Zootecnica International – October 2018 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze
How social media and online opinions affect consumer attitudes Cleaning and disinfection as strategic tools for avian production Compatibility of a new multi-strain probiotic with a live-attenuated Salmonella vaccine in chickens
10 2018
The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.
CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net
EDITORIAL The major seed producers in the USA have incorporated beneficial genes into cultivars of crops including maize, cotton, soybeans, potatoes and canola. Specific genes have been introduced either by genetically modified bacteria or direct injection. Individual plants showing the required genotype are crossed with existing cultivars and evaluated for yield, traits of commercial significance, freedom from defects to ensure that the desired genes are expressed in the hybrid progeny. Genetic manipulation parallels selective breeding but can be achieved at a much faster rate, producing crops with characteristics such as drought and frost resistance, and compatibility with specific herbicides to facilitate weed control. In fruits and root crops, ripening and rotting can be modified to enhance saleable yield and the organoleptic qualities of the product. It is evident that the politicians and bureaucrats of the European Union have taken it upon themselves to “protect� their constituencies. As with any innovation in technology, opposition occurs from environmentalists and those self-appointed consumer protectors who wish to return to a more basic way of life, contrary to the needs of modern society and our burgeoning populations. Education is evidently the key to acceptance of genetically modified grains and organisms. Bombarded with disinformation, consumers tend to reject outright any product, especially if it is related to food or health. The reluctance of consumers to accept new technology including genetic modification of grains is understandable. Scientists in Europe should take the lead in educating both the public and legislators in accepting the advantages of new technology. The agricultural community has the responsibility of feeding an ever-growing population. As agriculture reaches the limit of arable land, yields must be increased to supply demand. This requires greater efficiency, which can only be achieved through modern production methods, especially when convergent technologies, such as genetics, biochemistry, and nutrition, can be applied to achieve synergy. Placing onerous restrictions on users of genetically modified grains is unconscionable and ultimately will be to the detriment of consumers in both industrialised and developing countries.
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A S ERVI CE OF
SUMMARY WORLD WIDE NEWS ........................................................................... 4 COMPANY NEWS .................................................................................. 8 COMPANY FOCUS Intracare opens its doors for customers ............................................................ 12 Elinar-Broiler and Meyn. A Russian-American success story ................................ 14
FOCUS
26
Using egg breakouts to improve hatch and poult quality....................................... 16 The five principles of broiler brooding ................................................................ 22
MARKETING How social media and online opinions affect consumer attitudes........................... 26
TECHNICAL COLUMN Tecnoclima SpA, innovative climatic solutions .................................................... 28 Gaining a better understanding of incubation in a hatchery .................................. 30
MANAGEMENT Improvements in the Hendrix Genetics’ breeding and testing program ................... 32
38
Why tunnel ventilation is not a reality in South America........................................ 36 Cleaning and disinfection as strategic tools for avian production ........................... 38 Mesostigmata Dermanyssina mouthparts evolution: from predatorism to parasitism ......................................................................... 42
NUTRITION Effects of dietary insoluble and soluble non-starch polysaccharides on performance and ileal and excreta moisture contents in broilers .............................................. 44 Keel bone integrity in layers ............................................................................. 48 What is the poultry microbiome and why should I care about it?............................ 52
VETERINARY SCIENCE
56
Compatibility of a new multi-strain probiotic with a live-attenuated Salmonella vaccine in chickens ........................................................................ 56
MARKET GUIDE .................................................................................. 60 UPCOMING EVENTS.......................................................................... 63 INTERNET GUIDE ............................................................................... 64
WORLD WIDE NEWS
EuroTier 2018 increasingly international World’s leading trade fair for animal production – World-wide platform for livestock innovation – EnergyDecentral 2018 – International specialist program. Animal welfare and digitization drive innovation At EuroTier, the competition for the most innovative machinery and equipment for international markets will take place. The innovations shown here in the areas of livestock building construction, feeding and husbandry, as well as digital animal monitoring solutions and control technology, will provide a new impetus for efficiency, animal management and animal welfare. An independent, international committee of experts set up by the DLG will again be evaluating the EuroTier innovations submitted by exhibitors, and then award gold and silver medals in accordance with strict criteria.
©Eurotier
“Digital Animal Farming” special feature Under the theme “Digital Animal Farming”, the DLG, together with partners from business, science and consulting, will also be providing information on the significance of digitization for modern livestock farming as part of a special feature at EuroTier 2018. Whether in production monitoring, animal health or animal welfare or also transparency or traceability across the entire processing chain to the consumer, the use of sensors and targeted data management allows the needs of the animals, the environment, the farmer and consumers alike to be taken into account. In Hall 26, a special area will host exhibitors presenting exhibits and explanations on animal husbandry in the digital age. In addition, short lecture events and discussion groups are planned in the forum.
From November 13 to 16, the world’s leading trade fair for animal production, EuroTier 2018, will take place at the Hanover Exhibition Centre. The leading companies in the livestock industry will show a complete range of their products and services, including numerous innovations. So far, more than 2,200 exhibitors from 60 countries have registered for this year’s event. Substantially more than half the exhibitors come from outside Germany. A high level of European participation has been noted, mainly from the Netherlands (187), France (122), Italy (119), Spain (80), Denmark (59), United Kingdom (58), Belgium (50), Austria (50), Turkey (50) and Poland (45). From overseas, China (156) leads the list, followed by Canada (30), USA (25) and India, Pakistan and Korea with about 20 exhibitors each.
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©Eurotier
“From November 13 to 16, the world’s leading trade fair for animal production, EuroTier 2018, will take place at the Hanover Exhibition Centre. The leading companies in the livestock industry will show a complete range of their products and services, including numerous innovations”
WORLD WIDE NEWS
Poultry farming: feeding, air conditioning and animal health in focus
Many meeting places for professional livestock owners
The next World Poultry Show to take place under the aegis of EuroTier will be in 2020 in conjunction with the international poultry industry. Nevertheless, at least 60 registered exhibitors specializing in poultry and covering all poultry product areas will be in Hanover this November. As always, poultry farmers will also find comprehensive information on animal feed, air conditioning, animal health and energy in this cross-species area this year.
Together with partners from business, science, consulting, associations and organizations, the DLG will once again be presenting an extensive specialist program as a supplement to the exhibitors’ offerings this year. These include international conferences and events on current trends and important industry developments.
“EnergyDecentral” – International Trade Fair for Innovative Energy Supply EnergyDecentral, the international trade fair for innovative energy supply that takes place parallel to EuroTier, is all about energy from renewable sources such as biogas, biogenic solid fuels, engine systems (CHP), wind power, solar energy and smart energy. In a special feature this year, visitors can expect a show with live commentary organized by the DLG. This will show how photovoltaics, wind and biogas can intelligently supply all electricity consumers with green electricity on demand.
Travel service for foreign visitors The DLG is once again organizing a comprehensive travel service for visitors to EuroTier, with 72 travel partners in about 50 countries helping to organize transport and accommodation. The list of partners can be found at www.eurotier.com/en/visitorservice/travel-partner/. For more information: www.eurotier.com
Since 1988 Agritech has been a European leader in the manufacturing and supply of fibreglass silos in a capacity range from 2 to 75 m3 , specially designed in a modular way for compact road and container transportation, and to allow an easy assembly. Now, Agritech is proud to introduce a brand new line of ownconceived poultry products including: feed pans in highlyresistant polypropylene for an accurate feed distribution to broilers and breeders ; nipple drinking systems with dripcups to prevent water dispersion; high volume fans, heaters and gas brooders to provide efficient climate control in the barns. For more information please visit our website www.agritech.it
1987-2017
30
Years Via Rimembranze, 7 - 25012 CALVISANO (BS) ITALY - tel. +39 0309968222 r.a. - fax +39 0309968444 - e-mail: agritech@agritech.it - www.agritech.eu
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WORLD WIDE NEWS
Livestock facilities lead global farmers’ investment intentions The Summer 2018 Agrifuture Insight chart shows the investment focus of many of the world’s farmers is in livestock facilities – Russia is concentrating on the arable sector to capitalize on export trade. Investment in livestock production facilities is a particular focus of farmers in many parts of the world, with the plans being driven by domestic requirements in many regions. The DLG-Agrifuture Insights chart of the month for July reveals that farmers in Germany, Brazil, France and South Africa are all planning to put the majority of their investments this year into facilities for livestock. In Germany, for example, the investments are mainly aimed at implementing new requirements for improved animal welfare, and to meet the latest environmental legislation following the introduction of the country’s new Fertilizer Ordinance, such as creating additional storage space for manure. In contrast, the main motivation for investment by farmers in South Africa is planned expansion and modernization of the country’s livestock sector. In Brazil, a quarter of livestock farmers surveyed by DLG-Agrifuture Insights plan to invest in new poultry houses. This is because the global demand for poultry meat is growing, and producers want to strengthen their position in export markets and participate in the sector’s growth.
Meanwhile, investment intentions in Russia focus on the arable sector, with half the farmers surveyed planning to invest in crop production and foreign trade. Increased exports are creating the opportunity to modernize farm machinery to increase efficiency and production capacity.
6th Mediterranean Poultry Summit: talks, experts and latest poultry research The Mediterranean Poultry Summit (MPS) took place in Turin, last June and was one of the main events for researchers and professionals involved in the poultry sector this year. The Italian MPS follows successful summits in Greece (2008), Turkey (2009), Egypt (2012), Beirut (2014) and on a cruise around the sea of Italy-Spain-France (2016). Scientific program was very interesting with a high level of speakers, research and keynote speakers, coming from 30 countries and with more than 200 participants by the poultry industry, research’s experts and young passionate students available to discuss the most relevant topics on poultry science. The event was organized with the help of the Italian Branch of WPSA, the scientific committee, headed by Dr. Martino Cassandra, and all members of the organizing committee, headed by Ghassan Sayegh. The MPN - Mediterranean Poultry Network - was established in 2008 and presently operates under the umbrella of Working Group (WG 11) which is for Education and Information.This unit is part of the WPSA European Federation.The MPN was formed for the purpose of promoting WPSA activities in all the Mediterranean countries and to help expand its membership in the region. Its main function is to organize the MPS once every two years in one of the countries of the region and to spread knowledge in the poultry sciences through education, research and services. For more information: Website: www.mpn-wpsa.org - Email: torino2018@mpn-wpsa.org
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WORLD WIDE NEWS
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COMPANY NEWS
Bess Lab - DACS MagFan ONe best in test DACS energy efficient ventilation systems significantly reduce operating cost compared to competitors. This, without compromising the in-house climate or the production results. With the new test report from Bess Lab in hand, the company clearly demonstrated that DACS is ahead of the competition.
MagFan ONe is the company's “conventional” ON/OFF wall fan. The MagFan ONe simply sets new standards in terms of efficiency, capacity and pressure performance. It will simply revolutionize the market for ON/OFF wall mount fans. MagFan ONe is in every aspect identical to the existing MagFan, except it is an on/off fan. It is still a direct drive fan, so no belts and pulleys - hence no maintenance. MagFan ONe in short: • Capacity up to 69.500 m3/h (40900 cfm) • Air Flow Ratio (AFR) is 0.85 • 22.4 cfm/Watt @ -25 Pascal (0.1" WC) • At -25 Pascal (0.1" WC) Magfan ONe delivers 62.400 m3/h (36700 CFM) • Pressure capability up to 100 Pascal • Runs voltages from 380VAC to 440VAC, 50Hz • Asynchronous 3-phase motor: 1,8kW @ 720 rpm For more information: www.dacs.dk
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COMPANY NEWS
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COMPANY NEWS
Jamesway Incubator Company appoints new President Jamesway Incubation Company Inc., incubation and hatchery equipment manufacturer, recently announced that Denis Kan, CPA, CMA, will assume the role of President replacing former president Christopher Omiecinski. way continues to acquire market share in the hatchery sector. Denis Kan brings a strong set of technical and analytical skills in financial management, reporting, and organization & planning coupled with key knowledge in operational monitoring, analysis and control and strong business acumen in strategic analysis & planning and tactical business & process alignment. He has experience directly in field sales and national accounts as well as a history of partnering with sales to work with strategic customers. Jamesway welcomes the senior management change and looks forward to continued growth with Kan at the helm.
Jamesway has appointed Denis Kan to serve as President
In his former positions as Jamesway C.O.O. and Director of Finance, Kan has led the company through many new processes and has used his formidable organizational skills to propel the company to new achievements. As President, Denis Kan can be expected to continue this forward surge as James-
Jamesway is the reference incubator company for the global poultry industry. The company plans, designs, installs, and maintains incubation and ventilation systems for hatcheries, offering the most reliable products and worry-free customer services on the market. Founded in 1890, Jamesway Incubator has evolved into an international company with facilities in Canada, USA, China, and Russia that service over 1.800 customers in 150 countries.
Hy-Line Distributor opens world’s largest layer hatchery Hy-Line International, the world leader in layer poultry genetics, recently commemorated the grand opening of the world’s largest layer hatchery by Huayu Agricultural Technology Co., Ltd., named the Huayu International Poultry Incubation Center. The celebration took place in Handan in China’s Hebei Province with 500 participants, including local and provincial government officials. This hatchery has a production capacity of 60 million female commercial chicks annually. “I congratulate the Huayu team, headed by its president, Mr. Lianzeng Wang, for their vision of the changing demands and even leading the change in the China layer market,” said Jonathan Cade, President of Hy-Line International.
HUAYU International Poultry Incubation Center
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The hatchery equipment, design, construction and biosecurity are world-class. The facility includes an international training and conference centre, which hosted the 2018 International Layer Industry Innovation Summit in conjunction with the grand opening celebration. - company news -
Jonathan Cade and Charley Zheng inside the HUAYU Hatchery
COMPANY NEWS
Meyn acquires Italian based enterprise Maxitech North American market for now. For the rest of the world, we promote the current Meyn arrival portfolio (EVO, Drawer, and Grande Drawer systems)”.
Going one step further with Maple Leaf Meyn Food Processing Technology BV, announced that they have established Meyn Italy SRL, and have acquired the assets of Maxitech SRL and Maxi STM; both Italian companies specialized in world-class live bird handling solutions. Ms. Federica Martinazzi has been appointed Operations Director of Meyn Italy SRL. Meyn is the global market leader in poultry processing solutions with an extensive portfolio of poultry processing machines, Maxitech’s Maxiload system will be a great addition to Meyn’s family of products. Erik Blom, Managing Director Meyn, said: “Incorporating Maxitech’s Maxiload product line in our existing portfolio creates an even stronger Live Bird Handling proposition for the North American market. We have a lot of respect for the accomplishments of the Maxitech team and the successful solutions they have developed for the market. I look forward to working together as we integrate their company into our operations. The focus for the Maxitech products will be the
Meyn is very proud to announce that Maple Leaf has selected the Meyn Maxiload - live bird handling - system for their Edmonton facility. Maple Leaf is investing heavily to ensure optimal animal care during the live reception and stunning process while ensuring safe and healthy working conditions for all employees. The installation includes the Maxiload controlled atmosphere stunning (CAS) technology in combination with Meyn Maxiload Arrival system. This system ensures a smooth daily operation with higher productivity and enables Maple Leaf to increase animal welfare and quality of the final product. “We are deploying world-class technologies and best practices that support our goal to eliminate stress and pain and provide humane treatment of animals in our care while enhancing employee health and safety and food quality, “ said Michael McCain, president, and CEO, Maple Leaf Foods. For more information: www.meyn.com
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27-29 mar 2019
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COMPANY FOCUS
Intracare opens its doors for customers More than 40 different nationalities visited the Intracare production plant in The Netherlands. On June 19th, over 150 people from 40 different countries visited Intracare B.V. for an open doors day at the production plant in Veghel, the Netherlands. In the run-up to VIV Europe 2018, many customers were already planning to visit the Netherlands for this big event. Intracare saw this planning as a great opportunity and invited all of its customers on the day before the VIV started.
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COMPANY FOCUS
An innovative company Intracare is a fast growing innovative company, which is producing products that fulfil the latest technology in hygiene, liquid feed supplements and hoof- and skin care. Due to Intracare’s fanatic distributor network, Intracare products are available in more than 80 countries all over the world. Intracare organized a bus service to guide all visitors to the plant. A part of the plant is still under construction, as the laboratory facilities will be extended for the coming year. A few years ago Intracare also opened a GMP pharma area for the production of veterinary medicines. The GMP facilities and HVAC system are designed and built according to the latest demands. Intracare is licensed to produce veterinary medicines and active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). With this new step the company is more flexible to develop new medicines and bring them to the market much faster. There is a worldwide demand for the reduction of the amount of antibiotics in the intensive livestock industry. Intracare is constantly working on innovative new strategies to replace antibiotics and at the same time keep the animals healthy.
Intracare, Intracare proudly announced a speech of the Mayor of this Agrifood area. The Mayor of Meierijstad – Kees van Rooij (Veghel and surrounding area) emphasized the huge expertise of feed- and food production, which is available in this area of the Netherlands. “We call this area the AgriFood Capital from the Netherlands with companies like Intracare, The Heus, Nutrifeed and Royal Canin and with an inland shipping terminal, an airport in Eindhoven and a new highway, Veghel is also a perfect platform for distributing products to the worldwide market.” Also, Dr. Dirk Lorenz Meyer from Behn Meyer Co., Ltd (BM) was present during this open doors day of Intracare. Behn Meyer recently became a partner of Intracare for South-East Asia and guarantees further development of Intracare as an innovator. With the expertise and sales power of BM, Intracare and its customers will benefit from this cooperation in all aspects. The guided tour and look behind the scenes led to many enthusiastic reactions and feedback from their guests. The high tech facilities, the dedication of the Intracare team, the GMP pharma area and a future view in the new laboratories, which are partly still under construction, highlighted this tour.
During the open doors day, the Intracare team welcomed its guests with a lunch and a welcoming speech. After the welcoming words of Jan van Geest, Commercial Director of
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For more information: avdvondervoort@intracare.nl – www.intracare.nl
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COMPANY FOCUS
Elinar-Broiler and Meyn A Russian-American success story Elinar-Broiler Poultry Farm in the Moscow region of Central Russia is a perfect example of successful business collaboration between American and Russian poultry specialists. In April 1994, they decided on a Joint Venture Company called “Elinar-Broiler”. It was to combine proven Meyn poultry technology with Russian land, infrastructure and local human resources.
From left to right: Area sales manager Vadim Konkov, from Meyn Moscow office; Vladimir Rogov, General Director of Elinar-Broiler and Robbert Birkhoff, Director Sales and Projects, Meyn Food Processing Technology B.V.
Production of whole chicken, and later chicken parts, was the goal, and results have been exceptional. Favorable domestic poultry prices and good weather saw a growing poultry industry in 2017, which is likely to grow further by 1.64% in 2018 - to a total of 4.02 million tons of poultry meat. Consolidation of production at large market players is set to continue. Recent Elinar-Broiler investments have been in to cut up and deboning, as the most profit generating segments. The management decided to upgrade the sorting line with a new DVC digital camera, for 100% total quality control. A new precise weigher and a new automatic rehanger RM-1200 have also been added. An efficient Physic HS cut up system is equipped with brand new high yield Meyn cut up developments such as a Whole Wing Cutter HR, a Breast Cap Cutter, a Leg Processor HY and a Drum/Thigh Separator.
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Vladimir Rogov, General Director of Elinar-Broiler, shared his vision: “Quality and freshness are the most important differentiators for our ‘First Fresh®’ branded products. The brand name tells customers that we guarantee the highest quality of our poultry product. Clever consumers will not keep buying product with a well-known name, but with bad quality, and the Meyn staff help us a lot in our daily business. We are very glad that we chose Meyn, and that we have Meyn near us.” Plant upgrades are configured to reliably match the capacity of 10,500 birds per hour. Elinar-Broiler products are delivered to stores in the mornings, within 2-3 hours of production. It means they have the longest “First Freshness” shelf life in the industry (up to 10 days). Teamwork is actively promoted, and Elinar-Broiler remains true to its collective roots, with good working conditions, competitive salaries, and support with housing problems.
COMPANY FOCUS
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FOCUS
Using egg breakouts to improve hatch and poult quality Egg breakout or hatch residue analysis is one of the most powerful diagnostic tools in a hatchery. Breakouts can be used to aid troubleshooting, establish trends, and optimize hatch results. The egg tells a story of the timeline of events from when the egg is formed inside the hen all of the way through the hatching process. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT Day1
Day2
Day3
Day4
Day5
Day6
Day7
Day8
Embryonic disc measures 6 -10.5mm
Eyes can be seen
Embryo measures 10-26mm depending on age of hen and age of eggs
Blood vessels first evident
Head continues to grow
Heartbeat is visible
Limbs growing
Head is more than the half the size of the embryo
22mm
Day9
Limbs continue to grow
33mm
Day13 Feather follicles can be seen on the head
48mm
Day17 Down first appears
73mm
Day21 Growth phase
105mm
Day25 Yolk sac partially drawn into body
Day10 Piping tooth appears
16
Limbs become more distinctive
38mm
Day14
47mm
Day15
Feather follicles over entire head
Day16
Embryo growing
Toenails distinct
56mm
53mm
Day18
64mm
Day19
Brown coloured down appears on head (white turkeys)
Day20
Down covers over half of body
Embryo covered with down
95mm
85mm
Day22
98mm
Day23
Growth phase
Day24
Growth phase
Growth phase
105mm
105mm
Day26
105mm
Day27
Yolk sac almost completely into body
Michelle Behl, M.S, Ph.D., Director of Poult Quality for Select Genetics
Day12
Legs and wings discernable
36mm
105-110mm
28mm
Day11
Day28
Yolk sac completely into body
120mm
Hatched poult
120mm
Egg breakouts do not substitute looking at the birds, but provide important insight into breeder nutrition, health, egg handling, incubating and hatching parameters. When used in conjunction with other hatchery tools, significant progress can be made. Unfortunately, breakouts are often times overlooked and underutilized due to the lack of understanding their importance, inability to interpret them or lack of time and resources. - focus -
Would you diagnose a flock issue or try to optimize flock performance without looking at the mortality or examining the flock’s history? Of course you wouldn’t! Breakouts should not be considered any differently. How can we diagnose hatch issues, establish trends, or optimize hatchability without considering embryonic mortality? The answer is we can’t! While most hatcheries conduct some sort of hatch residue breakout, the program is often times lackluster. The program may only consist of looking at the “poor hatches”, only look at one tray or use generic breakout sheets. In order to establish trends, track embryonic changes, or identify potential areas to improve hatch, you must examine the breakouts thoroughly and frequently. In order to understand the “poor hatches”, you must understand what embryonic mortality is in the “good hatches” and have a base understanding as to what is “normal” for specific lines and for specific weeks in lay. Once “normal” has been established and expectations are set, slight variation can be easily seen. In Figure 1, you can see three life of flock breakouts by hatch of fertile (HOF) broken down by week of lay (WOL). Each of these flocks tells us a very different story. How we optimize hatch and poult quality in each scenario is very different. Examination of one tray is insufficient to give an accurate representation as to what is going on in a machine or flock. Breakouts will change based on location in the cooler, incubator, and or hatcher. One tray is not a large enough sample size to account for all the inherent hatchery variables. For example if you breakout one tray from the same location every hatch, you will miss the bigger picture. What if the tray you sampled always contained late hatches, because it is from the cool spot in the incubator? You could potentially miss problems with the rest of the machine exhibiting classic signs of overheating, such as increased late dead and short deformed legs.
FOCUS WHAT IS A GOOD QUALITY HATCHING EGG? Furthermore, breakout profiles change alongside genetics. Genetic progress affects embryonic growth. Trends and patterns are slowly changing and evolving over time and the aforementioned life of flock HOF graphs will change slightly over time as will the embryonic requirements. These small changes will go unnoticed if routine breakouts are not being analyzed and the opportunities for optimizing embryonic requirements will be missed. Many hatcheries use a very generic and general breakout sheet. This typically characterizes the week of embryonic death and a few other categories unrelated to incubation, such as cracked or rots. An example of a generic breakout form can be seen in Figure 2. The key to unlocking the potential diagnostic tool of egg breakouts lies in the specificity of the breakouts. Embryos are very sensitive to toxins and nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, toxin and nutritional
Good quality hatching eggs
Eggs with an increased risk of lower hatchability or contamination
Reject eggs like these
Good
Blood on shell
Cracked
Misshape
Good 1
Elongated
Hairline crack
Soft-shell
Good 2
Rough shell
Heavily cleaned
Toe punch
Slight soiling
Large
Wrinkled shell
White shell
Small
Soiled
Skin
Yolk on shell
deficiencies will show up in the embryo before clinical signs will be seen in the breeder flock regarding health or egg production. The more detailed and descriptive the breakouts can be, the more useful the information becomes. For example, if you have a number of embryos that are classified as late dead, and don’t know any further details, there are about a dozen different things
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FOCUS
If you take that same set of breakouts, classify them as an internally pip deads with residual albumen, deformed legs, and short legs, a very different picture starts to develop. Once a clearer picture is revealed, you can then begin to tackle the root of the issue and progress can be made. There are many other scenarios, similar to this one, which is just one very small example. In Figure 3, you will see an example of a very detailed residue breakout form. The concept of “normal” must be established with regards to embryonic lesions. Just as we previously saw embryonic mortality characteristics by HOF Rack
Figure 1 – Embryonic mortality by hatch of fertile (HOF) and week of lay (WOL)
that could have caused the increase in mortality. It could have been an issue in the incubator, the hatcher, in the transfer process itself, in egg handling, or it may even be “normal” for this particular week of lay.
Infertile 1to3 4to6 7to10 11to16 16to20 21to24 25 day dead InternalPipDead EXT(Pip Dead) PIPAL(Exhausted) PIPAL(LateHatch) Exha St To Shell Exh Late Cracked Malformations Cull Egg Rots TransferCrack Asper Big Belly Blue Legs Deformed Legs Infected Yolk M iowae Malpositions Mottled Yolk Pipping Muscle Residual Albumen Ruptured Yolk Short Legs Skin Necrosis Thin Shell Urates
HOS HOF %Fertile
503 WL 15 15 7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 2 5 0 4 2 2 0 0 0 2 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 2 2 0 2 5 2 0
22 7 6 1 1 4 0 3 0 0 7 2 0 1 1 5 0 3 0 0 4 2 1 1 0 0 5 6 2 0 1 7 15 0
90% 93% 96%
84% 89% 95%
Figure 3 – Detailed breakout form
Figure 2 – Generic breakout form
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341 WL 16
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509 WL 15 503 WL 15 27 12 11 3 1 2 0 1 1 7 4 5 1 0 0 0 0 2 3 0 4 3 0 1 0 0 3 5 2 0 2 3 6 0 80% 86% 93%
43 4 4 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 16 7 7 2 1 2 0 2 2 0 13 3 1 7 0 0 7 11 0 0 2 14 34 1
76% 85% 89%
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Driving innovation, research and performance for turkey producers worldwide - october 2018 19
FOCUS
and week of lay in three flocks, breakout lesions will also vary based on flock and week of lay. The accompanying breakout lesions with flocks previously analyzed can be seen in Figure 4. The lesions provide additional information on how to tackle the individual flock issues. The two most stressful times for an embryo are when the embryo initially starts to develop and during the hatching process. Therefore the bulk of the embryonic mortality will occur at that time. With regards to lesions, embryos will undergo changes in gene expression due to environmental stressors for survival.
Environmental stressors are only one of the many causes of abnormal breakouts. Other causes of abnormal breakouts include breeder flock nutrition, fertility, and health, egg handling, as well as incubator and hatcher conditions. It is not enough to identify the stage in embryonic mortality, lesions, and abnormal breakouts, you must also be able to interpret what the data is telling you. Table 1 gives a list embryonic mortality and lesions and their potential causes. Egg breakouts take time and resources but are an essential hatchery operation to identify normal and abnormal patterns of development. Whilst the payback is not initially as obvious as
“The more detailed and descriptive the breakouts can be, the more useful the information becomes. For example, if you have a number of embryos that are classified as late dead, and don’t know any further details, there are about a dozen different things that could have caused the increase in mortality” Table 1 – Embryonic mortality and potential causes which should be considered (DIC = day in cycle) Observation
Potential causes
Infertile
Farm problem. Extreme overheating/chilling prior to or at set (early dead- not a true infertile).
DIC 1-3
Farm problem with egg handling, cooler conditions, semen quality. Too long pre-warm. Eggs stored for a prolonged period of time.
DIC 4-6
Same as listed for DIC 1-3 but the insult was less severe.
DIC 7-10
Pre-incubation. Too high temp during week 1. Lack of turning at set.
DIC 11-15
Not very common. All previous mentioned hatchery issues but to a lesser degree.
DIC 16-20
Common if eggs are overheated during the 2nd week of incubation. More common in multi-stage systems.
DIC 21-24
Inadequate moisture loss. Lack of oxygen. Depends on accompanying lesions.
DIC 25
Common. Key is in accompanying lesions.
Externally Pipped Dead
Inadequate moisture loss. Hatcher temperature too high. Weak embryo.
Pipped Alive Exhausted
Can be similar to Ext pip dead but to a lesser degree. Larger hatch window- later hatching poults are not in sync with the hatcher profile.
Pipped Alive Late
Inadequate start time. Too long pre-warm. Too low of a temperature in incubator or hatcher. Humidity spray nozzle issues.
Exhausted Stuck to Shell
Moisture loss issues in incubation. Most common for overheating in hatchers. Low RH in hatchers.
Exhausted Late
Lower than optimal temps in hatchers. Embryo out of sync with hatcher profile. Uneven hatch timing.
Short Shanks
Overheating in the second and beginning of third week. Inadequate moisture loss.
Deformed Legs
Slight overheating over a long period of time.
Malposition
Severe overheating at any stage of incubation. Lack of turning. Eggs stored for prolonged periods of time.
Residual Albumen
Inadequate moisture loss. Overheating in the second and third week. Lack of turning at set and during the second and third weeks. Egg handling. Eggs did not have enough time to “breathe” prior to set. Eggs packed in paper.
No Visible Lesions
Depends on the level of mortality. Typically indicates a sudden severe problem.
Skin Necrosis
Overheating in hatchers with or without high humidity.
Urates
Cooling or overheating during the second half of incubation.
Ruptured Yolk
Overheating during the third and beginning of fourth week or too rough at transfer
Malformations
Depends on the type of malformation: Eye abnormalities/ectopic viscera- High temps DIC 1-6 Brain abnormalities- High temp DIC 0-3. Parrot beak/Micromelia- Nutritional
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Meet us at EUROTIER 2018 Hall 17, booth A39 Figure 4 – Breakout lesions by hatch of fertile and week of lay
one would like, it will pay significant dividends when problems emerge. Therefore, a concerted effort must be made to ensure breakouts are being done frequently and thoroughly.
Summary The opportunity is in the trends and details. Nowhere else can anyone find a record of events from embryo formation to hatch. Breakouts will tell you all that you need to know, you just need to look and listen. Many opportunities are thus being missed by overlooking and underutilizing egg breakouts. The answers are often times right in front of us.
Tel. +45 7577 1922 l mail@dacs.dk I www.dacs.dk
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ŠMipoultry.com
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The five principles of broiler brooding The performance potential of the modern broiler has reached such a level that, for farmers who are able to achieve top potential, profits will more than compensate the efforts made to get there. Investing in new technologies, while important, is not the only way to reach top performance potential. Simple efforts such as paying attention to what happens in a chicken house and taking care of the needs of broilers can have a significant impact.
by Andrea Pizzabiocca Courtesy of Cobb-Vantress
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As the potential for growth has increased in recent years, so too has the importance and influence of a chick’s first days of life on final meat results. Since broilers are able to achieve their processing weights in fewer days than in the past, the brooding part of their life represents a higher percentage of their total life. Additionally, in the first week of its life, a chick has the highest potential for growth and development that it will ever have, being able to multiply its weight by more than 4.6 times in the first seven days. This growth potential is fundamental for digestive, immune and cardiovascular systems. If systems such as intestines are not fully developed in the first week, chicks will have less capacity to assimilate feed in the following weeks with a higher final FCR. Also, a less-developed immune system will make chicks less resistant to diseases, which presents an animal welfare issue. - focus -
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To achieve optimal chick growth during their first week of life, Cobb has identified the following five key principles:
Temperature When chicks arrive at a farm, they cannot control or adjust their internal temperature until seven days of age. This means that producers must be the ones to provide chicks an environment where they can stay in their thermoneutral zone so that they do not need to divert energy normally used for growth and development to compensate for the adverse conditions. A chick that feels too cold will limit its activity to reduce heat loss and conserve energy, and feed will be used as fuel for heating instead of as protein and energy for growth. Similarly, an excessively hot environment will lead to waste of energy since an overheated chick will start panting to get rid of the excess heat. The correct temperatures to provide chicks when they arrive are 32-33 °C for the air, 30-32 °C for the litter and at least 28 °C for the concrete. The litter and concrete temperatures are very important since the feet of the chicks are the part of their body from where they tend to lose most of their heat. All of these temperatures will also depend on parameters like relative humidity and the type of heating used (e.g., radiant brooders, forced air heaters, etc.).
and reduced since chicks will just try to stay alive and only use whatever protein and energy is left for development. Inadequate feed amounts can also lead to loss of weight/uniformity and increased culls and mortality as chicks will be more sensitive to disease challenges and will have depleted immunity levels following early vaccinations. To achieve the correct feed intake, make access to feed as easy as possible. Cobb-Vantress advises poultry men to cover at least 50 percent of the brooding area with good-quality paper and provide at least 75 grams of feed per chick on the paper. This allows all chicks to have adequate feed available and will make for an easier transition to the automatic feeding system. It is also possible, especially with partial house brooding, to use trays or supplemental manual feeders. If using manual feeders, make sure that there is at least one per 50 chicks and that they never run empty since that will create a huge stress for chicks, leading to reduced growth.
Water The importance of providing fresh, good-quality water is often underestimated but vitally important. In fact, a young chick’s body is more than 70 percent water. Water is a critical component of chick development, helping to transfer nutrients, remove
“As the potential for growth has increased in recent years, so too has the importance and influence of a chick’s first days of life on final meat results. Since broilers are able to achieve their processing weights in fewer days than in the past, the brooding part of their life represents a higher percentage of their total life” Observing the behavior of the birds will help signal if they are comfortable or not. Chicks should be evenly spread across the brooding area eating, drinking, walking and “talking” to each other. Do not forget to directly measure the chicks’ temperature with a cloaca thermometer to confirm the well-being of birds, which should read 40.4-40.6 °C in the first five to seven days and 41.5 °C later.
Feed Feed intake makes it possible for chicks to grow, developing necessary tissues and systems. It is fundamental that chicks have easy and unrestricted access to feed from the start. Their growing potential is highest during the first week and will naturally decrease in the following weeks. However, this will be irreversibly reduced if a correct seven-day weight is not achieved. In a chick’s first days, protein and energy from the feed will be used for basic metabolic needs and for development of vital systems like the skeletal, digestive and immune. Therefore, if not enough feed is available, development will be delayed
toxic substances, and disperse heat and chemical reactions. Also, remember: Feed consumption is directly correlated to water consumption, so if chicks do not drink enough they will also not eat enough. There are many systems available to provide water for chicks, both open and closed varieties. Nipple drinkers are the most hygienic option and also provide easy distribution to the chicks. When using these, there are several rules to follow to ensure water intake is correct. The first parameter is temperature. This can be difficult to manage, given high brooding temperatures and the low consumption during a chick’s first days, causing water temperature to exceed the recommended level. Water temperatures higher than 25 °C will have a negative impact on consumption. If the water temperature exceeds 25 °C, then it is necessary to flush the lines at least three times each day in the first week. This will also help in maintaining clean drinker lines and removing biofilm. Calculate two seconds in flushing mode (one to two bars) per 1 meter of drinker line length. A water flow through nipples of 40 milliliters per minute is recommended in the first week, but always follow manufacturers’
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instructions. Keep nipple height slightly above the chicks’ heads and check that they can drink with their feet flat on the ground. Water line distribution is also critical, as chicks should not have to travel more than three meters to find water and no more than two meters between drinkers and feeders. This is especially important when brooding in the center of the house. As soon as birds are allowed to go to the sides closer to the walls, drinkers in these portions of the house should be lowered immediately.
operated on a timer with a starting cycle of one minute on, then four minutes off. Air entering the house should be the correct speed and pressure to ensure that it reaches the top of the house where hot air tends to rest. Additionally, make sure there is no air movement over 0.3 meters per second at chick level, to avoid chilling. (Regardless of air temperature, remember that in the first five to seven days, chicks are unable to control their own internal temperature.)
Air
Light
Though often forgotten as such, oxygen is another critical nutrient for all living organisms. Provide chicks with an atmosphere that has no less than 19.6 percent oxygen. The easiest way to check if there is enough oxygen in a broiler house is by measuring the level of carbon dioxide, which has a direct correlation to the oxygen level. The carbon dioxide concentration should never be above 3,000 parts per million.
Chicks need a bright environment so that they can easily identify and locate feed and water. The maximum variation in light intensity between the darkest and the brightest spots in the house should be no more than 20 percent. Greater variations will have a negative impact on bird distribution, leading to uniformity and sizing issues. After seven days, it will be possible to start reducing light intensity and providing several hours of darkness to allow birds to follow the natural circadian cycle. However, be sure to always follow local legislation as this may affect your light program.
Install a minimum ventilation system to ensure that chicks have the correct air quality, as this system will be responsible for removing the air in the chicken house and replacing it with fresh air from the outside. The fan capacity used must be able to exchange the entire air volume in the house in eight minutes (fans needed = house volume/8/single fan capacity). Fans should be
The above rules are all of equal importance — don’t sacrifice one for the other. For instance, if feed is available but temperatures are off, chicks will either not eat (too hot) or use feed to produce heat rather than for development (too cold). Alternatively, if temperatures are correct but there is not enough feed or water, chicks again will not grow. Or, if oxygen levels are too low, chicks will have little to no activity, as well as less water and feed intake, which leads to less growth. Chicks have an extraordinary potential for growth and performance, but they need our help and care to reach it. Every extra effort made during their first days, such as providing the correct environment and easy access to good-quality feed and fresh water, will be repaid in excess in the final performance data.
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MARKETING
How social media and online opinions affect consumer attitudes Social media can be considered a double-edged sword when it comes to communicating about food and agriculture. On one hand, platforms like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram allow farmers to easily connect to a wide audience to share images and stories of life on the farm – for free. On the other, social media allows anyone with a keyboard to consider themselves a journalist and helps a vocal minority sound much larger. “#Chicken” has been used nearly 18 million times, “#Turkey” appears in more than 32 million posts and “#Eggs” almost 9 million. Farmers and food companies must be part of this dialog – our customers expect it. When they post questions or concerns on social media, 84 percent of consumers expect a response within 24 hours. If we aren’t there to address issues on social media, our detractors certainly will be.
Hannah ThompsonWeeman Animal Agriculture Alliance Arlington, VA USA
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The majority of Americans – more than 80 percent – have a presence on at least one social media network, and they aren’t just using them to stay in touch with family. According to the Pew Research Center, two-thirds of Americans get at least some of their news on social media, with two-in-ten saying they do so often. Why does this matter for animal agriculture? Much of this online conversation revolves around food. On Instagram, the “food” hashtag has been used more than 260 million times. - marketing -
In addition to spreading falsehoods about agriculture on social media, activist groups also use social platforms to target companies
MARKETING
The Animal Agriculture Alliance uses social media to share positive information about animal agriculture and dispel myths
Animal rights activist groups who are opposed to animal agriculture’s mere existence rely heavily on social media to promote their campaigns and share myths and misinformation with consumers. The Humane Society of the United States and Mercy for Animals each have more than 2.5 million “likes” on Facebook. One extreme group, Direct Action Everywhere, even livestreams “open rescues” (where activists trespass on farms at night and steal livestock and poultry) and protests on its page. Other social media influencers with large followings also share inaccurate information that can make consumers concerned about the safety and ethics of their food – the “Food Babe” (more than 1 million Facebook “likes”) and David Wolfe (12 million) for example. The vast majority of Americans are multiple generations removed from farms with little to no direct exposure to or knowledge of animal agriculture, leaving them susceptible to believing the myths and misinformation that is abundant online. That means it is critical for animal agriculture to step up to the plate and be part of the online conversation about food and farming. We need to ensure that the first time consumers see the inside of a barn and learn about procedures used on farms the message is coming from farmers and ranchers and is presented accurately – not by activist groups with an agenda and no interest in sharing balanced information. From the Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Conference - october 2018 -
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TECHNICAL COLUMN
Tecnoclima S.p.A., innovative heating solutions Tecnoclima S.p.A. is a leading Italian company that has been operating in the Warm Air Heating market for more than 40 years, offering solutions and products for the livestock farming and agriculture. from thousands of successful installations around the world: • quick and easy installation; • accessories to meet any requirement and different types of installations; • reliable and durable operation; • ideal heating level for the different stages of growth; • high quality of air; • high efficiency and fuel saving; • choice of the highest quality materials specifically suitable for use in poultry farms and livestock; • technical assistance service.
SUPERCIKKI – Proven technology
Ekocikki heater, duck farm, Spain.
All products are entirely designed and manufactured in Italy, certified according to current regulations in various international markets and subjected to the most rigorous quality and reliability controls. Innovation, technology and customer focus have always been the hallmarks of Tecnoclima proposal. Tecnoclima sales organization supports customers in identifying the best heating and ventilation solutions. The technical service assures a timely and competent presales assistance and service support after installation. The heaters developed by Tecnoclima for poultry applications have been designed considering the needs of the farmers and the experience gained
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- technical column -
Direct air heater Supercikki has a great success on the international markets due to its reliability, efficiency, safety and simplicity of use. Updated over the years, today’s Supercikki offers an output of 80 kW and easy installation solutions to fit any type of poultry building. The possibility to install heaters also outside is especially appreciated, as well as fresh air intake or the possibility to mix fresh and return air. Thousands of units sold each year confirm farmers trust around the world for this simple, reliable and flexible solution. Last year Tecnoclima provided Supercikki heaters specifically certificated in conformity with the strict Australian AGA gas regulations. 180 heaters with 100% thermal efficiency, installed outside and working with fresh air, with reduced production of CO2 and water vapor, fully satisfied the requirements for safe and efficient heating of 70.000 m2 poultry farm, creating the best conditions for chicks raising in all their life stages.
EKOCIKKI - Clean warm air in the poultry farms Climatic environment is of a great importance for the wellbeing of birds, which affects directly the productivity of a poultry farm and finally the quality of resulting meat. The main climatic factors are temperature, humidity, air movement
TECHNICAL COLUMN
and air purity. Therefore, besides the direct heating technology, Tecnoclima offers a full product range and solutions with sealed combustion technology to ensure heating with a clean warm air in the farms. Ekocikki is just the latest product of the family of indirect fired warm air heaters with heat exchanger that meets growing market demand for ideal environment for birds. These warm air heaters are based on a thermal exchange between combustion products of a forced draft burner (can work with gas or oil) and air flow produced by a high performance fan unit. Such heating system has the advantage of blowing into the environment only clean air, completely free of harmful contaminates, such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides. Recently Tecnoclima proposed an efficient solution to meet the requirements of the Spanish farmers who were aiming to create the best conditions for ducks raising. With a special focus on birds health, an air heating solution using Ekocikki was realized on 1.000 m2 duck nursery farm in Spain. The heaters are installed outside of the building to avoid the space restriction, while the clean warm air is blown through diffusion plenums fixed just under the ceiling. The combustion gases are exhausted through a dedicate pipe system and the air necessary for combustion is taken from outside. Outside installation is often an appreciated solution not only for saving productive space, but also from the point of view of cleaning, maintenance, fire risk and related
Ekocikki outside installation scheme
assurance. Such great comfort created for birds allows for their no-stress growing, putting on more weight and achieving better meat quality with less pharma. Additionally, this heating system permits a remarkable operating economy. The use of Ekocikki heaters reduces the fuel consumption for about 25%, compared to traditional directfired heaters, thanks to a reduced need for ventilation. This is an important advantage for investors also, in terms of payback of the project.
For more information: www.tecnoclimaspa.com
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TECHNICAL COLUMN
Gaining a better understanding of incubation in a hatchery The contemporary hatchery is a complex installation. The core part is the incubators, supported by the devices that facilitate their function and auxiliary machines that reduce the demand for manual labour. Whatever the level of sophistication of the hatchery, its purpose remains the same: turning eggs into chicks in the most effective way. Diagnosis Questions to ask to diagnose problems: • Do the incubators follow the programs accurately? • During the entire process or just in certain periods? • Can these periods be defined? • Are the programs easy to execute or do they require high “technical effort” (e.g. intensive cooling, heating, humidifying)? • Do all machines perform consistently or only some of them? • What do the hatcher climate graphs (mainly relative humidity) look like? Are they regular or artificially “deformed” by changes in the set points? In an optimum scenario, programs are followed closely all the time and the selected parameters can be achieved without much “effort”. The best moment to visit a hatchery is just before hatching so you can see all machinery at work for the different phases of incubation, and the newly hatched chicks too. Planning a visit at transfer time offers even more options. A hatchery cannot improve the eggs it receives. It is easy to spoil eggs if procedures are not optimal, but good incubation can maximise the potential created on the breeder farm. A hatchery’s efficiency depends on two factors: • the quality of the programs and procedures it uses, and • the accuracy of their execution.
Maciej Kolanczyk, Senior Hatchery Specialist Pas Reform
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The programs and procedures are an intellectual product, created from people’s knowledge and experience, and can easily be changed or corrected. But even the best program will only produce good results if it is followed closely. - technical column -
Once we know that the incubators are working correctly, it is time to verify the programs and procedures. That requires taking measurements during a visit and evaluating the hatchery’s routinely collected records. In most hatcheries many batches of eggs are incubated sequentially using the same incubation program, so it is possible to check eggshell temperatures (EST) on different days of the process.
Hatch day The hatch day is the moment to judge chicken quality and look at hatch waste: un-hatched eggs and shells. The following questions are useful: • What common defects do the chicks have: thick bellies, poor navels, red hocks, dehydration, poor uniformity, weakness or others?
TECHNICAL COLUMN
• Can we relate defects to any known measurements, e.g. egg weight loss, EST, incubation time? • What can we learn from the hatch waste regarding height of pipping, dryness of shells and un-hatched embryos? • Are there still many live embryos in the shells? • On what day of incubation do most embryos die? We can use the information obtained from these observations to evaluate the incubation process and draw conclusions. Obviously, incubation is not the only responsibility of the hatchery. Mistakes made before egg setting and after chicken takeoff are also a frequent source of losses, most of which can be detected by analysing waste or obtaining feedback from clients.
Advice Short list of actions for a hatchery visit: • Review the entire procedure from the egg receiving to chicken dispatch. • Make sure that the machines are following the program. • If not, check the reason for this. • Measure the EST on several different days of incubation. • If possible, evaluate other important data, e.g. egg weight loss and chick yield. • Check and evaluate chicken quality and hatch waste. • Only then correct the program and try it out on 1-2 machines. - october 2018 -
OFFICINE FACCO & C. S.p.A.
Via Venezia, 30 - 35010 Marsango (PD) Italy Tel. +39 049 9698111 Fax +39 049 9630605 facco@facco.net • www.facco.net
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MANAGEMENT
Improvements in the Hendrix Genetics’ breeding and testing program
Frans van Sambeek Hendrix Genetics Layer R&D Director
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With the release of the new performance standards for Hendrix Genetics’ laying hens, it is important to examine factors contributing to the genetic progress made in egg numbers, egg quality, FCR and liveability. Large investment in research and testing has been a major reason behind this advancement, both within our field evaluation farms (recurrent testing centers) and with data gathered on the pure line farms, which are stored in our Hendrix Genetics Breeding Database. - management -
MANAGEMENT
Read on for the key success factors of the Hendrix Genetics Layers Breeding Program, and the results that have been accomplished.
Recurrent testing Within the R&D department, testing of pedigree birds is conducted in commercial environments in approximately 25 locations around the world with hundreds of thousands of birds annually. The commercial cross birds tested are the daughters of pre-selected cockerels, and by testing a large number of birds we have the capabilities to gather a large amount of data. The more measurements collected, the more accurate breeding values become for selection purposes. Furthermore, we test the offspring of the cockerels in the commercial line in at least two different locations so we can incorporate the effects of management, feed and climate differences into the analysis. Multiple parameters are measured, including total egg production and mortality rates. We additionally test the egg quality of at least 6 million eggs for parameters such as shell strength, shell colour, shell score, albumen height, Haugh units, etc. Daily information is collected by state of the art measurement tools and stored in our database.
INCUBATORS SPECIALIST SINCE 1924
On the basis of the data, accurate breeding values are calculated and assigned to individual birds in order to predict their genetic potential for laying a maximum number of eggs without compromising on egg quality, daily feed intake, and bird health. With these breeding values, the best candidates are then selected for further breeding, which enables continuous improvement of the gene pool with each generation. Due to the genetic progress in Hendrix Genetics Breeds seen in increased liveability, persistency, and the resulting egg production numbers, we can see measureable progress from year to year in the Figures 1 and 2. They show that total egg production went up about 35 eggs as a result of 12 years of selection. The breaking strength went up with almost 500 grams in the same period.
INCUBATORS UP TO 115000 EGGS
Additional Eggs
ative solutions ov n in t os m e th op el We dev for your hatcherimies.ise your profit to max The latest technolstogpyrice in the market. at the be
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2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Figure 1 – Extra eggs as a result of the genetic improvements in the period 2007 - 2018
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data is collected from different crosses to compare docility, feathering and behaviour. Robustness and versatility traits are the focus in terms of production, nest behaviour and mortality. The house is divided into two, creating a control group and test group to measure reactions to various test conditions, such as temperature and feed quality. These results are then used to select the birds with the ideal traits to thrive under an alternative environment, creating more robust birds. Within this project Hendrix Genetics is developing an automatic nest to measure egg production in large groups, including nest behaviour.
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Figure 2 – Progress in egg breaking strength in Newton, as a result of genetic selection in the period 2007 - 2018
The Gallus Futurus project An additional area of research we have invested in is The Gallus Futurus project (named after the “bird of the future”). In order to measure performance and collect data from our breeds housed in alternative housing systems and less favorable conditions, a project was initiated with the academic institutes, INRA in France and Wageningen University in The Netherlands.
Finally, we rigorously maintain our own database with field results sent in from our customers all over the world. This database is known as PIA (Poultry Intelligence Application). The information gained from this data is crucial in understanding real world performance and is used to accurately predict how a flock will perform for egg producers. The advantage in measuring results from PIA lies in its capacity to give a comprehensive analysis. Another advantage for producers is that based on the performance results recorded and sent in from thousands of flocks, PIA can provide information for benchmarking purposes. If a producer wants to see how his performance compares to other
“The most recent expansion of the breeding program encompasses the implementation of Genomic Selection in the Hendrix Genetics Breeding Program” Gallus Futurus focuses on egg production and egg quality as well as behavioural traits, through the use of video recording and behaviour tests. A major step in this area of research is a large facility in France where a floor system is recreated and
Genomic selection
100 LAYING RATE %
The most recent expansion of the breeding program encompasses the implementation of Genomic Selection in the Hendrix Genetics Breeding Program. Ten thousands of selection candidates have been blood sampled and genotyped with the use of the Hendrix Genetics 60K SNP chip since the introduction in 2008. Through this genomic info, geneticists of Hendrix Genetics Layers are able to more accurately select the best from the best for the reproduction of the newest generations.
90 80 70 60
50 40 30 20 10 0
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38
48
Average of all white birds in PIA Average standards 2014 Average standards 2017
Figure 3 - Laying rate %
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flocks, he can view these anonymous results to gauge where his strengths and weaknesses lie in a number of variables. Our technical service team can then follow up on the report with specific support in nutrition, lighting, health, etc.
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Weeks
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Hendrix Genetics invests a significant amount in the depth and sophistication of its breeding methods. We are committed to investment in our techniques, facilities, and the expertise of our team to apply the newest improvements in breeding value estimation. The benefit is reflected in the enhanced performance of our products, which leads to increased value for egg producers in the value chain.
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Why tunnel ventilation is not a reality in South America
©Midwest Livestock
South America is a very diverse and heterogeneous continent — an amalgam of many cultures and climates. This is also true of the continent’s most populous country: Brazil. The country has vastly different poultry production profiles across its different states, each one with different practices, processes and realities. But one thing remains the same across all Brazilian poultrymen: all environments prove challenging, both in terms of marketing and technical service.
To better face these challenges, new technologies have emerged to better manage critical inputs, including temperature, humidity, air quality, air speed and lighting — all of which you are able to control through environmentally controlled aviaries. Moreover, these data sets prove extremely useful when trying to maximize a bird’s genetic potential. Despite these remarkable advantages, many South American poultrymen still waiver on the decision or whether or not to install a house with greater technological control, and Brazil is no different. Most of the nation’s poultry houses have no or low-environmental control. Following are five reasons companies and producers cite for not installing environmentally controlled aviaries:
Disbelief
by Marcus Brigano Courtesy of Cobb-Vantress
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Believe it or not, there are still professionals in the industry who do not believe that tunnel ventilation housing is a viable option for their region. When asked why, the answers vary from climate to cost-benefit ratio to casualty risks. It is important to clarify that these systems are beneficial worldwide. If you have installed a controlled environment and are not seeing advantages, it is possible that - management -
MANAGEMENT
not all the process variables are being observed or that you may have underestimated the actual capacity of the structure.
Cost Of course, ventilation tunnels and high-tech equipment are more expensive. Producers must have the funds to do so, as well as a good relationship with the integrator company so that he/she feels safe in a long-term investment. Often producers don’t have the capital and must pursue financing, which comes with added risks. Therefore, these decisions must be made consciously, given that there is much to lose by both parties (company/producer) in the event that something goes wrong.
When comparing controlled environment aviaries in South America with similar ones in North America and Europe, we can see a great distance between available models and their costs — particularly in Brazil with its high taxation and layers of bureaucracy. Because of these challenges, it is very difficult for equipment suppliers to bring in modern, environmental control technology. Additionally, the market is relatively uninformed on new technology and does not demand news and updates from equipment suppliers. So, Brazilian poultrymen are often a few steps behind, costing growers their competitive edge and adaptability in the market.
Project errors Though this is a relatively common problem, it is perhaps the most serious of the five listed here. When a project is not adapted to meet both the challenges of the region and the demands of a modern bird, the results will be less than satisfactory. Failure to adapt can mean spending more, yet yielding less. In most cases, the primary reason for this is an attempt to save money, selecting inadequate drawing components, structures or equipment for the flocks. In other instances, projects fail when pro-
©Phys.org
Available equipment
ducers don’t realize they have made an error. Don’t be afraid to take a step back and evaluate your project.
Managerial errors These issues usually occur concurrently with project errors, but when managerial errors occur the consequences are far worse; however, it is possible to observe a good project that does not obtain satisfactory results. This often occurs when a supervisor does not interpret the data correctly and mismanages the flock. Limited knowledge about the correct conduction of ventilation concepts (minimum, transition and tunnel) as well as ideal temperatures and limits of relative humidity are the two most common errors seen in the field. It is important to note that the above issues do not live in a vacuum — where there is obstacle, there are usually a few others present. Despite these obstacles, we must do what we can to overcome them and make the best decisions possible for each project. Only then will we maximize a bird’s genetic potential.
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Cleaning and disinfection as strategic tools for avian production
Šmmspa.eu
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Biosecurity, defined as all measures taken to prevent both the introduction and the spread of infectious agents on the farm, is of key importance in avian production, in particular in the antibiotic-free one.
Dr. Maria Parigi, PhD Specialist in Technology and Pathology of avian species
38
High levels of protection against diseases are reached with the concomitant application of external and internal biosecurity measures. In the first category are included all the procedures preventing the introduction of off-farm pathogens, e.g purchase of 1-d-old chicks, off-farm movement of live animals, feed and water supply, removal of dead animals and manure, entrance of visitors and personnel, supply of materials, infrastructure and biological vectors and location of the farm. On the other hand, internal biosecurity includes all measures that aim at preventing the within-herd spread of pathogens and is subdivided into 3 subcategories: disease management, cleaning and disinfection and materials and measures between compartments. Recently in 5 European countries a study involving 400 conventional broiler farms was conducted in order to quantify the overall level of biosecurity, thereby identifying key aspects that would require improvements (Limbergen et al., 2017). Although the score varied by country, it was revealed that the - management -
MANAGEMENT
investments in internal biosecurity regard mainly the application of good vaccination protocols to the detriment of detailed hygienic procedures. However, the use of effective cleaning and disinfection protocols (C&D) is a crucial step in reducing the infection pressures on broiler farms and endemic animal diseases and the importance of the application of a good cleaning step before the disinfection is often underestimated. Organic residues, as faeces or feathers, may contrast the efficacy of disinfectants by forming a protective barrier for bacteria, in particular for the ones producing biofilm, as Salmonella spp. e Campylobacter spp. Thus, the maximum efficacy of disinfection procedures on surfaces is obtained with appropriate removal of organic matter, using for example alkaline detergents that have high dissolving power on organic residues.
time spent on cleaning after soaking is less than when cleaning without a preceding soaking step. Similar results were found in another study, where the application of detailed C&D protocols resulted effective on the reduction of environmental Campylobacter spp. counts leading to a reduction not only in the pathogen elimination but also in carcasses contamination at the slaughterhouse (Burbarelli et al., 2018). With regards to the efficacy of disinfection, it is of fundamental importance using disinfectants at the concentration and for the contact time recommended. Furthermore, in order to avoid the establishment of bacterial resistance, it should be considered to rotate active ingredients. The application of detailed cleaning and disinfection programs can improve broilers’ productive performances, lower the mortality rate and reduce the spread of pathogens, including zoo-
“The disinfection step is finally of fundamental importance at the end of a production round in reducing the infection pressure from microorganisms as well as in the transmission of pathogens from one flock to the next. The active ingredients more utilized as disinfectants in poultry production are formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, which are bactericides, sporicides, and fungicides”
The disinfection step is finally of fundamental importance at the end of a production round in reducing the infection pressure from microorganisms as well as in the transmission of pathogens from one flock to the next. The active ingredients more utilized as disinfectants in poultry production are formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde, which are bactericides, sporicides, and fungicides. Recently, a group of scientists tested the effectiveness of different C&D protocols in 4 different broiler houses (Luyckx et al., 2015). All the farms were first mechanically and chemically cleaned with sodium hydroxide, washed with high pressure water and disinfected with products consisted of a combination of quaternary ammonium compounds, aldehydes, and alcohols. Before the disinfection step, two farms were left overnight soaking with water (cold and warm). The microbiological analysis revealed a strong reduction in the total aerobic flora and Enterococcus spp. counts in the two broiler houses that were soaked overnight, whether or not warm or cold water had been used during cleaning. Furthermore, in the broiler houses that were soaked overnight the water consumption was lower compared to the others; this means that a preceding soaking step reduced the amount of water needed to the clean broiler houses afterwards.
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Soaking can loosen organic material, making removing it easier during high pressure cleaning and improving the efficacy of disinfectants. Although soaking is time-consuming, the working - october 2018 -
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39
©Avian Mechanics
MANAGEMENT
notic ones (Burbarelli et al., 2018; Sharma B., 2010). Considering that in poultry the satisfactory performance expression is related to intestinal health, the reduction of pathogens in the environment can have consequent beneficial effects on the microbiota balance and on the immunity system of the animals, both important factors for productivity (Ka-Oud, Zakia and Kamel, 2008; Bragg and Plumstead, 2003). Last but not least, the optimization of biosecurity, and in particular of the C&D programs, can gradually lead to a reduction in the antimicrobial use in the farms (Gelaude et al. 2014).
References Bragg, R.R., and P. Plumstead. 2003. “Continuous Disinfection as a Means to Control Infectious Diseases in Poultry. Evaluation of a Continuous Disinfection Programme for Broilers.” The Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research. Burbarelli, Maria Fernanda De Castro, Gustavo Do Valle Polycarpo, Karoline Deliberali Lelis, Carlos Alexandre Granghelli, Agatha Cristina Carão De Pinho, Sabrina Ribeiro Almeida Queiroz, Andrezza Maria Fernandes, et al. 2018. “Cleaning and Disinfection Programs against Campylobacter Jejuni for Broiler Chickens: Productive Performance, Microbiological Assessment and Characterization.” Poultry Science 96 (9): 3188–98. Gelaude, P., M. Schlepers, M. Verlinden, M. Laanen, and J. Dewulf. 2014. “Biocheck.UGent: A Quantitative Tool to Measure Biosecurity at Broiler Farms and the Relationship with Techni-
40
cal Performances and Antimicrobial Use.” Poultry Science 93 (11): 2740–51. Ka-Oud, H. A., M. A. Zakia, e Mervat M. Kamel. 2008. “Evaluation of the Immune Response in AI Vaccinated Broiler Chickens: Effect of Biosecurity Faults on Immune Response.” International Journal of Poultry Science 7 (4): 390–96. Limbergen, T. Van, J. Dewulf, M. Klinkenberg, R. Ducatelle, P. Gelaude, J. Méndez, K. Heinola, # S. Papasolomontos, II P. Szeleszczuk, and D. Maes. 2017. “Scoring Biosecurity in European Conventional Broiler Production on Behalf of the PROHEALTH Consortium.” Poultry Science, no. March: 1–10. Luyckx, K. Y., S. Van Weyenberg, J. Dewulf, L. Herman, J. Zoons, E. Vervaet, M. Heyndrickx, and K. De Reu. 2015. “OnFarm Comparisons of Different Cleaning Protocols in Broiler Houses.” Poultry Science 94 (8): 1986–93. Postma, M., Backhans, A., Collineau, L., Loesken, S., Sjölund, M., Belloc, C., . . . Dewulf, J. 2016. “The Biosecurity Status and Its Associations with Production and Management Characteristics in Farrow-to-Finish Pig Herds.” Animal 10 (3): 478–89. Sharma B. 2010. “Poultry Production , Management and Bio-Security Measures.” The Journal of Agriculture and Environment 11: 120–25. Tablante, Nathaniel L., Maung San Myint, Yvette J. Johnson, Kelly Rhodes, Michelle Colby, and Guy Hohenhaus. 2008. “A Survey of Biosecurity Practices as Risk Factors Affecting Broiler Performance on the Delmarva Peninsula.” Avian Diseases 46 (3): 730–34.
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Mesostigmata Dermanyssina mouthparts evolution: from predatorism to parasitism Dermanyssina represents the most species-rich, ecological diverse and geographically wide spread cohort of Gamasida. They are found worldwide and include free living predaceous or fungivorous soil inhabiting forms, as well as pollenivores and facultative or obligatory external or internal parasites of vertebrates and invertebrates.
A. Di Palma Department of Agricultural, Environmental and Food Sciences, University of Foggia, Italy
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The gnathosoma is certainly one of the most distinctive features in mites and the adaptations of these mouthparts to different nutritional patterns are enormous and comparable to the ones observed in insects. Several hypotheses suggest that fluid feeding is a derived condition in mites; and observations among gamasid mites suggest that ingestion of particulate food could be the plesiomorphic condition. The gnathosoma is composed basically of two main components: the cheliceral frame and the infracapitulum (=subcapitulum). The cheliceral frame is a membranous part where the chelicerae are inserted, in a movable way, by means of the “cheliceral sheaths”. - management -
MANAGEMENT
The infracapitulum is located ventrally to the chelicerae and is mainly composed of the palpcoxae that meet the tegulum dorsally located (terminology after Evans and Loots, 1975). The resulting gnathosomal tube is divided into a dorsal and a ventral part by the cervix (=subcheliceral plate), which connects the mesial walls of the palpcoxae. Dorsally, the chelicerae lie over the infracapitulum, which contains the mouth and the pharynx. The mouth is defined as the opening at the base of the labrum leading into the pharynx.
However, the amount of fluid produced during feeding activity may exceed the amount that the mite can swallow thanks to the pharyngeal pump, hence the overflow reaches the posterior region of the gnathosoma where the bases of the first legs and the folded cuticle redirect it laterally and anteriorly to reach the tip of the infracapitulum passing through the infracapitular gutter and the tritosternum. Cheliceral morphology, shape and dentition have been correlated with the type of prey and even with the possibility, for predators, to switch to plant-feeding.
The region anterior to the mouth is called “pre-oral channel”. The labrum is an unpaired projection covering the pre-oral channel and the mouth. Hence the infracapitulum is a cone like projection with the pre-oral channel at the tip and the chelicerae dorsally located. The pre-oral channel dorsally sealed by the labrum and posteriorly connected to the pharynx and the esophagus, is responsible for sucking up fluids.
Obligate phytophagous are rare among Dermanyssina and almost exclusively on fungi, pollen or nectar. They show stout chelicerae with few teeth in the fixed digit and a concavity in the movable (Fam. Ameroseiidae). It is assumed that fungal hyphae and spores are chopped or punctured while held in the concavity.
In free living species, the labrum and the lateral walls of the pre-oral channel are provided with numerous tiny ridges or processes that are considered to act as a sieve preventing the entrance of solid particles of food. Such system is reduced in species that live on blood or pre-orally liquefied food.
The chelicerae of the facultative bloodsuckers still have some of the characteristic of the predators (powerful claws and well developed teeth) and feed mainly on a mixed diet: i.e. they take blood by gnawing dried clots formed at the sites of scratches on the host body.
“The gnathosoma is certainly one of the most distinctive features in mites and the adaptations of these mouthparts to different nutritional patterns are enormous and comparable to the ones observed in insects” The infracapitulum presents ventrally an infracapitular gutter with characteristic transverse denticulate ridges and a well developed structure: the tritosternum. At the tip of the infracapitulum there are paired projections: the laciniae and the horn-like corniculi plus a pair of salivary styli where the secretions of salivary glands discharge. Plesiomorphically the chelicerae show a terminal chela and are composed of three articles: a basal (first) article where protractor and retractor muscles are inserted, a middle (second) article that ends with a fixed digit of the chela and a movable digit (third article) ventrally located to the fixed one. The ancestral function of the chelicerae was probably to grab and manipulate the food to the mouth, but capability of piercing, cutting and ripping the food developed rapidly. Predatory Dermanyssina usually grab their prey by means of their chelicerae, hence the cheliceral digits cut an opening into the prey and the alternating action of the chelicerae and their chewing activity together with the secretion of the salivary glands, through the salivary styli, result in partial digestion of the prey. Sclerotized corniculi and palps help in holding the prey during feeding activity. The fluid food flows between and around the chelicerae to reach the pre-oral channel bordered by the lips.
Zooparasites in Dermanyssina show adaptations that are obvious in obligate blood feeders. The chelicerae appear to be the most adaptive in this respect and specialized for host penetration. They tend to be elongated, slender, more or less pointed without conspicuous teeth and involved in host piercing. Moreover, they might develop a concavity in the inner (paraxial) surface so that when placed together they form a channel (sometimes held together by a coupling device) while the terminal chelae (fixed digit) become more or less reduced. The functional morphology of such channel is still controversial: i.e. either for piercing or a tube for sucking up fluids, or both function at the same time. On the other hand, the strainer system in the pre-oral channel tend to be absent so as the number of denticles in the infracapitular gutter and the tritosternum may be vestigial or absent. Finally, the apical paired projections (laciniae) are poorly developed as well. Species strongly adapted to parasitism show a vestigial fixed digit while the stylet like movable digit shows strong teeth and a pronounced capacity for tearing or piercing the host tegument to allow the feeding. References are available on request 9th Symposium on AvCoV & AMPV – 4th Annual Meeting of COST Action FA1207
- october 2018 -
43
NUTRITION
Effects of dietary insoluble and soluble non-starch polysaccharides on performance and ileal and excreta moisture contents in broilers This study examined the effect of dietary insoluble and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in common broiler diets on performance and ileal and excreta moisture contents in broilers. The feed conversion ratio and feed intake were highest, and digesta and excreta moisture contents were high, in birds fed the diet with the highest insoluble NSP and high soluble NSP contents. Strong relationships were observed between dietary soluble NSP content and ileal and excreta moisture content. The findings from this study reconfirm the significant role that insoluble and soluble NSP play in dictating feed conversion and digesta and excreta moisture content in broilers fed a variety of diets based on common feed ingredients in Australia.
Šlandsofamerica.com
NSP refer to a wide variety of polysaccharide molecules of cell walls with varying degrees of water solubility, size and structure. Their physiological functions are defined by whether they are water soluble or insoluble. The amount of soluble and insoluble NSP varies greatly among different ingredients; for example, corn and sorghum contain very low levels of NSP but wheat, rye and triticale contain high amounts of both soluble and insoluble NSP.
N.K. Morgan, M. Choct, M. Toghyani and S B. Wu School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, NSW Australia
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These effects were assessed by feeding 24 diets with varying levels of insoluble and soluble NSP to broiler chickens from day 21 to day 28; insoluble NSP level ranged from 60.8-220.7 g/kg and soluble NSP ranged from 8-14.6 g/kg. Dietary insoluble and soluble NSP level had a significant impact on feed conversion (P<0.001) and ileal and excreta moisture contents (P<0.001). The optimum diets contained a combination of soluble NSP ranging from 6.24-6.72 g/kg and insoluble NSP ranging from 176-182 g/kg, based on observed low FCR and high digesta and excreta dry matter content. - nutrition -
The structure and physiochemical characteristics of the NSP also differ widely among ingredients and even within the same ingredient. The prevalence of soluble and insoluble NSP must be measured to accurately determine the effects of fibre on nutrient and energy digestibility; physiological properties of fibre cannot be predicted from the monomeric composition of the constituents. It is important to consider both soluble and insoluble NSP as their impacts on digestion differ substantially. Insoluble NSP act as nutrient diluents and a physical barrier to enzymes, such as amylase and protease, thereby reducing efficient digestion of nutrients within the cell wall matrix of grains. Soluble NSP increase digesta viscosity, thereby affecting nutrient digestion and absorption and reducing digesta transit time, and display anti-nutritive properties resulting in reduced ileal digestibility of starch, protein and lipid. Moderate levels of NSP are however advantageous, in that insoluble NSP stimulates the gizzard, improving
NUTRITION
starch digestibility and increasing digesta passage rate, ensuring fermentation occurs in the large intestine and caeca as opposed to earlier in the gastrointestinal tract, and soluble NSP stimulates the growth of beneficial gut microbes. The aim of this study was to investigate the extent of impact that insoluble and soluble NSP have on broiler performance and ileal and excreta moisture contents in diets based on common feed ingredients in Australia.
Materials and methods Male day-old Ross 308 chicks (n=720) were housed in 144 cages, 5 birds per cage, from d21-28 post-hatch. The birds were fed a standard corn-soybean meal based starter diet from d010 and grower diet from d10-21. They were then allocated to one of 24 dietary treatments from d21-28; composed of varying levels of wheat, corn, soybean-meal, sorghum and canola-meal, without any supplemental enzymes. Diet 1 and 6-9 were corn-soybean meal based diets with varying levels of SBM (ranging from 30-50%). Diet 2-5 and 10-13 were wheat, corn and soybean based diets with varying levels of wheat (ranging from 15-60%, with wheat either replacing the energy bearing component of the diet or replacing corn like-for-like). Diets 14-17 were corn, canola meal and soybean meal based with varying levels of canola meal (ranging from 15-30%). Diets 18, 20, 21 and 22 were corn, sorghum, wheat and soybean based with varying levels of sorghum (ranging from 2.5-45%). Diet 19 was wheat, sorghum and soybean meal based. Diet 23 was corn, sorghum and soybean meal based and Diet 24 was just wheat-soybean meal based. All diets were formulated to meet Ross 308 nutrient specifications and feed and water was provided ad libitum throughout the trial. Birds and feed per cage were weighed on d21 and d28, to determine body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and the feed conversion ratio (FCR). On d28, two birds per cage were euthanized by
CO2 asphyxiation and ileal digesta samples were collected. Excreta was collected daily from each cage from d25-28. These samples were homogenized and moisture content was determined by oven-drying at 105 °C until constant weight. Performance and, ileal and excreta dry matter (DM) data were analyzed using IBM SPSS v. 23. After Kolomogorov-Smirnov testing to confirm normality, one-way ANOVA was used to test equality of the means and Tukey’s post-hoc tests were conducted to differentiate them. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between the dietary soluble and insoluble NSP content and the ratio of soluble: insoluble NSP with performance and ileum and excreta dry matter. Significance was accepted at P<0.05. The insoluble and soluble NSP content of each diet was analyzed, based on the method of Englyst et al. (1994). Briefly, the diet sample was fat extracted and the free oligosaccharides removed. The starch in the resulting residue was then gelatinised and a-amylase and amyloglucosidase added. The resulting supernatant contained the soluble NSP and residue contained the insoluble NSP. For the soluble NSP analysis, released sugars were removed using ethanol and the residue was hydrolyzed with trifluoroacetic acid. For the insoluble NSP analysis, glucose released from the starch digestion was removed and the cellulosic polymers were hydrolyzed with dilute H2SO4. An internal standard was added (allose, 4mg/ml) to each sample. The sugars in all the samples were then reduced and acetylated; NaBH4 was added (excess was decomposed with C2H4O2), followed by 1-methylimidazole, C4H6O3, water and dichloromethane, respectively. The pellet was dried and reconstituted with ethyl acetate and water, and the resulting supernatant was analyzed by gas chromatography.
Results Table 1 illustrates that dietary insoluble and soluble NSP content has a significant impact on feed conversion - october 2018 -
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NUTRITION
and ileal and excreta moisture contents in broilers. Birds fed the diet with the highest insoluble NSP level, coupled with a high soluble NSP level, presented the highest FCR and numerically highest feed intake. Birds fed this diet also had high digesta and excreta moisture content. Birds fed the diet with the lowest soluble NSP level had the second highest feed conversion ratio and the numerically lowest BWG. The optimum diets in this study contained a combination of soluble NSP ranging from approximately 6.24-6.72 g/kg and insoluble NSP ranging from approximately 176-182g/kg, based on observed low FCR (1.31) and high digesta and excreta DM
content. There was no significant relationship between the dietary insoluble and soluble NSP content and the performance parameters measured (P>0.05), but there were weak relationships between the soluble:insoluble NSP ratio and feed intake and FCR (r=-0.162, P=0.043 and r=-0.173, P=0.038). There were strong relationships observed between soluble NSP and, ileal and excreta DM content (r=0.822, P<0.001 and r=0.872, P<0.001, respectively) and between the ratio of soluble:insoluble NSP, ileal and excreta DM content (r=0.608, P<0.001 and r=0.602, P<0.001, respectively).
Table 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Effect of diets containing varying levels of insoluble and soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) on individual bird performance and ileal and excreta dry matter content in broilers from d21-28 Diet NSP Content
Performance
DM (%)
Diet1
Insoluble (g/kg)
Soluble (g/kg)
Feed Intake (g)
BWG (g)
FCR
Ileum
Excreta
18
60.8
8.0
965
675
1.43efgh
21.5bcde
23.7fgh
24
61.2
13.2
969
676
1.43defg
20.0defg
21.2kl
20
62.5
8.2
942
661
1.43efgh
21.2cdef
23.1efg
13
64.5
13.4
985
703
1.40fghi
19.7efg
20.7kl
14
64.6
8.5
982
635
1.55cd
20.8cdefg
22.6fghi
23
65.2
7.4
992
652
1.52cde
22.0abcde
24.6cd
21
65.7
8.8
942
648
1.43defg
20.7cdefg
22.6fghi
22
66.1
10.4
904
619
1.46defg
20.3defg
21.3ijkl
19
67.3
14.6
954
666
1.43efghi
18.7g
20.1l
12
68.3
10.8
991
709
1.40fghi
20.2defg
21.2jkl
15
69.4
7.6
1003
640
1.57c
22.0abcde
24.4cde
11
72.4
9.5
989
728
1.36ghi
20.7cdefg
22.2ghij
1
74.1
6.4
978
670
1.42fghij
23.7ab
26.3ab
16
74.8
6.6
992
609
1.63c
22.7abc
24.9cd
10
75.3
7.8
969
704
1 .38ghi
21 7abcde
24.1cde
17
76.4
5.3
1030
603
1.71b
22.2abcd
24.9cd
2
94.2
8.2
971
670
1.45defg
21.2cdef
23.7def
6
144.7
6.9
910
673
1.35ghij
22.0abcd
24.6cd
3
146.0
9.7
1014
674
1.50cdef
20.5cdefg
21 9ghijk
4
148.2
10.0
1065
680
1.57c
20.4cdefg
21.5hijk
7
156.9
6.7
884
674
1.31ij
23.9a
26.7a
8
172.6
6.5
897
684
1.31j
23.6ab
25.3bc
9
181.5
6.2
891
678
1.31hij
23.9a
26.5ab
5
220.7
13.5
1082
611
1.77a
1 9.1 fg
20.6kl
SEM
6
7
0.01
0.2
0.1
P-Value
0.084
0.298
<0.001
<0.001
<0.001
a-k Means within the same column with no common superscript differ significantly (P < 0.005) 1 Data arranged in order of increasing dietary insoluble NSP content
46
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
The novelty of this study was that the diets fed did not contain very high or extreme levels of NSP, they were common diets and the birds performed to the breed standard, yet significant NSP induced effects were still observed. As predicted, feed conversion was reduced with very high dietary total NSP content and ileal and excreta DM content were lowest in the diets containing high levels of soluble NSP. The extreme differences observed between feeding 181.5 g/kg and 220.7 g/kg insoluble NSP highlight that feeding diets with an insoluble NSP level higher than approximately 180 g/kg has a significant antinutritional impact and resulting detrimental impact on performance. The positive effects on FCR observed with a reasonably high level of insoluble NSP likely reflects the ability of insoluble NSP to stimulate the gizzard, improving digestibility by heightening retention time and increasing hydrochloric acid secretion. These improvements at the beginning of the tract, coupled with presence of the poorly fermentable fraction, possibly resulted in a higher proportion of beneficial micro-organisms in the tract, promoting integrity of the intestinal lining and heighted nutrient digestion. Further investigation is warranted to determine the precise optimum, excessive or insufficient level of dietary NSP. The regression analysis illustrates that soluble NSP strongly influences intestinal water absorption, as soluble NSP has high water holding capacity and the presence of unabsorbed sugars in the tract causes osmosis of water into the gut lumen, resulting in heightened digesta and excreta and resulting poor litter quality. The results from this study emphasize the significance of the ratio between insoluble and soluble NSP in a diet; observing their individual effects is largely inconclusive. Diet NSP content alone does not dictate feed efficiency, a number of factors and combination of dietary influences also contribute towards the differences observed between the diets, but this study highlights the need for enhanced understanding of the form and chemical composition of different NSPs and the impact of NSP in different ingredient combinations. This is required in order to achieve the greatest benefits when using NSP-degrading enzymes to regain lost performance and improve litter quality.
©Moy Park Poultry Development House
Discussion
References Bach Knudsen KEB (2014) Poultry Science 93: 2380-2393 Choct M. & Annison G. (1992) British Poultry Science 33: 821834. Choct M., Dersjant-Li Y., McLeish J. & Peisker M. (2010) Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 23: 1386-1398 Englyst H.N., Quigley M.E. & Hudson G.J. (1994) Analyst 119: 1497-1509. From the Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium
The conveyor system is of crucial importance for egg farms of all sizes. Variations in battery arrangement always require a tailor-made individual solution.
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For curve guidance standard bends are available in °, °, and ° bends. Bends can be made in all degree numbers. The central element of the curve conveyor is the LUBING conveyor chain. The galvanized conveyor chain consists of two tempered external chains with rods welded in between. The horizontal rods are placed at an even level to ensure that eggs are gently placed on the conveyor, can easily make their way through transfer areas and are not crushed on the inside of bends. Plastic covered rods can help to reduce egg damage at critical transfer points.
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Keel bone integrity in layers Observations, nutritional remedies, and myth-busting
The issue of keel bone deformities and abnormalities is different depending on various housing systems for the birds. Keel fractures have received a lot of attention lately because of the increase in “cage-free” production in the egg industry. European researchers have led a lot of studies on the issue of keel fractures in aviary systems, but North American scientists have also been studying the issue as well. The research and observations will be related to the conventional cage system. Of course, nutritional solutions are also very important. The final portion of this contribution relates to providing data and commercial experience to address some common misperceptions in the industry. Kevin Roberson, Ph. D. Michael Foods, Inc. USA
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The nutritional solutions are answers determined to benefit MFI in the feeding program. The information is more validations of previous studies and recommendations by consultants than novel ideas. The aim is to provide more specifics with clear results under more commercial-type conditions. The bird observations and myth-busting claims relative to nutritional studies and programs at MFI will be discussed at the end of this article. - nutrition -
NUTRITION
The nutritional studies/experiences will be divided into three parts: 1) Vitamin D (levels and sources), 2) Calcium (level and sources), and 3) aluminosilicates. The research is focused primarily on Bovans White birds. Although soft bones and keel deformations can be observed with any strain of bird, at MFI they have historically had more soft bone issues with Bovans birds. Hence, the strain of bird was used as a model to minimize strain as a variable in the studies.
Vitamin D3
cortical bone mineral content of broiler femurs was increased when vitamin D3 was fed at 9,000,000 IU/ton. There was no mortality in the trial, demonstrating that keel bone softness is not related to mortality observed in early lay when soft bones are diagnosed in necropsy of mortality in commercial houses. This directly busts the myth spread by some members of the egg industry that birds with soft birds will suddenly die from cage-layer fatigue in peak production. The Hy-D treatment was about 7x the cost of adding spray-dried vitamin D3 to the diet.
Calcium
The typical industry recommendation for vitamin D3 for laying hens is 3,000,000 IU/ton. However, Matilla et al. (2004) reported that tibia breaking strength is increased at 68 weeks of age when about double this amount of vitamin D3 was fed starting at 20 weeks of age. Preliminary studies at the Wakefield facility in commercial houses showed that keel tip softness in Bovans birds could be further decreased by adding additional vitamin D3 premix to the diet during peak production. The decision was made at MFI to increase the vitamin D3 content in the vitamin premix to provide 6,000,000 IU/ton of feed rather than 3,000,000 IU/ton. A vitamin D source trial was conducted at a “project house”, which houses approximately 500 birds in cages
Dietary calcium level in peak production has typically been targeted to reach 4.3 g/day in peak production which is slightly above breeder guidelines of 4.1-4.2 g/day. The proportion of large particle limestone contributing to the dietary calcium provided is usually 40-45 % in peak production. Dietary available phosphorus is typically fed at about 500 mg/d in peak production, but may be fed at a 5-10% higher level for Bovans birds. An additional factor for MFI to consider is the recycling of dried eggshells from the breaker plants to use as a calcium source in the diets. The solubility of eggshells may be lower than the used fine particle of limestone, which contributes another fac-
“High levels of keel abnormalities can be observed during peak production with no effect on egg production or mortality and non-severe keel abnormalities can be quickly healed in laying hens with no pause in egg production” similar to the system used in some of the commercial houses. The basal diet was a typical corn-soybean meal-meat and bone meal-DDGS diet used in the formulation program. The control group was fed 6,000,000 IU/ton vitamin D3 (all spraydried). Treatment 2 consisted of adding 4,000,000 IU/ton more vitamin D3 in the spray-dried form. Treatment 3 consisted of adding 25-OH D3 (Hy-D from DSM) at the manufacturer’s recommendation of 69 ug/kg. This level of Hy-D would be equivalent to adding 2,500,000 IU/ton if compared directly to vitamin D3 activity. Edwards et al. (1994) reported that 800 ICU/kg (20 ug/kg) vitamin D3 yielded similar protection against rickets incidence and improved tibia bone ash the same as exposing broiler chicks to ultraviolet light. Ledwaba and Roberson (2003) reported a similar result in these parameters when 10 ug/kg 25-OHD3 was fed to broiler chicks in place of exposure to ultraviolet light. Thus, the relative biological activity of 25-OH D3 to vitamin D3 is about 2x. Hence, the Hy-D addition to the diet in this trial would be equivalent to adding 5,000,000 IU/ton. The birds were fed the treatments from housing in the project house at 16 weeks of age to 30 weeks of age. There were no differences in production parameters or keel bone softness between vitamin D sources, but keel tip softness was higher in the control group fed 6,000,000 IU/ton compared to birds fed additional vitamin D activity. Kim et al. (2011) reported that
tor to consider when feeding to prevent soft keel tips and keel deformities. The use of a minimum of 20 lb/ton fine limestone instead of relying completely on eggshells for small particle calcium has been a vital part of the formulation program to reduce soft bone issues in peak production. Eggshell solubility has been shown to improve if the shells are ground to a level of about 250 um. Cheng and Coon (1990a) reported that solubility of limestone affects bone structure in layers. Pulverized limestone with 47% solubility fed to layers resulted in high tibia bone ash in peak production. Solubility of eggshells may be about half this amount. Research has shown that cortical bone ash weight will be increased at 4.5 g/day calcium consumption compared to 4.0 g/ day or lower. Studies in the same laboratory showed that bone strength can be improved in laying hens if dietary calcium is fed at 5.0 g/day vs. 3.5 g/day. Recent changes in the MFI feeding program has resulted in lower soft bones issues if dietary calcium is increased to 4.5-4.6 g/day by 25 weeks of age when the flock has reached peak production. This method allows for dietary calcium to be able to supply the amount of calcium needed to produce the shell on the egg. Large particle calcium is continually increased with age as the birds reach 50 weeks of age and older.
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NUTRITION
Aluminosilicates Several commercial trials on the use of the anti-caking agent T-bind were run and improved bone structure as well as a positive effect on egg production were observed. The institution of a T-bind program minimized issues with mouth lesions that were prevalent when the author started working for MFI in 2005. Also a reduction in pasty vents was noticed. T-bind has been used to mitigate issues with mycotoxins in several areas of the country. The original trial was conducted using Hy-Line W36 birds. The percent of birds with soft keel tips was decreased when 6 lb/ton T-bind was fed, but more importantly the amount of severely soft tips was cut in half when either 3 or 6 lb/ton T-bind was fed in peak production. Ballard and Edwards (1988) reported that sodium aluminosilicate increased calcium absorption and 47Ca retention in broiler chicks. In a more recent trial with Bovans White birds, the addition of T-bind at two particles sizes (400 or 1100 um) as well as a similar level of Azomite (900 um) still reduced soft keel tip incidence even with changes regarding vitamin D3 and calcium level increases implemented to the program.
bones and mortality in peak production which busts another myth in the industry that birds found dead with some softness in the bones but no other issues diagnosed must have died from cage-layer fatigue. In a university research trial, conducted about 15 years ago, laying hens had to be fed a diet that was very deficient in phosphorus for several months before mortality was observed due to nutrient deficiency. An important observation in current studies was that soft keel tips that are not severe will completely heal. Severely soft tips will result in bent tips and curvature at the end of the keel tip and possibly a broken keel tip. Keel curvature starts with a deviation in the keel bone which can occur at different areas of the keel, but usually in the mid-section of the bone. Mild deviations will typically heal while severe deviations eventually begin to bend into the S-shaped curve identified with keel curvature. These changes can occur over a one-week period and is very sensitive to changes in feed intake. A change of 5-8% in feed intake has a large influence on changes in keel abnormalities. These changes may not even be noticed if the birds on fed on a phase-feeding program where changes are made monthly
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Keel bone softness is not related to mortality observed in early lay when soft bones are diagnosed in necropsy of mortality in commercial houses. This directly busts the myth spread by some members of the egg industry that birds with soft birds will suddenly die from cage-layer fatigue in peak productionâ&#x20AC;?
Observations and myth-busting A general observation in some bone health studies has been the sudden increase in keel tip softness as the flock reaches peak production (25 weeks of age) indicating a negative calcium balance. Medullary bone is maintained at the expense of cortical bone during the period of calcium deficiency. The development of keel deformation would typically be seen as the birds reached about 35 weeks of age. Keel deformities can begin sooner if there is an environmental situation which results in reduced feed consumption as the birds are coming in peak production. The incidence of bone abnormalities can affect a large portion of the flock with no effect on egg production. This busts the myth that keel abnormalities will result in lower egg production. This belief refers to the claim by Nasr et al. (2013) that keel fractures will decrease egg production by 6%. The incidence of keel abnormalities will also be reduced as the birds age even during peak production without affecting egg production. This busts another myth that birds must go out of production to heal soft bones. Mortality was almost non-existent during peak production and any dead bird found had very strong bones. There was absolutely no correlation between soft
50
or longer. The observation that birds can heal and continue to grow bone in peak production busts the myth that once birds have keel deformations the birds can never fully recover and replace lost trabecular bone tissue and agrees with Zhang (1994) that bone growth can continue to occur in peak production. Osteoclastic activity predominates during active shell formation and osteoblastic activity is more dominant when the shell gland is inactive. Keel abnormalities continue to be a concern for poultry companies as we consider it to be a welfare issue for the bird (although they exhibit no pain during keel palpation). The long-term effects of soft and bent keels on bird health during post-peak are being evaluated more directly in current studies. The primary take-home message is that high levels of keel abnormalities can be observed during peak production with no effect on egg production or mortality and non-severe keel abnormalities can be quickly healed in laying hens with no pause in egg production.
- nutrition -
References are available on request From the Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Conference
NUTRITION
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NUTRITION
What is the poultry microbiome and why should I care about it?
ŠAgro Plus
@microbasics.com
Until recently, gut health and development in poultry has been routinely managed through the use of low-dose levels of antibiotics in feed to prevent diseases, improve overall flock consistency, and enhance performance. However, worldwide efforts are underway to reduce and/or eliminate antibiotic use in animal agriculture. The elimination of this valuable management tool for use by farmers will leave a critical void that needs to be filled.
We must understand the mechanisms by which bacterial succession occurs in the avian gastrointestinal tract in coordination with the host if we wish to identify antibiotic-free ways to modulate the microbiome to prevent disease and improve bird performance. Work in our laboratory has focused on understanding the succession of bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract of poultry. Defining this baseline is critical towards assessing the impact of products on the microbiome.
Bacterial species that correlate with weight gain in turkeys
Timothy Johnson, PhD University of Minnesota USA
52
We previously performed longitudinal and cross-sectional sampling of fourteen flocks on seven farms. Research flocks were also sampled in this initiative. The entirety of the bacterial microbiome in these flocks was examined related to average daily weight gain. We demonstrated that there is a clear succession of bacterial species in the turkey ileum over the course of 12 weeks of age, involving the same dominant species previously associated with Heavy vs. Light flocks (Figure 1). - nutrition -
NUTRITION
Comparing research versus commercial flocks, it was clear that the timing of bacterial succession occurred earlier in research flocks than it did in commercial flocks, where research flocks had higher rates of weight gain than commercial flocks. We were able to identify three distinct phases of maturity of the turkey ileum microbiome (Figure 1), and biomarkers of microbiome succession delineating these phases. Overall, the bacterial microbiome composition in turkeys is highly predictable, and the timing of succession correlates with flock outcome in terms of performance.
How does the broiler microbiome compare to the turkey microbiome? We have also performed sampling on broilers to determine their baseline bacterial microbiome and compare it with that of turkeys. Four commercial broiler flocks were followed for two successive flocks cycles. At days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42, ten birds per flock and time point were euthanized and ileum, ceca, trachea, and litter were collected. In total, 1,558 samples were analyzed. Broiler samples clearly separated by sample type, with litter and trachea samples overlapping considerably, while cecum and ileum samples each separated uniquely (Figure 2). This suggests that the tracheal bacterial microbiome is reflective of the barn environment, which is logical since birds are continually breathing air containing litter particles. We then compared the bacterial microbiomes of chickens and turkeys with the hypothesis that they should be closely related but distinct. At first glance, chicken and turkey samples overlapped considerably with no apparent discrimination (Figure 3). However, as these samples were broken down by tissue, it became apparent that there are subtle and predictable differences between the turkey and chicken bacterial microbiomes. In short, turkey and chicken microbiomes contain the same dominant species, but differ subtly in their rare microbiome making them distinct. This further suggests to us that there is indeed host adaptation of the microbiome even between chickens
Figure 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Dominant bacteria in the turkey microbiome. Outlined in blue are species that were identified as biomarkers of enhanced flock performance. Dashed lines indicate phases of microbiome maturation
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NUTRITION
Samples by bird type
Samples by Tissue Unweighted Unifrac 0.2
Tissue cecum ileum litter trachea
0.0
0.2
0.2
0.0
PC1
chicken turkey
0.2
0.4
0.4
Bird Type
0.0
PC2
PC2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
PC1 Samples by bird type
Samples by Tissue Unweighted Unifrac 0.2
PC3
0.0
0.2 0.2
0.0
PC1
0.1 0.2 0.4
0.2
0.0
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PC1
0.2
Figure 2 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Principal coordinate analysis plots of broiler samples by sample type. Above, the two most informative dimensions are depicted, while below, the second and third most informative dimensions are depicted. Each dot represents the entire bacterial microbiome of a sample. Distances depict relative community similarity, with closer dots representing communities that are more similar than farther dots
Samples by bird type
chicken turkey
0.0
0.3
0.4
Bird Type
0.1
PC2
Tissue cecum ileum litter trachea
0.2
Figure 4 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Principal coordinate analysis plots of the bacterial microbiomes of chickens versus turkeys. Above are cecum samples, and below are ileum samples. While chicken and turkey samples share the same dominant bacterial species and trend in the same direction over time, the rare microbiome makes them unique from one another
and turkeys, emphasizing the need to consider them uniquely when considering probiotic approaches.
Can the poultry microbiome be modulated?
An important question is if products used for gut health actually modulate the microbiome in turkeys, and the turkey host itself. Caged performance experiments were conducted using Bird Type turkey poults, with eight cage replicates per treatment group 0.0 chicken and ten birds per cage (n=400). Treatments included a negaturkey tive control, a GroGel carrier control, continuous subtherapeutic bacitracin methylenedisalicylate administration (50 g/ton) in 0.2 feed, a commercial probiotic (FM-B11) administered daily via GroGel carrier, and an experimental 10-strain probiotic derived from turkey gastrointestinal bacteria administered daily via 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.2 GroGel carrier. Tissues from birds were collected at days 3, 6, and 13 of age (spleen, ileum, cecum, trachea) and used for PC1 assessments of host gene expression via RNA-Seq, and bacFigure 3 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Principal coordinate analysis plot of chicken versus terial communities via amplicon sequencing. Body weights and turkey samples including all sample types chicken (ileum, cecum, feed consumption were measured throughout the experiment. trachea, litter)
PC2
0.2
54
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
Figure 6 – Principal coordinate analysis plots on the bacterial microbiome of control versus antibiotic and probiotic treatments. All treatments impacted the microbiome at day 6, while BMD impacted the microbiome throughout the experiment
Figure 5 – Weights in grams of control versus treatment groups at days 6 and 13 of an experiment assessing the impact of low-dose antibiotics versus probiotics in turkeys
Early significant differences were observed in average daily weight gain between treatment groups, with the turkey-specific probiotic resulting in the best performance measurements throughout the experiment (Figure 5). Both antibiotic and probiotic administration shifted the bacterial communities in the gut, with modulations from probiotic treatments peaking at day 6 of age and modulations from BMD treatment continuing throughout the trial (Figure 6). RNA-Seq revealed the largest effects on the turkey host gene expression at the gut mucosal level, with BMD administration impacting 1,093 genes at day 6, while
the turkey-specific and FM-B11 probiotics impacted 323 and 4 genes, respectively. Overall, this work identifies key mechanistic differences between antibiotic and probiotic treatments relative to the host-microbiome continuum, and confirms the ability of alternative products to at least temporarily modulate the poultry gut microbiome.
Ovologic Trays Dividers Pallets
References are available on request From the Proceedings of the Midwest Poultry Federation Conference
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Compatibility of a new multi-strain probiotic with a live-attenuated Salmonella vaccine in chickens
A. Blanch1, D. Sandvang1 and C. Hofacre2 1 Chr.
Hansen A/S, Hørsholm, Denmark 2
Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc., Georgia, USA
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©ait.ac.at
VETERINARY SCIENCE
Vaccination of chickens and probiotic supplementation in feed are nowadays regarded as relevant measures to increase the resistance of birds against Salmonella exposure and decrease shedding. A pilot study was undertaken to assess the compatibility of a new multistrain probiotic with a live-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) vaccine. Experimental units were individual birds. There were three experimental treatments: control group without ST-vaccine administration or probiotic in the diet (T1), ST vaccinated group without probiotic (T2) and ST vaccinated group with probiotic in the diet (T3). On day 3 of test chicks were challenged with 107 CFU/ml Salmonella Heidelberg by oral gavage. Prior to challenge, four chicks from each group were randomly selected and the vaccine was able to be re-isolated from the spleens from treatments receiving the vaccine, indicating the probiotic did not affect the vaccine’s initial colonization. At study termination (day 39) caeca were sampled for Salmonella prevalence and number. There was no significant difference in Salmonella prevalence among experimental treatments. However, the vaccine alone or with probiotic showed numerically lower MPN log10 of Salmonella than the challenge control. - veterinary science -
VETERINARY SCIENCE
The basis for effective control of Salmonella infections in poultry production is good farm management and hygienic practices as well as testing and elimination of positive flocks in some countries. While many different measures have been recommended in meat chicken farms, vaccination with live-attenuated vaccines is likely to have a central role in the reduction of Salmonella in commercial operations by increasing the passive immunity of birds and blocking the horizontal transmission of Salmonella. The advantage of live-attenuated vaccines is that attenuated Salmonella bacteria replicate, colonize, and invade intestinal and visceral organs of inoculated chickens, producing long-lasting protective immunity. Furthermore, as part of measures against Salmonella in poultry, it has been demonstrated that the addition of Bacillus-based probiotics in poultry feed may result in significant reductions of Salmonella load in the intestinal tract of chickens as well as in the surrounding environment, thereby potentially reducing the risk of infection between birds and decreasing the amount of Salmonella entering the slaughterhouse, thus potentially improving food safety. The objective of this pilot study was to evaluate the effect of a Bacillus-based probiotic on the colonization of a live Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) vaccine and its subsequent ability to protect against a Salmonella Heidelberg challenge in broiler chickens. One hundred and twenty (120) day-of-hatch Ross x Ross nonsexed broiler chicks were obtained from a commercial broiler company (Georgia, US). At the experimental facility (Southern Poultry Research Group, Inc. -SPRG-, Georgia, US), birds were randomly distributed in three isolated room divisions (40 birds per division), with each room division assigned to one of the following experimental treatments: control group without ST-vaccine administration or probiotic in the diet (T1), ST vaccinated group without probiotic (T2) and ST vaccinated group with probiotic in the diet (T3). All birds were vaccinated with an approved broiler coccidiosis vaccine, 30 minutes before administrating live ST-vaccine to T2 and T3 birds. The ST-vaccine was coarse sprayed, as per manufacturerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s recommendation, at one day of age at one dose per bird in a volume of 0.25 ml per chick. The birds were raised under thermostatically controlled gas heaters and ambient humidity and were provided a lighting program as per the primary breeder recommendations. At placement, each isolated division contained approximately 10 cm of fresh pine shavings. Litter was not replaced during the course of the study. Each isolated division contained one tube feeder and one bell drinker resulting in a forty-bird/feeder and drinker ratio. Feed and water were administered ad libitum. Since performance assessment was not an aim of the study, only two feeding phases were established: starter phase from day zero to day 21; grower-finisher phase from 22 to day 39. Diets were fed as crumbles (starter phase) or pellets (grower-finisher phase). Feed formulations for this study consisted of un-medicated commercial-type broiler starter and grower diets compounded with commonly used United States feedstuffs representative of local formulations, calculated analyses to meet or exceed NRC standards. No antibiotics were added to any feed. - october 2018 -
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©simmonsfoods
VETERINARY SCIENCE
“The basis for effective control of Salmonella infections in poultry production is good farm management and hygienic practices as well as testing and elimination of positive flocks in some countries” Treatment feeds were prepared from a basal starter feed with quantities of all basal feed to prepare treatment batches documented. Treatment feeds were mixed at the SPRG feed mill and pelleted in a California Pellet mill at 80 °C. Starter feed and grower-finisher feed for T3 birds was supplemented with a multistrain probiotic composed of the following probiotic strains: Bacillus subtilis DSM32324 (8 x 105 CFU/g of feed), Bacillus subtilis DSM32325 (5 x 105 CFU/g of feed) and Bacillus amyloliquafaciens DSM25840 (3 x 105 CFU/g of feed). Thus, the total content of supplemented Bacillus strains in T3 feed was 1.6 x 106 CFU/g of feed. On the third day of life, all birds were orally gavaged with a 3 x 107 CFU nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella Heidelberg. Prior to challenge, four ceca and four spleens from each treatment were weighed and collected to confirm vaccine colonization. The samples were analyzed by decimal dilutions in buffered saline with gelatine. The diluted samples were plated in drops on Salmonella-Shigella agar and incubated at 37 °C for 24 h (permitting detection of 102 CFU of salmonellae per g of sample). The presence or absence of salmonellae at concentrations below 102 CFU/g in the sample was tested by ability or inability to detect salmonellae in samples incubated in selenite cysteine broth at 37 °C for 48 h, sub-cultured on Salmonella-Shigella agar, and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C. Samples positive by selective enrichment in selenite cysteine broth were recorded as 10 CFU, and negative samples were recorded as 0 CFU. On day 39, 10 birds per treatment were taken from each isolated division, euthanised (by cervical dislocation), and caeca aseptically removed. After removal, each caecal sample was
58
placed in one sterile plastic sample bag (Fisher Scientific), labeled and stored on ice and transferred to the onsite laboratory for Salmonella analysis. The caeca samples were weighed, sterile saline was added to them, and they were stomached. An aliquot of 1 ml was removed for Most Probable Number (MPN) procedure. For all 10 caeca, a sample of 1 ml of stomached peptone broth was transferred to three adjacent wells in the first row of a 96well 2 ml deep block. An aliquot of 0.1 ml of sample was transferred to 0.9 ml of tetrathionate broth in the second row. This process was repeated for the remaining rows in order to produce five ten-fold dilutions. Blocks were incubated (24 hours at 42 °C) and 1μl of each well transferred onto XLT-4 agar (containing nalidixic acid) with a pin-tool replicator. Plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours, the final dilution of each sample being recorded and entered in MPN calculator (to determine sample MPN). Suspect Salmonella isolates were confirmed by Poly-O Salmonella Specific Antiserum (MiraVista, Indianapolis, IN), according to Berghaus et al. (2013) and Alali et al. (2013). Salmonella prevalence was compared between treatment groups using Fisher’s exact test. Salmonella MPNs in culture-positive samples were compared between treatment groups using one-way analysis of variance. MPN values were log-transformed prior to statistical analysis. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons were performed using the Bonferroni procedure to limit the type I error probability to 5% over all comparisons. All tests assumed a two-sided alternative hypothesis, and P<0.05
- veterinary science -
VETERINARY SCIENCE
was considered statistically significant. Analyses were performed using commercially available statistical software (Stata 15.0, StataCorp LLP, College Station, TX). Although statistical comparisons were performed for informational purposes, they are not valid under the pilot study design because birds within the same room division (pen) are not statistically independent, and there was no pen-level replication of treatments. Liver and spleen samples were cultured from four birds per treatment group on day 3. Salmonella prevalence is summarized in Table 1. There was a significant overall treatment effect with respect to Salmonella prevalence (P=0.002). Prevalence in T1 was zero, whereas in T2 and T3 was 75% and 100%, respectively, indicating that probiotic supplementation in the diet did not interfere with the response to the vaccine. Due to the small sample sizes, none of the individual pairwise comparisons between treatments were significant when using the Bonferroni procedure to limit the type I error probability to 5% over all comparisons. All of the Salmonella isolates obtained on day 3 were identified as belonging to serogroup B, which was consistent with the vaccine strain (Salmonella Typhimurium). Table 1 – Salmonella prevalence in liver/spleen samples collected from four birds in each of three treatment groups on day 3
Table 2 – Salmonella prevalence in caeca samples collected from 10 birds in each treatment group on day 39 Treatment
N
No. Positive (%)
†P
T1 (untreated group)
10
7 (70.0)
0.125
T2 (Salmonella vaccine alone)
10
5 (50.0)
T3 (Salmonella vaccine + probiotic)
10
6 (60.0)
†Fisher’s exact test
Salmonella MPNs for the culture-positive caeca samples are summarized in Table 3. There was no significant difference between treatments with respect to the mean log10 Salmonella MPN/g in culture-positive caeca samples on day 39 (P=0.135), although the application of the live-attenuated vaccine alone or with probiotic resulted in lower values than the untreated group. Table 3 – Log10 Salmonella MPN/g for culture-positive ceca samples on day 39 Treatment
N
Mean log10 (MPN/g SE)
†P
T1 (untreated group)
7
0,85a (0.29)
0.135
Treatment
N
No. Positive (%)
†P
T2 (Salmonella vaccine alone)
5
0.05a (0.35)
T1 (untreated group)
4
0 (0.0)a
0.002
T3 (Salmonella vaccine + probiotic)
6
-0.01a (0.32)
T2 (Salmonella vaccine alone)
4
3 (75.0)a
T3 (Salmonella vaccine + probiotic)
4
4 (100)a
†One-way analysis of variance. Means with a superscript in common do not differ with a level of significance of 5% over all comparisons
†Fisher’s exact test. Percentages with a superscript in common do not differ with a level of significance of 5% over all comparisons
Salmonella prevalence in ceca samples at day 39, based on MPN data, is summarized in Table 2. There was no significant difference between treatments (P=0.125). All of the Salmonella isolates obtained from caeca samples were identified as belonging to serogroup B. As nalidixic acid was used in the MPN procedure, all isolates obtained were presumed to be the challenge strain. Although there was not a significant reduction, there was a consistent numerical reduction in prevalence of the challenge strain in both treatments.
This study was primarily designed to demonstrate that the tested probiotic would have no negative effect on the ability of the live Salmonella vaccine to replicate and induce protection. This study clearly demonstrated that this Bacillus-multistrain probiotic does not have any detrimental effect. In addition, the study indicated there may be an additive effect to having both the vaccine and probiotic. References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2018 Australian Poultry Science Symposium
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Tel. +39 049 9698111 - Fax +39 049 9630605 | www.facco.net - facco@facco.net
PREFABRICATED METAL PLANTSspazio55x45-facco.indd for aviculture, livestock farming and industry
Officine Meccaniche
VETTORELLO LUCIANO 35040 Casale di Scodosia (PD) • Italia • via Nuova, 1515 Tel. +39 0429 847062 • Fax +39 0429 848315 luciano@officinevettorello.it • www.officinevettorello.it
BD Ad Zootecnica 55x95 10-13.indd 1
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Equipment
POULTRY EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
GmbH & Co. KG
Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) T: +49 (0) 2838 912-0 • F: +49 (0) 2838 2791 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de
VALLI spa • via Cimatti, 2 • 47010 Galeata (FC) • Italy T: +39 0543 975 311 • F: +39 0543 981 400 E: info@valli-italy.com • I: www.valli-italy.com
POULTRY AND RABBIT EQUIPMENT
Housing equipment for breeders, layers and broilers.
LUBING
MBE srl
via delle Fornaci 88/A 60044 Fabriano (AN) - Italy Tel. 0732/627167 - info@mbefabriano.it - www.mbefabriano.it
www.vencomatic.com
Automatic rollaway nests Plastic slats Aviary systems Rearing systems Broiler systems Manure belts Manure drying systems Emission
Harselaarseweg 32, 3771 MB Barneveld, Holland Tel.: +31(0)342 42 70 00 Fax: +31 (0)342 42 70 01 Website: www.jpe.org E-mail: info@jpe.org
Drinking systems for chicks, broilers, breeders, layers, ducks Floor-watering system for broilers with the TOP-Nipples Art. and turkeys; nipple drinkers for rabbits and pigs /- and CombiMaster Art. -. The central elements of the floor-watering system Conveyor systems for egg collection are the LUBING nipples, ensuring an optimum water flow for every animal age. Climate systems: Pad Climate (evaporative cooling for paper or plastic pads) system and Top“EasyLine“ Climate (with high pressure nozzles) Floor-watering for turkey rearing and finishing cooling in poultry houses with the Turkey-Nipple Art. .
Impex Barneveld B.V. P.O. Box 20 • 3770 AA Barneveld • Holland T: 31 (0) 342 41 66 41 • F: 31 (0) 342 41 28 26 E: info@impex.nl • I: www.impex.nl
via Marco Polo, (Z.I.) Campodarsego, Padova Italy tel. + fax + info@lubing.it www.lubingsystem.com
UPCOMING EVENTS 2018 November, 6 to 8 2nd PSA Latin American Scientific Conference Royal Palm Hotel and Convention Center São Paulo, Brasil For information please contact: Poultry Science Association 701 Devonshire Drive, C-51 Champaign, IL 61820 Tel.: +1 217 3565285 Fax: +1 217 2396644 Email: psa@assochq.org
November, 13 to 16 EuroTier Messe Hanover, Germany For information please contact: DLG Service GmbH Eschborner Landstr.122 60489 Frankfurt, Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 69 24788265 Fax: +49 (0) 69 24788123 Website: www.dlg.org www.eurotier.de
2019 February, 5 to 7 AGROFARM All-Russian Exhibition Centre (VVC Grounds), VDNH, Hall 75, Moscow, Russia For information please contact: Gennady Mindru Tel.: + 7 (499) 250 8796 Tel.: +49 (0) 69 - 24788-278 Fax: +49 (0) 69 - 24788-138 Email: g.mindru@dlg.org
February, 12 to 14 IPPE International Production & Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center
285 Andrew Young International Blvd NW Atlanta, Georgia USA For information please contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA USA Tel.: +1 770 4939401 Fax: +1 770 4939257 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexpo.org
Bangkok International trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC) 88 Bangna-Trad Road, Bangna, Prakanong, Bangkok 10260, Thailand Tel.: +66 (0) 2 7261999 and +66 (0) 2 3669797 Fax: +66 (0) 2 7261939 (Sales Office) Email: info@bitec.net Website: www.bitec.net
March, 27 to 29 February, 17 to 20 30th Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium Sheraton on the Park, Sydney The University of Sydney, Australia For information please contact: Tel.: +61 (0) 2 93511656 Email: jo-ann.geist@sydney.edu.au
FierAvicola Forlì Fiera di Forlì S.p.A. via Punta di Ferro n° 2, 47122, Forlì (FC), Italy For information please contact: Tel.: +39 0543 1991928 Fax: +39 0543 724488 Email: info@fieraforli.it info@fieravicola.com Website: www.fieraforli.it
March, 12 to 14 48th annual Midwest Poultry Federation MPF Convention Minneapolis Convention Center Downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA For information please contact: Lara Durben Email: ldurben@midwestpoultry.com Website: www.midwestpoultry.com
March, 13 to 15 VIV Asia 2019 Bangkok, Thailand For information please contact: Worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 2952700 Fax: +31 (0) 30 2952809 South East Asia VNU Exhibitions Asia Pacific Co., Ltd. 195 Empire Tower, 23 rd Floor, Room no. 2307, South Sathorn Road, Yannawa, Sathorn Bangkok 10120, Thailand Tel.: +66 (0) 2 6700900 Fax: +66 (0) 2 6700908
May, 28 to 30 VIV Russia 2019 For information please contact: Worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 2952700 Fax: +31 (0) 30 2952809 ASTI Group Exhibition Company Barklay Street, 6/5 Barklay Plaza Business Centre 121087 Moscow, Russia Tel.: +7 (8) 495 7976914 Fax: + 7 (8) 495 7976915 Email: info@vivrussia.ru
June, 13 to 15 VIV Turkey Istanbul Expo Center 40 Çobançesme Kavsagi P.K. Istanbul 34149, Turkey For information please contact: Email: info@hkf-fairs.com Website: www.hkftradefairs.com www.vivturkey.com/eng
Internet Guide ABVista Agritech Arion Fasoli Aviagen Aviagen Turkeys Ltd Aza International Barbieri Belts Bayer HealthCare Big Dutchman Biochem Carfed Headquarters Carfed Italian Branch Cobb Europe Codaf Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. DSM Nutritional Products Elanco Eurosilos SIRP EuroTier Facco Poultry Equipment Farmer Automatic FIEM Fiera di Forlì FierAgricola Verona Gasolec Giordano Poultry Plast GI-OVO B.V. Hendrix Genetics Hubbard Hy-Line International Impex Barneveld BV Intracare Jamesway Jansen Poultry Equipment Marel Poultry Mbe Breeding Equipment Menci Meyn MOBA MS Technologies Newpharm Officine Meccaniche Vettorello Omaz srl Pas Reform Petersime N.V. Prinzen BV Reventa Roxell Ska Socorex Space Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG Tecnoclima TPI-Polytechniek U.S. Poultry & Egg Association Val-co Valli VDL Agrotech Vencomatic Victoria VIV Europe Vostermans
emea@abvista.com agritech@agritech.it nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com info@aviagen.com turkeysltd@aviagen.com info@azainternational.it info@barbieri-belts.com big@bigdutchman.com info@biochem.net info@carfed.ch info@carfed.it info@cobb-europe.com info@codaf.net info@cortizootecnici.com
contatti@eurosilos.it eurotier@dlg.org facco@facco.net info@farmerautomatic.de fiem@fiem.it info@fieravicola.com info@veronafiere.it sales@gasolec.com info@poultryplast.com sales@gi-ovo.com info@hendrix-genetics.com contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com info@hyline.com info@impex.nl info@intracare.nl USA-sales@jamesway.com info@jpe.org info.poultry@marel.com info@mbefabriano.it commerciale@menci.it sales@meyn.com sales@moba.net sales@MSTegg.com info@newpharm.it luciano@officinevettorello.it omaz@omaz.com info@pasreform.com info@petersime.com info@prinzen.com info@reventa.de info@roxell.com ska@ska.it socorex@socorex.com info@space.fr info@specht-tenelsen.de tecnoclima@tecnoclimaspa.com info@tpi-polytechniek.com info@uspoultry.org intl.sales@val-co.com info@valli-italy.com info@vdlagrotech.nl info@vencomatic.com victoria@victoria-srl.com viv@vnuexhibitions.com ventilation@vostermans.com
www.abvista.com www.agritech.it www.arionfasoli.com www.aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com www.azainternational.it www.barbieri-belts.com www.bayer.com www.bigdutchman.de www.biochem.net www.carfed.ch www.carfed.it www.cobb-vantress.com www.codaf.net www.cortizootecnici.com www.dsm.com www.elanco.com www.eurosilos.it www.eurotier.com www.facco.net www.farmerautomatic.de www.fiem.it www.fieravicola.com www.veronafiere.it www.gasolec.com www.poultryplast.com www.gi-ovo.com www.hendrix-genetics.com www.hubbardbreeders.com www.hyline.com www.impex.nl www.intracare.nl www.jamesway.com www.jpe.org www.marel.com/poultry-processing www.mbefabriano.it www.menci.it www.meyn.com www.moba.net www.MSTegg.com www.newpharm.it www.officinevettorello.com www.omaz.com www.pasreform.com www.petersime.com www.prinzen.com www.reventa.de www.roxell.com www.ska.it www.socorex.com www.space.fr www.specht-tenelsen.de www. tecnoclimaspa.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com www.uspoultry.org www.val-co.com www.valli-italy.com www.vdlagrotech.com www.vencomaticgroup.com www.incubatricivictoria.com www.viv.net www.vostermans.com
Editorial Director Lucio Vernillo Editorial Staff (zootecnica@zootecnica.it): Tania Montelatici, Lara Naldini Account Executive Marianna Caterino (amministrazione@zootecnica.it) Editorial Office Zootecnica International Via Ugo Foscolo 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy Tel. +39 055 2571891 Fax: +39 055 2571897 Website: www.zootecnicainternational.com Licence Registrazione Tribunale di Firenze n.3162 Spedizione in A.P. Art.2 comma 20/B legge 662/96 - Filiale di Firenze ISSN 0392-0593 Subscription Rates (1 year / 11 issues): Europe Euro 44 Rest of the World Euro 57 * Subscribe online by Credit Card or Paypal: www.zootecnicainternational.com * Subscribe by money transfer: 1. effect a money transfer to: Zootecnica International, via Ugo Foscolo, 35 50018 Scandicci (FI) Italy; bank: UNICREDIT, BIC: UNICRITM1OU9 Iban: IT 81 H 02008 38083 000020067507 2. send us your complete shipping address by fax (+39 055 2571897) or by email (amministrazione@zootecnica.it). Art Direction & Layout Laura Cardilicchia - ellecigrafica.com Cover Image: © Denise Vernillo Printed Nova Arti Grafiche, Florence
English Edition Year XL • October 2018
Visit us at Eurotier exhibition Stand C11 – Hall 2
L
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MAXIMUM
EGG PROTECTION
RLDS
Y ST E M
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+31(0)88-030 89 00
T RELIAB S O
20 YEARS
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www.gi-ovo.com
SPECHT is everywhere where hens are! • Rearing in aviary system
• Layers in Varia-System
• Rearing in cages
• Group cage system (enriched cage)
L
ORIGINA
estock eco and liv friendly
ORIGINAL
• Feeding system
®
• Layer battery
• Egg belt
• Cage floor
POULTRY EQUIPMENT
GmbH & Co. KG
• Manure drying system
Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) Telefon +49 (0) 28 38 912-0 • Telefax +49 (0) 28 38 27 91 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de
• Egg collecting system