39 Fax -0171 +39 Italy 0171 81.75.81 Tel. +39 81.75.81 0171 info@poultryplast.com info@poultryplast.com 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 in

SPECHT is everywhere where hens are! • Rearing in aviary system

• Layers in Varia-System

• Rearing in cages

• Group cage system (enriched cage)

ORIGINA

estock eco and liv friendly

ORIGINAL

• Feeding system

• Layer battery

• Egg belt

• Cage floor

POULTRY EQUIPMENT

GmbH & Co. KG

• Manure drying system

Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) Telefon +49 (0) 28 38 912-0 • Telefax +49 (0) 28 38 27 91 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de

• Egg collecting system

Zootecnica International - English edition - 06 June - 2020

Articles inside

Natural antioxidants in poultry production From vitamins to vitagenes – Part 2

The effects of diet and epigenetic alterations on the gut microbiome, inflammation and poultry produ

Patterns of the egg industry in the Emerging Market Countries between 2007 and 2017

How can hatcheries lessen the impact of COVID-19?

Mastering the Water Line – Height & Pressure

Lubing products for washing and sanitizing drinking lines

Prevent contaminated water with automated drinking systems

How an automatic flushing system can reduce the use of antibiotics

The hose and drinking water hygiene: inhibiting the growth of biofilm

Giordano Poultry Plast: for an optimal and healthy administration of drinking water in poultry farms

How will the COVID-19 pandemic affect the livestock industry?

Facco drinking systems

Clear visualization of biofilm removal from drinking water lines with Intra Hydrocare