Zootecnica International – November 2020 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze
Regional concentration in global egg production. An overview at continent level Drought impacts on plant ground cover on a free range egg farm Calcium nutrition, bone metabolism, and eggshell quality in longer-persisting layer flocks
11 2020
The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.
CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net
EDITORIAL Over the years, the global poultry industry has reached levels of technology and net dimensions that exceed the most optimistic forecasts of the early days. If the expansion of the poultry sector, on the one hand, contributes to a real improvement in nutrition, then, on the other hand, this same process creates a number of serious problems associated mainly with the geographical concentration of the poultry industry. One of the issues getting the most attention is litter and organic waste disposal. The pressure of population growth creates the need to produce more food. Since food resources of the best quality come from industrialized countries, manufacturers pay special attention to the environmental impact, regardless of the challenge of providing competitive products and prices. Research in the fields of genetic engineering, biotechnology, animal nutrition and health is aimed at increasing productivity and yield of useful products. At the same time, these studies are directed to reduce the excess of mineral components in excreta used as fertilizers. Otherwise, heavy metals may accumulate in soils in quantities exceeding the permissible concentrations. Leading countries in poultry production are adopting new composting technologies, improved liquid and solid waste management, and better water treatment systems for poultry farms and processing plants to mitigate pollution problems. From this point of view, we must ask ourselves, are these efforts sufficient to solve the problem? Over the past years, the sensitivity of the public and industry to this topic has undoubtedly increased and matured. The idea of ​​de-concentration and extensive development has been widely discussed. The technical feasibility of a wider distribution of production in harmony with the geographical diversity of different countries and the characteristics of their resources should be examined more closely.
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SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................. 10 COMPANY FOCUS AZA International ......................................................................................... 16
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News from VICTORIA Incubators................................................................... 18 Roxell is expanding the range of MiniMaxâ„¢ feeder pans................................. 20
MARKETING Regional concentration in global egg production. An overview at continent level........................................................................ 22
TECHNICAL COLUMN Variation in individual egg weight loss............................................................. 28
MANAGEMENT
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Best practice in broiler house management ................................................... 32 Drought impacts on plant ground cover on a free range egg farm.................... 36
NUTRITION Calcium nutrition, bone metabolism, and eggshell quality in longer-persisting layer flocks...................................................................... 40
VETERINARY In-ovo corticosterone alters body composition in 35 day old chicken meat birds ................................................................... 48
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MARKET GUIDE.................................................................................52 EVENTS.................................................................................................56 INTERNET GUIDE.............................................................................56
WORLDWIDE NEWS
EuroTier and EnergyDecentral 2021 will take place digitally In view of the continuing uncertain international situation in conjunction with the corona pandemic, EuroTier, the world’s leading trade fair for animal production, and EnergyDecentral, the international trade fair for innovative energy supply, will be carried out 9th to 12th February 2021 in a digital version.
The trade fair will not take place physically in Hanover, Germany. This decision was reached by the DLG (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft - German Agricultural Society) as the organizer of the two leading trade fairs, following extensive meetings with industry representatives, the advisory board and partners. The “EuroTier / EnergyDecentral digital” events offer exhibitors a broad offering and maximum flexibility with digital business packages, while providing visitors with an extensive technical program and attractive networking opportunities. For 2021, the DLG will also offer additional events and trade fairs on all aspects of the topics of animal husbandry and decentralized energy supply. “The increasing number of corona cases worldwide and the related restrictive travel guidelines for both exhibitors and visitors require flexible business solutions and information services, like those offered by the ‘EuroTier / EnergyDecentral digital’ events,” explained Dr. Reinhard Grandke, CEO of the DLG. “Our digital trade fairs are both international business platforms and expert networks for the current issues of the animal production and energy sectors.”
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WORLDWIDE NEWS
Inform & Connect – EuroTier and EnergyDecentral as a digital platform Inform & Connect: With digital company profiles, live events including chat and meeting functions, “EuroTier / EnergyDecentral digital” offers a broad range of communication and interaction opportunities for exhibitors and visitors. The digital technical program with DLG Spotlights on the key trade fair topics of Dairy, Pig, Poultry, Energy, Emission Control and Direct farm sales, as well as live discussions from the DLG Studio provide the perfect setting for planning investments. "For the DLG, it’s important to make the entry into the digital world of EuroTier and EnergyDecentral as easy as possible. Therefore, we’ve put together three different exhibition packages for our exhibitors that can be used individually and expanded flexibly. Participation in the technical program and additional advertising options complete the range of services, which is equally attractive for national and international exhibitors. We offer maximum reach and flexibility for addressing visitors as well as transparent and secure
investment planning,” said Dr. Karl Schlösser, Project Manager of EuroTier, emphasizing the advantages for the exhibiting companies. The same applies for the visitors of the digital platform. After a one-time online registration, visitors can obtain information on the products and services of the exhibitors, contact them directly and actively participate in numerous events and discussions of the technical program. A digital press conference announcing the winners of the EuroTier Innovation Awards and an online Media Preview with exhibitors are planned for 3rd December 2020. Further information on both these events and how to register will be communicated shortly. Current information on both trade fairs is available at: www.eurotier.com and www.energy-decentral.com. Information on “EuroTier / EnergyDecentral digital” can be found at: www.eurotier.com/en/digital The next EuroTier and EnergyDecentral trade fairs will take place 15 to 18 November 2022 as a hybrid trade fair in Hanover, Germany.
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WORLDWIDE NEWS
SPACE 2020: an adapted edition to the context For its 34th edition, from September 15 to 18, SPACE 2020 was held in an unprecedented and essentially digital version.
The show could not take place in its usual form due to the pandemic. After the decision of its cancellation in its physical form announced in May, the organizers have implemented and strengthened many digital tools to maintain the link between members of its community, exhibitors and visitors. SPACE traditionally brings together more than 1,400 exhibitors, a third of whom are international, and more than 100,000 visitors, including 15,000 from 120 different countries. These participants were able and still can stay in touch by organizing B2B meetings thanks to the platform available on the “SPACE 2020 Rennes” mobile app and on www. space.fr. The functionalities of this mobile app and of the website have been developed consequently to offer many services to their users: the presentation of nearly 1,000 exhibiting companies registered for this edition
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with more than 800 products featured, a program of 85 conferences, the description of the 26 products awarded by Innov’Space this year, the top 100 of the most memorable award-winning innovations over the past 25 years, replays of animations and programs, a showcase of the breeds announced in the spotlight this year: the Normande and the Blonde d’Aquitaine, SPACE TV video reports by Web-agri etc. SPACE was also the first Agricultural Show to launch its Podcast platform. These programs are available on the website, on the mobile app and on the major podcast platforms to discover programs on employment in agriculture, the history of the changing farming practices in cattle, pigs and poultry livestock, but also in agro-machinery with a particular focus on the tractor. The “Genomic Elite” auction could also take place this year in a completely digital way. This
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SPACE 2020 also organized two highlights on site. The Innov’Space awards ceremony took place on Tuesday, September 15. By maintaining this operation and the quality of the winning products (26 out of the 70 applications submitted) SPACE concretizes its role as a unique showcase for innovations. On Wednesday, September 16, a round table brought to light the components of the food supply chain, all its actors, and in particular the “shadow hands” which guarantee its solidity and which make it possible to guarantee the supply of quality food for all our consumers. The French Minister of Agriculture and Food, Julien Denormandie honored SPACE with his presence by participating in this round table. On this occasion, the Minister outlined his ambitions for French agriculture and for livestock in particular, in the frame of the recovery plan. This presence was a sign of strong encouragement for SPACE and for all agricultural fairs which play an essential role in agricultural economic activity. This digital version and these highlights have been set up thanks to the adaptability of its organization to deal with this crisis in a reactive and anticipated way. Digital allows us to maintain a link but it does not replace the wealth of exchanges that can take place in the show-ground. This digital package will be complementary for the years to come. Next Space will be held from September 14 to 17, 2021 at the Parc-Expo exhibition centre in Rennes, France.
Image: Fotolia - © Minerva Studio
WORLDWIDE NEWS
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WORLDWIDE NEWS
This is Еurореаn poultry! High quality poultry with Еurореаn guarantee А communication campaign for EU poultry meat was launched last summer. Under the heading “This is Еurореап poultry! High quality poultry with Еurореап guarantee”, it aims at strengthening the confidence of professionals and consumers in the quality of EU poultry. About EU poultry
Оп average, each EU citizen consumes 25.3 kilos of poultry meat per year. “Our products are very much appreciated bу EU citizens, and their popularity continues to grow. Our idea is to inform them about the improvements that the sector has achieved over the recent years,” explains Birthe Steenberg, Secretary General of the European organisation AVEC. In fact, the standards in the European Union are among the highest in the world. This is ensured by strict EU regulations, but also bу the sector’s own efforts to continuously improve production conditions with regard to resource conservation and animal welfare. The campaign also seeks to build awareness of the versatility of poultry, encouraging consumers to learn more about the different types and parts of poultry, and providing inspiration for its preparation.
А varied mix of communication measures The core messages of the communication campaign will bе disseminated through various information channels in all six countries and they include а brand new website eu-poultry.eu, а comprehensive information brochure, advertising, events and а social media campaign.
The EU poultry sector - Guaranteed food supplier in times of the Coronavirus The campaign focuses on the importance of the EU standards to ensure а high level of animal welfare, sustainability and food safety. Enjoyment will also have а central place in the campaign; many of the planned activities will focus оп the nutritional benefits and the myriad ways poultry meat саn bе prepared. This initiative has brought together 5 national poultry organizations from France, Germany, Italy, Poland and the Netherlands and their Еurореаn umbrella association, AVEC, under а two-year program supported bу the Еuropean Commission.
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lt was only through the coronavirus crisis that many EU citizens became aware of how important modern agriculture is to society. Despite many logistics challenges, the European poultry sector showed its resilience to the crisis bу ensuring continuous supply of poultry meat to all EU citizens. Ву launching their joint promotion program, the partners seek to demonstrate that the production of EU poultry meat is supported bу strong legislation that assures the high quality of the products. Consumers саn bе confident about buying and consuming EU poultry meat - “Enjoy, it’s from Еurоре!”
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WORLDWIDE NEWS
No IPPE 2021 in-person event; exhibitor engagement and education opportunities to be offered Jan. 25-29 The health and safety of all IPPE participants is paramount. After thoughtful and thorough consideration, show management for the International Production & Processing Expo (IPPE) has made the difficult decision to not hold the in-person component of IPPE 2021 in Atlanta, scheduled for Jan. 26-28. The decision was based on numerous factors, including extensive surveys, direct feedback from industries and other stakeholders, as well as the expected decrease in participation due to the challenges presented by the pandemic. “For many decades, our industries have engaged in an in-person event to serve and connect leaders in networking, learning opportunities and experiencing new technology. However, we concluded that due to the challenges of the pandemic and safety concerns, we could not offer the type of experience the industries have come to expect by bringing key decision-makers from across the globe to Atlanta,” said IPPE show management.
To ensure the essential industries remain connected, IPPE show management will offer exhibitor marketplace engagement and a slate of educational programs for attendees and exhibitors during the week the event is scheduled and beyond. Further details regarding the education programs and engagement opportunities are forthcoming. “We are replicating the elements that can deliver the most value in a digital environment. While we know we cannot simply transfer the live, in-person experience of IPPE to an online offering, we will provide buyer engagement through an exhibitor marketplace showcase with direct communication options with industry suppliers in addition to online educational opportunities,” stated IPPE show management. “Even though we cannot offer an in-person event in 2021, we look forward to the global poultry, egg, meat and animal food industries returning to Atlanta for what is expected to be a much anticipated IPPE, scheduled Jan. 25-27, 2022.”
»ZEW« Flatwave
The wall inlet with wave structure for a high throwing range
winter position
summer position – no floor ventilation
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Wave structure for high throwing range in wintry conditions
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Optimal fresh air regulation
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Air guidance directed slightly upwards
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Four independently adjustable air conduction lamellas
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Flat installation - no protruding ventilation flap
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Integrated slot for optional bird protective grid and air conduction sheet
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Made of heat-insulated polyurethane
summer position – incl. floor ventilation (from 75 % on)
REVENTA® GmbH | D-48612 Horstmar | GERMANY | Tel. +49 (0) 25 58 / 93 92 - 0
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www.reventa.de
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COMPANY NEWS
The future is looking bright The 2020 summer internship program for Cobb wrapped up in September, but the knowledge, memories, and experiences that have been shared will live on for years to come. While this year’s program may have looked different than years past, the goal of sharing knowledge and providing firsthand experience was still at the core of the program. labs, or corporate offices. This year’s internship class included 31 interns from 12 different schools. Their majors included poultry science, agriculture leadership, avian biology, animal science, agriculture business, marketing, and computer science. “Our company continues to grow and expand around the world, and there is a continued focus on strategically building our teams and investing in our people,” said Dennis Padgett, senior director of human resources, Cobb-Vantress. “These students are the future of the industry, and while it is a valuable experience for them, it also provides an opportunity for our company to showcase the depth and breadth of our business and why they should choose Cobb as their employer.” In these unprecedented times, Cobb continues its commitment to supporting the next generation of the poultry industry and providing healthy and affordable chicken worldwide.
“We are always thrilled to host the next generation of the poultry industry as part of our family each summer,” said Miranda Frye, senior manager talent and development, Cobb-Vantress. “Even with the challenges of COVID-19 this year, we were still able to provide a valuable and unforgettable experience for our interns. This is the next generation of our company and our industry, and we can’t afford to miss opportunities like this!” The annual summer internship program is one of the staples at Cobb and provides an opportunity for college juniors and seniors to experience what it’s like working for a global broiler breeding company. Students interview for and are placed in diverse positions in farms, feed mills,
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“Feeding the world is not just a slogan at Cobb – it is part of the reason we come to work every day. The work we are doing, whether on a farm or in an office, is helping provide a sustainable future of healthy and affordable chicken on plates around the world for generations to come,” said Joel Sappenfield, president, Cobb-Vantress. “One of Cobb’s core values is family, and while we will always support our team members through training and development, the top priority for Cobb is the health and safety of our family. As our company continues to work through the COVID-19 pandemic, new policies, guidelines, and recommendations have been implemented in an effort to help keep our family safe.” Cobb will continue its summer internship program in 2021 with a new class of exceptional students. The future of Cobb and the poultry industry is looking bright.
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COMPANY NEWS
European hatcheries are introducing CHEGGY
Sex determination in the egg is ready for high-volume application measurement technology, which makes CHEGGY particularly environmentally friendly. “With this technology, it is possible to ‘in-ovo’-determine the sex of all brown-laying hens hatched for the French market”, Vincent Baumier, Managing Director of Lohmann France adds. “We can also meet the needs of other European countries concerning safe and sustainable sex determination of hatching eggs on a large scale.”
CHEGGY is the name of the machine that marks a breakthrough in hyperspectral measurement technology. Developed by the German manufacturer AAT, this innovative technology is now ready for high-volume, practical application for brown-laying hens in France, Germany, Belgium, Spain and other European countries.
Due to the determination time of the sex (like all current procedures for sex determination, this happens in the second third of the incubation period), AAT also offers an additional, innovative and particularly animal welfare-friendly procedure. STUNNY can anaesthetize male embryos in accordance with animal welfare requirements. This ensures the adherence to animal protection guidelines and marks another decisive advantage over other processes.
“After years of intensive research and development work, this technology based on the detection of the feather color is the first procedure suitable for the high volumes of a modern hatchery”, says Jörg Hurlin, Managing Director of AAT. “Our technology is currently the most cost-efficient process on the market.” Hy-Line France has been using hyperspectral measurement technology to determine the sex in the egg since the beginning of 2020. “From our hatchery in Brittany we supply in-ovo sexed chicks from the brand ‘Hy-Line Brown’ to the French market since spring 2020”, says Frédéric Masson, Managing Director of Hy-Line France. “As the market share for brown layers in France is over 90 percent, CHEGGY can contribute very quickly to the high demands of the egg market in France.” In fact, hyperspectral measurement technology has several advantages. The procedure can be fully automated with high accuracy (currently greater than 95%) and more than 20,000 eggs can be tested per hour and machine. The procedure is non-invasive, so the eggshell does not have to be opened for taking liquid samples. Therefore, there is no risk of contamination and no risk of injury to the embryo. Thus, there are nearly no hatching losses and the technology makes additional contributions to animal welfare. Finally, no chemicals must be used in hyperspectral
“But we are just getting started”, Jörg Hurlin, Managing Director of AAT, states: “We aim to offer supply chains without culling of day-old males starting 2022 in Europe.” For the German market, AAT has started producing CHEGGY-sexed eggs in June 2020 already. Now, other European countries are adopting the technology: IBERTEC in Spain and Pluriton in Belgium can provide CHEGGY-sexed brown layer chicks for the European market, respectively.
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For more information: www.agri-at.com
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COMPANY NEWS
VDL takes over Jansen Poultry Equipment VDL Groep strengthens its position in the agricultural sector. The industrial family business with its head office in Eindhoven has taken over Jansen Poultry Equipment. tems for both the egg and meat sectors.VDL Agrotech and Jansen Poultry Equipment have been working together for years now. This takeover will further intensify the strength through cooperation between VDL Agrotech and Jansen Poultry Equipment. "Despite the many challenges due to the current conditions, this takeover is just right for us. We’re convinced JPE and VDL will reinforce each other," says President and CEO of VDL Groep, Willem van der Leegte.
Continuity
Brian van Hooff (VDL Agrotech) and Ab Jansen (Jansen Poultry Equipment)
JPE is one of the world’s largest manufacturers of high-quality poultry systems for the laying, breeding and broiler sectors. The profitable family business from Barneveld (Province of Gelderland) has about 125 employees and its 2019 annual turnover was more than 50 million euros. Jansen specialises in the development and manufacturing of systems that are vital to the poultry sector, from housing systems, egg transport systems, unloading systems, air washers and heat exchangers to manure drying systems. These sophisticated systems, manufactured in-house from design to finished product, including service and maintenance, aim to improve the chickens’ well-being and health, leading to better production results for the business owner. JPE has a global dealer network and operates in more than 80 countries.
Welcome addition VDL considers JPE a welcome addition to the products of VDL Agrotech, a specialist in automated feeding systems for pig and poultry farmers, as well as a supplier of entire livestock systems. With JPE among its ranks, VDL will be a more complete provider for the international poultry market, a highly promising sector. The market is increasingly looking for a broadly oriented partner who can supply sys-
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Ab Jansen, founder of JPE: "I’m proud and thrilled about the fact that this takeover allows my employees to continue to work for a family business. It also offers long-term continuity for the business in Barneveld. I’m looking forward to intensifying the collaboration with VDL, which will largely hold on to our existing policy." Ab Jansen will continue to use his extensive knowledge and expertise in an advisory role. Brian van Hooff, Managing Director of VDL Agrotech, will also be managing JPE.
About Jansen Poultry Equipment Ab Jansen started Jansen Poultry Equipment in 1986 to develop and manufacture the first automated laying nests. Based on its knowledge of technology and poultry, the business was able to develop a highly valued laying nest. These days, the company supplies a wide range of poultry systems and it has grown into a flourishing international business. It has its head office in Barneveld. Jansen Poultry Equipment’s vision is still the same as at the time it was set up, and that is that maximum production results are linked to behaviour, modes of living and health of animals. During the development of new systems, maximum use is made of knowledge of technology and poultry. Product development goes hand in hand with research and intensive collaborations between poultry specialists and technical developers. The ultimate goal is to give customers systems that enable them to achieve maximum production results. JPE achieves this by continuously looking for new, better and more efficient systems and solutions. This means customers can always rely on the latest and most efficient
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COMPANY NEWS
technologies that simplify and improve the production process. Personal advice and support before, during and after the purchase of poultry systems also form part of the customer-focused approach of Jansen Poultry Equipment. Because the systems are developed and produced in-house, Jansen can respond flexibly to customer requirements.
VDL Groep Strength through cooperation. That is the cornerstone of VDL Groep, the international industrial family business headquartered in Eindhoven, the Netherlands. The company was founded in 1953 by Pieter van der Leegte. Initially VDL Groep specialised in metalworking. Later, when his son Wim van der Leegte took over the company in 1966, the portfolio was expanded to include plastics processing, the development, manufacture and sales of buses and coaches, and high-tech subcontracting for the semiconductor industry and others. Today VDL Groep is a major player in the subcontracting and semi-finished products sectors, produces its own finished products, such as sus-
pension systems, is active in automotive factory automation, builds heat exchangers and container handling systems, and the family business owns VDL Nedcar in Born, the Netherlands’ only large passenger car assembly factory, which carries out assembly line production of cars for third parties. VDL Groep innovates through a combination of craftsmanship, entrepreneurship and high-quality machinery. The group of companies combines the strength of a multinational with the flat organisation and open, informal working atmosphere of a family business where priority is given to growth opportunities and continuity. VDL Groep operates with almost 15,000 employees in 20 countries. The group comprises 106 operating companies, each with its own speciality, which work together intensively. The combined annual turnover in 2019 was 5.780 billion euros.
Departure of CEO Harm Langen
Royal Pas Reform announced that CEO Harm Langen has left the company, effective October 1, 2020. The search for his successor is underway. “Harm has been in post as CEO since 2015 and has built a strong foundation for smart growth,” says Bart Aangenendt, CEO of parent company Hydratec Industries. “He was pivotal in our transformation from machine manufacturer to supplier of integrated hatchery solutions. Under his leader-
ship, Royal Pas Reform has achieved substantial growth and gained significant share across our markets, worldwide. He leaves us a financially strong and stable company, one that supports our customers with a strong product and service portfolio and highly dedicated employees. On behalf of all his colleagues, I would like to express our sincere gratitude for this and wish Harm the very best for the future.” Harm Langen comments: “I have been with Royal Pas Reform for five years now and hugely enjoyed my time at the company. There have been many milestones along the way that we can all be very proud of. These include both the launch of the SmartPro™ NF incubation line and the introduction of the SmartCare™ service and support programme in 2016, while in 2018 we launched
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the SmartStart™ post-hatch feeding solution. Of course, all of these culminated in our unforgettable centenary celebrations and the award of the Royal predicate in 2019. It has been a truly inspiring journey, working with colleagues from across the company, both here in The Netherlands and abroad. I applaud everyone for their hard work, which has elevated Royal Pas Reform to its current position as the world’s only single-source supplier of integrated hatchery solutions.” Harm leaves to take up a position as Operating Partner with private equity company OxGreenfield in Naarden, The Netherlands. He concludes: “I would like to thank all colleagues, customers, partners and other stakeholders for their loyalty and support during the past years, and wish them every success in the coming years.”
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COMPANY NEWS
Breeding Sustainability Aviagen underlines commitment to International Poultry Council’s five priority Sustainable Development Goals for breeding. the five SDGs with greatest relevance to the poultry industry: • Zero hunger (SDG 2). Poultry breeders and producers help to put #FoodOnEveryTable of families around the world by improving the poultry meat chain, sharing good practices and promoting sustainable production and consumption. • Good health and well-being (SDG 3). Poultry is a lean, healthy and affordable food choice; this goal is advanced through high product quality and safety and the sharing of good management, manufacturing and nutrition practices. • Quality education (SDG 4). The poultry world helps build the capacity to ensure high quality and sustainable production. • Industry, innovation and infrastructure (SDG 9). The poultry sector supports innovative and sustainable poultry and improvement of infrastructures, while protecting the health and welfare of animals. • Climate action (SDG 13). The industry works on continual improvements and efficiencies to reduce greenhouse gases and other emissions.
These key areas are outlined in the “Declaration of São Paulo” – a joint affirmation of the IPC and the UN Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) to work toward the sustainable development of the global meat poultry sector. Aviagen ® CEO Jan Henriksen has written to the IPC affirming the company’s commitment to putting these five goals into practice through its balanced breeding approach reflected in its “Breeding Sustainability” theme and its Top Five Commitments.
The poultry industry promise In the Declaration of São Paulo, the IPC highlights
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The International Poultry Council (IPC) has prioritized five of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), representing key areas where the global poultry industry can truly make a difference in realizing a better and more sustainable future in breeding for all.
COMPANY NEWS
“As an associated member, Aviagen recognises the IPC as the poultry industry’s representative on sustainability. By aligning our Breeding Sustainability theme and our major commitment as a breeder to this promise, we aim to help strengthen food security and safety” These goals are intrinsic in Aviagen’s Top 5 corporate commitments: • Health, food safety and food security, with a high health status and secure deliveries from supply bases in every continent. • Biodiversity, from a broad breed base ensuring choice and readiness for future needs. • Balanced breeding, simultaneously improving bird health, welfare, environmental impact, quality and performance. • Importance of flock management and stockmanship, which strengthen poultry health and welfare and the sustainability of poultry production. • Transparency, communication and engagement with industry allies, government organizations and all members of the global poultry value chain. The five SDGs selected by the IPC are part of a larger group of 17, with a target to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all. The foundation of the 17 SDGs is the three pillars of sustainable development: Environmental (Planet), Economic (Profits) and Social (People). Thanking the IPC for its lead in this important initiative, Henriksen stated, “As an associated member, Aviagen recognises the IPC as the poultry industry’s representative on sustainability. By aligning our Breeding Sustainability theme and our major commitment as a breeder to this promise, we aim to help strengthen food security and safety for all and enhance bird health and welfare, while reducing the impact of food production on our natural world.”
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COMPANY FOCUS
AZA International Leaders in the design of equipment for feeding livestock. Our latest poultry product line gives producers better efficiency through reduced feeding time, use of floor space, and improved feed quality.
PRATIKA
AZA International offers a broad range of products complete with new high volume conveyors and innovative feeders with hoppers made to high quality standards and offered at very competitive prices. The feeding systems are specially designed to suit the latest requirements of producers of Broilers, Layers, Breeders, Roosters, Ducks and Turkeys. The heavy-duty conveyors are capable of transporting up to 12 cubic meters per hour (7 cubic ft per minute) with chain link measuring 76 and 114 diameters. The stainless steel chain link conveyors and hoppers are all made with top quality materials. The corners and feed outlets are available in different shapes and materials depending on the type of feed that requires to be conveyed. An ideal solution for all those customers who need to transport large quantities of feed from one or more loading points to one
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or more outlets. An example application is for Cage layers where there is a need to deliver large quantities of feed quickly without the feed breaking up or crumbling as happens with spiral conveyors. The MIXTA Feeder, as seen at 2018 SPACE Fair is having great results with Duck producers and poultry growers who alternate Chickens and Turkeys. Growers report they really like the ease of use as it is completely automatic and all parts are easily washed and sanitized which is not possible with other systems. The PRATIKA feeder for broilers is completely automatic and has been designed to guarantee optimal feed distribution. The hopper has a fully automatic function for adjusting the feed and opening pans for easy cleaning and sanitizing. The DUO system for broilers has automatic regulation and is characterized by the fact
COMPANY FOCUS
eat and clean out all the feed in the line at the end of each feeding cycle. BREEDAZA guarantees a fast and homogenous distribution of the feed along the entire line, greatly reducing the feeding time of the flock. At the end of the growing cycle the cleaning operations are simple and quick. It requires only one lifting unit and a single lifting point even for feeding lines of 300 meters’ length. With this type of feeding system, the loading silo can be positioned at the end rather than in the centre of the poultry shed. The BREEDAZA system is equipped with an adjustable anti-rooster grill to allow separate sex feeding.
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it combines the feeding line with the watering line. This reduces bird movement and frees up space in the shed. Another advantage of the DUO system is that both the water and feed lines can be simultaneously lifted.
DUO system
The COMPACTA type is ideal for poults.
BREEDAZA
The SELF-DOSY feeder pan; another product that AZA International offers is a sturdy feeder, designed specifically for breeding males, which incorporates an innovative volumetric dispenser with centralized control that allows management to change instantly, across the line, the amount of feed to be distributed to the feeding pans. The amount of feed to be distributed is calculated according to the reproductive cycle of the males. With this system the operator no longer requires to use the various feed pre-weighing systems nor to raise the feeder line away from the birds during the feed filling phase. The SELF-DOSY feeder is very easy to clean and sanitize thanks to the removable bottom that allows for a complete cleaning of all the component parts.
The BREEDAZA system is innovative for the controlled distribution of feed using a linear trough feeder. It is particularly suitable for flocks of breeders and laying hens housed either in cages or on the floor.
The MODULA is a feeder designed for turkeys right through from the day-old stage up to the maturity stage of heavy males. It’s robust, easy to operate and available at a very competitive price.
Compared to flat chain or spiral systems the BREEDAZA works with linked chain with polymer discs that runs inside a continuous tube. Installed above the plastic feed channel there is no obstacle, so birds can comfortably
For more information: Email: info@azainternational.it Website: www.azainternational.it
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COMPANY FOCUS
News from VICTORIA Incubators VICTORIA, world leader in the production of egg incubators since almost 100 years now, renews its continue research and efforts in order to improve and apply new technologies to its products.
2020 Victoria incubators restyling.
Incubator 38,880-115,000 eggs
To this effect, Victoria has introduced newly conceived incubators for 20,000-115,000 eggs of capacity, the final result of the company’s constant research aimed to the expansion of the already wide range of incubators supplied. Victoria’s focus will be as well on the important novelties lastly introduced on the new control board and to the special trolleys. The processing of Victoria machinery is unique and customized to customers’ needs: in fact, each model is designed and manufactured to achieve the maximum results while conserving energy. Nowadays Victoria is developing a special line of incubators with integrated refrigeration system to achieve a temperature range from 4-7 °C, especially designed for vaccines companies. New setters designed with double glass windows, sandwich cabinet high insulation thickness mm. 45. All internal support for fan, cooling and control box completely arranged in stainless steel.
• Easy and direct access to the electric and control system of the machine simply to clean and maintain. • Waterproof and protected during cleaning/disinfection operation. • Built inside with INOX 304 steel. • Monitor touch screen 10” inch full colors. Victoria S.r.l. 22070 Guanzate (Como) Italy www.incubatricivictoria.com
INCUBATORS SPECIALIST SINCE 1924
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With a newly designed whole panel which allows:
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Roxell is expanding the range of MiniMax™ feeder pans Roxell, the leading manufacturer of automated feeding, drinking, nesting and heating systems, is expanding its range of MiniMax™ feeder pans. Roxell’s round feeder pan for broilers is now modular, which means Roxell can offer four different versions of the MiniMax.
The best pan composition can be determined by asking the following questions: • At what age do you think chicks should stop stepping into the pan to eat? • What end weight are you aiming for with your broilers? • What type of floor will your feeding system be used on? The result is a MiniMax feeder pan that is adapted to the preferences and practices of each poultry farmer. The feeder pan therefore helps poultry farmers to grow more efficiently.
Cost-effective way to grow broilers For 35 years the MiniMax feeder pan has set the standard for optimal feed intake for broilers. This is due to the patented design: a stepped bottom pan with a special anti-waste edge. Both features improve the chickens’ feed intake and prevent spillage
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because feed cannot fall over the edge of the pan. The wings in the pan mark out a pecking zone, which means each broiler will eat out of its own compartment and cannot eat selectively. Each animal therefore receives the correct composition of feed to ensure consistent growth in the group. The low height – 60 mm or 2.36”– means that the pan is suitable for day-old chicks and you do not need to supply an extra source of food in the house. From day one, the chicks can see the feed and climb effortlessly into the pan. This guarantees the best start. The bottom pan is now also available in two volumes: • a shallow pan with a standard feed capacity that is perfect for broilers up to 3 kg; • a double capacity pan for chickens with a heavier end weight. A benefit of opting for the extra feed capacity is that the pan is only 0.5 cm (or 0.2”) higher than the shallow version.
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Results show that the base of the MiniMax pans buries easily into the litter, which lowers the step into the pan even more. The feed flow occurs according to a 360° principle, meaning that the pan fills consistently and evenly across the entire surface area. By adjusting the feed volume, you can provide the right amount of feed. Your broilers will therefore reach their end weights in a cost-effective way and you will use precisely as much feed as you need.
Easy management of the MiniMax feeding system Managing the feeding system is quick and easy, day after day. The size of the feed opening can be adjusted to the type of feed. There are three feed settings for adjusting the feed volume during a flock. With the control pan at the end of the feeding line, the feeding system can work fully autonomously and precisely. When the minimum or maximum level is reached, the pan sends feedback, which starts or stops the feed flow. The feed level in the control pan can be influenced with an LED light that attracts chickens to the end of the feeding line. The automatic MiniMax feeding system is reliable, without requiring any intervention from the poultry farmer. You can save time with the two patented cleaning functions: • the pan rotates automatically when you use a pressure washer, which means you can reach all corners of the pan without any extra effort; • if you opt for the extra cleaning option, you can also open the top cap of the pan, so you can clean all the internal components such as the inner cone, without getting water in the feeding tube. The bottom pan, made of flexible plastic, can be removed from the base with a simple click so it can be cleaned manually. Due to the robust design of this mechanism, the pan will never unintentionally come loose from the base. Save time and money when performing thorough maintenance and start on a new flock quicker than ever before with the MiniMax.
Modular: preferences determine the combination of components “The approaches and needs of broiler companies are becoming ever more diverse. This is why Roxell has expanded its range of pans even further,” says Frank Hartmann, Marketing Manager at Roxell. “MiniMax already had an extensive set of functionalities and now we have
“For 35 years the MiniMax feeder pan has set the standard for optimal feed intake for broilers. This is due to the patented design: a stepped bottom pan with a special anti-waste edge. Both features improve the chickens’ feed intake and prevent spillage because feed cannot fall over the edge of the pan. The wings in the pan mark out a pecking zone, which means each broiler will eat out of its own compartment and cannot eat selectively”
added the modular structure to that. Specifically, you can choose to combine the MiniMax grill with either 10 or 14 feed openings with a shallow or deep bottom pan.” Two examples: • by opting for the grill with 14 feed openings, chicks will stop eating in the pan at an earlier stage. The grill with 10 openings has extra wide access. In this case, the chicks will take longer to stop eating in the pan. For heavy broilers you can combine the grill with a deep bottom pan with extra volume; • on a house floor where litter is used, the special base buries itself deeper into the floor. That is not possible on slatted floors, however, for heavy broilers you can create a lower and wider entry with the shallow pan and the grill with 10 extra wide feed openings. “These are just a few examples, but the preferences of the poultry farmer will determine the combination of components in the MiniMax pan. Roxell also offers new solutions for specific situations.” View the new options in detail on Roxell’s website.
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Šdefresasylaurel
MARKETING
Regional concentration in global egg production An overview at continent level
Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst The author is scientific director of the WING at the Hannover Veterinary University and Prof. emeritus of the University of Vechta, Germany
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This overview will list the leading countries in egg production in each continent and document their share in the production volume of the continent as well as at the global level. In a second paper, the same method will be used in the analysis of the spatial pattern of global poultry meat production. Between 2008 and 2018, global egg production increased from 61.7 mill. t to 76.7 mill. t or by 24.2%. Parallel to this remarkable growth, the regional concentration also grew considerably (Figure 1).
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MARKETING
Table 1 – The ten leading egg-producing countries in Asia in 2018 (Source: FAO database).
[mill. t.]
Figure 1 – The development of egg production at continent level between 2008 and 2018. (Source: FAO database).
Share (%)
Production (1,000 t)
Asia
World
China
26,590.0
57.9
34.7
India
5,236.9
11.4
6.8
Japan
2,627.8
5.7
3.4
Indonesia
1.644.5
3.6
2.1
Turkey
963.5
2.1
1.3
Malaysia
856.8
1.9
1.1
Pakistan
847.7
1.8
1.1
Korea, Rep.
772.9
1.7
1.0
Iran
723.6
1.6
0.9
Thailand
701.6
1.5
0.9
10 countries
40,965.3
89.2
*53.3
Asia
45,905.2
100.0
59.8
Country
Three countries dominated egg production in Asia
*sum does not add because of rounding
In 2018, Asian countries contributed 59.8% to global egg production. The regional concentration in Asia was very high, as can be seen from the data in Table 1.
The regional concentration was also very high in the Americas
The ten leading countries shared 89.2% in the production volume of all Asian countries, the three leading countries, China, India and Japan, 75%. The gap between these three countries and those following ranks is quite wide, as Indonesia and Turkey together only contributed 5.7% to the continent’s production volume. Because of the high egg production in China, the ten leading countries shared 53.3% in global egg production in 2018; without China, it would have been only 18.6%.
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The countries of the Americas contributed more than one fifth to the global egg production in 2018. The regional concentration was even higher than in Asia, for the ten leading countries shared 94.2% in the continent’s production volume (Table 2). Even though the leading position of the USA was not as dominant as that of China in Asia, they were by far the most important egg producing country in the Americas
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demand resulting from the extraordinary per capita consumption of 368 eggs per year. In contrast, only 190 eggs were consumed in Brazil and 272 in the USA. The three top listed countries shared 15.6% in global egg production, the ten leading countries 19.9%.
In Europe, production was more evenly distributed
©David Paul Morris for The HSUS
With the exception of Russia, egg production in Europe was more evenly distributed (Table 3). The continent shared 14.4% in the global production volume, the ten leading countries 11.9%.
with a share of almost 40% in the production volume of the double continent. Table 2 – The ten leading egg-producing countries in the Americas in 2018 (Source: FAO database). Share (%)
Production (1,000 t)
The Americas
World
USA
6,466.3
39.7
8.4
Mexico
2,871.9
17.6
3.7
Brazil
Country
2,665.6
16.4
3.5
Argentina
829.0
5.1
1.1
Colombia
780.0
4.8
1.0
Canada
571.3
3.5
0.7
Peru
452.2
2.8
0.6
Guatemala
275.0
1.7
0.4
Chile
247.1
1.5
0.3
Venezuela
173.0
1.1
0.2
15,331.4
94.2
10 countries The Americas
16,274.2
100.0
Share (%)
Production (1,000 t)
Europe
World
Russia
2,486.3
22.5
3.2
Ukraine
922.3
8.3
1.2
France
847.9
7.7
1.1
Germany
846.0
7.6
1.1
Spain
839.3
7.6
1.1
Un. Kingdom
777.0
7.0
1.0
Italy
736.4
6.7
1.0
Netherlands
704.7
6.4
0.9
Country
Poland
656.9
5.9
0.9
Romania
280.2
2.5
0.4
10 countries
9,097.0
*82,1
*11.9
Europe
11,073.3
100,0
14.4
*sum does not add because of rounding Table 4 – The ten leading egg-producing countries in Africa in 2018 (Source: FAO database). Share (%)
Production (1,000 t)
Africa
World
Nigeria
481.4
15.5
0.6
Egypt
454.3
14.6
0.6
South Africa
453.6
14.6
0.6
Algeria
396.0
12.8
0.5
Tunisia
314.0
10.1
0.4
Tanzania
111.3
3.6
0.1
19.9
Libya
108.7
3.5
0.1
21.1
Sudan
72.7
2.3
0.1
Burkina Faso
65.0
2.1
0.1
Zambia
60.6
2.0
0.1
10 countries
2,517.6
81.1
3.2
Africa
3,104.5
100.0
4.0
Country
The distance to the two following countries, Mexico and Brazil, was 2.6 mill. t respectively 2.8 mill. t. Mexico’s position in second place is a result of the very high domestic
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Table 3 – The ten leading egg-producing countries in Europe in 2018 (Source: FAO database).
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Between 2008 and 2018, egg production in Russia grew by 300,000 t, in Ukraine by almost 70,000 t. The two countries shared 40% in the increase of the European production volume during that decade. Egg production of the following three countries did not differ very much; the same is true for the following four countries. The gap between Poland and Romania was quite wide, however, with over 375,000 t. Egg production in Europe will not increase very much over the present decade because of a stable population and an already high per capita egg consumption.
Only two countries are major egg producers in Oceania From it resource base, Australia would be able to produce more eggs than it did in 2018. A comparatively small population with only a low domestic demand and the peripheral location, which is the main obstacle to exports, are limiting the expansion of the egg industry. In 2018, the country shared 75.4%
In Africa, five countries shared two thirds in the continent’s egg production Africa’s egg production grew from 2.6 mill. t in 2008 to 3.1 mill. t in 2018 or by 19.2%. Table 4 documents that only five countries contributed 67.6% to the total egg production volume. Three of the leading countries are located in Northern Africa, only one in Central Africa. It is worth noting that the production volume of the three leading countries did not differ very much. No country reached a dominating position and the pattern was similar to that in Europe, with the exception of the Russian dominance. Africa, despite its population of 1.33 billion, only played a minor role in global egg production with a share of 4.0%. The per capita consumption in most countries south of the Sahara is very low, even though it may be underestimated because of backyard flocks, which are used for egg as well as for meat production.
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MARKETING
of the continent’s egg production, followed by New Zealand with 18.0% (Table 5). Table 5 – The five leading egg-producing countries in Oceania in 2018 (Source: FAO database). Share (%)
Country
Production (1,000 t)
Oceania
World
Australia
0.3
258.9
75.4
New Zealand
61.9
18.0
0.1
Fiji
9.1
2.7
< 0.1
Papua N. G.
5.5
1.6
< 0.1
Fr. Polynesia
2.4
0.7
< 0.1
5 countries
337.8
98.4
0.4
Oceania
343.3
100.0
0.4
Oceanian countries only contributed 0.4% to global egg production. Nevertheless, the production volume increased from only 229,200 t in 2008 to 343,000 t ten years later or by almost 50%.
contribution. Five of the leading countries are located in Asia, three in the Americas and two in Europe. It is worth noting that no member country of the EU ranked among the top ten. The high regional concentration in global egg production is only partly reflected in a list of the ten leading egg-producing companies (Table 7). It is surprising that, in contrast to broiler production, no Chinese or Indian company ranked among the top 25 egg producers. Obviously, the sectoral concentration in these countries was much lower than in the USA or Mexico. Avril (France), the only European company in the top 25 list, ranked as number 16 with 10 mill. layers. Table 7 – The ten leading egg producers in 2019 (Source: WATTAgNet October 2019). Company Cal-Maine Foods Proteina Animal Rose Acre Farms CP Group
Summary and perspectives The preceding analysis could show that the regional concentration of egg production was very high in Asia, the Americas and Oceania. Without Russia, the concentration was much lower in Europe and in Africa. Table 6 lists the ten leading countries in global egg production in 2018. They contributed 68.4% to the global production volume. The exceptional role of China becomes obvious; without China, the following nine countries shared 33.7% of global production, less than China’s Table 6 – The ten leading egg-producing countries in 2018 (Source: FAO database). Production (1,000 t)
Share (%)
Asia
26,590.0
34.7
The Americas
6,466.3
8.4
India
Asia
5,236.9
6.8
Mexico
The Americas
2,871.9
3.7
Brazil
The Americas
2,665.6
3.5
Japan
Asia
2,627.8
3.4
Russia
Europe
2,486.3
3.2
Indonesia
Asia
1,644.5
2.1
Turkey
Asia
963.5
1.3
Ukraine
Europe
922.3
1.2
10 countries
52,475.1
*68.4
World
76,700.5
100.0
Country
Continent
China USA
*sum does not add because of rounding
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Country
Mill. layers
USA
40.3
Mexico
34.0
USA
26.6
Thailand
22.0
Versova Holdings LLC
USA
21.1
Hillandale Farms
USA
20.0
Ise Inc.
Japan
20.0
ACOLID
Saudi Arabia
14.4
Daybreak Foods
USA
14.0
Michael Foods
USA
13.3
Total
225.7
I expect that the list and the ranking will change during the present decade as some developing countries, i. e. Malaysia and Pakistan, may surpass Ukraine and Turkey. This will further strengthen Asia’s role in the global egg industry. Even though the production of plant-based egg replacers shows high annual growth rates and they are already listed in leading food stores or are used in food service outlets in the Americas, Europe and Asia, their share in global egg consumption is still quite low. This may, however, change faster than expected and they may reach a share between 10% and 15% in 2030. A similar dynamics is showing up at the horizon for egg white produced by fermentation.
Database FAO database: http://www.fao.org/faostat Top world egg producers: www.WATTAgNet.com (October 2019)
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ŠPas Reform
TECHNICAL COLUMN
Variation in individual egg weight loss A chicken egg has to lose around 11-13% of its original weight during the first 18 days of incubation. This weight loss is needed for proper embryonic development and to create an air cell that is large enough to support lung ventilation from internal pipping until hatch. In some hatcheries egg weight loss is measured as a standard procedure. Usually a couple of setter trays per flock or per setter are weighed before setting and on the 18th day of incubation to determine average weight loss. Lotte Hebbink, Incubation Specialist Pas Reform Academy
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This information can be used to optimise incubation conditions. But what about the variation between the individual eggs?
- technical column -
Individual egg weight loss To find an answer to this question, we carried out a small study using 450 eggs from each of 3 different flocks (same breed, 30 weeks). The eggs were individually marked and weighed before setting and on the 18th day of incubation. Unhatched eggs and eggs with visible cracks were removed from the analysis.
TECHNICAL COLUMN
The graphs show the variation in individual egg weight loss. The average weight loss for flock A, B and C was 10.1%, 11.6% and 10.8% respectively. The minimum egg weight loss was 7.1%, 4.9% and 6.7% respectively. The maximum was 19.3%, 26.6% and 22.3% (no cracks). A break-out analysis of the unhatched eggs revealed no signs of too high or too low weight loss.
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Figure 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Variation in 18-day egg weight loss in eggs from three different flocks of the same age and breed.
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©Pas Reform
TECHNICAL COLUMN
“When pushed to the limits of extreme weight loss, some embryos will fail to hatch due to too small air cells or as a result of failing to maintain proper osmotic homeostasis”
Causes of variation Assuming ambient conditions of temperature and relative humidity are equal, possible causes of variation in weight loss could be differences in pore structure, shell thickness or abnormalities in eggshell structure like shell mottling. Very high weight losses might be caused by thin shells due to a disease like IB or hair line cracks.
Extremely low and high weight loss cause osmotic stress in the developing embryo. The chorioallantoic membrane and the kidneys work together to maintain osmotic and ionic homeostasis. Suboptimal water losses can influence the morphological development of the kidneys (Bolin and Burggren, 2016). When pushed to the limits of extreme weight loss, some embryos will fail to hatch due to too small air cells or as a result of failing to maintain proper osmotic homeostasis.
Effect on embryo and chick quality The findings of this small study suggest that embryos are able to hatch within a wide spectrum of weight loss (5-27%). This is in line with a study (Davis, 1988) where the range was 6-20%. That study showed that embryos facing extreme water losses managed to survive by recycling water and redistributing it between the (extra) embryonic compartments. Excess albumen was found in 21-day eggs that had lost as little as 6% weight. More than 20% weight loss resulted in dehydration of the amniotic fluid, the blood and skin of the embryo, and early depletion of the allantoic fluid.
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Conclusions • Aiming for an average weight loss of 11-13% will keep most embryos within the acceptable limits. • Avoid a too low average weight loss (<10%) to prevent the air cell from becoming too small for the chick to properly hatch. • Poor egg shell quality can lead to extreme weight loss in individual eggs (>20%). As a consequence, these embryos face osmotic stress and developmental changes during incubation.
- technical column -
TECHNICAL COLUMN
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Best practice in broiler house management
How the right technology and proactive management can ensure best practice in housing on broiler farms In partnership with Cobb, this article examines best practice in broiler production, focusing specifically on housing. How can producers create an environment for their birds that consistently fosters excellent performance and robust animal health? and incorrect temperatures can all compromise the birds’ immune system. As a result, even a mild inconsistency when creating the right climate can leave the birds susceptible to viral and bacterial infections, thus leading to losses. Although this is the worstcase scenario, smaller and less noticeable losses are also possible, including reduced daily weight gains and a reduction in feed efficiency. “In the development of the Cobb500, we emphasized selection of key broiler performance traits such as improved growth rate, feed conversion efficiency and robustness, however, providing a comfortable environment at all stages of life is crucial in allowing growers to unlock the full genetic potential of our broiler,” says Brendan Graaf, Broiler Specialist at Cobb Europe. “Housing is a crucial cornerstone of healthy broiler development,” says Heinz Südkamp, Climate Product Manager at Big Dutchman. “Creating the right environment sets chicks up to achieve higher weight gains and overall results. More than that, it helps set a baseline for best practice that will do nothing but benefit your overall operation.”
A comfortable climate Broiler wellbeing is significantly affected by house climate. Draughts, harmful gasses
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- management -
The ideal climatic situation is influenced by the correct relationship between three key elements of the air: • temperature • humidity • movement. Systems that are exclusively controlled based on temperature (and do not take humidity and air speed into account) will find that their broilers either chill very quickly or, conversely, can overheat, both of which will negatively impact performance. Instead, a system should be implemented along enthalpy lines – a holistic approach that al-
MANAGEMENT
ways considers how much energy is present within the system at any time. Doing so will lead to more effectual and uniform climate conditions. How would this look in practice? An enthalpy ventilation system will work according to target values set for the ideal temperature and humidity, e.g. 20 °C at a relative humidity of 65%. If the humidity increases (thus deviating from the target), the temperature is reduced simultaneously. This also applies in reverse; if the humidity is lower, the temperature can be increased, since the air has the same heat content. Modern climate controllers can also automatically compensate for air speeds created by the current ventilation level. The result is varying actual temperatures between 32 °C and 34 °C when the chicks are moved in, depending on bird weight and humidity. “Modern technology is able to detect the apparent temperature,” says Heinz. “Older systems often overlook how these different variables can effect and undermine each other. Optimising your climate should always take a rounded approach.” Different technologies can aid the establishment of an optimal climate, including temperature sensors, humidity sensors and negative pressure gauges. Defective devices or incorrect settings can actually compromise broiler growth – indirectly, in terms of going outside the target humidity or air rate, or directly through unacceptable accumulation of dust, ammonia or carbon dioxide. “Broilers need a comfortable climate in all phases of their lives,” says Heinz. “Without taking the steps to establish the right environment, you are effectively undercutting broiler performance and your own productivity.”
Effective steps for increased welfare Livestock houses become “fatigued” over the course of their life, potentially resulting in crack, leaks, rodent and insect infestations and shorter service intervals. The following are common issues: • Leaky old buildings are unable to generate adequate negative pressure, which means that the fresh air drops to the floor and creates wet litter conditions. • Uneven and cracked floors require more intensive cleaning and disinfection. • Equipment problems require contracting external service providers to clean the barns. Often workers are unable to perform their duties as quickly and effectively in older buildings, requiring more time and, ultimately, compensation. • Litter spread incorrectly, often due to uneven floors, is difficult to surmount for young chicks, sapping their energy and hampering growth rates. • Inconsistent thickness of litter layers create different temperature zones and low floor temperatures during moving-in. Variable litter thickness under water lines will limit free access to water for all chicks and contribute to flock uniformity issues. The following sequence of steps details how to establish best practice with the housing climate. Step 1 – Evaluate existing house technology and ensure workers know how to use it. Having the right system in place is the first-line of de-
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MANAGEMENT
fence against any issues that might arise in poultry housing. Take the time to consider your options and choose a solution that promotes strong welfare and works with your business.
and uniformly spread chicks, resulting in higher initial intakes”, adds Brendan.
Step 2 – Intensively monitor the birds and make appropriate environmental adjustments during the first three to four days. Depending on the season, pre-heating should start two or three days before the chicks arrive. The concrete floor must be warm to replace the broody hen. The standard value is currently valued at 28 °C (+1 °C for very light birds), with little room for deviation. Even a difference of 1 °C can lead to performance losses. After heating, spread an even layer of pellet litter that is free of mould and dust. Drinkers must be easy to reach. Check the sensors in the barn regularly and at different times of the day, adjusting the climate settings if necessary. The chicks should become active as soon as possible – bright lights and a comfortable temperature will help orientate the chicks and increase activity. Look out for telltale signs of chicks being too cold (e.g. huddling) or too warm (e.g. wing and leg spreading or panting).
Figure 1 – An example of how chick distribution can be an indicator for setting the correct temperature.
Measure internal chick temperatures to confirm any suspicions and then make adjustments to the house climate. Chick internal temperatures above 41 °C in the first 4 days indicate too warm and below 40 °C too cold.
Livestock houses should be airtight. Ventilation systems should generate a negative pressure of 20 to 30 Pascal. Regular checks by experts are recommended. The goal is to convert wet and cold fresh air into dry and comfortable inside air using heating systems and the birds’ own heat.
If there are still problems, move on to the next step. Step 3 – Use an expert to inspect and adjust the ventilation system as needed.
Heat can be added to the building as required via systems including forced air heaters, hot-water convection heaters or a floor heating system. “Correct ventilation and air conditioning will ensure dryer litter, lower heating costs and provide more fresh air for the birds”, says Brendan. It is important to consider that Cobb500 is ever evolving and we need to ensure the housing and environment matches the birds requirements of today to improve bird health, welfare and boost performance”. Step 4 – Perform system maintenance.
“Early feed and water intake is especially critical for developing a strong healthy chick. Providing the correct environmental temperatures will ensure more active
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Almost every farm has the potential to significantly optimise their broiler control system and improve profitability. Many are reluctant due to the perceived expense associated with maintenance and training. These should be considered as investments. Regular training and main-
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MANAGEMENT
tenance not only ensure the system is performing to its full capability but helps instil consistent best practice. If there is still no improvement, move to the next step. Step 5 – Upgrade or replace the existing control system. Effective housing must be robust in every individual aspect to be successful as a whole. For example, an excellent climate control system installed in an outdated barn will not yield strong results. Having the right technology and environment – combined with best practice when managing those things – is the surest path to achieving optimal outcomes.
Figure 2 – Representation of ideal and poor air flow through the poultry house. The images show incoming fresh air (blue arrows) movement in both scenarios. The upper image is desired as cool fresh air only spreads in the barn after slowly heating up (RH = relative humidity).
“Intensive monitoring of the birds and constant climate adjustments during the first days after moving-in are the basis for healthy, efficient and stable flocks,” adds Heinz Südkamp. “Even as modern control systems automate more and more tasks in the barn, the value of the farmer’s dedication during this period cannot be understated. Many farms have the potential to drive positive change in this area. Best practice in housing isn’t a one-off measure, it’s a continued process.”
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Drought impacts on plant ground cover on a free range egg farm In this study drought conditions were experienced and was high-lighted the difficulty for farms in maintaining green ground cover during adverse dry conditions. Introduction
C.T. De Koning SARDI/PIRSA, Roseworthy Campus, Roseworthy
36
Maintaining vegetation on free range farms with fixed ranges is a significant issue (Singh et al., 2017). Nonetheless, free range accreditation programs stipulate palatable vegetation to be available on the range at all times (RSPCA 2015). This is more problematic to achieve during dry seasonal conditions and drought, which are common features of the Australian climate.
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Method The plant ground cover of a free range farm located in the temperate (Mediterranean) climatic zone of Australia was studied during the drought year of 2018. The longterm average annual rainfall for the area is 470 mm (winter dominant rainfall pattern); however, during 2018, the locality received only 250 mm.
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Lucerne (Medicago sativa) is the main plant sown on the ranges of the farm. The shed (15 x 50 m) and range area (3.8 ha) of the case study flock was established in 2014 and had four previous flocks. Subdivided range areas allow for rotation and resting of pasture every 12 months. Flock size was 5000 Hy-line Brown hens (infra-red beak treated at hatchery) stocked at 1500/ha. Pasture measurements of percentage green ground cover (visual score 0 to 100%), pasture height (cm) and botanical composition (dry weight rank method converted to percentage, Mannetje and Haydock 1963)
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were made at 10 m, 20 m and 40 m from the shed along four transects (2 transects each side of shed). At each distance (10, 20 and 40 m), 10 quadrats (50 x 50 cm) were assessed. Hens were 32 and 65 weeks of age at the time of pasture measurements (May 2018 and December 2018, respectively). Square root transformation was used for percentage data and Log10 for pasture height data. Results were analysed using ANOVA with flock age and distance from the shed as main factors and the interaction flock age x distance.
Results Distance from the shed significantly affected all variates measured (Table 1). Ground cover at 10 and 20 m was similar and increased significantly at 40 m. Pasture height was taller moving further away from the shed. Lagoon saltbush was most commonly found closest to the shed, whereas the opposite was shown for lucerne. Weeds (mostly wire weed – Polygonum aviculare) grew predominantly at 10 and 20 m from the shed. Age of flock also significantly affected all variates (Table 2). Percentage ground cover, pasture height and percentage lagoon saltbush had all reduced when the flock was 65 weeks old. The reverse occurred for percentage lucerne and weeds, with proportionally more lucerne and weeds at flock age 65 weeks.
Table 1 – Main factor effect of distance from the shed (10, 20 and 40 m) on % ground cover, pasture height, % lagoon saltbush, % Lucerne and % weeds on an egg farm in southern Australia during 2018. Distance from shed
Ground cover
Pasture height
Lagoon saltbush
Lucerne
Weeds
(m)
(%)
(cm)
(%)
(%)
(%)
10
9.6 (3.10)
5.0 (0.70)
93.1 (9.65)
0.7 (0.83)
1.8 (1.34)
20
9.8 (3.13)
6.9 (0.84)
16.2 (4.03)
42.9 (6.55)
0.9 (0.95)
40
17.8 (4.22)
18.9 (1.28)
0.5 (0.71)
100.0 (10.00)
0.5 (0.71)
LSD5%
0.32
0.06
0.70
0.33
0.37
P value
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.003
Square root transformation was used for % data and Log10 for pasture height data. Back-transformed means shown in table with corresponding transformed means shown in brackets. The value for the LSD5% is based on the transformed data. Table 2 – Main factor effect of flock age (32 weeks = May 2018 and 65 weeks = December 2018) on % ground cover, pasture height, % lagoon saltbush, % lucerne and % weeds on an egg farm in southern Australia during 2018. Ground cover
Pasture height
Lagoon saltbush
Lucerne
Weeds
(%)
(cm)
(%)
(%)
(%)
32
14.8 (3.84)
12.3 (1.09)
32.1 (5.67)
24.0 (4.90)
0.6 (0.80)
65
9.8 (3.12)
6.1 (0.78)
15.4 (3.92)
45.0 (6.71)
1.43 (1.20)
LSD5%
0.26
0.05
0.54
0.27
0.30
P value
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
< 0.001
0.010
Flock age (weeks)
Square root transformation was used for % data and Log10 for pasture height data. Back-transformed means shown in table with corresponding transformed means shown in brackets. The value for the LSD5% is based on the transformed data.
When the flock age was 32 weeks, lagoon saltbush was common at 20 m. By flock age 65 weeks, the proportion of lagoon saltbush at 20 m had significantly reduced. Conversely, the proportion of lucerne had increased at 20 m. Lucerne remained dominant at 40 m from the shed at both flock ages. The range area reported in this paper will be examined during a second year (rest phase in 2019) and the range area rested in 2018 will be assessed with the new flock during 2019.
The only interactions of flock age x distance were for percentage lagoon saltbush and lucerne (Table 3).
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Table 3 – Interaction effect of flock age x distance from the shed on % lagoon saltbush and % lucerne on an egg farm in southern Australia during 2018. Distance from shed (m)
Lagoon saltbush %
Lucerne %
Flock age
Flock age
32 weeks
65 weeks
32 weeks
65 weeks
10
95.6 (9.78)
90.6 (9.52)
0.6 (0.77)
0.8 (0.90)
20
42.6 (6.53)
2.3 (1.53)
15.3 (3.91)
84.6 (9.20)
40
0.5 (0.71)
0.5 (0.71)
100.0 (10.00)
100.0 (10.00)
LSD5%
0.94
0.47
P value
0.001
<0.001
Square root transformation was used for % data. Back-transformed means shown in table with corresponding transformed means shown in brackets. The value for the LSD5% is based on the transformed data.
Conclusion Hen activity at 1500 hens/ha resulted in plant species variations, ground cover decreases and pasture height reduction across the range. Green ground
Vi
y2 r a ru eb F 12 9 s si t u
cover was not extensive during the drought with lucerne and lagoon saltbush providing the majority of green cover. Hens had to travel further for green pick as early summer progressed, with lucerne still available at 40 m. Under drought conditions, the provision of green palatable vegetation available on the range at all times would be difficult to maintain at high levels of ground coverage. Acknowledgement: thank you to Australian Eggs for funding this research. From the Australian Poultry Science Symposium 2020 References available on request
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Calcium nutrition, bone metabolism, and eggshell quality in longer-persisting layer flocks
D.R. Korver Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta
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Commercial laying hens have been successfully selected for increasing production cycle lengths. Rather than being depopulated at 60 to 70 weeks of age, or being moulted to allow for additional production cycles, the egg industry has moved towards cycle lengths of 80 weeks or even longer. Selection for increased persistency of production and livability, skeletal health, and a slow rate of increase in egg size past peak production has resulted in commercial operations being able to achieve 500 eggs per hen at 100 weeks of age.
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Because of the increased lifetime output of calcium (Ca) by the hen, this extended period of production requires excellent management, including feeding the bird to optimize skeletal Ca reserves at the start of lay, and to minimize the loss of bone mass over time. The factors that contribute to skeletal health will also contribute to shell quality throughout the production cycle.
Bone biology of egg-type birds The skeleton of the pullet is comprised of two distinct structural bone tissues: cortical and trabecular. The cortical bone is the outer shell of bone tissue, whereas the trabecular bone tissue is the struts of bone that provide additional support, while minimizing bone weight as an adaptation for flight in birds. Skeletal growth of layer pullets proceeds in a similar manner as in other types of poultry and mammals with bones growing in both length and diameter. Prior to the estrogen surge associated with the onset of sexual maturity, a normal pullet with have a thick cortical shell, and well-developed trabecular struts (Figure 1A). In sexually mature hens that are laying eggs, a third type of bone (medullary bone) is formed in response to increasing estrogen levels. Medullary bone provides an additional, labile source of Ca to support eggshell formation that can be mobilized and re-deposited on a daily basis as Ca supply and demand ebb and flow with the formation of each egg. With the onset of egg production, formation of structural bone ceases, and only medullary bone will be formed. In the weeks prior to the first egg, the bones increase in diameter by approximately 20% as a means of increasing
the volume into which medullary bone can be deposited. The rapid expansion of bone diameter involves both deposition of dietary Ca and P, as well as a redistribution of existing bone Ca and P mobilised from the endosteal surface, leaving pores in the cortical shell. As circulating estrogen levels increase in advance of sexual maturity, medullary bone is deposited as small spicules lining the surface of the structural bone and also within the pores of the cortical shell (Figure 1B). The deposition of medullary bone begins approximately 14 days before the first egg is laid. Medullary, but also potentially structural bone tissue is mobilized to augment the Ca coming directly from the diet in support of eggshell formation, particularly at night, when the amount of Ca coming directly from the digestive tract is limited. When the hen is not actively forming an eggshell, and dietary Ca and P supply exceeds the immediate demand, medullary, but not structural bone is replaced. Over time, the continual mobilisation and deposition of medullary bone leads to a more diffuse arrangement of medullary bone spicules throughout the marrow cavity (Figure 1C). Eventually, medullary bone can even fill the entire cavity of pneumatised bones. The reduction in the close association of medullary bone with the structural bone surfaces exposes the structural tissues to the action of osteoclasts. Since structural bone is not replaced as long as the hen is in lay, the cumulative effect of this erosion is a substantially decreased in structural bone mass (Figure 1C), and a greatly increased susceptibility to bone breaks.
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Thus, the problem of osteoporosis/caged layer fatigue in laying hens is not due to a loss of medullary bone, which then requires the hen to mobilize structural bone to support eggshell formation. Rather, it is a gradual erosion of structural bone, in spite of the presence of a large amount of medullary bone. If the hen goes through a moult, oestrogen levels decrease, the medullary bone is resorbed, and structural bone reserves can be replenished. The gradual loss of structural bone can increase the risk of osteoporosis, and the gradual increase in egg size and the ability to deposit only a constant amount of eggshell material after peak production can lead to decreasing shell thickness. These two factors represent important limitations to extended egg cycles, since production rates can remain high even at older ages. Although genetic selection for skeletal health has allowed for greatly increased productivity, as well as increased skeletal health, the high demand for Ca to support eggshell formation means that Ca nutrition and skeletal health management are critical factors from the start of the pullet phase to the end of the production cycle.
Pullet management for long-term bone health Because structural bone deposition ceases when the pullet approaches sexual maturity, great care and attention must be paid to pullet skeletal development. Once the hen commences to lay eggs, structural bone can only be depleted as long as she remains in production. Although medullary bone can be deposited and mobilized on a daily basis, and can even accumulate over the laying cycle, it makes only a small contribution to the strength of the skeleton. Figure 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Cross-sections of tibiae from laying hens of various ages. CB = cortical bone; TB = trabecular bone; MB = medullary bone. A) Layer pullet (16 weeks of age) containing only the cortical shell and trabecular struts. Diffuse staining within the cortical shell is an artifact. Structural bone (CB + TB) tissue shows very little in the way of pore formation at this level of magnification. Sexual immaturity was confirmed at time of sampling by the absence of ovary development. B) Laying hen after the first egg was laid, showing the cortical shell, trabecular struts, and medullary bone. The medullary bone is present as small spicules of bone tissue, initially deposited on the surfaces of the structural bone tissues. Pores containing medullary bone within the cortical shell are clearly visible. C) End of lay (67-week old) hen showing depletion of cortical and trabecular bone tissues, and diffuse nature of medullary bone throughout the medullary cavity. MB arrows point to some larger spicules of medullary bone.
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The fundamentals of proper pullet management in general are consistent with the specific requirements for optimising skeletal development at the onset of lay. Maintaining appropriate body weight and condition for age, maintaining high flock uniformity, photo-stimulation at an appropriate physiological state (rather than a specific age) will not only support long-term hen productivity, but also skeletal quality. The importance of excellent pullet management becomes even greater when the long-term demands placed on the bird with longer laying cycles are considered. To support the longer laying cycles currently in use in the egg industry, the pullet skeleton should be managed such that the amount of structural bone is optimized before the point at which structural bone depo-
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sition ceases, and medullary bone formation begins. At that point, the objective is to maximize the amount of medullary bone within the skeletal system. Birds that enter production at too light a body weight are not only susceptible to a post-peak dip in egg production because of limited energy reserves; such birds are also likely to have a small skeleton and limited medullary bone reserves. Frequent weighing of birds can ensure that reductions in growth rate relative to targets are identified and rectified quickly. More frequent feeding, use of higher nutrient density diets, or midnight feeding can be used to increase nutrient intake and therefore body weight gain. Midnight feeding of pullets close to the onset of lay may interfere with the regulation of sexual maturity, and induce pullets to come into production too soon. This underscores the importance of maintaining an appropriate growth rate of pullets from the beginning, rather than responding with drastic measures to a large problem. To ensure the long-term health of the birds, it is important to delay photostimulation of an under-weight flock until an appropriate body size has been reached. Pre-lay diets can be an effective means of preparing the skeletal system, but should be used with caution. Since medullary bone is not deposited until 10 to 14 days before the first egg is laid, the higher Ca level of a pre-lay diet is of no advantage to the bird before this point. Although early work with layer pullets suggested that increasing dietary Ca level well before the 10 to 14 day period in advance of the first egg had no detrimental effect on the productivity and skeletal health of laying hens, such work has not been repeated with modern genetics intended for very long production cycles. Maintaining a high degree of flock uniformity is important, particularly around the onset of lay. The increase in Ca demand to support egg production is the greatest of any nutrient as the bird progresses from immature to mature. This change happens suddenly. With a very uniform flock and appropriate timing of the change from a pullet developer or pre-lay diet to the start lay diet, a high proportion of the flock will have their needs for dietary Ca met. With a non-uniform flock, the first birds that enter lay may not be receiving sufficient Ca, whereas those entering later may be receiving too much Ca, which may alter Ca metabolism and impair the ability to maintain shell quality and a healthy skeleton.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Maintaining a high degree of flock uniformity is important, particularly around the onset of lay. The increase in Ca demand to support egg production is the greatest of any nutrient as the bird progresses from immature to mature. This change happens suddenly. With a very uniform flock and appropriate timing of the change from a pullet developer or pre-lay diet to the start lay diet, a high proportion of the flock will have their needs for dietary Ca metâ&#x20AC;?
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past, their high level of production over long laying cycles can predispose them to problems with skeletal and shell quality in the long term. An egg contains approximately 10% eggshell by weight, meaning a 60 gram egg contains approximately 6 g of shell, comprised of approximately 95% CaCO3, for a total of 2.3 g of Ca.
Layer management for long-term bone health and eggshell quality At the start of the egg production cycle, the hen has the maximum amount of structural bone that she will have, until she goes through a molt. In high-producing hens, the loss of structural bone over time is inevitable, but the key is to minimize the rate at which structural bone is lost. This involves maximizing the extent to which the medullary bone acts as a protective layer on structural bone surfaces, and reducing the need to mobilize bone Ca to support eggshell formation. Therefore, optimising the supply of dietary Ca is essential for long-term skeletal health and eggshell quality. With moderate reductions in dietary Ca from breeder-recommended levels, modern laying hens can maintain high levels of egg production and shell quality, with only minimal effects on skeletal Ca reserves. This indicates both a resistance to slight reductions in Ca and available P supply and an ability to utilize bone mineral reserves to support eggshell formation. Although modern laying hens are more resistant to caged layer fatigue than in the
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This amount of Ca is obtained, in variable proportions, directly from the diet (absorbed from the gut and transported via the blood to the shell gland), or from the bone (bone mineral, both Ca and P, is resorbed by osteoclasts and the Ca transported to the blood to the shell gland. Approximately 60 to 75% of shell Ca is derived directly from the diet on shell-forming days, and the greater the proportion coming directly from the diet, the greater the eggshell quality tends to be. Therefore, factors that increase shell quality will also reduce the need to mobilize bone Ca, and therefore will also tend to maintain skeletal health. On a daily basis, eggshell quality is negatively related to bone strength. This relationship likely also impacts the long-term health of the skeleton, particularly since modern laying hens can maintain shell quality at the expense of bone mineralization. After peak production, the ability to deposit Ca onto the shell remains relatively constant, meaning that increases in egg size after peak production will tend to result in reduced shell quality. Dietary requirements for Ca tend to increase, and for phosphorus (P) tend to decrease as hens age. As hens age, the efficiency of Ca metabolism decreases, and increases in dietary Ca, and a widening of the Ca:available P ratio are intended to counteract this. Care must be taken not to over-feed Ca, which can reduce bone and eggshell quality, and interfere with exogenous phytase activity. Excess dietary P can also reduce shell quality. Because of its importance in Ca and P absorption from the gut, adequate dietary vitamin D activity must also be provided. Feeding of the vitamin D metabolite 25-OH vitamin D3 can help to maintain skeletal and shell quality in high-producing laying hens. A hen will ovulate approximately 15 to 75 minutes following oviposition, and the ovum will take approximately 4.25 hours to reach the shell gland, at which point calcification takes approximately 17 hours. Since hens tend to lay eggs in the morning and the early part of the afternoon, the hen can use dietary Ca and P to replenish medullary bone stores for the first 5 hours after oviposition. When
- nutrition -
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the ovum reaches the shell gland, Ca demand increases dramatically to support eggshell formation. The greatest rate of eggshell mineral accretion occurs from 5 to 15 hours after the egg enters the shell gland, corresponding to the late afternoon and through the night before an egg is laid. If a hen is fed a diet containing only a small-particle Ca source such as finely ground limestone, the intestine will become devoid of a source of Ca during the night, when demand for Ca is highest. At that point, the hen will be entirely reliant on bone Ca to support eggshell formation. However, a large particle (2 to 4 mm), slowly dissolved source of dietary Ca will be retained in the gizzard for a long period of time, and Ca will be gradually released for absorption by the digestive tract, thus providing a direct dietary source of Ca throughout the night, and reducing the need for mobilization of bone Ca. A combination of 1/3 small particle, and 2/3 large particle Ca sources will provide readily available Ca to the hen when feeding begins at the start of the daytime (small particle), as well as a slowly-released source to support eggshell formation during the night (large particle).
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Under conditions of heat stress, increased respiration rate can cause an increase in CO2 loss from the bird. This reduces the pool of bicarbonate ions, and causes respiratory alkalosis, an increase in blood pH. A reduction in bicarbonate ions in the shell gland reduces the formation of CaCO3, and decreases shell quality. Heat stress can also reduce feed intake, thereby reducing Ca intake and shell quality as a consequence. Midnight feeding is the addition of one to two hours of light in the middle of the dark period to all the birds to consume feed. Birds will tend to decrease their feed intake during the day to reduce diet-induced thermogenesis, and will consume a proportion of their daily feed during the night, when temperatures are typically cooler. Thus, overall daily feed (and Ca) intake is increased. Midnight feeding can also have the benefit of providing a dietary source of Ca to support eggshell formation during the night, and reduce reliance on bone reserves. If the supplemental light is provided with a sufficient number of hours of dark before and after, the birds do not perceive the light in the middle of the night as the start of a new day, and regulation of egg production is not impaired.
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Because the henâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Ca and available P requirements, as well as the efficiency of absorption of these nutrients fluctuate throughout the day, some researchers have begun
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glycosyl transferases, and zinc is found in carbonic anhydrase. These trace minerals are involved in the calcification of the collagen matrix of the shell membrane, as well as the formation of the organic matrix of bone. Organic trace minerals can have greater bioavailability than inorganic sources, and increase shell quality. Dietary fat quality can also influence shell quality. Saturated fats in the diet can form insoluble soaps that are not well digested by poultry, although the effect may be greater in broilers than in layers. High levels of salt intake reduce eggshell formation. If the water provided to hens has a high level of sodium, the addition of salt to the diet should be reduced accordingly. There is evidence that at the same level of excess, sodium from water has a greater negative impact on shell quality compared to dietary sodium.
to investigate the concept of split feeding, in which the composition of diets offered to the hen is altered to reflect the changing nutrient requirements over the course of a day. More work is needed to determine whether such an approach can be successful.
In addition to the move towards longer egg production cycles, the global move away from cage housing to more extensive housing systems may also present additional challenges. Although the opportunity for increased exercise may increase bone strength overall, the greater freedom of movement may increase the incidence of keel fractures due to collisions with structures such as perches. As well, the greater exposure of the hens to environmental dust and bacteria can increase systemic inflammation, which in turn could reduce bone and eggshell quality.
In acute situations of reduced shell quality because of feed mixing errors (deficiency in Ca), reduced feed intake due to high environmental temperatures, or other factors, it may be possible to provide additional Ca in the water, or by top-dressing feed with large particle Ca. Water supplementation of Ca can be effective, but caution should be taken, as extended use can lead to lime deposits in water lines and valves, and hens may not be able to regulate their Ca intake. Top-dressing a large-particle Ca source is labour-intensive, but allows the hens ready access to Ca. As hens have an appetite for Ca, and can regulate intake based on need, it is unlikely that hens provided top-dressed feed with will over-consume Ca.
Because structural bone formation does not take place after the onset of lay unless the bird goes through a moult, it is imperative that skeletal quality be maintained at as high a level as possible throughout the laying cycle. Conditions which result in excessive mobilisation of bone mineral to support eggshell formation can result in increased risk of broken bones over time. This not only results in lost productivity and reduced bird welfare, but also in irreparable damage to the skeleton, as long as the hen is in lay. The negative impacts can be managed, but cannot be reversed while the hens are producing eggs. Proper pullet development, the timing of photo-stimulation to ensure the birds have sufficient skeletal development, and using nutritional and management factors to reduce the use of bone Ca to support eggshell formation are key aspects of maintaining skeletal health and shell quality throughout long laying cycles.
A number of other approaches have been used to manage skeletal and eggshell quality in laying hens. Copper is a component of lysyl oxidase, manganese is part of
References are available on request From the 2020 Australian Poultry Science Symposium
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VETERINARY SCIENCE
In-ovo corticosterone alters body composition in 35 day old chicken meat birds J.L. Angove1, N. Willson1, D.J. Cadogan2, P.I. Hynd1 and R.E.A. Forder1 1
Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Adelaide, Roseworthy Campus, Australia 2
Feedworks Pty Ltd. Romsey, Victoria, 3434, Australia
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Increasing evidence suggests early-life exposure to maternal stress can permanently alter the development of an embryo. Such findings have significant application to the chicken meat industry. Therefore, an in-ovo study was developed to investigate the effects of maternal stress in chicken meat birds on subsequent progeny performance traits.
- veterinary science -
VETERINARY SCIENCE
Introduction Human consumption of chicken meat products has risen exponentially over the past five decades and continues to grow on a global scale. Thus chicken meat production has seen unparalleled expansion, to meet the continually increasing consumer demand. Such expansion has resulted in the chicken meat industry being at the forefront of animal production, where advances in animal nutrition and genetics are near optimal. Therefore, producers are continuously looking for new and innovative methods to enhance chicken meat performance, with the maternal environment providing an economically viable method to do so. The maternal environment can be described as the overall environment a female organism encounters at the time of reproduction. Several known factors can influence the maternal environment, including maternal stress, nutrition, geographical location and individual health, ultimately altering progeny development, with permanent phenotypic effects. Previous work has shown that exposure to chronic maternal stress can negatively influence progeny performance in production animals. This is a key finding for the chicken meat industry for two primary reasons. Firstly, the chicken meat breeder industry utilises feed restriction measures in their breeder flocks. Although implemented to enhance reproductive outputs in breeder hens, an increasing body of work suggests the use of feed restriction measures induces chronic stress in breeder hens, prompted by extended periods of prolonged hunger. Secondly, commercial chicken meat birds now spend ~40% of their life within the in-ovo environment and recent findings have clearly exhibited the effects of the in-ovo environment on embryonic development in the chicken. Although there is strong evidence that suggests the maternal environment does impact offspring performance in chicken meat birds, considerable uncertainty still remains as to the precise effects environmental variations have on progeny performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to utilise an in-ovo model to investigate how early-life exposure to stress may influence performance characteristics in subsequent offspring. Additionally, dietary Arg was supplemented as a means of alleviating the negative consequences of in-ovo exposure to CORT. Arg has been documented to enhance protein synthesis,
whilst promoting the secretion of endocrine factors such as the thyroid hormones and growth hormone, both of which are involved in growth and metabolic pathways. Thus, supplementary Arg is hypothesised to alleviate, to some extent, the phenotypic consequences derived from in-ovo exposure to CORT.
Methodology 400 eggs collected from a commercial Cobb 500 broiler breeder flock were separated into two groups, with 200 eggs receiving 1 µg of corticosterone (CORT) dissolved in absolute ethanol and the remaining 200 eggs receiving a control (CON) solution. Solutions were injected into the chorioallontoic membrane at embryonic day 11. At hatch 112 CON and 100 CORT birds were weighed, then separated into four treatment groups, (1) CORT-Control, (2) CORT-Arg, (3) CON-Arg, (4) CON-Control. Birds were provided with ab libitum access to both feed and water. Birds fed an Arg supplemented diet received a standard chicken meat diet + 125% Arg:Lys ratio. Individual bird body weights were recorded weekly, along with pen total feed conversion ratio. A sub-sample of birds, three per treatment (n=12) were humanely killed at day 35 and subjected to a dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry scan (DEXA) to determine total body composition. Analysis of experimental data was performed by linear mixed model analysis following the procedures of IBM ®, SPSS® Statistics 25 program (Armonk, NY, USA). The data were checked for normality by the Shapiro–Wilk test. Non-normalised data was analysed using nonparametric tests including Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal-Wallis. A probability level of less than 5% (P<0.05) was deemed as statistically significant.
Results Weight gain between day 0 and 21 did not differ between CORT or CON treated birds, nor were there any sex dependent effects in relation to in-ovo treatment (P>0.05) (Table 1). Total weight gain from day 0 to 35 did not differ between in-ovo treatments; however a potential sex dependent trend appeared (P>0.05). CORT treated male birds recorded superior weight gain at day 35 compared to CON treated birds. Conversely, CORT treated females recorded lower total weight gain at day 35 than CON
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VETERINARY SCIENCE
significantly influence weight gain at any age (P>0.05). Female birds exposed to CORT in-ovo exhibited greater fat mass (%bwt) and reduced total lean mass (%bwt) at 35 days of age. Conversely, CON treated female birds displayed enhanced total lean mass (%bwt) and reduced total fat mass (%bwt) (Table 2). Supplementation of Arg into the diet did not influence total bird body composition at 35 days of age, although Arg supplementation tended to enhance lean mass and reduce fat mass in CORT treated birds.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Although there is strong evidence that suggests the maternal environment does impact offspring performance in chicken meat birds, considerable Discussion uncertainty still remains as to the precise Although the body of work supporting feed restriction ineffects environmental variations have duced chronic stress in breeder hens is relatively strong, on progeny performance. Therefore, the transgenerational effects exposure to maternal stress has on subsequent performance characteristics in progthe aim of this study was to utilise an eny remains unclear. in-ovo model to investigate how earlyThe present study utilised an in-ovo model to investigate life exposure to stress may influence the potential phenotypic consequences invoked via inperformance characteristics in subsequent ovo exposure to a stressor in chicken meat birds posthatch. Previous work by Hynd et al. (2016) reported a offspring. Additionally, dietary Arg was reduction in male progeny weight at 42 days of age in birds produced from hens subjected to feed restriction supplemented as a means of alleviating measures. These findings corresponded with feed rethe negative consequences of in-ovo stricted hens exhibiting elevated plasma corticosterone concentrations and heterophil/lymphocyte ratios, indicatexposure to CORTâ&#x20AC;? ing elevated levels of stress, which had been previously reported.
treated birds. Additionally, CORT treated males tended to exhibit enlarged breast muscle mass (%bwt), whilst no notable variation was identified in female birds relating to breast muscle mass. Furthermore, FCR was not influenced by in-ovo, nor dietary treatment independently, whilst no interaction was detected between in-ovo and dietary treatments. Female birds fed an Arg supplemented diet tended to exhibit reduced total breast muscle yield (%bwt), whilst no interaction was observed in male birds in relation to diet (P>0.05). Dietary supplementation with Arg did not
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Interestingly, the results from the current study suggests exposure to maternal stress may act in a sex dependent manner. However, it must be noted that significant variability exists within the literature regarding exposure to maternal stress and its ability to disrupt offspring development. Several avian species have been exposed to maternal stress under experimental conditions, with vastly different results reported between species, as well as within species. Furthermore, supplementing diets with additional Arg did not influence weight gain. Arg has been documented to promote protein synthesis as well as influence growth and metabolic pathways associated with the thyroid hormones wand various other growth factors in birds. However, the chickens utilised in the current study were great grandparent birds, where performance variation is greater in birds positioned higher up the breeding pedigree.
- veterinary science -
VETERINARY SCIENCE
The use of such birds may have therefore unintentionally ‘masked’ any offspring phenotypic variation influenced by the dietary and in-ovo treatments administered. Thus, phenotypic variation may occur in separate strains further down the breeding pedigree, as has been reported within the literature. The findings that female birds exposed to CORT exhibited enhanced total fat mass and reduced total lean mass compared to CON birds is somewhat novel. Such variation may eventuate as a consequence of alterations to the hormonal composition of the egg, disrupting physiological processes that influence the number of myofibres developed by the embryo, which is determined embryonically. Although previous studies reported that exposure to maternal stress could ‘influence’ weight gain in numerous avian species, whether such variation was attributed to muscle, fat or bone mass remained elusive. Additionally, supplementing CORT exposed birds with Arg tended to reduce the phenotypic consequences associated with early-life exposure to CORT. Although male total body composition was not measured due to insufficient numbers, these findings in female birds still suggest that the variations to the maternal environment may promote undesirable carcass characteristics in chicken meat birds. However, targeting the maternal environment provides a novel approach to improve total flock uniformity and subsequent carcass characteristics, albeit in a sex- dependent manner. Thus, future studies investigating the maternal environment and its ability to alter offspring development must incorporate total carcass composition along with weight gain and FCR, with specific interest in the sex-dependent variations that predominantly occur. Acknowledgement: the authors would like to thank Feedworks Pty. Ltd., the University of Sydney and the South Australian Research and Development Institute for their contributions to this project. Additionally, many thanks are extended to Associate Professor Kapil Chousalkar & Dr. Chris Schultz for their efforts in supporting this project.
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From the proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium 2020 References available on request
- november 2020 -
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