Zootecnica International – October 2020 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze
An insight into the current trends within the Irish poultry and egg industry The forgotten continent: patterns and dynamics of the African egg industry – The egg industry in the sub-regions The importance of monitoring chick water usage
10 2020
The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.
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EDITORIAL Poultry products often represent more than 50% of the display in butcher shops and on the butcher counters of supermarkets. There is a wide assortment which ranges from whole, oven-ready chickens to further processed products (FPP) such as skewers, roulades, cutlets and so on. During the last few years, no other meat sector has done so well. This growing interest depends on the introduction of new oven-ready products, the nutritional and dietary qualities, as well as the new positive image of poultry. On the other hand, however, some fundamental difficulties remain. The first that comes in mind is the outdated pricing system. It is a real paradox that, after many years of radical change in the production, processing and distribution of poultry, the pricing system is almost immutable. The predominance of non-brand products represents another underlying contradiction. Brand loyalty is a marketing goal, so producers are introducing new brands and trademarks which aim at capturing consumer confidence by offering health and quality guarantees. This is certainly possible today as a result of evolution of the processing companies. Until quite recently, most large and small-scale distributors purchased whole birds, and had their own personnel do all further processing. The current trend is toward the purchase of products which are already ready for sale. Today’s consumer is aware that the processing industries offer the very best guarantees of hygiene. The processing industries, together with the large-scale modern distributors, have been most successful with products which are quick and easy to prepare, in portions which enable the consumer to create personal menus. The consumer still has the last word and the attitudes, which determine the public’s choices and preferences, are complex. There is no doubt that changes are taking place, and the poultry industry seems to be in an excellent position to acquire the trust of the public. The only question is who will be able to get through this uncertain period of transition.
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SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 6 FIELD REPORT The role of HVAC systems in single-stage hatcheries ..................................... 10
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DOSSIER Physical presentation of turkey feed............................................................... 12
FOCUS An insight into the current trends within the Irish poultry and egg industry........ 18
MARKETING The forgotten continent: patterns and dynamics of the African egg industry Part 2: The egg industry in the sub-regions..................................................... 22
TECHNICAL COLUMN
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Multistage incubation: selecting optimum settings .......................................... 30 Evaluation of effects of in ovo light stimulation on incubation performance and chick quality in broilers................................... 32
MANAGEMENT Best practice in egg production..................................................................... 38 The importance of monitoring chick water usage............................................. 42
NUTRITION The importance of feeding time observation................................................... 46
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PROCESSING Meyn releases new Rapid Plus Deboner M4.2 with semi-automatic loading carousel............................................................. 50
MARKET GUIDE.................................................................................52 INTERNET GUIDE.............................................................................56
WORLDWIDE NEWS
Infectious Bronchitis virus shuts down cell stress signals A new study from scientists at The Pirbright Institute and collaborators at the University of Surrey provided evidence that Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) can regulate the signals involved in the stress response, which would otherwise prevent a virus from making new copies of itself.
ule formation infers that they may be acting in another antiviral capacity.
Their research, published in the journal Viruses, showed that stress granules, structures formed in the cell in response to stresses such as virus infection, were present only in a small proportion of infected cells. They also showed that IBV can actively inhibit stress granule formation. IBV is a coronavirus that specifically infects birds, causing an economically important respiratory disease that leads to reduced egg production and meat quality in poultry. When IBV or other viruses enter a cell and begin to replicate, they hijack the cell’s own machinery to make copies of their genetic material and proteins. This includes hijacking the cell components involved in translation, the process by which new proteins are made. In response to viral infection, cells can activate the stress response, which shuts down transla-
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tion and stops the production of new proteins, except for those that are involved in the antiviral response. Cells then store the inactivated components of translation in stress granules. In this new study a low number of IBV infected cells contained stress granules and IBV was shown to actively prevent their formation. The team therefore investigated the characteristics of these stress granules to understand why their suppression may be beneficial for the virus. The stress granules do not overlap with sites of viral replication, suggesting that IBV is not hijacking these cellular components for its own benefit. As no viral RNA could be found in the stress granules it also seems they are not targeting the viral genome to prevent its replication, though the fact IBV has mechanisms to disrupt stress gran-
- worldwide news -
In common with many other viruses, IBV replication itself results in the shut-off of translation at later stages during infection, which prevents the cell from making proteins involved in an antiviral response. This would normally go hand-in-hand with an increase in stress granule formation. Instead the researchers found that stress granule formation remained constant and the amount of IBV infected cells containing stress granules did not change. These results show that IBV can uncouple several important cellular signaling pathways to its own advantage at different times during infection. Dr Helena Maier, Head of the Nidovirus-Cell Interactions Group at Pirbright said: “IBV is doing something quite complex, it seems to uncouple and dysregulate lots of different signals in the cell, including those involved in the formation of stress granules. Understanding the interactions between IBV and the host cell during infection provides information that is essential for future applied studies such as antiviral development.” The study was funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, part of UK Research and Innovation (BBSRC UKRI). Source: The Pirbright Institute
WORLDWIDE NEWS
www.cobb-vantress.com/broilerZP10 - october 2020 -
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COMPANY NEWS
Elanco closes acquisition of Bayer Animal Health Scale and capabilities of the combined company position Elanco for the long term as a leader in the attractive, durable animal health industry. Transaction valued at close at $6.89 billion, funded by $5.17 billion in cash and 72.9 million shares to Bayer. animal health products in a variety of forms, from curbside care and telemedicine to online purchases shipped direct to the doorstep. The combination of Elanco and Bayer Animal Health joins Elanco’s existing strong relationship with the veterinarian with Bayer Animal Health’s focus in retail and online in order to create an omni-channel leader best positioned to serve veterinarians and pet owners where they want to shop.
the deep capability and disciplined execution from both companies.”
This acquisition strengthens Elanco’s Innovation, Portfolio, Productivity (IPP) strategy, which the company has been executing on since before its IPO in 2018. Both companies come to closing with a disciplined focus on the strategy and diligent execution to drive momentum.
“This milestone is another key step in Elanco’s journey. But, ultimately, today is about improving the lives of animals, people and improving the health of the planet. Pets and protein have never been more important,” Simmons said. “Food supply disruptions and increasing unemployment are driving food security challenges around the world. At the same time, research shows increased time at home has changed the long-term relationship between pets and their owners, as pets increasingly provide valuable emotional support. We know making life better for animals, simply makes life better.”
“Most importantly, today is about the farmers, veterinarians, and pet owners we serve. If COVID-19 has made anything clear – it’s that the world has never needed animals and the work farmers and veterinarians do more,” Simmons said. “Together, we are better positioned to advocate for our customers, to deliver solutions to their greatest unmet needs, so they can keep healthy, sustainably sourced meat, milk, fish and eggs in the center of the dinner table and healthy, active pets in the center of families. Together, we have the potential to improve animal health and the lives of billions.”
Elanco's Headquarters - Greenfield, Indiana, US
Elanco Animal Health Incorporated (NYSE: ELAN) the 3rd of August announced it has closed the acquisition of Bayer Animal Health. The transaction, valued at $6.89 billion, expands Elanco’s scale and capabilities, positioning the company for the long term as a leader in the attractive, durable animal health industry. “Nearly two years into our journey as an independent company, we have made significant progress in creating a purpose-driven, independent global company dedicated to animal health – all while weathering the century’s most significant animal and human health pandemics: African Swine Fever and COVID-19,” said Jeff Simmons, president and CEO of Elanco. “Delivering on the timely close of the acquisition and bringing momentum into Day 1 in this challenging environment underscores
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Meanwhile, the pandemic has accelerated key trends transforming the industry, particularly pet owners’ desire to access veterinary care and
- company news -
Image: Fotolia - © Minerva Studio
COMPANY NEWS
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COMPANY NEWS
MagFan, best in test at Bess Lab MagFan was tested at Bess Lab in January 2019. Compared to all other fans tested at Bess Lab, MagFan is quite simply in a league of its own in terms of not just efficiency but also total airflow. No other fan comes anywhere near the performance and efficiency of MagFan. With a spotless service record since 2014 and performance and efficiency second to none MagFan is the obvious choice for conscious consumers. important role in fan performance and efficiency as well as pressure capability (thrust). More air can be moved with fewer losses. Due to this the MagFan simply consumes less power to maintain the desired flow than any other fan available – by a wide margin.
24 week test at Japfa Indonesia In 2016 a set of MagFans were installed at Japfa Indonesia. Consumption was recorded over a period of 24 weeks. The reference building, commissioned in September 2016, uses 3 units of 50” and 4 units of 54” American cone fans. The results were stunning. The house with MagFans consumed only 25% of the power consumed by the reference house. The houses are identical in every aspect, only difference being the fans installed. In fact, there is a higher fan capacity in the house equipped with MagFans and still this house come out with such a huge difference in power consumption. Furthermore, the MagFans reduce panel and wiring cost by 30% in comparison to the conventional fan setup.
MagFan outperforms all other fans MagFan is the world leader in fan efficiency. No matter the version you choose they all offer unrivaled performance, efficiency and service life. MagFan owes its efficiency to much more than just the high efficiency motors. More than anything else, the very pronounced efficiency advantage stems from the aeromechanics applied in the development of MagFan. This becomes quite evident when comparing capacities and efficiencies against other makes of similar size fans. Without exception, MagFan outperforms all other fans!
20 year life cycle The MagFans are extremely gentle on the power consumption, they are also 100% maintenance free. The direct drive technology ensure performance stay the same throughout the estimated 20 year life cycle of the MagFan. At Japfa Indonesia many more MagFans have been installed and with a track record of more than four years the MagFans at Japfa have proven beyond doubt that they outlast and outperform all other fans.
Aerodynamics make the difference First and foremost, remember that a fan with superior aerodynamics will always be the most efficient fan no matter the speed it operates at. So all the way from minimum speed to full speed, the aerodynamics play the most
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- company news -
COMPANY NEWS
Priority on food safety: New Moba Omnia XF2 Grading Machine nia grader family: the Omnia XF2. • the packer parts can be cleaned The XF2 has a new infeed system and new hygienic features. With a capacity from 45,000 to 255,000 eggs per hour the Omnia series is now available in all capacities. The Omnia XF2 grading machine has a new infeed system. The infeed has an open frame design which makes it easy to access during cleaning. The infeed can be foamed and high pressure cleaned.
Omnia XF2
out of place. The new XF2 series has a capacity from 45,000 – 255,000 eggs per hour. All Omnia graders (XF2/FT/ PX) are now available in all capacities. The Omnia grader reaches for top efficiency, food safety and strong service network for a worry-free operation.
With food safety in mind the XF2 offers new features:
Moba, the world’s leading producer of high-quality integrated systems for the grading, packaging and processing of consumption eggs, introduces its new extension in the Om-
• infeed: open frame construction for cleaning; • the orientator grippers can be cleaned out of place;
For more information: www.moba.net
TOGETHER
WE CAN...
CONNECT
IPPE is a great opportunity to meet with colleagues and customers from all over the world, as well as see the latest technology for the industry. There is something for everyone. It’s a great place to connect and find solutions! -IPPE Attendee
Join us for the 2021 IPPE and discover the most current technology and solutions used for animal food, meat, poultry and more.
JAN. 26 - 28, 2021 ATLANTA, GA USA
Register at www.ippexpo.org
- october 2020 -
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FIELD REPORT
The role of HVAC systems in single-stage hatcheries Since the evolution of the hatchery industry from multi-stage to single-stage incubation, Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems have become an indispensable part of hatchery operations. Apart from retraining the personnel to the single-stage way of working, it also requires adapted machinery and equipment, including a properly dimensioned Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning system. An effective and customised HVAC system is indispensable for efficient single-stage operations, as this technology does the heavy lifting when it comes to heating, cooling, humidifying and dehumidifying the fresh air supply that feeds the incubators. This makes it easier for the incubators to finetune the embryo’s environment for optimal hatchery results. In this article, we focus on the four ways an effective climate control system impacts a single-stage hatchery for the better.
1. The right air supply at every stage By Pieterjan Bulteel, Product Specialist HVAC and Automation at Petersime
In essence, the HVAC system does the heavy lifting when it comes to climate control in single-stage hatcheries, and thereby helps the incubators achieve an optimal yield. The importance of climate control stretches far beyond the conditioning of the air for setters and hatchers, as controlling the air conditions in every room, from the reception of eggs to the dispatch of chicks, in a single-stage hatchery is essential to achieving optimal hatchery results.
Single-stage incubation relies on HVAC Even though the commercial incubation industry had long adhered to the multi-stage incubation methodology (and successfully so), a new approach was required to both fulfil the worldwide demand for more poultry meat while meeting ever-stricter levels of biosecurity, and optimise the industry’s efficiency and return on investment.
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Arguably the biggest advantage of single-stage incubation is that environmental conditions can be adjusted to the needs of the embryo at every development stage, from egg to chick. Not only does this improve the hatchability and chick uniformity as a result of an improved hatch window, but it also makes it easier to guarantee the biosecurity within the hatchery. The HVAC system ensures that the correct volumes of air, conditioned both in terms of temperature and humidity, are delivered to the setter and hatcher room at all times. This allows the actual setters and hatchers to finetune the temperature and flow of the air and provide optimum and uniform environmental conditions inside the machines.
2. Any location, any climate Outside climate conditions not only vary from region to region, but from season to season and even from day to night as well. That’s why Petersime designs and engineers HVAC systems based on historical geographical climate data, that take into account the actual minimum and
- field report -
FIELD REPORT
maximum temperature and variations in humidity levels during a given time span.
a door opens, the air will always flow from the most vital and clean rooms to the dirty rooms, and especially never the other way around. The HVAC system also filters the fresh incoming air. In fact, Petersime recommends using two levels of air filtration: first, a G4 pre-filter to keep out particles visible to the eye (>10μm); and secondly, a main F7 filter which blocks out fine dust and particles larger than 1μm. In this way, the hatchery only draws in clean air, while dirty air is contained in the designated rooms until being exhausted from the building.
4. Keeping energy costs in check
Example: A hatchery in South Korea In South Korea, temperatures can easily range between -15 °C and 34 °C, while absolute humidity levels can rise from 0.9 g/kg up to 25 g/kg. A well-designed HVAC system will adjust the air conditions in the hatchery by heating the air in winter and cooling it in summer, while at the same time adjusting the level of humidity as required by the incubation process.
3. Increased biosecurity: no more airborne cross-contamination
A well acclimatised hatchery does not necessarily consume more energy. Provided it has been properly engineered, a customised HVAC system can even help hatcheries consume the lowest amount of energy possible. In fact, the same pressure control system monitors how much air is required and will only provide that specific volume of air, so no conditioned air is wasted. Moreover, in cold climates, it is possible to recover heat from the developing embryos, as from day nine onwards, the embryos are in their ‘exothermic phase’ (which means they start to produce more heat). A sustainable HVAC system can use this heat to pre-heat the cold fresh air entering the hatchery, thereby dramatically reducing the boiler’s and chiller’s energy consumption; indeed for the latter, this can sometimes be brought down to zero.
Leave your hatchery’s HVAC to Petersime To ensure you end up with an ideal setup for maximum output and the best quality results, it is best to have one single company design and engineer your entire hatchery, including the HVAC. Petersime’s Project Department has over 35 years of experience in designing and installing tailor-made HVAC systems for hatcheries in the most varied climates. A well-designed HVAC system will increase the hatchery’s level of biosecurity, as a pressure-controlled airflow is able to create different pressures in different rooms. The highest pressure should be maintained in the setter room and the vaccine room — where cleanliness is paramount — while the lowest pressure is reserved for the washing rooms and areas that house dirty baskets. If ever
Petersime’s experts believe that there is no single, standard solution for HVAC. Hatcheries in hot, humid climates, for example, require an air conditioning system designed for cooling and dehumidification, whereas heating and humidification is a must in cold environments. The company is therefore ready to custom-build each of their HVAC systems to suit the conditions that prevail in every customers area.
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DOSSIER
Physical presentation of turkey feed
Figure 1 – The effect of feed form on bodyweight and FCR of B.U.T.6 Males at 167 days of age. Source: BUT 1986.
The effect of feed form on current genotype A review of evaluations on the effect of feed form on commercial turkeys shows that modern turkey strains appear more responsive to feed physical quality than in the past. M. Kenny¹, H. Meyer², H. Glawatz², J. Ralph¹ ¹Aviagen Turkeys Ltd, Chowley Five, Chowley Oak Lane, Tattenhall, Chester CH3 9GA, UK ²Moorgut Kartzfehn von Kameke GmbH & Co. KG, Kartz-v. Kameke-Allee 7, D - 26219 Böse
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An evaluation conducted 33 years ago showed that the performance of male BUT6 birds was adversely affected by feed physical quality, liveweight was reduced by 6.3% and FCR by 3% (see Figure 1). An evaluation examining the effect of different feed forms was conducted in Aviagen
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Turkeys facilities in the UK. This involved feeding B.U.T.6 males ‘good’ and ‘poor’ quality crumbs and pellets from 0-20 weeks. Diets were prepared according to Aviagen Turkeys Ltd’s (ATL) recommended nutrient specifications and feeding programme. The starter diet was provided as a sieved crumb for the ‘good’ feed physical quality control and an unsieved crumb for the ‘poor’ feed physical treatment. The ‘poor’ pellet quality treatment was prepared by hammer grinding pellets to a fine consistency (fines) and then blended with intact pellets to result in a 50:50 mix of pellets and fines. The mix of fines and pellets resulted in a feed physical quality similar to the physical quality of feed sometimes seen in the field (see Figure 2). The results showed there was a significant depression in bodyweights to 20 weeks of age; the poor treatment resulted in a 12.3% reduction in bodyweight loss relative to the control (see Figure 3a). FCR deteriorated by 36% in the poor treatment relative to the control at 20 weeks of age. The negative effect of poor feed form on bodyweight was evident through the lifetime of the birds. The negative effect of the poor treatment was detected as early as three weeks of age and continued, with increasing effect, to the end of the trial period. Breast meat
DOSSIER
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Pellet and fines blend Figure 2 – Feed form treatments.
Figure 3a – The effect of feed form on bodyweight (kg) and FCR at 20 weeks. abDifferent letters indicate differences (P≤0.01) among treatments.
yield was assessed at 20 weeks of age, the poor feed physical treatment reduced breast meat yield by 7.5% (see Figure 3b).
- october 2020 -
+45 75771922 l mail@dacs.dk I www.dacs.dk
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DOSSIER
4.8% respectively. FCR deteriorated in the 75:25 treatment by 7.9% and 50:50 treatments by 14.5%. Although the response to feed form was not as dramatic as the initial evaluation the results suggest that, across a wide range of feed physical quality, the bird’s response to feed form is very consistent (see Figure 4).
Figure 3b – The effect of feed form on breast meat yield at 20 weeks. abDifferent letters indicate differences (P≤0.01) among treatments.
This effect on breast meat yield is most likely related to the effect of feed form on physiological development to this age, birds fed the poor feed form were physiologically less developed at 20 weeks of age compared to those fed the control, hence breast meat was not as well developed. The effect of feed form on performance was much greater than previously observed, in particular the magnitude of effect on FCR was unexpected. The data suggests that those birds fed the poor feed form ate significantly more feed than birds fed the control diet but did not convert this feed to live weight. Feed wastage is often evident when birds are fed poor quality pellets, while feed wastage was evident in some pens, this was superficial and not enough to account for the degree of difference in FCR. Another possible explanation for the degree of effect on FCR may be related to the preparation of the ‘poor’ feed treatment. The degree of fine material within the poor feed treatment was very significant and also the extent of pulverization during the feed grinding process may have resulted in a more extreme ‘poor’ feed form than assessed in some other trials which compared pellets to mash diets. Nonetheless, the poor treatment was representative of poor feed form in the field and the results reinforce the importance of ensuring feed physical quality is optimal and is adequately assessed within the organisation. A further trial investigated the effect of poor physical quality following the same methodology and design as the previous trial however an additional treatment with 75:25 pellets to fines was introduced resulting in a total of three treatments; 100% pellets; 75:25 pellets fines; and 50:50 pellets fines. The live weight and FCR response to increasing proportion of fines was consistent, the 75:25 and 50:50 treatments reduced bodyweight by 2.9% and
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Figure 4 – The effect of feed form on bodyweight (kg) and FCR at 20 weeks. abDifferent letters indicate differences (P≤0.05).
The effect of feeding mash diets Feeding a mash feed is often resorted to if pelletised feeds are not available, a trial was conducted assessing BUT6 male bird response to four different treatments; 1. a standard pelletised control diet; 2. a pelletised diet with whole grain wheat incorporated within the pellet; 3. a coarse mash diet from 21 to 144 days; 4. a mash diet from 21 to 84 days followed by a pelletised diet fed to 144 days of age. The nutrient specification of the diets was identical across all treatments. Treatment 2 resulted in a similar performance to the control however treatment 3, the mash diet, resulted in a reduction in liveweight of 11.1% and deterioration in FCR of 21.9% relative to the control. Treatment 4, the mash-pellet treatment, reduced liveweight by 5.6% while FCR deteriorated by 3.9% (see Figure 5). The results from this trial suggest that incorporation of whole grain wheat provided some additional benefit in FCR relative to the control and coarse mash diet has a negative effect on liveweight and FCR similar to poor pellet quality. Feeding a coarser feed particle size is associated with positive effects on both broiler litter quality and foot pad dermatitis (FPD). There were no assessments made of
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DOSSIER
Figure 5 – The effect of different feed forms on B.U.T.6 Male Liveweight (kg) and FCR at 144 days of age. abDifferent letters indicate differences (P≤0.05).
Figure 6 – The effect of feed structure on foot pad dermatitis score at 144 days of age.
litter quality however (FPD) was assessed at 144 days of age based on the method of Hocking (2008). The mash treatment resulted in a higher percentage Score 1 and lower Score 2 and 3 compared to the other treatments suggesting feeding a mash diet had positive effects on foot condition compared to feeding pelletised feed (see Figure 6).
Assessment of feed physical quality Feed physical quality is usually measured by a sieving assessment of crumbs and a durability test of pellets. Pellet durability assessments are normally made at the mill laboratory via specialised devices such as a Holmen Tester or Tumbling Tester, a durability of >90% is realis-
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DOSSIER
“Feed physical quality has a significant impact on turkey performance, perhaps more than previously determined. Optimising feed physical quality not only supports farm performance but also improves processing yield”
Figure 7 – Hand sieving devise.
Table 1a – Crumble profile – in front of the poults. Particle size (mm)
<1
1-2
2-3
>3
Proportion (%)
<10
40-50
30-40
5-10
Table 1b – Pellet Size. Age (weeks) Proportion (%)
0-2
2-4
4-8
8-12
12++
Crumble
2-3mm
3-3.5mm
3-3.5mm
3-4.5mm
Summary tic for most pelleted feeds. These assessments involve placing a sample of feed through an aggressive process which is aimed at replicating the physical insults to the pellet in the field. This assessment allows the mill to know that manufactured feeds meet physical quality standards. Assessment of feed physical quality should not just be conducted at the mill, farm assessments give a good indication as to what is provided to the bird especially if the sample is taken directly from the feed pan. This can be conducted via the use of a hand sieving device, the procedure is straightforward and practical for most farms to conduct (see Figure 7). There are many courses of action which the mill can take to improve poor feed physical quality. Behnke (1994) quantified the effect of different feed manufacturing processes on pellet durability, the main areas identified were grinding, conditioning and pelletising processes however changes in the formulation can also have an effect for example even 5% addition of wheat based materials can improve pellet durability very significantly. The key point is that if poor feed physical quality is not acceptable there are means whereby improvements can be made. There are recommended guidelines for feed particle sizes for turkeys, Table 1a and b show the recommended particle sizes for starter crumbed and pelletised diets.
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Feed physical quality has a significant impact on turkey performance, perhaps more than previously determined. Optimising feed physical quality not only supports farm performance but also improves processing yield. Replacement of pelletised feeds with a coarse mash diet results in a negative effect on performance. Communication of feed physical quality standards between the farm and the mill is vital to ensure that the needs of the modern bird are understood and are met. Monitoring of feed physical quality in the mill and also on the farm is vital to ensure that feed form is continuously meeting standard.
References Behnke, K.C. 1996. Feed Manufacturing technology: current issues and challenges. Animal Feed Science and Technology, Vol. 62, pp 49 – 57. Brewer, D.E. and P.R. Ferket. 1989. The effect of pellet integrity and lignosulfate on performance of growing toms. Poultry Sci. 68:18. Hocking, P. 2008. Standard European footpad dermatitis scoring system for use in turkey processing plants, World’s Poultry Science Journal 64(03): 323 – 328.
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DOSSIER
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FOCUS
An insight into the current trends within the Irish poultry and egg industry “Let’s talk poultry” was a webinar series organized for Irish poultry producers in collaboration with Alltech Webinars. The series which took place from June 17th through to July 15th was introduced by Rebecca Tierney from Teagasc and Niall Brennan, Poultry Coordinator at Alltech Ireland. Topics included Avian Influenza; biosecurity; best practices for starting chicks and rearing healthier flocks; the laying cycle, and an insight into current trends within the Irish poultry and egg industry.
ent and future orientation. He highlighted the situation in the Republic of Ireland at a more global level and included also a presentation of all Bord Bia promotional activities and campaigns and how they have performed.
The webinar on the Irish poultry and egg industry, held on July 15, was presented by Peter Duggan, from the Meat Division of Bord Bia - The Irish Food Board, who gave a deep insight into the sector and its future trends. Peter Duggan’s presentation covered views on the Quality Assurance Scheme for egg and poultry producer members; on the Sustainable Poultry Products Assurance Scheme; on poultry and egg global trends and on consumer’s pres-
In the Republic of Ireland there are 418 poultry sites, with chicken production accounting for three quarters of those poultry sites and turkey units accounting for the vast majority of the remainder. The locations of the major poultry sites were graphically demonstrated with Monaghan County being identified as the center of these sites accounting for over 50 percent of the overall poultry production.
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FOCUS
cent of overall egg production. As regards barn production there are three sites accounting for about one percent of total production. In November 2019 the SPPAS - Sustainable Poultry Products Assurance Scheme was accredited by Bord Bia with the aim of offering a better sustainability and standards in poultry breeder farms, in hatcheries and for chicken, turkey and duck production units. This scheme will serve to set the following key points:
As regards egg production, there are around 186 production sites. Free range sites account for around 43 percent of production. While numbers of colony enriched production units are smaller, they still account for 53 percent of overall productions, so those sites are really important for providing a consistent supply of eggs to the market. Organic egg sites are increasing and have grown to around 18 in recent years, but still they only account for three per-
• to demonstrate to customers that poultry meat is produced under an accredited sustainability & quality assurance scheme. • to set out the criteria for best practice at all stages in the poultry production process and to provide a uniform mechanism for recording and monitoring. It was illustrated that by having participants embracing compliance with the criteria of quality assurance, food hygiene and food safety, this should increase the industry’s level of sustainability over time.
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FOCUS
With regard to work and environmental conditions they have to implement measures such as: • ‘Staff Welfare in the Workplace’ policy. • Rodent Control Plan in line with the Campaign for Responsible Rodenticide Use Code (CRRU). • Chemical handling – producers must be registered with DAFM as a Professional User (PU). • Biosecurity Protocols – House entry / exit procedures. • Litter must be sourced from an approved supplier. • Bird-handling protocols.
A resume of the global and local supply and production trends
What are the benefits of participating in the SPPAS scheme?
From the 75 million birds processed per annum in Ireland in 2007, industry has moved in 2019 to the record of 106 million birds. In 2020 processing capacity is set to increase even more as 55 millions birds have been processed only in the first half of the current year. In Europe production and exports will modestly increase due to the impact of African Swine Fever in Asia and the COVID-19 and the Avian Influenza situation, especially in Central and Eastern Europe. Throughout 2020 there has been
On Farm Benefits • Quality and sustainability measures can deliver environmental and economic benefits. • Allows members to meet both regulatory and market demands. Industry Benefits • Effectively communicates the marketing credentials to key customers. • Creates a market preference for certified produce among customers. There are a lot of retailers and customers that are looking for a different product as they try to meet their own corporate social responsibility. They seek to source products from suppliers who can prove their sustainability credentials. Such credentials add value to the product. Bearing this in mind, producers are committed to implementing a series of measures such as: • Engaging in a Campylobacter Improvement Plan with their processing plant (in line with FSAI Recommendations for a Practical Control Programme for Campylobacter in the Poultry Production and Slaughter Chain) (2011). • Giving Highest Priority to Critically Important Antimicrobials (HP-CIAs) products and usage methods as set out by DAFM recommendations. • Developing and implementing an Animal Welfare Plan in consultation with a Veterinary Practitioner including an annual review of said plan. • Gathering Sustainability data (e.g. energy, feed, etc.) to determine Carbon Footprint of each production facility.
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and by 2019 production had reached 3.7 million a reflection on the strong demand for eggs from Irish consumers. This layer number is most likely going to reduce and fall back to be maybe around 3.4 to 3.5 million given the high incidence of Avian Influenza. On a global level, the current pandemic has led to lots of uncertainty and volatility across all sectors with significant disruption to trade, production, and consumption. and will continue to be a strong demand for protein in the Chinese market. As a result, chicken imports have risen from around 300.000 tons in 2018 up to a potential 900.000 tons in 2020. Question was posed as to which countries are currently benefiting from this increase in the Chinese demand for protein. A graphical presentation showed that the principal countries benefiting are Brazil, USA and Thailand. Europe is not benefiting because of the suspension of imports due to Avian Influenza. Layer population in the Republic of Ireland has increased over recent years: in 2012 there were 2.8 million layers
The Bord Bia chicken and eggs promotional campaigns have been focusing on raising awareness of chicken and egg consumption, showing the positive credentials of eggs and chicken meat. Promotional activities are also highlighting the flexibility and the versatility of chicken and how this product can be incorporated into a range of different recipes and meal time occasions. There have been a lot of positive results from those campaigns and the next Bord Bia chicken advertising campaign has started in September. Additionally, as a consequence of the pandemic, more people are cooking at home and in doing so are becoming more quality conscious as they seek to buy and consume secure quality food.
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MARKETING
The forgotten continent: patterns and dynamics of the African egg industry Part 2 – The egg industry in the sub-regions
Analyses dealing with the development and patterns of the global egg industry in most cases focus on Europe, North America and Eastern Asia. With the exception of a few countries, Africa and Oceania are not in the centre of scientific research. In two papers, the gap will be filled. Large imbalance between the share in population and egg production A comparison between the share of the five African sub-regions in the continent’s population and in egg production reveals a large imbalance (Table 1). In 2018, the countries of Northern Africa shared 18.6% in the population but contributed 31.8% to the laying hen inventory and 44.4% to egg production. In contrast, Eastern African countries shared 33.1% in the continent’s population but contributed only 18.5% to the laying hen population and only 15.6% to egg production.
The first paper dealt with the laying hen inventories and egg production, the second will document the patterns in the five African sub-regions.
The imbalance was highest in Middle Africa with a share of 13.3% in Africa’s population but only 1.4% in egg production. A closer look at the relation between the shares of the sub-regions in the laying hen inventories and in egg production indicates large differ-
Table 1 – The share of the African sub-regions in the continent’s population, laying hen inventory and egg production in 2018 (Source: FAO database). Sub-region
Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is scientific director of the WING at the Hannover Veterinary University and Prof. emeritus of the University of Vechta, Germany
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Population
Laying hen inventory
mill.
Share (%)
mill. head
Northern Africa
237.3
18.6
Eastern Africa
422.6
33.1
Middle Africa
169.1
Southern Africa Western Africa Africa
Egg production
Share (%)
1,000 t
(%)
165.0
31.8
1,413.2
44.4
95.9
18.5
495.6
15.6
13.3
12.4
7.8
46.1
1.4
65.7
5.1
40.3
39.5
462.0
14.5
381.2
29.9
204.6
18.5
762.8
24.0
1,275.9
100.0
518.2
100.0
3,179.7
*100.0
*sum does not add because of rounding
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ences in the efficiency of production systems. The analysis at the level of the single sub-regions will document the wide gaps in more detail.
Considerable differences in the development of the laying hen inventories Between 2008 and 2018, the laying hen inventory in Africa increased from 455.1 mill. to 518.2 mill. head or by 13.9%, 5.5% lower than the global growth rate. Table 2 shows that the dynamics between the sub-regions differed considerably. In Northern Africa, the number of laying hens grew by 51.5 mill. head or 45.0%, followed by Eastern Africa with 19.3 mill. head
or 25.2%. In contrast, inventories in Southern and Western Africa decreased respectively by 5.1 mill. and 4.1 mill. head. Western African countries lost 6.4% of their contribution to the continent’s laying hen flock in the analysed decade, Southern Africa 2.2%. In contrast, Northern African countries gained 6.9% and Eastern African countries 1.7%. The contribution of Middle Africa remained unchanged. To the absolute growth of 63.1 mill. hens, Northern Africa contributed 51.5 mill. or 81.6%. This documents the remarkable dynamics in the sub-region despite the AI outbreaks (see Part 1 in Zootecnica International, September 2020). The dynamics at country level will be analysed in a later chapter.
Table 2 – The development of the laying hen inventories in the African sub-regions between 2008 and 2018 (Source: FAO database). Sub-region
2008
2018
mill. head
Share (%)
mill. head
Northern Africa
113.5
24.9
Eastern Africa
76.6
16.8
Middle Africa
11.0
Southern Africa
Change
Share (%)
mill. head
(%)
165.0
31.8
+51.5
+45.0
95.9
18.5
+19.3
+25.2
2.4
12.4
2.4
+1.4
+12.7
45.4
10.0
40.3
7.8
-5.1
-11.2
Western Africa
208.7
45.9
204.6
39.5
-4.1
-2.0
Africa
*455.1
100.0
518.2
100.0
+63.1
+13.9
*sum does not add because of rounding
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Egg production grew faster than the laying hen inventory Between 2008 and 2018, egg production in Africa increased from 2.6 mill. t to 3.2 mill. t or by 22.1%. The relative growth rate was 8.2% higher than that of the laying hen inventory. This is an indicator for the growing efficiency of laying husbandry in some sub-regions. To the absolute increase of 576,500 t, countries in Northern Africa contributed 499,900 t or 86.7%, indicating a considerably higher efficiency in the laying hen husbandry in the sub-region. With the exception of Western Africa, the production volume grew in all sub-regions. In Western Africa, egg production decreased by 62,600 t or by 7.6%. It is worth noting that despite the decline of the laying hen inventory, egg production in Southern Africa grew by 25,600 t or 5.9%. As will be shown in a later part of the analysis, this was a result of the dynamics in South Africa. A comparison of the regional patterns in 2008 and 2018 reveals a considerable dynamics. Northern Africa’s share in the continent’s egg production increased by 9.3% and reached
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44.4%, Eastern Africa’s by 0,7%. In contrast, the contribution of the three other sub-regions decreased. The highest loss occurred in Western Africa with 7.7%, followed by Southern Africa with 2.3%. The contribution of Middle Africa fell by 0.1%. A closer look at the data in Tables 2 and 3 shows some interesting facts. In 2018, Northern African countries contributed 44.4% to Africa’s egg production and shared 31.8% in the laying hen inventory, Southern African countries 14.5% in the egg production volume but only 7.8% in the hen flocks.
The sub-regions will be analysed according to their share in Africa’s egg production.
Northern Africa In 2018, 165 mill. laying hens in the six Northern African countries produced 1.4 mill. t eggs (Table 4). A comparison of the contribution of the single countries to the sub-region´s laying hen inventories and to egg production reveals some interesting insights. Morocco shared 39.8% in the laying hen inventory but only 28.0% in the egg production of the
Table 3 – The development of the egg production in the African sub-regions between 2008 and 2018 (Source: FAO database). Sub-region
2008
2018
Change
1,000 t
Share (%)
1,000 t
Share (%)
1,000 t
(%)
Northern Africa
913.3
35.1
1,413.2
44.4
+499.9
+54.7
Eastern Africa
388.1
14.9
495.6
15.6
+107.5
+27.7
Middle Africa
40.1
1.5
46.1
1.4
+6.0
+15.0
Southern Africa
436.4
16.8
462.0
14.5
+25.6
+5.9
Western Africa
825.4
31.7
762.8
24.0
-62.6
-7.6
*2,603.2
100.0
3,179.7
100.0
+576.5
+22.1
Africa
*sum does not add because of rounding
A comparison of the data indicates a considerably higher efficiency of the egg production in South Africa (Botha 2018, South African Poultry Association 2017). In the other sub-regions, the share in the laying hen inventories was considerably higher than in the egg production volume.
sub-region. In contrast, Egypt contributed 18.8% to the layer flocks but 32.1% to egg production. The egg production per hen and year differed considerably between Egypt with 14.6 kg and only 4.4 kg in Tunisia.
The following part of the analysis will document the situation in the five sub-regions in 2018 at country level in order to identify the leading countries and the regional concentration.
24
Western Africa In the 16 Western African countries, almost 205 mill. laying hens produced 762,800 t of eggs. To this production volume, Nigeria contributed 481,400 t or 63.1%. (Table 5). The average egg volume produced by the 106.4 mill. laying hens was 4.5 kg per year. With an average egg weight of 55 g this equaled 82 eggs. Higher production values were reached in Cabo Verde and Liberia. The lowest production per hen showed Benin with only 0.9 kg or 17 eggs per year. The average of only 3.7 kg egg volume per hen and year indicates that in this sub-region mainly local breeds were used as double purpose hens for egg and meat production. In Nigeria, several integrated egg farms use hybrid hens (FAO 2018). The dominating role of this country was obviously a result of the population of 195.8 mill. head and a growing domestic demand. The country has recovered
Table 4 – Egg production and laying hen inventories in Northern African countries in 2018 (Source: FAO database; own calculation). Production (1,000 t)
Country
The situation in the sub-regions in 2018
Obviously, larger amounts of hybrid hens were kept in Egypt and Algeria in contrast to the other countries. In Egypt, a laying hen laid between 250 and 265 eggs per year, assuming an average egg weight of 55 g to 58 g.
Share (%)
Laying hens (1,000)
Share (%)
Eggs per hen and year (kg) 14.6
Egypt
454.3
32.1
30,075
18.8
Morocco
396.0
28.0
65,700
39.8
6.0
Algeria
314.0
22.2
23,521
14.3
13.3
Tunisia
111.3
7.9
25,135
15.2
4.4
Libya
72.7
5.1
9,851
6.0
7.4
Sudan
65.0
4.6
9,859
6.0
6.6
*1,413.2
100.0
165,041
*100.0
8.6
Northern Africa
* sum does not add because of rounding
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Table 5 – Egg production and laying hen inventories in Western African countries in 2018 (Source: FAO database; own calculation). Production (1,000 t)
Share (%)
Laying hens (1,000)
Share (%)
Eggs per hen and year (kg)
Nigeria
481.4
63.1
106,390
52.0
4.5
Burkina Faso
60.6
7.9
17,718
8.7
3.4
Ghana
41.9
5.5
15,814
7.7
2.6
Country
Cote d´Ivoire
41.0
5.4
10,669
5.2
3.8
Senegal
25.5
3.3
7,127
3.5
3.6
Guinea
24.8
3.3
6,641
3.2
3.7
Mali
21.8
2.9
8,000
3.9
2.7
Benin
15.4
2.0
17,211
9.4
0.9
Togo
12.1
1.6
1,420
1.2
5.0
Sierra Leone
11.6
1.5
4,948
2.4
2.3
Niger
10.3
1.4
3,761
1.8
4.3
Liberia
6.4
0.8
1,273
0.6
5.0
Mauritania
5.5
0.7
1,716
0.8
3.2
Cabo Verde
2.1
0.3
348
0.2
6.0
Guinea Bissau
1.3
0.2
270
0.1
4.8
Gambia
1.0
0.1
269
0.1
3.7
*762.8
100.0
204,575
*100.0
3.7
Western Africa
* sum does not add because of rounding
fast from severe Avian Influenza outbreaks (Kayali 2016) and improved the biosecurity on the large egg farms.
Southern Africa In Southern Africa, the regional concentration of the laying hen inventory and of egg production was extremely high (Table 6). Table 6 – Egg production and laying hen inventories in Southern African countries in 2018 (Source: FAO database; own calculation). Country South Africa
Production (1,000 t)
Share (%)
Laying hens (1,000)
Share (%)
Eggs per hen and year (kg) 11.8
453.6
98.2
38,320
95.2
Botswana
3.7
0.8
720
1.8
5.1
Namibia
2.7
0.6
837
2.1
3.2
Lesotho
1.0
0.2
207
0.5
4.8
Eswatini
1.0
0.2
187
0.5
5.3
462.0
100.0
*40,272
*100.0
11.5
Southern Africa
* sum does not add because of rounding
South Africa shared 95.2 % of the sub-region’s laying hens and even 98.2% of egg production. The egg indus-
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try in the other four countries was only of minor importance. The production of 11.8 kg eggs per hen and year is an indicator for the use of hybrid hens in vertically integrated companies which dominated the South African egg industry. Laying hen husbandry and egg production were severely hit by massive outbreaks of the Avian Influenza virus (H5N8) in the second half of 2017. About 4.7 mill. head or about 20% of the laying hen population in commercial farms were lost, which resulted in massive supply problems for the population with eggs. From 2018 on, the industry has recovered and implemented high biosecurity measures (Botha 2018).
Eastern Africa The regional pattern of the egg industry in Eastern Africa differed considerably from that in the other sub-regions, as the regional concentration was much lower. No country was in a dominating position. The four leading countries shared 59.9% in the laying hen inventory and 60.2% in egg production (Table 7). In Tanzania, 108,700 t of eggs were produced by 16.2 mill. hens. This equaled a production of 6.7 kg respectiveTable 7 – Egg production and laying hen inventories in Eastern African countries in 2018 (Source: FAO database; own calculation). Country
Production (1,000 t)
Tanzania
108.7
Kenya
83.6
Share (%)
Laying hens (1,000)
Share (%)
Eggs per hen and year (kg)
21.9
16,179
16.9
6.7
16.9
18,944
19.8
4.4
Zambia
52.6
10.6
11,200
11.7
4.7
Ethiopia
52.2
10.5
11,348
11.8
4,6
Mozambique
50.0
10.1
10,000
10.4
5.0
Uganda
45.0
9.1
8,104
8.4
5.6
Malawi
24.7
5.0
5,074
5.3
4.9
Zimbabwe
22.9
4.6
5,209
5.4
4.4
Madagascar
17.7
3.6
3,900
4.1
4.5
Mauritius
12.8
2.6
1,356
1.4
9.4
Rwanda
7.8
1.6
1,509
1.6
5.2
Reunion
7.3
1.5
572
0.6
12.8
Burundi
3.3
0.7
855
0.9
3.9
Somalia
2.6
0.5
808
0.8
3.2
Eritrea
2.2
0.4
562
0.6
3.9
Comoros
1.1
0.2
203
0.2
5.4
Seychelles
1.1
0.2
124
0.1
8.9
495.6
100.0
95,948
*100.0
5.2
Eastern Africa
* sum does not add because of rounding
26
ly 122 eggs per hen and year. In contrast, 83,552 t were produced by 18.9 mill. hens in Kenya, which equaled only 4.4 kg eggs per hen. The low average production per hen in several Eastern African countries is an indicator for the low development status of the egg industry and the use of local breeds in small backyard flocks. The lack of knowhow and capital as well as the political and economic instability, the threat of Avian Influenza outbreaks were the main barriers to a dynamical development. With 422.6 mill. inhabitants, the sub-region shared 33.1% of Africa’s population but contributed only 15.6% to the egg production volume. This imbalance impressively documents the need for a more efficient egg industry, which would be able to supply the fast growing population with a high-value protein (Byrne 2020, FAO 2018, Okai 2019).
Middle Africa In 2018, 13.3% of Africa’s population lived in the nine countries of this sub-region. It shared 7.8% in the laying hen inventory and only 1.4% in the continent’s egg production. The imbalance is an indicator for the comparatively low standard of laying hen husbandry and egg production. With an average of 3.7 kg or 70 eggs per hen and year, the sub-region reached the same value as Western Africa. The highest production per hen (Table 8) showed Chad with 6.4 kg, which equaled 120 eggs, the lowest, Table 8 – Egg production and laying hen inventories in Middle African countries in 2018 (Source: FAO database; own calculation). Country Cameroon
Production (1,000 t)
Share (%)
Laying hens (1,000)
Share (%)
Eggs per hen and year (kg)
18.3
39.7
5,670
45.7
3.2
Congo D. R.
7.8
16.9
2,975
20.8
3.0
Chad
7.6
16.5
1.181
9.5
6.4
Angola
5.1
11.1
900
7.3
5.7
Central African Rep.
2.8
6.1
731
5.9
3.8
Gabon
2.5
5.4
655
5.3
3.8
Congo
1.5
3.3
529
4.3
3.0
Equatorial Guinea
0.3
0.7
69
0.6
4.3
S. Tomé a. Principe
0.2
0.4
90
0.7
2.2
Middle Africa
46.1
*100.0
12,400
*100.0
3.7
* sum does not add because of rounding
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Sao Tomé and Principe with 2.2 kg respectively 40 eggs. Most farmers kept small backyard flocks of local double purpose breeds, which were used for egg as well as for meat production. The production values disclose, however, the very low egg supply for the population. With an average of 0.07 hens per inhabitant, Middle Africa showed the lowest hen density of all sub-regions. In addition, the regional concentration was comparatively high. The two leading countries, Cameroon and the D. R. Congo, shared 66.5% of the laying hen inventory and 56.6% of the sub-region’s egg production. This indicates that in several countries for many inhabitants eggs were not available at all.
Summary The preceding analysis could document the imbalance in the five African sub-regions between their share in the continent’s population and in egg production. While in Northern and Southern Africa the contribution to egg production was higher than the share in population, the situation in the other three sub-regions was the opposite. There were also large differences between their share in the laying hen inventories and in egg production. In Northern and Southern Africa, their contribution to egg production was higher than their share in the laying hen inventories; the opposite was the case in the three other sub-regions.
Data source and additional literature Botha, C.: The status of egg production in South Africa In: Randfontain Herald, October 2nd, 2018. (Retrieved from https://randfonteinherald.co.za/284850/6am-2-octthestatus-of-egg-production-in-sa, May 17th, 2020) Byrne, J: Africa: Poultry and eggs are the winning proteins, with demand for feed and genetics expected to rise sharply. In: Feed Navigator, 24. 2. 2020. (Retrieved from https://www.feednavigator.com/Article/2020/02/24/Africa-s-rising-poultry-and-egg-market, May 23rd, 2020) FAO database: www.faostat.org. FAO: A Profile of the South African Egg Industry Egg Market Value Chain 2012. (Retrieved from http://www. fao.org/3/a-at294e.pdf, May 18th, 2020) FAO: With avian influenza looming FAO builds local capacities in northeastern Nigeria. (Retrieved from http://www. fao.org/resilience/news-events/detail/en/c/1202030, May 25th, 2020) FAO (ed.): Livestock and Poultry Spotlight Nigeria. Rome 2018. (Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/CA2149EN/ ca2149en.pdf, May 18th, 2020) Kayali, G. et al.: Avian Influenza A (H5N1) virus in Egypt. In: Emerging Infectious Diseases 22 (2016), no. 3, p. 379888. (Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/ articles/PMC4766899, May 17th, 2020) Kriel, G.: Egg Markets: Poultry Farming in South Africa 2020. (Retrieved from http://southafrica.co.za/egg-markets.html, May 17th, 2020)
Within the sub-regions, the regional concentration in egg production differed considerably. It was very high in Southern and Western Africa, where one or two countries dominated production, and much lower in the other sub-regions. The average egg production per hen and year was highest in Southern Africa with 11.5 kg, followed by Northern Africa with 8.6 kg. In contrast, only 3.7 kg were reached in Western and Middle Africa.
Okai, F. K.: How Nigeria's young poultry farmers are turning the problem of waste on its head. In: The Poultry Site 13.12. 2019. (Retrieved from https://thepoultrysite.com/ articles/how-nigerias-young-poultry-farmers-are-turningthe-problem-of-waste-on-its-head, May 23rd, 2020)
At country level, Egypt ranked in the top position with 14.6 kg eggs per hen and year, followed by Algeria with 13.2 kg and South Africa with 11.8 kg.
Olam Grains: Nigeria Poultry Factsheet. Retrieved from https://www.olamgroup.com/content/dam/olamgroup/ pdffiles/poultry-factsheet-e-version.pdf, May 25th, 2020)
The low average in many less and least developed countries is an indicator for the low efficiency of their laying hen husbandry and their problems to supply a fast growing population with eggs.
South African Poultry Association (Ed.): Egg Industry Stats Summary for 2017. (Retrieved from http://www. sapoultry.co.za/pdf-statistics/Egg-industry-stats-summary.pdf, May 17th, 2020)
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TECHNICAL COLUMN
Multistage incubation: selecting optimum settings On the face of it, multistage incubation is an easy procedure. The setter is loaded with a new batch of eggs as the oldest batch in the setter reaches the point of needing to be transferred.
By Maciej Kolanczyk, Senior Hatchery Specialist, Pas Reform Academy
30
A fully loaded machine contains eggs at all stages of incubation, and the average incubation age will be about 9 days. At this stage in a single-stage incubation programme, the eggs do not produce a lot of heat and their oxygen demand is limited.
for the extremes. And it is the extremes that determine the incubation results. Too low a temperature at the beginning will cause an increase in early embryonic death. Overheating during the last days will lead to late mortality and poor chicken quality.
Multistage incubation does not present great technological challenges. The setter can work at constant, fixed settings, aiming to create acceptable conditions for all batches. The trouble is that this â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;average loadâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; consists of batches that are in very different phases of incubation: from eggs that have just been loaded to eggs about to be transferred. The average set points might be close to the optimum for the middle groups, but they will be far from optimum
The eggs themselves offer a solution, however. Their opposing requirements can be utilised for mutual benefit. Fresh eggs are cool when loaded and need to be heated. Eggs containing advanced embryos must be cooled. Placing these two groups next to each other creates an opportunity for mutual heat exchange.
- technical column -
Although all incubator manufacturers claim that their machines create a very uniform
TECHNICAL COLUMN
incubation environment, breaking the laws of physics is not that easy. Differences in air speed, distance to the coolers, heaters, humidifiers and air inlets matter, and are reflected in egg shell temperature. Cooler and warmer zones can be defined in all types of equipment, and this can be made use of in a multistage system by placing the egg batches accordingly. Temperature is of course not the only important parameter. Selection of the correct humidity setting, in line with the local egg shell quality, is critical for achieving 11-13% weight loss. Typically, the standard incubation settings for a multistage incubator are: T 99.5 °F, RH 50%, valve 50% (or CO2 0.4%). The value of the parameters can vary quite widely, however. For example, optimum temperature can range from 99.0 to 99.9 °F. So, how to select the optimum incubation setting? The advice will depend on local measurements and observations, which must be carried out routinely: measuring egg shell temperature, calculating egg weight loss, and monitoring the machine’s behaviour.
FlexBelt® conveyor belt
In a smoothly working incubator, internal devices will show low activity, the machine appearing to do nothing. Loading a new batch of eggs will activate heating, but this will stabilise again within a few hours.
Flexible rods preserve egg quality during transport
Overheating presents a higher risk than slightly too low temperatures. Egg shell temperature between 99.4 and 99.7 °F will slow down the process, while a temperature above 102.0 °F poses a risk.
Suitable in any space
Advice: • Define the cooler and warmer parts of the setter, specific to the equipment type. • Load the fresh eggs accordingly and place them next to the older eggs. • Prewarm the eggs before loading (for at least 12 hours at 25-26 °C) to mitigate the resulting drop of temperature. • Avoid egg shell temperatures below 99.0 °F and above 102.0 °F. • Check egg weight loss to select the RH setpoint. • Select the maximum valve position within the 3060% range at which the machine remains stable. Opening too wide activates the humidifiers, which is undesirable, and opening too little can cause too high CO2 levels.
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Evaluation of effects of in ovo light stimulation on incubation performance and chick quality in broilers Brian Tainika Department of Animal Productıon and Technologies, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University Özer Hakan Bayraktır Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University
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In sustainable commercial poultry business, hatchability and chick quality are key points that determine the yield and cost of production. Positive results of lighted incubation are highly determined by bioquality of light and egg associated properties. Although light stimulation during incubation increases chick weight, and hatchability, the findings are inadequate for the general application of this method. Therefore, it is necessary for continuous studies on the mechanisms underlying utilization of various light spectrums, the
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interactions of more than two light wavelengths, or in ovo illumination with other supporting methods.
IntroductÄąon In ovo lighting is an effective embryo management application that can be used to increase efficiency in poultry production via exposing the developing embryos to light by a light source placed within the incubator. In ovo lighting in commercial incubators has become a practical and economical application with the use of Light Emitting Diodes (LED) that are known to prevent overheating, provide the closest spectrum to natural sunlight, as well as monochromatic or bichromatic lighting in addition to features like longevity, durability, and cost-effectiveness (Parvin et al., 2014). Studies that tested LED lights in poultry houses found positive effects on growth performance such as better feed conversion ratios and improved body weight and body weight gains in broilers (Olanrewaju et
al., 2006; Kim et al., 2014; Riber, 2015; Bayraktar et al., 2019) and improved welfare benefits in poultry (Olanrewaju et al., 2015). This has accelerated the transition from conventional incandescent or fluorescent lamps to LED in poultry production. For decades, producers and scientists have been focusing on temperature, humidity, egg turning, and carbon dioxide manipulation to increase hatchability. However, later studies have shown the positive effects of light incubation on the embryo growth rate, incubation period, and post-incubation period. According to Cooper et al. (2011), the photoperiod and the stage at which embryos are stimulated with light are very important factors relating to in ovo light application because the physiological properties of the embryo vary depending on application time and consequently their effects on incubation performance will also differ. Besides, he stated that continuous light exposure to embryos results in early hatching, while light exposure to embryos for 0-12 hours may cause a delay in hatching. Also, light stimulation in the early stages of incubation increases the speed of em-
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bryonic development compared to mid and late embryonic photostimulation. Studies to date have also tested different light sources, light spectrums, light intensity, egg size, and eggshell properties for specific roles during incubation, and some findings are summarized below with the highest focus on the green light but, we shall first revise the key proposition of light during embryogenesis. Light in embryo development The eye and vision system in birds is highly reported as the most advanced sensory organ and their eyesight is superior to humans because they are more sensitive to light intensity, especially blue, green, and red light wavelengths. This is because birds have special additional retinal and deep brain photoreceptors (Lewis and Morris, 2000; Hesham et al., 2018). The effect of light stimulation on embryonic growth and development in poultry depend on the (i) pineal glands and the eye containing fully developed photoreceptors, a circadian clock plus the potential for the rhythmic secretion of melatonin, and (ii) the hypothalamic circadian pacemaker of which these three organs form the poultry circadian system (Dawson et al., 2001). It is assumed that from the 1-2nd day of incubation, light stimulates mitosis in the neural crest mesoderm, the nerve tubes shut off on the 1st day of incubation, and then high light intensity accelerates the embryonic cell proliferation in the process of somite development (Cooper et al., 2011). The chicken retina is the organ that detects light, and the eye has numerous rods and conical photoreceptors that detect and transmit light to the brain, but these photoreceptor molecules are completely developed on the 18th day of embryonic development (Bruhn and Cepko, 1996). On the other hand, the pineal gland is another light-sensing organ in the chick and appears on the 3rd day of embryonic development, and the pineal circadian clocks develop during the last stage of incubation (Cooper et al., 2011). It is well known that when the embryonic pineal gland detects light, melatonin synchronization which is effective on growth and development is activated. It is documented that light penetration to cellular levels during embryo development stimulates cAMP to regulate cell metabolism leading to DNA synthesis. Therefore, light regulates gene expression in the early stages of embryonic development and accelerates the growth mechanism and, light stimulation during incubation promotes functional changes in the brain of the chicken embryo (Cooper et al., 2011).
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Effect of in ovo monochromatic green light stimulation on incubation performance Zhang et al. (2014) investigated how in ovo monochromatic green light changes satellite cell mitotic activity and gene expression in embryonic and post-hatch muscle growth of broiler chickens. In the study, fertile Arbor acres eggs were continuously stimulated with the light intensity of 15 lux at the eggshell level using monochromatic green LED light sources of 560nm. They found that light exposure had no significant effect on hatchability, incubation time, and hatch weight. Similarly, the effect of in-ovo monochromatic green light stimulation on embryo and post-hatch development of Cobb strain broilers was evaluated by Rozenboim et al. (2004). Eggs were photostimulated with 5 LED lamps of 560nm and light intensity of 0.1 W/m2 from the 5th day of incubation until hatch. Intermittent light (15 min light, 15 min dark) was used. It was shown that photostimulation did not have a significant effect on hatchability and incubation time. Shafey and Al-moshen (2002) carried out 3 different experiments at 33, 38 and 41 weeks to determine the effects of continuous monochromatic green light stimulation of broiler breeder eggs on embryonic growth, incubation time, hatchability performance, and chick incubation weight. The green light was provided by two 20-watts green fluorescent light sources during the first 18 days of incubation with a light intensity of 1.340-1.730 on the surface of the eggs. They observed that monochromatic green light stimulation significantly increased hatchability compared to the dark incubation group. Additionally, photostimulated eggs hatched earlier (50% of hatching occurred around 456 hours of incubation) compared to 7% of dark incubation.
Effect of in ovo monochromatic green light stimulation on chick quality Different studies have controversially demonstrated the effect of in ovo monochromatic green light photostimulation on the hatchability and chick quality while it has been shown to increase body and breast muscle weight in the embryonic period. Archer (2017) exposed Cobb 500 broiler embryos to two green LED bulbs of 520nm with a light intensity of 250
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lux at the eggshell level using 12L:12D lighting program during the 18th day of incubation. It was found that the number of chicks with unhealed navel was significantly reduced. However, embryo mortality, chick weight at hatch, number of chicks with leg disorders, dirty feathers, and culled chicks were reported to be no different from dark incubation. Shafey and Al-moshen (2002) studied the effect of monochromatic green light provided by 20 watts green fluorescent light with light intensity (1340 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1730 lux) at the eggshell surface from the 0-18th day of embryonic development of broiler eggs on incubation performances. It was indicated that photostimulation significantly lowered early and late dead embryos and unhatched eggs with live embryos compared to those incubated under dark conditions. However, in ovo monochromatic green light stimulation significantly reduced chick weight at hatch. Effects of continuous monochromatic light stimulation (560nm green and 480nm blue light) from the 0-21st day of incubation of Arbor acres broilers on breast muscle growth was studied by Zhang et al. (2012). For this purpose, LED lamps were used to provide 15 1x light intensity at the eggshell level. They reported that the body and breast muscle weight of chicks hatched from monochromatic green light stimulated eggs were significantly higher at hatch compared to chicks in the blue and dark incubation groups. In another study that determined the effects of monochromatic light on chick liver development, Arbor acres genotype fertile breeder eggs were incubated under 660nm red light, 560nm green light, 480nm blue light and light intensity at eggshell level was 15 lux. The liver index of chicks obtained from green light stimulated eggs were found to be higher from 6-15% at hatch (Wang et al., 2014). Tong et al. (2015) examined the effect of 12L:12D photoperiod of green light from the 1st - 18th day of incubation on embryo growth and hatch performance of Ross 308 broilers. Monochromatic light of 522nm was provided by a total of 204 green LEDs. The photoperiod was further manipulated by 1 hour of continuous photostimulation of high intensity (1200-1400 lux) and 11 hours of low light intensity (100-130 lux). They noted that green light stimulation had an effect on beak length on the 10th and 12th, third toe length on the 10th, 14th, and 17th day and crown-rump length on the 10th and 12th day of embryon-
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ic development. They concluded that the effects of green light photostimulation did not occur throughout the entire incubation period.
hatchability (90%) at hatch compared to (86%) of dark incubation. However, in ovo LED lighting of white layer eggs did not affect hatchability.
Halevy et al. (2006) conducted a study on the effects of in ovo green light (560nm) with an intensity of 0.1 W/m2 at the eggshell level on skeletal muscle cell proliferation and myofiber growth in post-hatch chicks using LED lamps. The generated heat was eliminated by providing intermittent light (15 min light and 15 min dark) from the 5th14th day of embryonic development. They concluded that green light stimulation promotes skeletal satellite cell proliferation and differentiation in the late stages of chicken embryogenesis in the Cobb genotype chicken embryos.
From a similar study of Archer (2017) photostimulation of Cobb 500 broiler embryos using a 12L:12D photoperiod for 18 days with cool white (7500k) LED light of 250 lux intensity at the eggshell level. It was noted that white LED light stimulation significantly increased hatchability. In the same experiment, 630 nm light wavelength red light exposure to eggs increased hatchability.
Effect of other in ovo monochromatic light types on incubation performance and chick quality Archer (2016) investigated the effect of Cobb 500 broiler embryos from 58 weeks of breeding, exposure to warm (3900 K) or cool (5500 K) light output to chick quality, post-hatching fear, stress, and growth of broiler chickens at 250 lux light intensity and 12A: 12K photoperiod was used. They showed that LED light stimulation (cool or warm) of embryos significantly increased the percentage of hatchability (87%) compared to dark incubation (80%). Furthermore, exposure to warm and cool light reduced pipped eggs (0.5% and 0.4%) respectively compared with (1.2%) of dark incubation, improved chick quality with decreased unhealed navel percentage of cool (20%) and warm (16%) compared to (41%) of dark treatment. Also, light exposure increased the overall percentage of chicks without defects (82% and 79%) respectively compared to (57%) of dark incubation. However, exposure to light did not affect early, mid, and late embryonic death rate, and unhatched chicks after pipping. Huth and Archer, (2015) evaluated the effects of LED lighting (12L:12D program) during incubation of white (White Leghorn) and brown (Cobb 500 and Ross 308) eggs on the hatchability, embryo mortality and chick quality. During the light program, a 250 lux light intensity on the shell surface was ensured. It was indicated that in ovo lighting in both white eggshell laying hens and broilers increased the number of chicks without defects (75% and 86%) respectively compared to (57%) of dark incubation. Also, they found that LED light incubation of broiler eggs increased
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Hluchy et al. (2012) examined the effects of exposure to blue, green, yellow, and red monochromatic light from the 14th day of embryo development on fertile eggs of Ross 208 breed using 5 W bulb type Biolux light sources. It was showed that embryos stimulated with white light hatched earlier (499 hours), had the highest hatchability (95%) and average hatch weight of 46 g. In terms of monochromatic light, the hatching time of eggs stimulated with yellow and blue light was (501 and 506 hours) respectively. Furthermore, it was observed that hatchability and chick weight at the hatch for both lights were (94% and 46 g) and (92% and 42 g) respectively.
Effect of in ovo light stimulation with fluorescent and incandescent bulbs Effect of a 16L:8D photoperiod during incubation (either entire incubation period or the last week of incubation) on embryo growth and incubation performance of Ross 308 broiler breeders was conducted by Ozkan et al. (2012). It was observed that breast muscle weight increased at hatching only when a 16L:8D photoperiod was applied during the 14-21 days of incubation. Also in ovo light stimulation from the 0-21 day of incubation increased embryo weight proportional to egg weight and decreased residual yolk at 13 and 18 days of the embryonic development compared to dark incubation and a 14-21 day in ovo light stimulation. However, no effect was observed on chick weight, relative heart, and liver as a percentage of embryo weight, hatchability, dead embryos, and incubation period. Shafey (2004) investigated the effect of lighting during incubation on embryonic growth and incubation performance of two species of ISA-W and Leghorn breeder eggs laid by chickens at 30 and 31 weeks. The light source was provided by two 20 W white fluorescent 50 cm
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tubes placed 12 cm above the eggshell with a light intensity of 1230 to 1790 lux. Continuous light stimulation between 0-18 days of embryonic development significantly increased embryo weight, daily weight gain, and hatchability while the number of unhatched eggs with either live embryos or dead chicks, early and late embryonic deaths was decreased. Away from chickens, Fairchild and Christensen (2000) examined the effects of in ovo light incubation of turkey eggs with incandescent lamps with an intensity of 107139 lux at the eggshell level for 12L:12D photoperiod. It was reported that the hatchability of the light-treated group was higher (83%) compared to incubation in the dark (81%), but this difference was insignificant. Light exposure shortened incubation time where 56% of the poults had hatched at 648 hours of incubation compared with 26% of dark incubation. However, there was no difference between lighted and dark incubation groups for the poult’s body, liver and heart weight, and the mean blood glucose levels.
Conclusions In recent years, efforts to use light for the stimulation of embryonic development have gained momentum. Monochromatic lighting where certain wavelengths of light are used in features stands out as a practical and effective method that can be used for this purpose. Based on the findings of various studies, it has been shown that in ovo lighting has no negative effects on the hatchability, but positively affects chick weight and reduction of incubation time. These findings are remarkable to show that in ovo monochromatic lighting has significant effects on both incubation performance and embryonic development. However, it is useful to evaluate these positive effects on incubation and embryo development characteristics on post-hatch performance through further studies. Finally, transferring the results obtained from these and similar studies to the field has the potential to make an important contribution to the national economy by providing an increase in performance as well as chick quality.
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Best practice in egg production How robust management and proactive measures can drive best practice for egg production on poultry farms. In partnership with Cobb, this article examines best practice in egg production, focusing specifically on promoting strong shells and minimising the occurrence of floor eggs. “Both of these factors can have a significant impact on egg quality,” says Mert Yalcinalp, Senior Technical Manager at Cobb. “If left unchecked or mismanaged, overall profitability can be drastically affected.” Cobb alongside Vencomatic Group, provide some key advice on these two issues,
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drawing on their experience and expertise as well-regarded providers of high-performance broiler breeders and equipment.
Shell quality Shell quality affects egg quality which, ultimately, affects chick quality. Poor shell quality can cause issues in the incubator, such as microbial contamination (rots and bangers) or late embryonic mortality, while issues post-hatch may result in increased
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incidences of yolk sack infections. The shell is the first line of defence for protecting the embryo from physical damage, as well as providing it with calcium and assisting in the regulation of gas exchange and moisture.
addressed promptly,” says Mert. “Without strong shell quality, hatching good quality chicks is simply impossible.”
It is clear that shell integrity must be a high priority. But what criteria should we meet to prevent complications? Firstly, a shell thickness of at least 0.28mm is optimal. Viable chicks rarely hatch from eggs with poor shell thickness due to excessive moisture loss during incubation. As the hen ages, her eggs increase in weight and percentage of yolk whilst the percentage of albumen decreases. The shell, however, does not increase in the same way, resulting in shell thinning as the breeder ages and ultimately a reduction in shell integrity. To combat this, older breeder flocks can be supported by supplementing trace minerals (Zn, Mn), vitamin D3 and oyster shell, particularly in hot seasons.
Preventing floor eggs
A uniform, brown shell colour is often a sign of good quality. If an egg is pale brown or white in colour, this should act as the first warning sign for broiler breeders. We should also remember the role of the cuticle, which acts as the first line of defence against microorganisms and controls moisture diffusion from the egg. Although there is no correlation between degree of pigmentation and cuticle deposition, there appears to be an advantage to improved cuticle coverage. Preventing disease transmission in the hatchery could potentially improve poultry health by selecting for improved cuticle deposition. “Monitoring shell quality characteristics is essential for the health of your flock, and any fluctuations should be
Nesting systems are designed to maximize the production of clean settable eggs that are free of contamination and exposure to moisture. Unfortunately, a producer will occasionally experience a portion of the flock that reject the nest and consistently lay eggs on the floor and slats. Nest site selection and nest building are very strong behaviours for hens. Once the floor egg habit begins, it is very difficult or nearly impossible to change. In extreme cases, floor eggs can lead to reduced production, lower hatch performance and, ultimately, reduced chick quality and poor broiler performance. “There is no such thing as a clean floor egg,” says Freek Leijten, Product Manager at Vencomatic Group, provider of innovative poultry management systems. “A visually clean egg collected from the litter surface may be contaminated by up to 30 times more than a clean nest egg.” During different stages of production, certain measures can be implemented to reduce the incidence of floor eggs. Rearing Period • Use double wires or rolling parts on the drinkers and the feeder systems so the pullet is unable to grab and balance on the drinker and feeder system. This
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is advised over electric countermeasures, which can instil a fear of jumping in the breeder. • Choose the right type of perch. If the birds are going to be transferred to an automatic nest box system, choose flat perches that are preferably manufactured with the same slats (perches) as those found on the automatic nest box. This will encourage the pullets to jump and adapt more easily in the production house. • Position slat type perches under one nipple line to encourage jumping. Pullets that jump up on the slats to drink will be provided immediate positive reinforcement. Set the slat height at no higher than 45 cm. • Incorporate enrichments into pan feeders and reward jumping. Enrichments can be placed with ramps for access when necessary. • Very low light intensity (less than 1 lux) during rearing can reduce bird activity. Set the lux between 5 to 7 for ideal activity levels.
lights go on. Any disruptive activity during this 4 hour period can result in floor eggs. This includes feed and water activity. If the majority of feed and water intake is during this time frame, the birds will choose food and/or water instead of going to lay. • Feeder heights should allow the birds to freely pass under and drinkers should not be crowded. • Growers should always follow the manufacturers’ technical suggestions for nest configurations and not exceed the suggested number per hen or use less product than recommended. • Interiors of the nest boxes should be clean and free from parasites like red mites, which can disturb the birds and cause the hens to actively avoid the nests. An optimal nest is your strongest protection against floor eggs. According to a study by the Vencomatic Group on how a nest needs to be designed for maximum nest acceptance1, there are three important factors: 1. Wooden nest walls: when a hen can choose, 80% of hens will choose a wooden nest.
Production Period • Collect eggs regularly (at least four collections per day) so that the hens have minimal opportunity to see eggs on the litter. • Be sure the hen lays her first egg in the nest to establish the correct behaviour. • Always follow the breed standards for body weight and conformation. • Implement ramps if some birds have difficulty jumping onto the slats. • Initially prepare the production house with less litter (i.e. 2 to 3 cm). This recommendation is especially important in warmer and lower humidity areas. Once laying patterns have been established (postpeak), fresh bedding can be added to help reduce pododermatitis and leg issues, especially in males. This will help maintain flock fertility and hatchability. • Transfer flocks at least 2 weeks before the first egg. The pullets need time to adapt to the new equipment in the production house. • Automatic nest boxes should stay closed prior to the first egg, so that the birds will learn that the nest box is a place to lay eggs, not to sleep. • Prevent shadowed areas in the barn. The hen will search for relatively dark areas to lay and, if they find one, will do so there instead of the nest. • 80% of birds will lay between 2 to 6 hours after the
2. Prevent draughts: hens are very sensitive and avoid nests with draughts, resulting in more floor eggs. 3. Nest design: Nest design is important for the number of nest inspections and visits that the hen makes. If the nest is too big, there will be more disturbance inside the nest, resulting in more floor eggs. It is important to be vigilant when a young flock is coming into production. Any floor eggs that you find can provide a clue as to why the hen chose to lay on the floor rather than the provided nest, offering an opportunity to solve the problem before other hens are influenced. A proactive approach is essential for managing floor egg production. “Keen observation and taking action is key,” adds Freek. “Bad laying habits are hard to break but taking precautions and working hard will set the flock up for the production of clean settable eggs.”
Strong management “The most effective strategy for best practice in egg production is robust management,” adds Mert. “Invest in measures that promote resilient shell quality and prevent floor eggs. With diligence and precise strategies, best practice can be consistently established, giving your flock the best possible foundation for strong egg production”.
¹ Source: van den Oever et al. (2020) Applied Animal Behaviour Science 222:104883
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Michael Czarick Extension Engineer Brian Fairchild Extension Poultry Scientist Connie Mou PhD Graduate Student College of Agricultural and Environmental Science Cooperative Extension The University of Georgia
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The importance of monitoring chick water usage Getting chicks off to a good start is very important to overall flock performance. At no time does a bird grow faster than during the first week of its life. Over the last week of a 42-day-old flock, a birdâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weight will increase by approximately a third. In contrast, a chickâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s weight will typically increase approximately four fold, possibly more, by the time it reaches seven days of age. Of course, if a chick is going to grow this quickly it has
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to eat plenty of feed. Research has shown that over the first full day of a chick’s life it will eat approximately 1/4 of its weight in feed. By the end of the first week, a 40-gram chick (0.09 lbs) will eat approximately 0.33 lbs of feed and gain approximately 0.31 lbs, giving it a feed conversion ratio of approximately 1.1 lbs of gain/ lbs. of feed.
was set at 12 pm regardless of their actual placement time. This meant “daily” chick water usage on Day 0 was actually only for 12 hours whereas on all other days it was the amount of water consumed for the entire day.
This very high growth rate during the first week is only achievable if the chicks have access to plenty of water. A chick will not eat, and therefore will not grow, if it cannot drink. In the previously noted study it was found that during the first few days of a flock, a chick will drink nearly three grams of water for every gram of feed. By the end of the first week each chick in a house will drink approximately 12 ounces of water. This is over eight times their initial weight in water. Recently a study was conducted on commercial broiler farms examining chick water usage over the first seven days. High-accuracy water meters were installed in twenty-two broiler houses (eighteen 40’ X 500’ houses, four 54’ X 500’ houses) on nine farms. The high accuracy, ultrasonic water meters used were capable of accurately measuring water flow rates as low as 0.005 gals/min which is 50 times lower than that of the typical poultry house water meter (0.25 gals/min). The ultrasonic water meters were accurate and sensitive enough that chick water usage could be measured on a minute-to-minute basis from the moment the chicks were placed in a house. Figure 1 shows the average daily water usage of the chicks as well as the variation seen between the houses studied. Chicks were typically placed in the houses between the hours of 9 am and 3 pm (Day 0). Day 0 water usage data was adjusted so that the chick placement time
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Figure 1 – Average daily chick water usage (gals/10,000).
Average chick water usage on Day 1 was 56 gallons/10,000 chicks. By Day 7 this increased to approximately 190 gals/10,000 chicks, a 3.3-fold increase. For a house with 25,000 birds, this would amount to an average water flow rate of approximately 0.10 gals/min on Day 1, increasing fairly linearly to 0.33 gals/min on Day 7. 400 chicks in each study house were weighed upon placement, as well as on Days 1 and 7 (Table 1). Chick weights on average increased by nearly one quarter over the first 24 hours. From one to seven days of age, chicks weight increased on average 3.7 fold, which is very similar to the 3.3 fold increase seen in water usage.
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“A chick will not eat, and therefore will not grow, if it cannot drink. In previously studies it was found that during the first few days of a flock, a chick would drink nearly three grams of water for every gram of feed. By the end of the first week each chick in a house will drink approximately 12 ounces of water.”
Table 1 – Average chick weights (Day 0, 1, and 7). Day 0
Day 1
Day 7
Average Weight
41 grams
51 grams
153 grams
Standard Deviation
+/- 4 gram
+/-5 grams
+/- 23 grams
Figure 2 illustrates the relationship between water usage and chick weights at seven days of age. The heaviest chicks tended to have the highest water usage whereas the lightest chicks tended to have the lowest water usage. A similar trend was seen with the one-day-old chicks. This of course should not be that surprising, that larger chicks will drink more water than smaller chicks, but it does show that water usage can be a useful tool for gauging overall chick performance. It can be difficult at times for a farm manager to determine how well their chicks are performing. Yes, it is possible for a grower to weigh a few hundred birds in each house every day, but not very realistic. Bird scales could be used to monitor chick weight, but will cost thousands of dollars per house to install. Bin/dump scales are a common, though costly, method of monitoring bird feed consumption but are not very effective with young chicks due to the very low rate at which feed is being drawn from
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Figure 2 – Daily water usage vs. day 7 chick weights.
feed bins. On the other hand, a relatively inexpensive water meter can be used by farm managers to provide a fairly accurate, indirect measure of feed consumption as well as a rough idea if chick weights are ahead or behind where they should be. A flock’s daily water usage can be compared to that shown below in photo to provide a rough idea if the chick water usage, and therefore feed consumption, is on target. More importantly, through daily monitoring and recording of water usage, a historical record can be developed that future flocks can be compared. Is a house ahead or behind the historical average for a given day? If it is behind, corrective actions (adjusting drinker height, house temperatures, feed availability, etc) may need to be taken before bird performance suffers. If its ahead of the average, then a manager might want to take a few moments to consider what may be different this particular flock. It is important to note that water consumption during the first week can be low simply due to the fact the chicks are
A chick will drink approximately 12 ounces of water by the time it is seven days old
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small. Smaller chick will tend to eat less starting off than larger chicks. This doesn’t mean over time they can’t catch up. With smaller chicks it is important to provide extra special care to insure they get off to a good start. Since small chicks tend to have lower body temperatures and an increased rate of heat loss, house temperatures may need to be increased. Drinker lines may have to be set closer to the ground and feed area increased (ie. feeder paper). Monitoring daily water usage can provide important insight into how the small chicks are progressing. As with any monitoring tool, accuracy is crucial. The vast majority of poultry
house water meters do a good job of accurately measuring water usage once the birds are a roughly weekold, but struggle with measuring water usage the first few days of flock. Though installing the ultrasonic water meters would be cost prohibitive, at approximately $1,000 per meter, some water meters are better than others when it comes to measuring the low flow rates seen during the first few days of a flock. To measure water usage during the first few days of a typical flock (approximately 24,000 birds), a water meter needs be able to be able to measure water flow rates down to at least 0.25 gals/min, ideally
0.10 gals/min. Meters with the ability to measure flow rates of 0.10 gals/ min are typically able to accurately measure flock water usage on Day 1. Those only capable of measuring flow rates of 0.25 gals/min or higher were typically not able to accurately measure flock water usage until Day 2 or 3. As you might expect, the larger the house, the greater the number of birds, the easier it is to measure chick water usage on Day 1. Being able to accurately measure water usage during the first few days of a chick’s life can be of tremendous benefit. Generally speaking, the more water the chicks are drinking, the better they are doing. If water usage is lower than that seen during previous flocks, it typically means the chicks are eating less in previous flocks, and therefore growing less. Maybe the house too hot; maybe too cold; maybe there is something wrong with the drinker system. Regardless of the cause, having a water meter capable of accurately measuring chick water usage is one of the best and most inexpensive methods of providing a farm manager an indicator of how good of a job they are doing getting their flock off to as good of a start.
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The importance of feeding time observation Achieving proper bodyweight, flock uniformity, and sexual maturity at light stimulation are some of the biggest management challenges for broiler breeder farms.
Todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s breeder pullets are growing faster with 6% less feed than 20 years ago. Feed management is a greater challenge today due to fast feed consumption, a result of selecting for appetite traits and reduced feed amounts for a more efficient feed conversion. Feeding pullets during rearing, above all other management factors, is crucial to ensure the birds consistently gain weight and achieve good uniformity to obtain high lifetime productivity with proper health and welfare. Kanjana Klomhadyay Technical Service Specialist Cobb-Vantress, Asia
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Typically, broiler breeders are given daily feed allotments. Feed management requires consistent monitoring and managing. To ensure feeding is done correctly, observation
- nutrition -
during feeding time becomes very important. Monitor if birds have fair competition and are receiving equal feed portions. Feed time observations can identify management issues, which can be corrected before they become bigger problems. There are several essential factors to observe when visiting the breeder house during feeding.
1. Bird behavior during feed presentation How the farm crew manages feed presentation and trains the flock can explain flock feeding behavior. Flock behavior observa-
NUTRITION
tion should begin 3 to 5 minutes before the feeding system begins. This will allow enough time to compare the before and after reactions of the flock. Ideally, the flock should develop a conditioned response by pairing feed time with a signal. As an example, a signal light at the end of the house or sound from feeder equipment can be used to indicate feeding time. Any light or human activity should be prevented before feeding time, as it could trigger the flockâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s response. Triggering the flock with human activity or light will create flock agitation and confusion and frustrate access to feeders, which could cause long-term behavioral issues and physical injury during the production period.
The flock should line up at feeders, have sufficient access to feed, and be equally spaced (Photo 1). Common malpractices include incorrect feeder space or birds drifting between pens after grading. To ensure proper feeder space in different pens after grading or moving birds, feeding time observation remains critical. For progressive feed space recommendations, please refer to the Cobb breeder management guide.
2. Feed distribution Feed distribution should be in the dark with the first loop completed within 3 minutes, followed by turning on the lights. This process will allow birds to spread calmly with sufficient access to the feeder. It is recommended that the second loop of a chain feeder system be activated after the lights are on. This helps level the feed in the track across all hoppers. Distributing evenly in all feeders allows the flock equal access to feed. For chain feeders, the feed slide of all hoppers must be adjusted at an equal width to allow the same level of feed in the track. For pan feeders, there should be a suitable ring adjustment number. Use the same number for all pans to complete the loop and drop the same feed amount. Feed distribution can also be monitored by crop fill assessment after feeding.
3. Feed space Increasing flock density compromises feed space. Inadequate feed space causes problems with feed access, creating frustration. On the other hand, too much feed space causes an insufficient feed amount for the system to operate correctly and creates uneven feed distribution. Both scenarios will cause poor weight gain, flock variability, stressed conditions, and undesirable behaviors like feather or vent pecking. Beginning at placement, a progressive feed space plan can be used to obtain good feed and flock distribution, as well as to configure the system for the correct number of birds per pan or chain length based on age.
Photo 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; For correct feeder space, the flock should line up at feeders, have sufficient access to feed, and be equally spaced
4. Feed cleanup time Feed intake time, or feed cleanup time, are key considerations in both the rearing and production periods. In the rearing period, pullets will start rapidly cleaning up the feed during the controlled growth phase. Allowing a feed cleanup time of about 40 to 60 minutes from 10 weeks of age until light stimulation is optimal. This provides enough time for equal access to feed. If cleanup time is less than 35 minutes, increase feed volume and prolong cleanup time by applying a feed restriction program. In the production period, hen cleanup time is one of the indicators used to determine the first feed decrease after peak production. In some cases, feed distribution may be observed, but personnel then proceed to the next house before feed cleanup is complete. This commonly occurs in breeders because they have a long cleanup time. If personnel leave before cleanup is complete, they should return to make sure the flock finish their feed and check drinker functionality.
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47
NUTRITION
and correct pressure, especially after feeding. If water is not being consumed after feeding, it is possible that the water lines are restricted or not functioning correctly. Crop palpation 3 to 4 hours after feeding time can be an indicator of water intake. Crops should be soft and lumpy, full of a mix of feed and water.
7. Environment management during feed time
Photo 2 – Incorrect feeder height can lead to poor uniformity. Adjust feeder to a height that is close to the upper crop of the birds
One of key dictators of cleanup time is feed pellet size. In rearing and production, we recommend a crumble to prolong feed consumption time. Some operators may use mash coarse feed, which increases consumption time compared to a crumble. We discourage using pelleted feed in rearing or production since it can be consumed quickly and there may not be enough volume to guarantee equal distribution.
5. Equipment operations Maintaining the feeder system correctly prevents equipment failure during feeding time. A regular maintenance program ensures the feeder system is in good condition each day. As breeder pullets grow, the feeder height should be increased until frame development is complete at around 12 weeks of age. Incorrect feeder height can lead to poor uniformity (Photo 2). We suggest adjusting feeder height close to the upper crop. In the production period, however, the male feeder line should be maintained at a height where all males can access the pan feeders without female interference.
6. Water consumption Water is the most essential nutrient for birds. Normally, birds will consume water for 2 to 3 hours after eating. Observation during feeding time can be used to check the water system to see that it provides sufficient volume
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Due to selecting for growth rate, modern broiler breeders have a high rate of metabolic heat production and a high efficiency of utilizing energy for growth. This metabolic energy is converted to body heat that is lost to the environment. Create an environment inside the breeder house that allows the flock to remove excess body heat and remain comfortable. Providing good ventilation during feeding time will reduce metabolic heat stress and prevent a decrease in feed intake, reducing mortality. During feeding time, birds panting is an indication of heat stress and should be addressed immediately. If ventilation is maximized but feed intake still appears to be impacted by heat stress, then consider moving feeding to an earlier time to have cooler temperatures.
8. Bird health and wellness An unhealthy flock will lack appetite, be lethargic and be reluctant to access feeders. These signs can indicate health-related problems in the flock that require immediate investigations. In the rearing period, feed restriction programs are commonly applied during the controlled growth phase to increase the amount of feed and consumption time. However, if farm crews observe feed choking or intussusception is diagnosed during the transition period to higher feed amounts, adjust the lighting program to let birds drink 30 minutes before feed distribution. If mortality rises, consider adjusting the feed restriction program or try an everyday feeding regime. For male management, observing eating behaviors during feeding and checking fleshing scores are the most practical ways to determine proper conditioning. Feed management is never constant. It influences bodyweight and uniformity, which needs continued management. These 8 key observation points will help breeder farm teams monitor feed management to achieve breeder performance, catching mismanagement early before leading to possibly greater mistakes.
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
YOUR TURNKEY SOLUTION. HIGH QUALITY SINCE 1963
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PROCESSING
Meyn releases new Rapid Plus Deboner M4.2 with semi-automatic loading carousel Rapid Plus Deboner M4.2: the next generation flexible and labor-saving breast deboning solution. The Meyn Rapid Plus Deboner M4.2 reduces need for (skilled) labor and increases health & safety Together with the Semi-automatic loading carousel, the Meyn Rapid Plus M4.2 with improved ergonomics enables processors to save up to 34 FTE per shift. Making the loading performance less dependent on the experience and skills of operators, leading to a more consistent input. Which results in a higher quality output. Throughout the Rapid Plus solution, all required operators are standing on separate platforms. These platforms can be adjusted in height individually to ensure an ergonomic work position.
Rapid PLus 4.2
Labor and fluctuating market demands have never been so challenging in poultry processing. The strenuous effects of COVID-19 forced various processors to take measures like implementing social distancing and partly shift to other output products. The pressure on poultry processors to be flexible with both their input and output has never been so apparent. Together with decreased dependency on labor and increased requirements on health and safety, processors are facing demanding times. Meyn answers these challenges with the release of their new Meyn Rapid Plus Deboner M4.2 featuring the new Semi-automatic loading carousel. This upgraded modular, configurable deboning solution takes the next step to meet the need for flexibility and laborsaving.
50
- processing -
Fully customized with an eye for flexibility Meynâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s well-known Rapid series offers full flexibility. Being the only solution available
Rapid Plus M4.2 Loading fronthalves
PROCESSING
that can harvest all fillet and tender products automatically from both breast caps and front halves at a high speed of 7,000 BPH. Giving the processor the opportunity to harvest different end products: • Fillet products • Half fillet with tenders attached • Half fillet with tenders separated • Whole fillet with tenders attached • Whole fillet with tenders separated • Tender products • Non clipped tenders, normal quality • Non clipped tenders, high quality • Clipped tenders, high quality Rapid Plus M4.2 Loading on carriers
• By-products • Back meat • Carcass • High quality undamaged skin • Keel bone cartilage • Skin derived from back side of front halves • Scraped meat from keel bone • Tendons (clipped part from tender) • Wishbones Both input and output can be adapted to changes in market demands. Three preset touch-buttons enable to adjust critical settings during production when product weight ranges change. Additionally, the modular design of the Rapid Plus M4.2 provides poultry processors great flexibility to customize to the available floor space. The individual processing sections each having their own drive and gear belt to move the product carriers. The product carrier can be rotated in the best position for each individual processing step. Furthermore, the speed of the product carriers is varied across the system, slower at the place of manual operation and fast in automatic operation.
Training Knowledge is key to achieve the best result with processing solutions. Therefore, Meyn offers a default training for the deboner. The Meyn Rapid Plus M4.2 training program ensures that technicians understand the relation between input product characteristics, adjustments and
Rapid PLus 4.1 Wishbone cutting
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- october 2020 -
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Hatcheries
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