Zootecnica International – September 2019 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze
The dynamics of the U. S. broiler industry between 1990 and 2019 The core technology for the sustainability of animal production Invention of a comprehensive method for control of coccidiosis in poultry
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2019
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EDITORIAL The events in Eastern Europe, the economic situations in China, India, Brazil and in the United States represent key elements in the global panorama. If we consider the tone the media and politicians consider these events, it is clear that they have been conceived in the light of a competition among nations instead of a potential for a constructive collaboration. To create a new future, it is necessary to reconsider events of the past. If we reflect on the divisions arising from the Yalta treaty at the end of World War II, it is clear that they were intended to define the areas of influence of the East and West, in the light of the political and economic situation at the time. The transformations that took place in Central and Eastern Europe during the past decades were manifested by a surge toward civil liberty. At the same time, the movement towards freedom has been heightening national differences based on traditional ethnic, historical, cultural, linguistic, and religious factors. But this kind of problems concerns also many other countries. To resolve the difficult situations which have arisen it will be necessary to apply the learnt lessons of the past. Throughout history epochal moments and profound revolutionary events have occurred rapidly, but their results have been difficult to reconcile with economic progress. We have an obligation to analyse facts with particular care, and to avoid the errors of the past, which have led to confrontation rather than constructive cooperation between nations.
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A S ERVI CE OF
SUMMARY WORLDWIDE NEWS............................................................................. 4 COMPANY NEWS................................................................................... 8 COMPANY FOCUS This year Agrovo celebrates its 25th anniversary............................................. 10
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FIELD REPORT Avian Influenza jolts East Africa poultry trade.................................................. 12 The dynamics of the U. S. broiler industry between 1990 and 2019.................. 14
MARKETING Global egg trade: analysis at Country Development Group level...................... 20
TECHNICAL COLUMN 5 easy steps to check fumigation efficacy....................................................... 26
28
MANAGEMENT The core technology for the sustainability of animal production, environment and green energy....................................................................... 28 Big data for poultry. An introduction................................................................ 32 Cage free pullet management........................................................................ 38
NUTRITION Broiler nutrition, future efficiency.................................................................... 42 Layer nutrition. A future vision........................................................................ 46
VETERINARY
52
Invention of a comprehensive method for control of coccidiosis in poultry......... 52
PROCESSING A stress-free journey from shed to shackle..................................................... 56
MARKET GUIDE................................................................................... 60 EVENTS................................................................................................... 63 INTERNET GUIDE................................................................................ 64
WORLDWIDE NEWS
Using sensor technology against feather pecking in laying hens In collaboration with Animal Breeding and Genomics (WUR), Breed4Food and the COST Action GroupHouseNet, a review paper was written on how sensor technologies can aid in selecting against feather pecking in laying hens. FP is a socially-affected trait, i.e. it depends both on the hen’s ability to avoid being pecked (direct genetic effect or victim effect) and on the pecking behaviour of her group mates (indirect genetic effect or actor effect). So far, behavioural observations have been used to collect information on activity, fearfulness and FP behaviour. However, this is time consuming and difficult to apply in commercial situations. With the use of sensor technologies, such as ultra-wideband (UWB) tracking, computer vision (CV), accelerometers, or radio frequency identification (RFID), there is potential to track and monitor individuals in large groups, and to identify FP and victims. Furthermore, developments in the field of animal breeding can be used to link information obtained from sensor technologies to an individual’s genotype. This could help us to identify regions or gene expression patterns that provide further insights into FP behaviour and provide tools to reduce the incidence of FP behaviour. In a collaboration with Animal Breeding and Genomics of Wageningen University & Research, Breed4Food and the COST action GroupHouseNet, researchers investigated how sensor technologies can aid in studying feather pecking in laying hens. The aims of this study were to give an overview of sensor technologies that can be used to identify individual birds and phenotype FP behaviour, describe the use of “-omics” approaches to understand FP, and discuss indicator traits from both “-omics” and sensor technologies, as well as applications to animal breeding. Recently, a review paper with the results from this study was published.
Feather pecking Livestock are often kept in large groups under commercial circumstances. Identifying and monitoring individuals in these groups is a challenge, and especially monitoring damaging behaviours, like feather pecking (FP) in laying hens, is difficult. FP in laying hens often leads to welfare and economic problems in commercial poultry production.
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Sensor technologies There are a variety of sensor technologies that could be used to identify and monitor individual birds kept in a group. So far, most of the studies focus on using body-worn sensor technologies in small groups, or using
- worldwide news -
WORLDWIDE NEWS
body-worn sensors to monitor pop holes, range, and nest usage. Previous studies in Phenolab (Wageningen University & Research) showed that the UWB system was able to detect the location of a bird with 85% accuracy, compared to a human observer. Furthermore, the system was able to detect differences in activity between hens selected as high FP birds and hens selected as low FP birds. The UWB system could also be used to examine proximity of hens in relation to each other.
the location of a bird and the directional movement and
CV has been used to recognize and follow individual animals. However, application in poultry is limited, because it is difficult to identify individual birds due to:
against complex behavioural traits such as FP, particu-
speed, which could indicate FP behaviour, whereas a combination of RFID/UWB and CV enables us to monitor distribution patterns of birds and register proximity. Current developments in “-omics” and sensor technologies offer possible solutions to reduce FP. We argue that a combined sensor and “-omics” approach has great promise to contribute to the breeding program to select larly when different sensor types, such as CV and RFID/ UWB, are combined.
1. problems in initial object recognition, i.e. separating birds from a uniform background (litter),
Publication: Ellen et al. - Review of Sensor Technolo-
2. piling of the birds on top of each other, and
gies in Animal Breeding: Phenotyping Behaviors of Lay-
3. flocking of birds together.
ing Hens to Select Against Feather Pecking. Animals
However, a combination of different sensor technologies might offer solutions. For instance the combination of RFID/UWB and accelerometers enables us to register
2019, 9(3), 108. Source: Wageningen University & Research
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WORLDWIDE NEWS
Poultry Africa 2019 The first edition of Poultry Africa won great appreciations and set a solid basis for the development of this once-every-2-year boutique concept. This Expo returns to the ‘Land of Thousand Hills’ on 2-3 October 2019 and is set to offer an even wider range of programmes and supply for the poultry production chain in Sub-Saharan Africa. More than 100 companies are exhibiting at the 2019 edition of this event that already proved great appreciation from the industry two years ago. With an increase of 30% in number of exhibiting companies, the event aims at presenting an even wider selection of Feed to Food suppliers in poultry and eggs covering feed, crop-tech and feed-tech, feed ingredients and additives, animal health, breeding & hatching, farm production and equipment, poultry and eggs processing and handling. Among the African exhibitors that already signed for the event, Poultry Africa will showcase Abusol Ltd, AGCO South Africa (Pty) Ltd, Agrotech Ltd, Avipro EAST AFRICA Ltd, Urban Farmer, Essential Drugs Ltd, ME VAC, Vetcare Africa. A 50% of the exhibitors come from Europe, including key suppliers especially in the animal health, farm production and feed ingredients and additives sectors. India, Turkey, China and Southeast Asia will also be exhibiting at Poultry Africa 2019. Visitors will not only be able to meet professionals at their booths, but also attend the experts’ Technical Best Practice Seminars. Some of the interesting topics addressed by these sessions are “Heat stress, sustainability, and AGP free food, “Poultry health – the way to productivity and profits” and “Women in poultry business”. While the Expo takes place in the Kigali Convention Centre, rooms MH 1-2-3-4, the Technical Best Practice Seminars will be hosted in AD rooms, adjacent to the Expo’s MH rooms. Both Expo and Seminars are held on 2-3 October, 2019 free of charge upon registration: a unique opportunity and 360° experience for African professionals to expend the network internationally and learn about practical solutions tailor-made for the African poultry industry. On October 1st the Leadership Conference will anticipate the Expo with four sessions on “Profitable poultry production in Africa”. After an economic overview on the Sub-Saharan region, the retail and digital aspects of the poultry business will be covered by the second session of the conference, followed by a presentation on the importance of animal protein in nutrition and of investing in poultry protein in Africa.
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Practical insights will close the one-day program. The Leadership Conference is held at the Kigali Convention Centre, in room AD12 and will host key international speakers from the world and from Africa. The price includes all sessions, coffee breaks, lunch, and network cocktail. Poultry Africa is organized by VIV worldwide, the renowned feed-to-food network and series of events for animal husbandry. Poultry Africa is proud to work with strategic supporters for the realization of this event, such as the Ministry of Agriculture and Animal Resources Rwanda (MINAGRI), the WPSA, the WVPA, the Africa Agribusiness Academy, the Dutch Poultry Centre, the Netherlands-Africa Business Council (NABC), Rwanda Development Board, the Embassy of the Netherlands in Kigali, and around 100 partners such as government institutions, trade associations, industry media, and stakeholders in Africa and from the world. The organizers welcome the industry to the beautiful Kigali Convention Centre on October 2-3 for Poultry Africa 2019 Expo & Technical seminars, and on October 1st for the Leadership Conference.
Source: Poultry Africa Press, VIV worldwide Press
- worldwide news -
WORLDWIDE NEWS
Aviagen mourns loss of industry icon David Butler helped build the Ross brand globally; he will be greatly missed. Innovation pioneer In 1972 David was transferred to the breeding side of what was now known as Ross Breeders Ltd. There he quickly became known for his ability to solve challenges and pioneer improvements that propelled the industry forward. One innovation that he spearheaded became known as the “Avian growth curve,” which applied natural genetic selection to result in improved reproductivity and efficiency in converting feed into live bodyweight. In 1985, he was promoted to Technical Services Director, where he formed a global team to help customers reap the benefits of the Avian growth curve. Due to his leadership, dedication and tireless efforts, he made countless contributions that helped promote the Ross brand and ensure the profitability and success of farmers throughout his entire career.
David E. Butler
Former Aviagen® Technical Director David E. Butler sadly passed away on June 7. For 50 years David was instrumental in promoting the growth and success of the Ross® brand in the global poultry industry, and was admired and respected by colleagues and customers far and wide.
Industry commitment from early on Born in Bridgewater, Somerset, UK, as the son of a beef cattle and chicken farmer, agriculture was in his blood from an early age. In fact, in 1953 David’s family was one of the early broiler growers in the area. Recognizing the potential commercial benefits, David switched his study of dentistry at Bristol University to poultry at Harper Adams University. “The generation interval was short and this appealed to me. I felt I could make real progress with poultry,” he was reported to have said at the time. After deepening his knowledge with a study in Poultry Technology, he joined Chunky Chicks – the first purpose-bred broiler in the UK – in Newbridge, Edinburgh, where the Ross brand also got its start.
Dedication to customer success In 2006 he was recognized with a Distinguished Service Award from the British Poultry Council for his innovative discovery and application of the Avian Growth Curve, as well as his outstanding customer support. “David’s extraordinary talent for cultivating customer relationships, coupled with his in-depth knowledge and insight, helped foster Ross success throughout the world. He was an influential manager with an engaging ability to communicate, fill the room and connect with a diverse group of people. He had first-hand knowledge of the customers and markets and also had close involvement in the strategies and decisions in the breeding program, as well as the performance of birds in the field. His experience and broad awareness of internal developments provided enormous value, which was equally matched by his drive, his charisma and his desire to influence improvements and share his knowledge with customers everywhere, and he will be deeply missed by us all,” remarked Tom Exley, President of Aviagen Turkey, Middle East and Africa.
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COMPANY NEWS
AB Vista presents new perspectives on the role of fibre and phytate in performance-enhancing strategies at SPACE 2019 AB Vista is committed to developing new nutritional applications based on scientific insight to help customers meet their individual production goals. AB Vista will also be showcasing the latest research behind a targeted enzyme application to optimise both phytate and NSP utilisation, in order to reduce the antinutritive effects of both substrates. The enzyme application strategy Maximum Matrix Nutrition delivers complete phytate destruction while reducing viscosity and increasing fibre fermentability. The net result is improved nutrient utilisation and a significant improvement in amino acids, minerals and energy, meaning diets can be formulated with higher nutrient credit, delivering considerable feed cost savings. This is achieved through research, nutritional expertise and the ability to analyse nutritional factors – the combination of which is referred to as “feed intelligence”.
Having an in-depth knowledge of the variation of nutritional quality within an ingredient is key for feed manufacturers and producers in order to formulate a diet that
“Understanding fibre has become a cornerstone in the latest research of the company, which has led to their latest innovation, Signis. Visitors to AB Vista’s booth D101 can find out about Signis, which accelerates the development of a fiber-degrading microbiome, enabling the fermentation of fiber sources that would otherwise remain undigested, improving the extent of fiber digestibility earlier in the monogastric life cycle” Increasing understanding of fibre is presenting a new perspective on the valuable role it can play in gut health and therefore, within performance-enhancing nutritional strategies, will be the focus for animal nutrition technology company, AB Vista, at SPACE 2019. Understanding fibre has become a cornerstone in the latest research of the company, which has led to their latest innovation, Signis. Visitors to AB Vista’s booth D101 can
meets the requirements of the animal and maximise profitability. This is where NIR technology comes into play, providing rapid and accurate predictions of the nutritional components of feed. This year at SPACE, AB Vista will run live NIR demonstrations at their booth. AB Vista’s team will be available at Hall 9, stand D101 where an aperitif will be offered on Wednesday giving attendees the opportunity to discuss the latest company research.
find out about Signis, which accelerates the development of a fiber-degrading microbiome, enabling the fermentation of fiber sources that would otherwise remain undigested, improving the extent of fiber digestibility earlier in the monogastric life cycle.
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- company news -
For more information: AB Vista on Tel.: +34 91 859 1787 Email: emea@abvista.com. Follow AB Vista on Twitter: @ABVista.
COMPANY NEWS
New TRIO line by Arion Fasoli The freshness and cleanliness of water are fundamental elements for the healthy growth of livestock. In order to guarantee this, the Arion Fasoli srl company has invested time and energy in researching for an alternative “niche” product in their bell-type drinker product range with this search commencing from their previous models in order to maintain their reputation for solidity and safety. A system without a filter is repeated, which guarantees a continuous flow of water even when water has been treated with medicinal or cleaning substances. The uniqueness is in the design that combines the sleeve and the central body into one piece with the valve being more reliable and even easier to use. The design of the bell, now rounded and shiny, does not allow dust to settle on the surface. The new TRIO line was created to satisfy the technical needs of chickens, turkeys, ducks, quails and game birds. In addition to meeting the needs of these various birds the TRIO drinkers facilitates the work of staff in their cleaning and disinfection operations thanks to the bayonet connection between valve and bell. The new Trio line is enriched with small modifications for each model – e.g. the Trio-S channel and anti-drowning grid for quails and chicks – the Trio-M with narrower channel for better water containment – the Trio-L with raised inclined edge as an anti-waste device.
DRINKERS
TRANSPORT CAGES
FEEDERS
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COMPANY FOCUS
This year Agrovo celebrates its 25th anniversary Founder Michael Langeder summarises his company’s journey: es from Moba accounted for even 20% of Moba’s entire sales volumes. 2000: selling the first Omnia egg grader and increasing the number of service engineers. 2003: we employed a total of 10 service engineers, many qualified to set up and commission Omnia equipment independently, often without needing a Dutch specialist in attendance. 2004: opening a spare parts warehouse in Moscow. 2004: opening a representative office in Kiev. 2008: installation of a fully functional Helpdesk in our Moscow office. 2017: opening a spare parts warehouse in Ukraine and taking on two service engineers in our Kiev office. Michael Langeder
“To be honest, when I started Agrovo in 1994 I didn’t have a clear picture of its direction. I was in contact with several companies at that time, and I believed that our focus would crystallise in the course of our collaboration. We started off by supplying meat-processing equipment and importing and exporting egg powder, thereby making a name for ourselves among egg producers. A key moment was meeting Roskar’s director, Valery Goryachev, almost by chance in Vienna in 1995. We immediately took to each other, and this led to us selling our first egg grading machine to Roskar in 1996. Their poultry farm was nothing then compared to what it is today. Roskar is a pioneer, and its prestige in the industry has become our golden ticket to doing business with other companies. At that point although I could never have imagined that one day we would capture almost the entire market in the former USSR and install more than 230 pieces of Moba equipment, including 167 Omnia class machines.”
“We are proud that the company is constantly growing, despite the unstable political and economic situation, both in Russia and in other countries, and in spite of increasing interference by officials. Our regular customers are all leaders in their industries. We have many staff in Vienna, Moscow and Kiev (in total 30 at present), many with more than 20 years’ experience. Our staff know our key customers personally and are on first-name terms with many of them.”
Here are testimonials from some of Agrovo customers
Agrovo’s milestones Valery Goryachev
1994: founding of Agrovo HandelsgmbH in Vienna. 1997: signing an agency agreement with Moba. However, we became actually distributors, making transactions at our own cost. In some of the following years our purchas-
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Valery Goryachev, President and main shareholder of Roskar Poultry Farm (produces 3,500,000 eggs a day): “Agrovo was one of the first foreign companies we
- company focus -
COMPANY FOCUS
worked with, and they played a significant role in our development. We also were the first company to purchase the latest equipment, and that paid off. We now work exclusively with Moba equipment: one Omnia PX700 and two Omnia FT500s.”
Oleg Lyakin
Oleg Lyakin, General Director of Okskoe (produces 2,100,000 eggs a day): Lyudmila Kosteva
Lyudmila Kosteva, Main shareholder of Volzhanin (produces 3,570,000 eggs a day): “Volzhanin has come a long way, from being a regional poultry farm to becoming a leading European holding company with a closed cycle producing 1.5 billion organic eggs per year. The secret of our fast and successful development is our constant search for the latest cutting-edge technology. The professionalism of Agrovo’s specialists has helped us realise our ambitious projects over the years by fitting our facilities with Moba machines.
“When we were choosing our first egg grading machine our specialists studied the market carefully. The decision to install Moba equipment was well thought through, and time has shown that it also was the right one. Agrovo not only installed the equipment but also put us in contact with other companies, giving us the opportunity to get acquainted with various interesting solutions in the industry. One of the outcomes was that we introduced and patented new packaging which has helped us break into the higher league. Thanks to the quality of our eggs and our packaging, many large retail chains have put us down as regular suppliers. The demand for our eggs exceeds the supply, despite the fact that we are constantly increasing our production volumes.”
We’re pleased that Agrovo has proved such a reliable and honest partner.”
Boris Belikov Evgeny Nesvat
Evgeny Nesvat, General Director of Borovskaya Poultry Farm (produces 2,800,000 eggs a day): “We have been working with Agrovo for about 20 years and would highly praise the team’s professionalism. The most recent proof of that was the complete reconstruction of our plant under Agrovo’s guidance. They helped us by not only installing egg graders, but also providing a comprehensive logistic solution.”
Boris Belikov, co-founder and President of Ovostar Union, Ukraine (produces 6,000,000 eggs a day): “I met Michael at the end of the last century, and we became friends and soon started ordering Moba equipment. To be fair, I must admit that we later experimented a bit with other machines and concluded that only Moba can provide the flexibility and quality that our customers require. We would like to thank Agrovo for their long-standing service, responsiveness and commitment.”
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FIELD REPORT
Avian Influenza jolts East Africa poultry trade
©Fao.org
of Agriculture said Uganda has taken necessary steps to eradicate the Avian Influenza and submitted a report to the OIE on the containment of the disease. “Uganda has submitted the report to OIE and we are waiting for confirmation of the same. We are going to lift the ban on poultry imports from Uganda as soon as we get the report,” said Harry Kimutai, Principal Secretary Department of Livestock in the Ministry of Agriculture. Although the ban has been in place, Kenya had in August 2018 allowed three major poultry companies in Uganda to continue exporting poultry and poultry products under stringent safety conditions.
By Shem Oirere.
Restrictions of poultry and poultry product exports and imports in East Africa could soon be lifted as an earlier reported outbreak of Avian Influenza disease has abated. Kenya has announced plans to lift the January 2017 ban on poultry and poultry products from its landlocked neighbor, Uganda, where the viral disease had spilled over from white-winged terns to domestic birds in late January 2017. Uganda had in early 2017 reported major mortality among the terns, a situation that started in mid-December 2016, on the shores of Lake Victoria and in Kachanga village of Masaka District. An estimated 1200 deaths were reported in a tern population of 2000 with the country’s Virus Research Institute confirming the presence of H5 highly pathogenic Avian Influenza. Following the emergence of the viral disease, Kenya announced immediate ban on importation of all poultry and poultry products until the World Organization for Animal Health confirms the end to the outbreak. “We have banned the importation of any poultry products because of the Avian Influenza. We will enforce this ban until such a time that the situation in Uganda has been contained,” announced Kenya’s Director of Veterinary Services, Mr Kisa Juma in January 2017. However, early this year, Kenya’s Ministry
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The companies of S R Afrochick, Kukuchick and Hudani Manji Holdings were to ensure they have a secure holding place where to hold for at least six weeks the export-destined chicken prior to the transboundary sale. In addition, the chicken holding place must be in a location at least 10km away from where there are not outbreaks of the viral disease. As for the hatching eggs, they must originate from breeding flocks free from disease and be present in the hatchery for at least six weeks prior to export. Uganda and Kenya, two neighbouring countries that are part of the six-member intergovernmental organization, East African Community (EAC), have been collaborating in the fight against the Avian Influenza under the EAC Strategy on Transboundary Disease Control and Zoonosis. The strategy is also shared by other EAC members of Burundi, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, and Rwanda. Under the strategy, the two countries’ respective veterinary departments focus on early detection of the viral disease and embrace the one world one health approach in controlling it. The strategy is coordinated through a regional steering technical management committee and expert groups within the EAC. Uganda and Kenya would also soon be beneficiaries of a pending draft contingency plan on Avian Influenza and other transboundary animal disease that is yet to get approval from all the six EAC member-States. The contingency plan is based on the World Health Organization scenarios of a pandemic situation according to a previous report by EAC. The plan is to guide regional response to a transboundary disease outbreak according to the report. Despite the outbreak of the Avian Influenza in 2017 and subsequent effects such as a ban on poultry and poultry products’ exports, Uganda is one of the leading producers of poultry and poultry products to supply the East African market,
- field report -
FIELD REPORT
which has an estimated population of 172 million people with 22% of them living in urban areas. The landlocked country has an estimated chicken population of 40 to 44 million, 82% of them being of indigenous breed. As of 2017, Uganda produced 907 million eggs up from the 631 million it produced in 2013. It is estimated the value of Uganda’s poultry and poultry products exports to neighbouring countries had increased to $960 million of the country’s total exports to the region valued at $2.4 billion. Kenya accounted for nearly 11% of these exports or $268 million.
Uganda because of existing trade imbalance between the two countries. Uganda imported goods worth $611 million from Kenya in 2018. On the other hand Kenya imported dairy products, eggs, honey and edible products all estimated at $65 million.
But even as Uganda prepares to recoup the losses incurred at the height of the Avian Influenza outbreak, East Africa still grapples with the problem of high priced medicines and vaccines and which are largely imported hence making them expensive.
Kenya’s preference for Uganda poultry and poultry products is largely driven by cost. The Uganda exports tend to be slightly cheaper because of affordable cereals and tax compared to Kenyan poultry and poultry products that are priced higher because of the imposition of a 16% value added tax on poultry feeds. Although Uganda is a leading trade partner of Kenya, exports and imports of eggs between the two countries has depressed prices with Kenya reporting slowed business because of cheaper imported poultry and poultry products. The price of a tray of eggs in Kenya has dropped from an average of $2.67 in June 2018 to about $1.48 in most districts in Western part of the country that borders Uganda. However, the Kenya Poultry Farmers Association says importation of eggs from Uganda has dropped slightly over the last few months and which has caused a shortage in the Kenyan market. Eggs coming in from Uganda declined sharply in March and the local production has also been significantly cut,” said Wairimu Kariuki of KPFA in a media briefing early this month. Kenya has ruled out imposing an anti-dumping regulations to control flow of poultry products from
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FIELD REPORT
The dynamics of the U. S. broiler industry between 1990 and 2019 The USA is the leading broiler meat producer with a share of 12% in the global production volume, followed by China with 9% and Brazil with 8%. With a contribution of 28.4% to the global broiler meat export volume, the USA ranked second behind Brazil which shared 32.8%. that the remarkable dynamics will continue in 2019 and reach a new maximum with 19.3 mill. t (Table 1). The remarkable growth of the production reflects the development of the per capita consumption. Table 1 – The development of U.S. broiler meat production between 1990 and 2019; data in 1,000 t (Source: U.S: National Chicken Council). Year
Production
Index (1990 = 100)
1990
8,349
100.0
1995
11,247
134.0
2000
13,685
163.0
2005
15,849
188.8
2010
16,541
197.1
2015
17,948
213.8
2019*
19,315
230.1
*Estimate.
Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst. The author is Professor emeritus and Scientific Director of the Science and Information Centre for Sustainable Poultry Production (WING), University of Vechta, Germany.
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In addition to a paper which analysed the ongoing competition between these two countries in the global market (Zootecnica international 6/2019), this paper will deal with the dynamics and patterns of the U.S. broiler industry.
Remarkable growth of production Between 1990 and 2018, broiler meat production in the USA increased from 8.3 mill. t to 17.9 mill. t or by 113.8%. It is estimated
- field report -
Table 2 shows that it increased from 26.7 kg in 1990 to 40.0 kg in 2018 or by 49.8%. The National Chicken Council estimates that it will grow by another 1.8 kg in 2019 which would result in a relative increase of 56.6% since 1990. A closer look at the data reveals that it has not been a continuous growth. Between 2006 and 2014, the per capita consumption fluctuated between 37.6 kg and 39.0 kg. A minimum was reached in 2009 with only 35.9 kg. It was not before 2015 that the value surpassed that of 2006. A comparison with the dynamics in broiler meat production does not reflect the ups and downs. The increase of the export volume was able to compensate the decrease in the domestic demand. The data in Table 2 also documents the extraordinary role which broiler meat plays in total poultry meat consumption.
FIELD REPORT
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FIELD REPORT
Table 2 – The development of the per capita consumption of poultry and broiler meat in the USA between 1990 and 2019; data in kg per person and year, ready to cook (Source: U.S. National Chicken Council). Year
Poultry meat Total
Broiler Meat
Index (1990 = 100)
Broiler meat in % of poultry meat 75.4
1990
35.4
26.7
100.0
1995
39.2
30.6
114.6
78.1
2000
42.9
34.7
130.0
80.9
2005
46.7
38.7
144.9
82.9
2010
44.8
37.1
139.9
82.8
2015
47.7
40.0
149.8
83.9
2019*
49.6
41.8
156.6
84.3
Table 4 – The development of the retail prices for beef, pork and broiler meat in the USA between 1990 and 2019; data in US-$ per kg (Source: U. S. National Chicken Council).
*Estimate.
The fast increase of broiler meat production resulted in a continuous growth of the broiler-type parent stock. Between March 2015 and March 2019, the inventory increased by 5 mill. birds. The share in the total number of layers was, however, 1.5% lower in 2015. The decreasing share is a result of the transformation of the housing systems in laying hen husbandry. The share of cage-free systems in laying hen husbandry grew from about 6% in 2015 to 18.4% in March 2019. Almost 62 mill. hens were kept in cage-free systems. Table 3 – The development of the laying hen and broiler-type parent stock in the USA between 10990 and 2019; data in 1,000 hens (Source: USDA NASS, Chicken and Eggs Annual Summaries). Year*
All laying hens
Broiler-type parent stock
Share (%)
2015
365,951
54,375
16.2
2016
367,239
56,112
16.3
2017
376,257
56,235
14.9
2018
392,585
58,762
15.0
2019
403,680
59,398
14.7
*Data of March.
Favourable feed conversion, no religious barriers and low price - the main steering factors behind the remarkable growth The remarkable growth of broiler meat production can be explained by several steering factors. In contrast to pork and beef production, only between 1.5 and 1.7 kg of feed is needed to produce one kg of broiler meat. The feed conversion rate for pork is about 1:2.8 and for beef 1:4, resulting in considerable higher production costs. A second important factor is that broiler meat consumption is permitted in all religions, which is not the case for pork
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and beef. This is not only an advantage for the domestic market, but also for exports. A third steering factor is the comparatively low price for broiler meat (Table 4). This also explains the extraordinary success of broiler meat in fast food chains. Compared to beef and pork, the retail price for broiler meat increased much slower.
Pork
Broiler meat
Difference pork versus broiler meat
Year
Beef
1990
6.23
4.99
3.23
1.76
1995
6.31
4.58
3.20
1.38 2.28
2000
6.77
5.73
3.45
2005
9.04
6.28
3.87
2.41
2010
9.71
6.91
3.89
2.52
2015
13.96
8.55
4.37
4.18
2019*
13.21
8.21
4.22
3.99
Increase (%)
112.0
64.5
30.7
126.7
*Estimate.
Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States dominate broiler production More than 9 billion broilers were produced in the United States in 2017. Production was heavily concentrated in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic States of the USA as can be seen from the data in Table 5. The four leading states shared 50.5% in the total production volume, the leading 10 states 79.2%. The concentration of broiler production in the Southeast has a long tradition. It is closely related to the demise of cotton production because of the high losses which were caused by the cotton boll weevil. The former cotton belt dissolved. A cheap labour force, available land, favourable transportation rates for the shipping of feed from the Midwest to the Southeast by rail and the formation of vertically-integrated production chains were the main steering factors. Many of the leading broiler companies have their headquarters in the Southeast and the Mid-Atlantic States, for example Tyson, Pilgrim and Perdue. The table also documents the considerable differences in the average weight of the broilers at the end of the growing period. This depends on the policy of the contractor and the final product which they market. If they cut up the carcasses, heavy broilers are preferred, if they export to countries on the Arabian Peninsula, smaller whole birds are the main export product.
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FIELD REPORT
Table 5 – The ten leading states in U.S. broiler production in 2017 (Source: USDA NASS, Broiler Production and Value). Broilers (mill. head)
Broiler meat (1,000 t)*
Georgia
1,361.4
3,700
14.4
2.72
Arkansas
1,092.0
3,314
12.9
3.03 3.58
State
N. Carolina
Share (%)
Average weight (kg)
873.6
3,126
12.1
1,123.7
2,800
10.9
2.49
747.8
2,134
8.3
2.85
Texas
635.5
1,924
7.5
2.94
Kentucky
303.3
893
3.5
2.94
Delaware
263.6
872
3.4
3.30
Alabama Mississippi
S. Carolina
237.8
819
3.2
3.44
Maryland
289.4
787
3.0
2.72
10 states
6,946.1
20,369
79.2
2.93
USA
9,037.1
25,726
100.0
2.85
*Live-weight.
Slow recovery of broiler meat exports
Table 7 – The ten leading countries of destination for the broiler meat exports by the USA in 2013 and 2018, data in 1,000 t (Source: USDA FATUS GATS). 2013
The outbreaks of the Avian Influenza virus in the Midwest in 2015 had far reaching impacts on U. S. poultry exports even though no broiler farm was affected. In addition, the export ban of the Russian Federation on poultry product imports from the USA, Canada and the EU also affected the export volume and the trade pattern. The data in Table 6 shows the slow recovery from the drastic decrease of the export volume in 2015. Despite the recent increase, exports in 2018 were still about 126,000 t or 3.8% lower than in 2013 when a peak with 3.33 mill. t. was reached. An even sharper decrease showed the export value. It was still 25.6% lower in 2018 than in 2013. The oversupply on the global market led to lasting low broiler meat prices. Table 6 – The development of broiler meat exports by the USA between 2013 and 2018 (Source: USDA FATUS GATS). Year
Export volume (1,000 t)
Index (2013 = 100)
Export value (mill. US-$)
Index (2013 = 100)
2013
3,332
100.0
4,238.8
100.0
2015
2,867
86.0
3,000.1
70.8
2016
3,015
90.5
2,851.3
67.3
2017
3,146
94.4
3,145.7
74.2
2018
3,206
96,2
3,152.8
74.4
Table 7 lists the ten leading countries of destination of the broiler meat exports in 2013 and 2018. In 2013, a maximum was reached with 3.3 mill. t. Mexico was the main market with a share of 19.2%, Canada ranked in fourth
18
place. Together the two NAFTA members shared 24.3% in the total export volume. Russia ranked in second place with imports of 276,000 t. In 2018, exports to Russia were no longer possible because of the import ban. China´s imports in 2018 were negligible with only 55 t. The political tensions between the two countries have severely reduced the imports of animal products from the USA. The loss of these markets was mainly compensated by higher exports to Taiwan (+ 103,000 t), Vietnam (+ 49,000 t), Cuba (+ 46,000 t), Guatemala (+ 44,000 t), Hong Kong (+ 43,000 t) and the Philippines (+ 40,000 t). The importance of exports to Mexico for the U.S. broiler companies explains their activities regarding a new free trade contract, replacing NAFTA.
Country of destination
1,000 t
2018 Country of Share (%) destination
1,000 t
Share (%) 20.3
Mexico
638.4
19.2
Mexico
651.2
Russia
276.0
8.3
Angola
209.4
6.5
Angola
206.8
6.2
Taiwan
199.3
6.2
Canada
168.5
5.1
Cuba
195.2
6.2
Cuba
139.1
4.2
Canada
141.3
4.4
China
130.6
3.9
Guatemala
123.3
3.8
Iraq
107.9
3.2
Hong Kong
114.5
3.6
Taiwan
96.2
2.9
Philippines
113.6
3.5
Guatemala
78.8
2.4
Vietnam
93.1
2.9
Hong Kong
71.7
2.2
S. Africa
87.1
2.7
10 countries
1,913.4
*57.4
10 countries
1,928.0
*60.1
Total
3,331.9
100.0
Total
3,206.3
100.0
*Sum does not add because of rounding.
As the new USMCA, which was signed by President Trump in November 2018, has not yet been approved by the U.S. Congress, broiler meat trade between the three member countries is handled under the old NAFTA regulations.
Perspectives In its long-term projections, the USDA estimated in March 2019 that broiler meat production in the USA will grow from 19.1 mill. t to 21.2 mill. t or by 11.3% between 2018 and 2028. In the same decade, the export volume is predicted to increase from 3.1 mill. t to 3.5 mill. t or by 11.8%.
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FIELD REPORT
The export volume of Brazil, the main competitor on the global broiler meat market, is expected to grow from 4.2 mill. t to 4.9 mill. t in the same time period. The gap between the U. S. and Brazilian exports will widen from 0.5 mill. t in 2018 to 1.4 mill. t in 2028. The dynamics in Brazil´s broiler meat production and exports will, however, only be possible if the country will be able to control the salmonella problem and regain trust in it meat industry. Because of the expected increase in global poultry meat consumption, perspectives for both countries in broiler meat exports are excellent.
Data sources, references and suggestions for further reading U.S. national Chicken Council. https://www.nationalchickencouncil.org. United States Department of Agriculture: Agricultural Projections to 2028. https://www.ers.usda.gov/publications/pub-details/?pubid=92599.
USDA NASS, Broiler Production and Value Summary May 2019. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/Todays_Reports/reports/plva0519.pdf. USDA NASS: Chicken and Eggs, Annual Summary 2018. https://downloads.usda.library.cornell.edu/usda-esmis/ files/1v53jw96n/m326m852c/dz010x51j/ckegan19.pdf. USDA Trade Statistics. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/Gats/ default.aspx. Windhorst, H.-W.: Brazil: considerable increase of broiler meat and egg production. Part 1: Production. In: Zootecnica International 39 (2017), no. 7/8, p. 20-23. Windhorst, H.-W.: The dynamics of global poultry meat trade between 2006 and 2016 at continent and country level. In: Zootecnica International 41 (2019), no. 3, p. 26-31. Windhorst, H.-W.: The dynamics of global poultry meat trade between 2006 and 2016 at Country Development Group Level. In: Zootecnica International 41 (2019), no. 4, p. 36-41. Windhorst, H.-W.: Brazil and USA: Ongoing competition on the global chicken meat market. In: Zootecnica International 41 (2019), no. 6, p. 16-19.
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Dynamics of global egg trade between 2006 and 2016 Part 2 – Analysis at Country Development Group level The analysis has two parts. In Part 1, the development of egg exports and imports at continent and country level was analysed. Part 2 will present the dynamics of egg trade at the level of Country Development Groups, a model which the author first presented in 2016 at an IEC conference in Warsaw. This model was used in several other publications and it gives a good impression of the roles which the developing, threshold and old industrialised countries play in egg exports and imports.
Hans-Wilhelm Windhorst IEC Statistical Analyst.
20
The dynamics in global egg trade was analysed with a “conservative� method, based on continents and countries, in Part 1 (Zootecnica International #7/8, 2019). Although most of the data is available in this classification, it is not very satisfying, as it does not show the different roles of developing, threshold and industrialised countries. In 2016, the author developed a new method of classifying countries. This classification has been used in several presentations and papers in the following years and was very well accepted.
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Country Development Groups: a new classification The classification of the 211 countries for which data sets are available is based on several parameters, i. e. gross national product, personal income, purchasing power, life expectancy, infant mortality etc. The countries were classified in Country Development Groups (CDG): • LLDC = Least Developed Countries
alised countries contributed 10.0 mill. t or 62.9%, followed by the less developed countries with 21.4% (Table 2). It is worth noting that the old industrialised countries only shared 10.7% in the global increase, half the amount of the less developed countries. With only 10.9% they also had the lowest relative growth rate Table 2 – Development of egg production in the CDG between 2006 and 2016; data in 1,000 t (Source: own classification based on FAO data).
• LDC = Less developed countries
CDG
LLDC
L DG
NIC
OIC
World
• NIC = Newly industrialised or threshold countries
2006
972
9,383
32,010
15,581
57,946
• OIC = Old industrialised countries.
2016
1,767
12,792
42,044
17,287
73,890
Increase (absolute)
795
3,409
10,034
1,706
15,944
Increase (%)
81.8
36.3
31.3
10.9
27.5
Share (%) in absolute increase
5.0
21.4
62.9
10.7
100.0
Table 1 – The contribution of the CDG to the global population, the laying hen inventory and to egg production in 2016; data in % (Source: own classification). CDG
Number of countries
Global population
Laying hens
Egg production
LLDC
48
13.1
6.7
2.4
LDC
116
24.9
19.8
17.3
NIC
10
47.5
59.0
56.9
OIC
37
14.5
14.5
23.4
Total
211
100.0
100.0
100.0
The data in Table 1 reveals the considerable imbalance between the share of the four CDG in global population and egg production. The 164 developing countries shared 38.0% in the global population but only 19.7% in global egg production. On the other hand, the 37 old industrialised countries contributed only 14.5% to the population but shared 23.4% in global egg production. It is worth noting that the 10 threshold countries contributed 47.5% to the global population and 56.9% to global egg production. In the following detailed analysis, the changing roles of the four CDG in global egg trade will be documented. In order to be able to compare the dynamics in production with that in trade it will be necessary to stay in the same classification system. Therefore, a short overview on the development of global egg production at CDG level between 2006 and 2016 will precede the analysis of the trade dynamics.
Newly industrialised countries pushed dynamics in egg production Global egg production grew by 15.9 mill. t or 27.5% between 2006 and 2016. To this growth the newly industri-
Old industrialised countries dominated global egg exports and imports Between 2006 and 2016, global egg exports increased by almost 760,000 t or 61.6%. To this growth, the old industrialised countries contributed 53.1%, followed by the newly industrialised countries with 44.0%. The export volume of the least developed countries decreased by 657 t while that of the less developed countries grew by 22,832 t. They shared only 3.0% in the global increase. The data reveals that most of the old industrialised countries because of their very efficient production were not only able to supply their domestic markets but also to export considerable amounts of shell eggs for consumption (Table 3). Table 3 – The dynamics of global egg exports between 2006 and 2016 at CDG level; data in t (Source: own calculation based on FAO data). CDG
LLDC
LDC
NIC
2006
840
132,609
243,489
845,652
1,231,590
2016
183
155,441
577,325
1,257,878
1,990,827
- 657
22,832
333.836
403,226
759,237
Increase (%) - 78.2
+ 17.2
+ 137.1
47.1
61.6
3.0
44.0
53.1
*100.0
Increase (absolute)
Share (%) in absolute increase
-
OIC
World
* sum does not add because of rounding.
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MARKETING
industrialised countries contributed only 14.2% to the global growth. While the old industrialised countries lost 16.5% of their former share, the less developed countries gained 9.9%, the newly industrialised countries 5.2% and even the least developed countries 0.4% (see Figure 1). A comparison of Tables 3 and 4 reveals some interesting patterns. While the newly industrialised countries dominated in production, followed by the old industrialised countries, the latter ranked in first place in egg exports, followed by the newly industrialised countries. The growing egg demand in several less developed countries resulted in the sharp increase of their egg imports. The highest relative growth rate was reached in the newly industrialised countries, indicating that despite the remarkable increase of their egg production, imports were necessary to meet the even faster growing demand.
High regional concentration in egg exports and imports in the old industrialised countries Table 4 shows the dynamics in global egg imports between 2006 and 2016. A comparison with the data in Table 3 reveals some remarkable differences1. Table 4 – The dynamics of global egg imports between 2006 and 2016 at CDG level; data in t. (Source: own calculation based on FAO data). CDG
LLDC
LDC
NIC
OIC
World
2006
43,276
267,570
24,923
818,936
1,204,705
2016
85,034
698,217
153,371
1,169,939
2,106,561
Increase (absolute)
41,758
430,647
128,448
301,003
901,856
96.5
190.9
515.4
34.6
74.9
Increase (%) Share (%) in absolute increase
From the data in Table 5 it becomes obvious that the dominance of the old industrialised countries in global egg trade is a result of the high regional concentration in exports as well as in imports. In 2016, the three leading exporting countries shared 58.8% of the total export volume of this group and the two leading countries even 54.0% of the import volume. A closer look at the composition and ranking of the countries in exports and imports shows this impressively. Table 5 – The ten leading OIC countries in egg exports and imports in 2016; data in t. (Source: own calculations based on FAO data). Country
4.6
47.8
14.2
33.4
100.0
* sum does not add because of rounding.
Egg imports grew faster than exports and reached a volume of over 2.1 mill. t in 2016. Less developed countries contributed 47.8% to the increase of 902,000 t, followed by the old industrialised countries with 33.4%. Together, the two CDG shared 81.2% in the increase of global egg imports. The import volume of the least developed countries almost doubled in the analysed time period. Together, the developing countries shared 52.4% of the global increase. In contrast to egg exports, the newly
Exports
Share (%) Country
Imports
Share (%)
Netherlands
349,726
27.8
Germany
440,776
37.7
Poland
234,567
18.6
Netherlands
190,319
16.3 8.2
Germany
155,955
12.4
Singapore
96,278
USA
150,368
12.0
France
59,935
5.1
Belgium Spain
89,543
7.1
Belgium
55,875
4.8
77,375
6.2
Canada
47,679
4.1
France
37,220
3.0
Italy
40,040
3.5
Italy
24,594
2.0
Un. Kingd.
29,506
2.5
Portugal
20,799
1.7
Switzerland
28,445
2.4
Latvia
18,888
1.5
Czech Rep.
25,876
2.2
10 countries
1,159,035
*92.1
10 countries
1,014,729
*86.8
OIC total
1,257,878
100.0
OIC total
1,169,939
100.0
* sum does not add because of rounding.
1The
fact that the values for exports and imports differ is a result of the dates at which the exports respectively imports were documented in the country statistics. In addition, some of the traded eggs were still under way at the end of a fiscal or calendar year.
22
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Export
2006
er in 2016 than in 2006 and reached a volume of over 289,000 t. This sharp increase made Turkey the second most important egg exporting country behind the Netherlands. Besides Turkey, Malaysia and South Africa were also able to expand their exports considerably. Malaysia exports were focused on Singapore. In contrast, India’s exports decreased by 22,645 t or 46.1%, mainly a result of the fast growing per capita consumption from 38 eggs in 2006 to 66 eggs in 2016.
2016
<0.1%
<0.1%
10.8%
7.8%
29.0%
19.8%
69.4%
63.2%
Totale: 1.2 mill. t
LLDC
Totale: 2.0 mill. t
LDC
Import
NIC
2006
2016
3.6%
OIC
4.0%
22.2% 33.1% 2.1% 72.1%
55.6%
Imports by less developed countries increased ten times faster than exports
7.3%
Total: 2.1 mill. t
Total: 1.2 mill. t
Figure 1 – The changing contribution of the Country Development Groups to global egg exports and imports between 2006 and 2016 (Source: FAO; design: A. Veauthier).
Remarkable growth of egg exports and imports by the newly industrialised countries Between 2006 and 2016, egg exports by the newly industrialised countries increased by 333,836 t or 137.1%. The growth was mainly due to the remarkable increase of Turkey’s export volume. It was more than 25 times high-
Table 6 – Egg exports and imports by the NIC in 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data). Country
Exports
Share (%) Country
Imports
Share (%)
Turkey
289,364
50.1
Russian F.
87,915
57.3
Malaysia
104,529
18.1
Mexico
63,234
41.2
China
98,478
17.1
Turkey
1,861
1.2
India
26,425
4.6
Brazil
172
0.1
Brazil
18,145
3.1
Thailand
121
< 0.1
Russian F.
15,249
2.6
India
34
< 0.1
S. Africa
14,504
2.5
Malaysia
34
< 0.1
Thailand
10,585
1.8
S. Africa
0
0
Mexico
40
< 0.1
China
0
0
Philippines
6
< 0.1
Philippines
0
0
577,325
100.0
NIC total
153,371
*100.0
NIC total
* sum does not add because of rounding.
24
Egg imports of the ten newly industrialised countries also grew considerably in the analysed decade. Russia’s imports were almost ten times higher in 2016 than in 2006, Mexico’s imports about four times. The sharp increase in Russia is a result of the fast growing per capita consumption from 250 eggs in 2006 to 295 eggs in 2016; in Mexico, several Avian Influenza outbreaks made higher imports necessary.
While egg exports by the less developed countries increased by only 17.2% between 2006 and 2016, imports grew by 182.0%. This reflects the fast growing demand for eggs in this CDG which could not be met by domestic production in most countries. A comparison of the composition and ranking of the ten leading egg exporting countries shows that Eastern European countries ranked in the first three places, sharing together 53.6% in the total export volume (Table 7). Ukraine only played a minor role in egg exports in 2006, but ranked Table 7 – The ten leading LDC in egg exports and imports in 2016; data in t (Source: own calculations based on FAO data). Country
Exports
Share (%) Country
Imports
Share (%)
Belarus
45,282
29.1
Iraq
263,878
37.8
Ukraine
23,518
15.1
UAE
71,275
10.2 4.2
Bulgaria
14,613
9.4
Qatar
29,451
S. Arabia
12,730
8.2
Syria
16,845
2.4
Oman
8,122
5.2
Oman
16,239
2.3
Romania
7,225
4.6
S. Arabia
16,143
2.3
UAE
6,115
3.9
Romania
11,093
1.6
Pakistan
5,671
3.6
Ukraine
10,333
1.5
Kuwait
4,494
2.9
Maldives
9,686
1.4
Costa Rica
3,240
2.1
Bahrain
9,336
1.3
10 countries
130,010
*84.3
10 countries
454,279
65.1
LDC total
155,441
100.0
LDC total
698,217
100.0
* sum does not add because of rounding.
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MARKETING
in second place behind Belarus in 2016. Its exports were almost twenty-one times higher in 2016 than ten years before. It might have been even higher because of the very efficient production of one large vertically integrated company, but the political instability and the civil war in the eastern part of the country interrupted the growth.
ACCELERATED
Low development status causes only limited access to imports for the least developed countries
genetic progress
About 13% of the global population lived in the 48 least developed countries. As expected, they were not able to export eggs and because of their low development status had only limited access to egg imports. Nevertheless, they almost doubled their import volume between 2006 and 2016 (see Table 4).
Brown Pink
Summary
W-36 Sonia Silver Brown
W-80
The dynamics of global egg trade between 2006 and 2016 were analysed at the level of Country Development Groups (CDG). In 2016, the OIC shared 63.2% in global egg exports and 55.0% in global egg imports. The ten NIC contributed 29.0% to egg exports but shared only 7.3% in egg imports.
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The group of the LDC contributed only 7.8% to global egg exports, but shared 33.1% of the egg imports. As was to be expected, the 48 LLDC were not able to export eggs, but almost doubled their import volume because of the increasing demand but only minor progress in domestic production.
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As a general statement it can be noted that many OIC and several NIC were able to export eggs because of their highly efficient egg industries while most of the LDC and LLDC could not meet their demand by domestic production and therefore had to import large amounts of eggs.
References FAO database: http://www.fao.org/faostat Windhorst, H.-W.: A projection of the future dynamics in global egg production. In: Zootecnica International 40 (2018e), no. 7/8, p. 24-26.
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TECHNICAL COLUMN
5 easy steps to check fumigation efficacy It is common practice to fumigate the hatching eggs to prevent losses due to microbial contamination. You should check your fumigation annually to make sure it is still effective. Follow these 5 easy steps to get the best results from that yearly check-up. checking the efficacy of a fumigation chamber are relevant for any fumigation chamber. For this test you will need agar plates. Agar is a growth medium. This means any viruses or bacteria that come into contact with it will grow exponentially.
Fumigation is one of the most effective and cheapest ways to disinfect eggs. It is however important to apply the instruction method in a strict way, with utmost precautions for the health of workers. Also, it is necessary to do a yearly efficacy check-up. If such a check is not currently done in your hatchery, we recommend it is carried out as early as possible to establish a baseline for subsequent annual checks.
By Jason Cormick, Hatchery Specialist at Petersime.
26
After being laid, eggs should be fumigated immediately at the farm, preferably while they are still warm to kill bacteria picked up in the nest, then again arriving at the hatchery to bring the level back down again. Never right before set. These five steps on
- technical column -
Fumigation Egg Locations.
Here is what you should do: 1. From a batch of eggs (that should be a full load for the fumigation) select numerous positions within the load, as randomly placed as possible. So top, middle, bottom, trays with eggs from front, centre and back of the trays. It is important you immediately dispose of all the sampled eggs after the test. Do not keep any.
TECHNICAL COLUMN
Egg Tray.
To be sure whether your batch of agar is sterile, you should keep one control plate together with all the samples. Do nothing to the control plate. 4. Incubate the agar plates for 24 hours inside a sealed container or large zip lock bags. You can do this inside any setter but preferable inside one that is in between 14-16 days. Between 14-16 days is ideal as you will not disturb CO2 levels of the younger embryos. There is also no chance of accidental disturbance as they will be 48 hours before transfer.
Fumigation Egg Roll Agar.
2. Select two eggs from each of the trays.
5. Now look at the results: You want to compare the results of the eggs you rolled over the agar plates before fumigation with the one you rolled over the agar plates after fumigation.
• Roll the first one across the agar plate prior to fumigation. • Fumigate. • Roll the second one across the agar plate after fumigation.
What do you see? Are your results from before fumigation high but very low after fumigation? Great! The fumigant disinfected the egg and little bacteria were left to grow on the plate. This means the fumigation is still effective. If the results are the same or not very well improved, you know there is an issue. The strength of the fumigant could be insufficient or exposure time to the fumigant could be wrong. Assuming these are ok, the issue will be circulation within the chamber. Usually you’ll see better results in one area than another because the circulation (fumigant exposure) is better in one area than another. By improving airflow in that area, you can solve this.
Agar Plates Labelled.
3. You now have a lot of agar plate samples to test for bacterial growth.
With your fumigation room checked and possible issues taken care of, you can rest assured that you reduced the risk of contamination with microorganisms to a minimum and paved the way to maximize your profit.
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ŠAnaergia
MANAGEMENT
The core technology for the sustainability of animal production, environment and green energy Anaerobic digestion or biogas technology is recognized for its multiple functions and benefits. It breaks down organic wastes, produces biogas energy, captures and reduces green house gases (GHG) emission, reduces odors, controls pathogens, sanitizes the farm environment, recycles nutrients for organic fertilizer and generates value added co-products. Jason C.H. Shih. Professor Emeritus, North Carolina State University, Co-Founder & Sr. Advisor, BioResource International (BRI), Founder and President, Holistic Farming, Inc. (HMI).
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Because of the history of development and recent improvement, the technology is maturing and its market emerging, especially in China and European countries (Shih, 2012, 2015). The interest in the U.S. is also on the rise (USDA-EPA-DOE, 2014). On the other hand, two major issues still remain that hamper commercial development. First, the commonly used largescale digester systems are expensive in construction and complex in operation. Typically, it is not affordable by farmers without government subsidy. Second, the large amount of daily
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effluent from the digester, or digestate, is hard to manage for utilization or discharge. With forty years of research and experience in the field, this author has recently developed a new system called Holistic Digester™ for animal waste. It is simple to build, easy to operate, adaptable for large and small animal farms to claim all benefits of anaerobic digestion. In the long run, it will enable and enhance the sustainability of our animal and agricultural production, environment and green energy.
wastes into biogas as renewable energy will reduce the emission of GHG. A joint publication by USDA-EPA-DOE (2014) pointed out that the use of biogas from animal manure is much more favorable in terms of GHG reduction compared using conventional fuels such as gasoline and natural gas. The analysis indicated that when biogas is produced and used as transportation fuel, the net reduction of GHG emissions is significant.
Effluent or digestate Reducing GHG emission On December 12, 2015, an Agreement was signed by 195 nations in Paris for a global effort for low-carbon economy and energy (New York Times). The effort is to reduce emission of green house gas (GFG) by less use or replacement of fossil fuels. The target is to lower climate temperature by 2 °C by year 2050. Converting waste biomass, including the huge amounts of farm animal
Discharge and utilization of the daily large volume of digestate from a large digester system present great challenges. The nutrients contents in the digestate, on the other hand, are of high value as soil amendments and organic fertilizer to grow plants and crops when properly managed. Many methods, such as centrifugation, sieving, sedimentation, evaporation, membrane filtration have been used to separate or concentrate the digestate
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Table 1 – Estimation of ROI for a conventional anaerobic digester.
design and operate a thermophilic poultry waste digester in Liu-min-ying village, Beijing. This digester was constructed for 50,000 laying hens that produced 5 tons of chicken manure daily. It was installed in 1992 and has been in operation for more than 20 years. The initial investment was paid back in less than three years because of the high market value and quality of the new fertilizer converted from the digestate. A lesson was learned. In order to make the biogas system work and financially feasible, all products and benefits, including energy, carbon credits, organic fertilizer and environmental sanitation, have to be fully developed. In both dairy and poultry cases, it is noteworthy that almost 50% of the total value can be created by converting the digestate into organic fertilizer.
Discovery and development of new products Anaerobic digestion is not only a bioprocess for waste treatment and biogas production, but also a rich resource
“Anaerobic digestion is not only a bioprocess for waste treatment and biogas production, but also a rich resource of bio-products. In the late 80’s, serendipitously, feather degradation was first observed during the operation of a poultry waste digester on the farm. After two years of painstaking search, a feather-degrading bacterium was isolated that can break down feathers”
into liquid fertilizer. The separated liquid has to be further treated for safe discharge or irrigation on farmland. Solid residue is converted by a conventional process into compost. None of those separation methods are simple and inexpensive. The composting process is always associated with strong odor and loss of nitrogen, which is key nutrient. Concentrated digestate has been demonstrated of higher quality than the regular aerobic compost, because of the high retention rate of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK) contents and other benefits for plant growth.
Poultry waste digestion This author experienced the same financial gain from a UNDP project in China. In 1991, he was invited to help
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of bio-products. In the late 80’s, serendipitously, feather degradation was first observed during the operation of a poultry waste digester on the farm. After two years of painstaking search, a feather-degrading bacterium was isolated that can break down feathers. Subsequently, the keratinase enzyme was purified and the gene encoding this novel enzyme was isolated and sequenced. With fermentation scale up, the enzyme was produced in a quantity sufficient for application research. It was demonstrated that the keratinase can be used for processing feathers to make feather meal more digestible. Finally, it was discovered the keratinase as a feed additive can improve the digestibility of feed protein and promote the growth of young chicks. This series of studies have generated a total of 9 U.S. and international patents. In year 2000, a biotechnology company called BioRe-
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source International (BRI) was established to commercialize this unique enzyme to help poultry producers worldwide save feed costs and now the enzyme product is on the market worldwide. (see reviews, Shih, 1993, 2012, 2015 and website: www.briworldwide.com).The discovery of keratinase followed by technology and commercial development is a perfect model of translational research from science to commerce. On the other hand, it demonstrated the potential wealth of anaerobic digestion for enzyme discovery, gene mining and possibilities of other novel bio-products.
Economics Biogas technology is a maturing technology. Based on currently available, yet limited, information, the author has proposed a virtual model for cost and return estimation. A hypothetical farm raising one million laying hens and producing 100 tons of fresh manure daily can be outfitted with a conventional CSTR large digester system to process the manure daily. Biogas can be produced at a reasonable rate and converted into electricity while digestate can be processed into organic fertilizer. Interestingly, the Return of Investment (ROI) of the large biogas system has a breakeven time only 4 years. Though hypothetical, it is encouraging for follow-up study and improvement.
New technologies In addition to his first digester design in 1996 (Shih), this author has filed three more patents in the last years. They are ready for licensing and co-development and briefly described as follows: 1. Hydrolytic Degritter (patent pending, filed in 2013). This is a device and method for pre-treatment of animal waste to remove sandy materials, or grits, before entering the anaerobic digester.
system including the degritter, the primary anaerobic digester and the secondary digester. While producing both biogas and organic fertilizer, the system is low-cost to build, easy to operate and suitable for both large and small animal farms. The trade name of the new digester system is Holistic Digesterâ&#x201E;˘.
Conclusion In conclusion, anaerobic digestion or biogas technology is a maturing technology and emerging market. However, there is room for improvement for practical applications and commercial development. Based on his forty years of experiences, this author invented a new Holistic Digesterâ&#x201E;˘ system, which is compact, low-cost and easy to operate. Most importantly, it produces green energy, reduces carbon emission, and recycles the nutrients to organic fertilizer. It is a holistic or integrated solution to waste problems and, at the same time, promises the sustainability of animal and agricultural production, environment and green energy.
References New York Times, December 12, 2015. Shih, J.C.H., Process and apparatus for anaerobic Digestion. (1996), U.S. Patent 5,525, 229. Shih, J.C.H., Recent development in poultry waste digestion and feather utilization. Poult. Sci. 1993, 72, 16171620. Shih, J.C.H., From biogas energy, feed enzyme to new agriculture. World Poult. Sci. J. 2012, 68, 409-416; Erratum, 68, 803-806. Shih, J.C.H., Development of anaerobic digestion of animal waste: from laboratory, research and commercial farms to a value-added new product. In Anaerobic Biotechnology, H.H.P. Fang and T. Zhang (eds.), pp. 339352, Imperial College Press, London, 2015.
2. Secondary Solid-Phase Anaerobic Digestion for More Biogas Production (U.S. Patent 9,242,881, 2016; filed in 2013). Biomass is used for secondary solidphase digestion with liquid digestate from the primary digester to produce more biogas.
US Department of Agriculture, US Environmental Protection and US Department of Energy, Biogas Opportunity Roadmap, 2014.
3. System and Method for Anaerobic Digestion of Animal Wastes (Patent pending, filed in 2015). This is a novel design of a compact and complete digester
From the Proceedings of the XXV Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Poultry Congress
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S. J. Wilkinson â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Feedworks, Romsey, VIC, Australia.
Big data for poultry. An introduction The term big data may at first appear incongruous to animal agriculture. However, by capturing, analysing, reporting and sharing of through-production chain data with decision makers, organizations are better equipped to make informed decisions. Pivotal to this process is the type of data, its relevance, accuracy, and integrity.*
*The second part will be published in Zootecnica International #10, 2019
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The importance of capturing relevant, accurate data that is reported in a meaningful time and space cannot be underestimated. However, significant challenges exist with big data for poultry production, not least with the very basics of capturing data, storage, security, analysing as well as effecting meaningful change based on the data. This paper will review current technologies available or in development for the poultry industry and highlight opportunities for their application.
Introduction Agricultural industries are on the cusp of a digital revolution. Rising demand for higher yields, combined with
number of people, overall food production will need to increase by approximately 70% between 2007 and 2050 (FAO, 2009). Traditionally, to meet this increase in demand, the agricultural sector would more often than not apply the ‘bigger is better’ principle and expand production by clearing more land or increasing the intensity of production. However, this strategy is becoming increasingly difficult from an environmental perspective and is often in conflict with spreading population centres that prioritize arable land for urban development. Adding to this dilemma is the estimate from the Food and Agriculture Organisation that between 20-40% of annual global crop production is lost to pests and diseases.
“While poultry production can expand by adding more sheds (within limits) to meet rising demand, the volume of poultry products that can be produced from each unit on a square metre basis has also faced downward pressure on account of reduced stocking densities”
constraints on finite resources such as land and water, has placed increased pressure on the input side of agriculture. The increased demand on agricultural outputs from an increasing global population and socioeconomic growth has intensified the pressure on the agricultural sector to produce more with less. Current projections for population growth estimate that the world population will reach 9 billion people by 2050 and, in order to feed this
To counter this inefficiency, a simplistic approach would be to apply more fertilizer and/or insecticides yet paradoxically (from a production volume view) consumers and governments are demanding fewer chemicals be applied. This somewhat parallels the current direction of poultry production. Traditional technologies such as antibiotic growth promoters are facing increased scrutiny and pressure globally to be reduced or removed entirely.
Drinking systems Conveyor systems Climate systems
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Figure 1 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; A Data Lake: how does it work? (Source: realworldanalystics.com).
While poultry production can expand by adding more sheds (within limits) to meet rising demand, the volume of poultry products that can be produced from each unit on a square metre basis has also faced downward pressure on account of reduced stocking densities. These scenarios have the potential to impair the growth in production volume and lead to shortages in food production at the very moment when more is required. It is also evident that the poultry industry cannot rely on past expansion strategies alone to meet this increased demand. To help meet this challenge, a proposed key to facilitate increased food production in a time of tightening inputs lies with Agriculture 4.0 and big data technologies. a) Smart Farming
ing whereby technology was applied to the production of agricultural commodities for the first time. However, precision farming focussed largely on farm machinery used in the production of crops with assistive technologies such as global positioning systems to reduce overlap when turning at the ends of the field and therefore improving sowing, harvesting and fuel efficiencies. The next iteration of smart farming is termed Agriculture 4.0 which is a continuation of precision farming and is hailed as the new era in modern agriculture. The foundations of Agriculture 4.0 rely on the increased use of mechanized processes (from paddock to plate) that are supported by the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, wireless/mobile communications and cloud computing. Agriculture 4.0 monitors each step of the food production chain from the first input to the last output.
The development and application of smart farming began in the late 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with the introduction of precision farm-
The Internet of Things and big data are terms used to describe technologies that are embedded in everyday ob-
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jects and are interconnected via the internet and ultimately produce large data sets. For poultry production, this will result in more sensors and data inputs at each step of the value-chain. However, a consequence of this will be that the data sets produced will be so big and vast that traditional data processing software is insufficient to handle these data sets. Importantly, big data also refers to the use of predictive analysis that moves beyond the basics of reporting data and analyses data for correlations and patterns from which businesses may then extract value.
a significant advancement, the transformation analysis and application of the data is more complex and represents a major challenge to organizations. After a data lake is created, the propensity to measure and capture data increases significantly and may lead to an overload of data. Measuring
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b) Data acquisition Data acquisition is perhaps one of the easiest components of big data for poultry production. Currently, there are numerous sources of data acquisition ranging from the production statistics on the breeder farm right through the value chain to consumer preferences at the retail level. However, not all of these data are collated and able to be analysed in depth, with some sources of data analysed (at best) or sitting unanalyzed in isolation (at worst). Yet to achieve improved efficiency, it is important that all of these data are captured and analysed in a holistic manner. It is often described that organizations build a data lake which is akin to constructing a man-made water reservoir (Figure 1). First the dam is created, is then filled with water (data) and once the lake begins to fill, the water (data) is then used for other value adding purposes. A data lake provides a platform for rapid data accumulation and, potentially, its application. While this represents
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Inputs
!
Feed & Watering system Enviromental control
Objectives
Outputs
Pollutants Animal behaviour
Energy efficiency Improved performance & welfare Data acquisition
Adjusted targets/range Automated control system
Feedback for farmer Figure 2 – Schematic of how biosensors may be used on poultry farms to improve production (adapted from Corkery et al., 2013).
something for the sake of measuring it should be avoided for “sometimes what counts, can’t be counted and what can be counted, doesn’t count. For each new data stream, an analysis of the proposed benefits should be applied prior to its creation, and a review after it is active, to evaluate the value of the data. The value of data streams may be under or overestimated and it is the analysis and interpretation of these data where expertise is required in order to maximise the value and application of big data. c) When good info goes bad: the cost of data errors Efficient poultry production is reliant on accurate data. Performance targets currently exist for each step of the production chain from the breeder farms, through to the hatchery, for on farm growth, feed efficiency as well as processing. For most integrators, these values may be summarized as cents/kg of poultry meat products or cents/dozen eggs for table egg producers. If we accept the average benchmark of a 1% error rate in manual data entry and multiply this by the instances of manual data entry, the consequences of these missteps can be profound. The human ability to catch or avoid errors is inherently flawed and if data needs to be entered multiple
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times, this only exacerbates the problem. A common business concept is the 1-10-100 rule which illustrates the importance of correcting data entry mistakes at the source. According to the 1-10-100 rule, it costs $1 to verify the accuracy of the data at the point of entry, $10 to correct or clean up the data in batch form, and $100 (or more) per record if no corrective action is performed. While the absolute value of individual and cumulative data errors to companies may differ, the principle remains the same. Reliable and timely data are essential. Using the underlying technologies of Agriculture 4.0 to capture and report this data automatically using connected sensors and online platforms will lead to increased accuracy and facilitate timely decision making. The following categories of data described in this paper represent some suggested data streams for big data in poultry production with a focus on streams that have the potential to be transformational. End of the first part References are available on request Source: From the Proceedings of the 2018 Australian Poultry Science Symposium
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Šbigdutchman
MANAGEMENT
Cage free pullet management The use of alternative or cage free systems is increasing across the world and management practices for raising cage free and alternative systems must be adapted to the system. There are a variety of configurations of cage free systems so consulting your equipment and genetic company for management recommendations is suggested. Rearing pullets in a system that is similar to the layer house is also recommended for best welfare and performance. Lisa Timmerman Key Account Manager, Hendrix-ISA, LLC.
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Pullet management requires many different strategies to produce a uniform flock that attains the correct weight at sexual maturity in preparation for egg production. Raising a pullet that has the proper body frame, immune system, properly developed digestive and reproductive
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system is very important for that bird to meet its genetic potential in the lay house. Cage Free systems add a unique dimension in management that requires more attention to bird behavior than typical cage systems. The importance of pullet rearing often is underestimated, but careful attention to detail in the pullet house can make a big difference to the overall performance, welfare and to the bottom line at the end of the flock. House preparation begins with cleaning and disinfecting the pullet house to reduce potential pathogens in the building as well as cleaning and sanitizing water lines. Using chick paper to cover the cage/slatted floor or on the litter under water/feed lines, is important to allow for easy access to chicks by feeding on the paper and to keep drafts from coming up from under the system and chilling the birds. Begin to preheat the barn 24-48 hours prior to chick arrival to allow the system and floor to warm. Be sure to adjust light hours and light intensity recommended by the genetic company and adjust water line, feed line and perch height above the feeder as well as water
pressure as appropriate levels. Fill feeders and put feed on the paper just prior to chick arrival. Preparation of the pullet house prior to chick arrival will give the chicks the best start from the first moment in the house. Chick delivery and placement into a house that is properly prepared will help chicks get off to a good start. Temperature recommendations, in general, are to start white birds at approximately 90 degrees F and brown birds at approximately 92 degrees F. Relative humidity should be approximately 55-60percent. Temperatures can be reduced about 3-5 degrees per week until temperatures get to about 68-70 degrees F. Follow brood temperatures and humidity as outlined by your chick supplier and pay attention to the chick behavior and make adjustments as necessary. Trigger nipple or cup drinkers as chicks are placed. Nipple drinker water pressure should be adjusted so that a hanging drop of water is present will attract chicks to water the right away. Height at placement should be at about 3â&#x20AC;? and can be raised slightly starting after 2-3 days of age.
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gram that is best for your flock, housing, desired case weight and production curve in the lay house. Adjusting the lighting program to allow to simulate sunrise and sunset is also important to training birds to go into the system at night which is important after transfer to the layer house and to assist in controlling floor eggs. Make sure to observe the dimming process to assure it dims smoothly and without flickering, which could interfere with birds going into the system. Feed & Water should be easily accessible and not restricted in the pullet growing phase. After the first couple days, drinkers can be raised slightly and slowly raised during the grow so that birds learn to reach up for water. Be sure to watch pressure as you raise waterlines to control litter conditions. Feeding chicks on paper for 3-5 days or 5-7 days on the floor on paper or in feeder trays, can greatly help improve chick starts and transition them to the feeder. The ultimate goal is to attain a uniform flock with a gain in body weight along the target standard curve. Before making feed changes birds should be at
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The importance of pullet rearing often is underestimated, but careful attention to detail in the pullet house can make a big difference to the overall performance, welfare and to the bottom line at the end of the flockâ&#x20AC;?
Make sure that feeders are filled and trough feeders overflowed onto the papers or pan feeders flooded and feed placed on papers for easy access by chicks upon placement. For chicks placed on the floor, use brooder guard to make rings that will help keep chicks close to heat, feed, water, and help them get off to a good start. Lighting is also key to not only chick starts but for preparing birds for sexual maturity and controlling unwanted behavior. Intermittent lighting during the first week, utilizing 4 hours on and 2 hours off, the first week can be beneficial. It can give chicks needed rest and stimulate them to eat and drink as well as synchronize chicks during this time. A decreasing light hour program in the pullet house, following breed recommendations, should be followed and should take outside light influence (sunlight and light leakage) into consideration. Not all light programs are appropriate for every breed or housing system, so it is advised to work with your genetic company to set a pro-
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target body weights. Feed consumption can be stimulated by reducing temperatures slightly, adding feedings or stimulations. Lighting programs that have slower stepdown can also give birds more time to consume feed and other factors such as disease, heat stress, overcrowding and other environmental factors should be evaluated if body weights and uniformities are not hitting targets. Uniformity should be monitored along with body weights by weighing individual birds, 60 at minimum and preferably 100, then calculating the average, then calculating the percentage of birds that fall within +/- 10% of the average weight. The goal would be at 85-90% uniformity when birds are moved from the pullet to layer house. Training birds to use perches and move throughout the system is important to start from a young age of about 2-3 weeks. Depending on the system and the birds, birds will start to use perches within the first couple weeks. They will also be able to start maneuvering different levels and
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in and out of the system by 5-6 weeks of age depending on the breed and system itself. When releasing birds from the aviary system it is important to make sure they are big enough to get back in the system and bridges and/or ramps may be necessary to help birds get back into the system. When possible, it is recommended to let a test pen out for a short period to assure birds can easily maneuver in and out of the system and start to go into the system when the lights go out. Birds that do not go back into the system after the first night should be put back in the system on a nightly basis until birds are trained. Letting birds out of the bottom tier first for a couple days then opening the next tier is a good way to ease into the training process. Utilizing dimming features of modern lighting systems also greatly influence training and drawing birds off the floor and into/onto the system. It is recommended to have under system lights go off first followed by quick dim down of the aisle lights and a longer dim down in the system to encourage birds to go up into the system at lights out. Where floor heat is used, be aware of the influence that this can play on training birds. Observe birds
to make sure they can easily maneuver the system and place additional ramps/bridges as needed. Bird Health in cage free present some challenges that are more common to occur in cage free than cage production. Consideration to vaccination programs must be considered with varying types of cage free systems as to ensure good coverage to the birds. Coccidiosis, E. coli., internal and external parasites all pose additional challenges to cage free birds due to their exposure to litter. Cage Free management requires additional animal husbandry skills and the ability to observe behaviors and needs of the birds. When properly managed, birds will be able to perform to their genetic potential. Clear and concise focus on details during the growing process is very important to allowing birds to meet their genetic potential in the lay house. References are available on request From the 2019 MPF Proceedings - Midwest Poultry Federation Convention
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Broiler nutrition, future efficiency We all want the best possible return while investing as little as possible: efficiency is the keyword to success and is becoming increasingly important. Not only in poultry, but in any sector varying from agriculture to software engineering. Efficiency comes in many forms and ranges from continuous improvement to a specific targeted improvement for one industry challenge.
Edward Diehl, Nutritionist, Cobb Europe Courtesy of Cobb Europe.
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In poultry, the two go side by side. In the field of genetics, constant improvements are made to ensure an increase in efficiency in the next generation of chicks. Improvement in efficiency caused by innovations in the field of science and technology are less frequent, but equally important to the overall increase of efficiency. These science and technology improvements
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often concern the hatchery, farm, environment and feed aspects of the agricultural sector. When considering resource efficiency and cost reduction in broiler feeds, the two most relevant points to focus on are energy and crude protein. Energy content in broiler feed rations is primarily driven by the goal of optimizing energy efficiency that is determined by the net energy broilers require in each stage of production. By focusing on the expected feed conversion of energy that the broiler has in each production stage, nutritionists can optimize available metabolizable energy in each ration (starter, grower, finisher) and thus allow broilers to be increasing more efficient during each state of growth and development. The latter is driven by the amino acid balance in the feed. When the dietary crude protein is adjusted, there are several things that should carefully be considered. An example is the correct amino acid balance: this will increase performance and make better use of the available natural and synthetic amino acids. A second example is formulating with more alternative ingredients: this can result in a reduction of costs while increasing resource efficiency. Finding major points to improve on resource efficiency or cost in the future will be difficult and it will probably take quite some time. There have been significant improvements in feed formulation associated with amino acid (AA) research that have greatly improved growth efficiency. For example, one of the first significant improvements in broiler nutrition dates back to the 1950s with the combination of linear programming for least-cost formulation and the usage of available synthetic amino acids. This innovative feed formulation revealed that feed costs could be reduced by supple-
menting methionine (Met), the first limiting amino acid for poultry. This was followed in the 1970â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s by supplementing diets with lysine (Lys), the second limiting amino acid for poultry, and in the 1990â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s with threonine (Thr) as the third limiting AA. There appears to be a trend spacing each discovery or improvement about 20 years apart; therefore, it is expected that the fourth limiting amino acid should be determined in the near future. There are three prime candidates for the fourth limiting amino acid: Valine (Val), Isoleucine (Iso), and Arginine (Arg). The introduction of Valine and Arginine as synthetic amino acids has already led to a reduction of crude protein, which makes it more urgent for nutritionists to find the correct ratio of amino acids. Determination of the amino acid ratio (requirements) has shown inconsistencies in the results, some indicate, for example, a requirement of valine that resulted in a ratio of 80% valine to 100% lysine, and others show levels of 70%. Recent studies performed by the University of Arkansas and Cobb-Vantress have possibly revealed the reason for the inconsistencies. Reactions of broiler chickens to lysine, methionine and threonine has always been quite straight forward. For the fourth limiting amino acids it appears that there are delicate interactions amongst the candidates. Everything has been further complicated by the introduction of valine and arginine as synthetic amino acids, it has led to introduction of new possible candidates or additional limiting amino acids such as glycine and serine. With the focus on the 4th limiting AA and other feed parameters to improve efficiency, the basic nutritional elements such as energy, protein and the first limiting
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“Energy and crude protein will continue to be the primary drivers for improving feed formulation in order to make advances in resource efficiency and cost reduction, and additional understanding of other limiting amino acids for poultry should help facilitate these improvements”
amino acids are assumed to be static. Recent studies have shown that broilers respond differently compared to the expectation or historic data on, for example, energy. While the ongoing genetic improvement from year to year is unlikely to demand constant changes in the nutritional requirement of broiler chickens, over a decade a change in requirement could be expected.
key aspects of energy content and crude protein in each stage of broiler diets.
When compared to mammalian livestock such as pigs and cattle that are limited by long intervals for reproductive maturation and decreased quantity of offspring per dam and sire, the rate of genetic improvement for broiler chickens is exceptionally fast. There is no doubt that continued focus on genetics will result in broiler improvements including lower feed conversion ratios (FCR) and more efficient growth due to the bird’s ability to more effectively utilize the feed ration provided. However, the poultry industry must also continue to focus efforts on the
In the future, the focus of broiler efficiency in the poultry industry will continue to emphasize carcass yield and saleable meat while feeding the same primary ingredients (maize, wheat and soy) in poultry diets. Due to the poultry industry’s interest in further improving the efficiency of broiler production, now is the time to re-evaluate the AA requirements for the modern broiler and to adjust feed formulations in each stage in production. But keep in mind that from an efficiency or economic point of view the basic nutritional elements will still have the biggest impact.
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Energy and crude protein will continue to be the primary drivers for improving feed formulation in order to make advances in resource efficiency and cost reduction, and additional understanding of other limiting amino acids for poultry should help facilitate these improvements.
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NUTRITION
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Layer nutrition. A future vision The potential of laying hens continues to improve, and the birds that will populate our farms by 2020 will be capable of producing 500 eggs at 100 weeks of age. Knowing exactly how to feed these hens will be a challenge as we will not have gained access to test material before they arrive.
R. Kleyn â&#x20AC;&#x201C; SPESFEED (Pty) Ltd, South Africa.
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It is possible that new genomic methodologies will help to overcome some of the issues, such as oviduct degeneration, but there is no assurance of this. Although overall egg number will increase, bird size
- nutrition -
will remain largely unchanged and daily egg mass output will probably be lower. Nutrient requirements may well decrease, and eating patterns will change. The challenge will be to maintain hen health and the produc-
NUTRITION
tion of quality, saleable eggs until 100 weeks of age. How this will be achieved is largely speculative.
Introduction Forecasting is fraught with difficulties associated with poor data and unknown unknowns. Fortunately, in the case of laying hens, this is not true. We have an excellent history of how our birds have improved over the past decade (Table 1), and a fair idea of what can be expected in future breeding programmes used by the primary breeding companies. Our understanding is that the requirements for energy and protein per unit of output have remained unchanged and that different genotypes utilise dietary components in a similar manner. The real challenge will be how to feed birds that are widely called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;long-lifeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; layers. These hens are expected to lay 500 eggs by 100 weeks of age and are likely to be on farms by 2020. Indeed, some reports of this target being achieved in practice are already filtering through. These birds will be in production before we can take the opportunity to determine their peculiarities and specific nutrient shortfalls. Trials carried out in the past may no longer be applicable as the genotypes used are not representative of the modern bird. This paper will deal briefly with the matter of genetic change and how this will alter the nutrient requirements of hens. More importantly, some speculation about how we should feed the long-life layer will be raised.
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Genotype and nutrient requirement Continuous selection for improved egg production is the pre-eminent selection criterion applied to laying hens, with an annual increase of two to three eggs expected. The key parameter is improved persistency, which entails selecting birds that lay longer clutches of eggs. Egg size has decreased, which is a conscious decision made to ensure egg shell quality late in lay. Although egg size increases with age, this is not accompanied by a proportional increase in shell weight, leading to decreased shell thickness. Egg mass output has increased during the entire laying period, accompanied by lower feed intakes that lead to improved feed efficiency. Feed usage has dropped by 22% per egg produced over the past 20 years. Alternative production systems add a new dimension, and diets will need to be formulated to ensure nutrient intake under different conditions. Hens can cope well under alternative systems, provided that they are permitted to consume adequate feed.
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©arrellfoodinstitute.ca
NUTRITION
Table 1 – Some historic data for the Hy-Line Brown, taken from the Management Guides of the company (average figures used). Characteristic
2002–2004
2016
6
5.75
Body weight 17 weeks (kg)
1.43
1.40
Age at 50% production (days)
145
140
Body weight 60 weeks (kg)
2.0
1.96
Feed intake at 60 weeks (g/d)
116
112
Hen-housed eggs (60 weeks) (%)
249
285
Hen-housed production at 60 weeks (%)
83
85
-
508
Average egg weight 60 weeks (g)
66.3
63.7
Egg output at 60 weeks (g/bird d)
55
54.1
Cumulative egg output 60 weeks (kg)
15.4
15.5
Kg feed/kg eggs
2.06
1.87
Feed consumed in rear
Hen-housed eggs (110 weeks)
At first glance it would be easy to assume that the nutrient requirements of laying hens have increased as flock egg output improves. However, bear in mind that although the modern bird has been selected for increased persistency, it still lays a single egg daily. The hen’s nutrient requirements should be considered on a daily basis. Since our hens are at least the same size, if not even a little smaller, with a reduced daily egg output (see Table 1), it is probable that daily nutrient requirements may have decreased rather than increased. Rubinoff, in 2018, reports that the birds we will see on our farms by 2020 will be slightly heavier.
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The modern bird purportedly consumes less feed, but it is difficult to be sure of this from published data. Practically, for example, a large commercial operation in South Africa, using the Hy-Line Brown, is achieving an average feed intake of 116 g/bird/d, so feed intakes may not have declined significantly. Birds coming in to peak production are sometimes not capable of consuming enough feed, forcing them to draw on body fat reserves as an energy source. If this is inadequate, flocks exhibit a typical ‘postpeak’ dip. This represents a major problem for modern layer genotypes and impacts on the lifetime performance of the bird. Feeding low-density, high-fibre rearing feeds helps to train young hens to achieve higher feed intakes and ensures adequate carcass fat deposition. Practical experience has taught us that little can be done to the diets offered in the layer house to overcome this consumption problem as its origin is during rearing. In the case of broiler breeders, high protein diets during rearing result in reduced carcass fat. It is likely that a similar pattern will exist in laying hens, which means that the use of high protein diets during rear may be the incorrect strategy to follow.
Energy requirements The energy requirements of laying hens will continue to be driven by the need for maintenance (determined by body weight), egg output and feather cover. Glatz, in 1998, demonstrated that poorly feathered brown egg layers consumed 19% more feed than birds with good feather cover. It has long been understood that laying hens are able to meet their energy requirements by sim-
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
ply adjusting their feed intake. Recent research indicates that this adjustment may not be perfect, and that energy intake tends to increase slightly with higher dietary energy levels. This may or may not have a link with social interaction or competition within the cages. To all intents and purposes, however, the layer of the future is likely to be able to consume adequate feed to meet its energy requirements. Considerable interest has been shown in the use of split feeding, where diets fed in the morning are rich in energy, and those fed in the afternoon are rich in protein and Ca. Despite this, hens seem capable of regulating their feed intake from the various diets to achieve the same energy and nutrient intake as birds on a continuous diet. Little advantage is to be gained from split feeding as birds do not appear to be able to adjust their feed intake based on a fraction of a day.
Protein requirements
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The requirements for protein and amino acids are less well understood, which subjects the inexperienced nutritionist to many different opinions on the requisite quantities. It is perhaps worth starting this discussion by dealing with those aspects that are known: • The provision of the correct level of essential amino acids in the diet is of concern. The inclusion of a crude protein minimum is unlikely to lead to increased egg numbers, but it will increase egg size. The rule of thumb suggests that, for each additional gram of protein a bird consumes, the egg size will increase by 1.4 g. • We have a reasonable idea of what a correct amino acid profile should look like. • We should always be profit driven when deciding on dietary levels of amino acid. It is unlikely that a single recommendation will ever be correct for all circumstance. Differences in the cost of ingredients and the value of the egg produced preclude this outcome. Achieving adequate protein intake will be less of a challenge than might be expected, as the birds are likely to have a reduced requirement on a daily basis, coupled with an ability to simply consume more feed. The danger lies in overfeeding protein, which will cause the egg size to increase with the concomitant shell quality problems. Paradoxically, the production of big eggs will become more difficult because the innate ability of hens to produce large eggs has decreased.
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+75771922 l mail@dacs.dk I www.dacs.dk
49
NUTRITION
Calcium and phosphorus During their lifetime, hens will deposit 30 to 40 times as much Ca in egg shells as is present in their own skeleton. The shell is formed in the uterus as an extracellular process, governed by the proteins responsible for Ca transport and by the establishment of the pH gradient needed for crystal formation. Some proteins are secreted and integrated into the shell where they regulate the calcification process and become part of the organic shell matrix. Approximately 5.5 g of Ca carbonate is deposited into each eggshell in a 17–20 hour period, making it one of the fastest bio-mineralization processes known. The P content of the eggshell is small (20 mg) when compared to the egg content (120 mg). During the later stages of rearing, Ca and P are deposited into the medullary bone (as crystalline hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) while, during the laying cycle, Ca is ‘withdrawn’ from the skeleton. Early interventions stimulate bone development during the rearing stage. Neijat et al. (2018) found that birds reared in an aviary system (as opposed to cages) had a heavier total bone weight. Dietary nutrient levels may be less important than management. Jing et al. (2018) demonstrated that a low P feeding regime had no effect on growth parameters or bone characteristics. Notably, the diets used in this study did not contain phytase. Maturity of the medullary bone begins when the oestrogen levels rise at the onset of sexual maturity (when the wattles colour up) and is completed by about 30 weeks of age. The magnitude of daily Ca requirements cannot be met by dietary sources alone, forcing the hen into a daily ritual of bone remodelling. Regardless of dietary Ca supply, hens use this reserve to supply up to 1 g of Ca per day. During shell formation, 60–75% of Ca in the shell is of dietary origin and the remainder is drawn from skeletal stores. If there is insufficient bone reserve, egg shell quality declines fairly quickly. Issues of Ca depletion in the bird may have more to do with metabolic Ca insufficiency rather than dietary deficiency. Mineral nutrition is complicated because hens are able to utilise minerals differentially, depending on their dietary level. Clunies et al. (1993) were able to measure Ca retention in laying hens in the range 36–62%, depending on the Ca level in the diet. It is often erroneously believed that only dietary Ca has any bearing on shell quality. Therefore, when shell quality problems arise, it is tempt-
50
ing to increase dietary Ca and, thus, limestone in the diet. Improvement may be observed, but more often there is none. Increasing dietary Ca in late-lay may increase shell strength and bone strength if the bird retains adequate levels of Ca in the medullary bone. Pongmanee et al. (2018) demonstrated that supplementing layer diets with 600 FTU of phytase (twice the normal level) increased bone strength and prevented bone loss throughout the laying cycle. Broiler chickens can adapt to the dietary challenges brought about by low dietary Ca by improving Ca uptake at a later stage. This improvement is achieved through modulation of certain genes that encode intestinal Ca and P transporters. Leeson, in 2017, suggests that the same phenomenon may exist in laying hens. This was supported by the finding of Ieda et al. (1999) that feeding low Ca diets doubled the levels of Ca binding protein (CaBP-D28k) mRNA, in the intestine. If the young hen is fed too much Ca (no more than about 3.5 g/day is required), the Ca uptake system appears to lose its ability to become more efficient in the face of increased demand. This aspect is of particular importance when feeding hens during extended lay, when hens are required to become more efficient utilizers of Ca. The strong interaction between Ca and P cannot be ignored. Diets low in available phosphorus lead to reduced blood P concentrations which stimulate the synthesis of the active vitamin D3 metabolite, 1.25(OH)2. This in turn stimulates intestinal P absorption, as well as intestinal Ca absorption, even when blood Ca levels are normal. Substantially lower levels of dietary P than are commonly applied in commercial diets have been researched. Lambert et al. (2014) found that a retained P intake of 2.6 g/kg was adequate until 65 weeks of age; thereafter, this intake needed to increase to 2.8 g/kg. Both values are far lower than recommendations by Hy-Line (2014). Ahmadi and Rodehutscord (2012) reported that the addition of phytase (300 FTU/kg) lowered the laying bird’s requirement for dietary P.
- nutrition -
End of the first part. References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2019 Australian Poultry Science Symposium
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51
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VETERINARY SCIENCE
Invention of a comprehensive method for control of coccidiosis in poultry The objective of this research is to invent a new method targeting a comprehensive control of coccidiosis in poultry.
A global research was accomplished in nine countries, aiming at replacement of synthetic poultry coccidiostats by an invented comprehensive dual approach of decontaminating poultry barns by a Wide Spectrum Disinfectant (WSD) and intermittent supplementation of drinking water with an emulsion of natural Essential Oil Blend in Water Extract (EOBWE) of plants.
E. Barbour et al. Department of Research and Development, Opticon GmbH., Switzerland; Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA.
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The first six trials were concluded in isolation unit facilities and laboratories and the other four were field trials. The first six trials had different objectives including, studying the protection against coccidiosis by intermittent or continuous administration of EOBWE in drinking water against controlled challenge by sporulated oocytes of Eimeria spp., administered intra-esophageally or through contaminated floors. Another two objectives studied the effect of different concentrations
- veterinary science -
of EOBWE and WSD on lysis of Eimeria oocytes. A fourth objective compared the control of coccidiosis in broilers by the invented dual approach of applying WSD and EOBWE versus the application of classical disinfectants and synthetic coccidiostats. The first of the four field trials compared the dual intervention by classical disinfectants and synthetic coccidiostats versus the invented intervention by WSD and EOBWE against controlled floor contaminated-challenge of broilers by equivalent number of sporulated oocytes of 8 Eimeria spp. The second and third trials had the same comparison but against field challenge of broilers by Eimeria spp. The fourth trial compared the impact of synthetic coccidiostat alone versus concurrent administration of both the synthetic coccidiostat and the EOBWE on protection of broilers against field challenge by Eimeria spp. The compiled data of this global research led to comprehensive control of poultry coccidiosis, by significant reduction of oocytes output and its associated lesions, and consistent improvement of the chicken performance.
Introduction Most inventions of products that provide a solution to a poultry health problem around the world are initiated by perception or imagination that led to hypotheses. A sound verification of the invention, for application in a disease control program of poultry, is strengthened by extensive compilation of scientific research from different laboratories, isolation facilities, and field trials performed under diversified environments of different countries, followed by subjecting
VETERINARY SCIENCE
its data to sequence of statistical testing for determining the level of significance of the obtained results. The consistency in reproducibility of results, based on the sequence of significance testing of the data extracted from the compiled researches, will determine either the acceptance or the rejection of the hypothesis. This work aimed at verification of a dual approach hypothesis, based on the belief that ‘First, an application of an invented Wide Spectrum Disinfectant (WSD) to inactivate the oocytes of Eimeria spp and other economic pathogens on poultry farm surfaces, and second, an intermittent administration in the drinking water of a natural coccidiostat, constructed of an emulsion of natural Essential Oil Blend in Water Extract (EOBWE) of plants, can result in a comprehensive control of coccidiosis and sustainability of production’. The verification of this dual hypothesis will be solely relying on the sequence of statistical significance testing of the data, generated from the 13 experiments that were collectively performed in 9 countries.
Materials and methods The materials and methods of the compiled 13 experiments aimed at verification of dual approach hypothesis, that is based on intervention with an invented Wide Spectrum Disinfectant (WSD), to decontaminate the surfaces of chicken rearing area, followed by intermittent supplementation of drinking water with an invented Essential Oil Blend in Water Extract (EOBWE). The invented WSD is a mixture of phenol derivatives, organic solvents, organic acids, inorganic acids and an anionic surfactant, while the invented EOBWE is a mixture of essential oils, emulsified in water extracts of herbs. Detailed formulations are documented in a US Patent and an International Patent. Experiment #1, performed at Leipzig University, Germany, studied the % lysis of E. tenella sporulated Oocytes (25,000 oocytes/ml) by contact with 3% and 4% dilutions of the invented WSD for periods of 30 to 120 minutes vs. control Oocytes deprived of contact with WSD (Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft –DVG, 2007). Experiment #2, performed also at Leipzig University, Germany, studied the infectivity in day-old chicks (N = 10/ treatment) by sporulated Oocytes of E. tenella (2000 Oocytes/chick) that were previously contacted with 3% WSD for 120 min (Treatment #1) vs. infectivity by non – contacted Oocytes with WSD (Treatment #2), following the guidelines of the German Veterinary Medicine Society, 2007,
while controls were deprived of any challenge (Treatment #3). Experiment #3, performed by Opticon CO. Switzerland and American University of Beirut-AUB, examined the susceptibility of poultry - associated bacteria and viruses upon contact with 3% dilution of the invented WSD. The tested bacteria were E. coli, Streptococcus spp., Salmonella Enteritidis, Proteus mirabilis, while the tested viruses were NewCastle Disease virus (Lentogenic) and Avian Influenza (H9N2). The bacterial count before contact was adjusted to 2.0x107 CFU/ml, while the viral HA units before contact was set at HA units of 4.0. Each test was performed in triplicate. Experiment #4, performed at AUB, determined the needed contact time between Oocytes and different dilutions of EOBWE for obtaining a maximum lysis. The total Oocyte number in each test was 25,000/ml of equivalent number of 8 Eimeria spp (E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. hagani, E. maxima, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella). The developed EOBWE was used in four different dilutions of 0.005, 0.010, 0.020, and 0.100%. The contact times were 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 minutes. Control Oocyte count of 2500/ml were kept in contact with saline. All tests were accomplished in duplicate. Experiment #5, performed by Opticon Co., Switzerland and AUB, aimed at evaluation of the susceptibility of poultry-associated bacteria and viruses to invented EOBWE, using the same above protocol, presented under Experiment #3, except that each test was accomplished in triplicate. Experiment #6, performed by KAU of KSA and AUB, Lebanon, evaluated the protection in Eimeria - challenged broilers by single intervention, using continuous ad libitum administration in drinking water of the natural EOBWE, at a dilution of 0.025%. The challenge was esophageal, at different ages of 14, 21, 28, and 35d, with equivalent number of sporulated Oocytes of 8 Eimeria spp (E. acervulina, E. brunetti, E. hagani, E. maxima, E. mivati, E. necatrix, E. praecox, and E. tenella), totalling to 1.76x105 oocytes/ bird. The four treatments were: G1 (Unchallenged – Untreated with EOBWE), G2 (Unchallenged – Treated with EOBWE), G3 (Challenged –Untreated with EOBWE), and G4 (Challenged-Treated with EOBWE). Equal number of birds (n=10) were sacrificed at 6 days-post the time allocated for each challenge for assessment of broiler’s production parameters, intestinal lesion scores and Oocyte counts.
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VETERINARY SCIENCE
Experiment #7, performed at isolation unit of Poulpharm BVBA, Belgium, evaluated the protection in broilers, challenged by sporulated oocytes of 6 Eimeria spp. at single age of 17d, using Maxiban in feed versus continuous ad libitum administration in drinking water of the natural EOBWE, at a dilution of 0.025%. The esophageal challenge was with the following number of Oocytes: Eimeria acervulina (7.4x104), E. maxima (1.6x103), E. tenella (6.8x103), E. mitis (7.8x103), E. necatrix (7.0x103), and E. praecox (7.0x103). The three treatments, each with 8 replicate cages, containing 5 birds/cage, were: TRT #1 (Challenged-Untreated), TRT #2 (Challenged-Treated with Maxiban), and TRT #3 (Challenged-Treated with EOBWE). Birds were sacrificed at 6 days-post challenge for assessment of the production parameter, intestinal lesion score, and Oocyte output. Experiment #8, performed at isolation units of Nagpar Veterinary College, India, evaluated the protection in broilers, challenged by contaminating the floor of pens, at stocking time of one-day old chicks, with equivalent number of local Eimeria spp., totalling to 4x105 sporulated oocytes/m2, and treated intermittently (3d/wk) with different dilutions of EOBWE (0.005, 0.010, and 0.025%) vs. treatment with Salinomycin in feed. The five treatments were: TRT #1 (Challenged-Untreated), TRT #2 (Challenged-Treated with 0.005% EOBWE), TRT #3 (Challenged-Treated with 0.010% EOBWE), TRT #4 (Challenged-Treated with 0.025% EOBWE), and TRT #5 (Challenged-Treated with salinomycin supplemented feed). Each treatment had duplicate pens, with 20 birds/pen. Six birds were sacrificed per pen at each of 28 and 35 d of age for assessment of production parameters, histopathological lesions in the intestine, and Oocyte output/g of feces. Experiment #9, performed by KAU, aimed at evaluation of dual approach, for protection of broilers against sporulated Oocytes - contaminated floor, by WSD vs. chlorine disinfection and intermittent treatment (3d/week) with 0.025% EOBWE in drinking water vs. Maxiban in feed. The floor was contaminated with a total sporulated oocytes of 4x105/m2 of equivalent number of oocytes of 8 Eimeria spp., followed by disinfection with invented WSD vs. chlorine disinfectant. The four treatments, with duplicate pens/treatment, and 500 birds/pen, were: TRT #1 (WSD disinfected floor – EOBWE in drinking water), TRT #2 (WSD disinfected floor – Maxiban in feed), TRT #3 (Chlorine disinfected floor – EOBWE in drinking wa-
54
ter), and TRT #4 (Chlorine disinfected floor – Maxiban in feed). The oocyte output was determined at 14, 21, 28, 35 d age, and the FCR, Body Wt., cumulative mortality, and economical analysis were calculated by the 35th d of age. Experiment #10, performed in the field by ANC Hayvan, Turkey, aimed at evaluation of the dual approach for controlling recurrent E. maxima outbreak on Turkish farms. Two treatments were compared: TRT #1 (WSD decontamination of farm – intermittent administration of 0.0125% EOBWE in drinking water, 3d/wk) vs. TRT #2 (Classical disinfectant – administration of salinomycin in feed). The size of broiler flocks in Treatments 1 and 2 were 10,400 and 23,200 birds, respectively. Experiment #11, performed at Garo’s farm, Zahle, Lebanon, aimed at evaluation of dual approach for controlling coccidiosis. The two Treatments, with two barns/Treatment, containing between 7,000 to 13,000 birds/barn, were: TRT #1 (WSD for surface decontamination – intermittent administration of 0.025% EOBWE in drinking water, 4d/wk) vs. TRT #2 (Omnicide disinfectant – Yumamycin in feed and Coccisol in water). Experiment #12, performed at Adel’s Farm, Baalbek, Lebanon, evaluated the dual approach. The two Treatments, with one barn/treatment, and 15,600 birds/barn, were: TRT #1 (WSD for surface decontamination – intermittent administration of 0.025% EOBWE in drinking water, 4d/wk) vs. TRT #2 (Formaldehyde disinfectant – administration of Monensin in grower feed and salinomycin in finisher feed). Experiment #13, performed by Dremax kft, Hungary, compared two treatments on broiler farm with long history of E. acervulina challenge, including 3 barns/Treatment, and 17,000 birds/barn. The two treatments were: TRT #1 (WSD decontamination - Concurrent administration of Maxiban in feed and intermittent 0.025% EOBWE in drinking water, 3d/wk), and TRT #2 (WSD – only Maxiban in feed).
Statistical methods All 13 experiments followed the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The quantified frequency-means were compared statistically by CHI-Square, while the other non-frequency means were compared by ANOVA, followed by conservative Tukey’s test. The level of significance was set at P<0.05.
- veterinary science -
VETERINARY SCIENCE
Results and discussion The sequence of significance, based on statistical analyses of 20 quantified variables in the compiled 13 experiments, are: Expt #1: E. tenella-oocytes lysis by WSD was significantly higher than Control oocytes lysis (P<0.05). Expt #2: Infectivity in day old chicks of E. tenella-oocytes contacted with WSD was significantly lower than that obtained by non-contacted oocytes (P<0.05). Expt #3: Bacterial and viral inhibition due to contact with WSD for 5 min was significantly higher than that of non-contacted organisms (P<0.05). Expt. #4: Higher concentration of EOBWE results in shorter time needed for lysis of oocytes of 8 Eimeria spp. (P<0.05). Expt. #5: Contact of ND and H9N2 viruses with EOBWE, in presence of 1% organic matter for a period of 15 minutes, results in 100% inhibition compared to absence of inhibition in control non-contacted viruses (P<0.05). Different bacteria had lower range of inhibition by EOBWE compared to viruses, but still significantly higher than inhibition obtained by non-contacted bacteria (P<0.05). Expt. #6: EOBWE resulted in better respective growth of unchallenged and challenged broilers with 8 Eimeria spp compared to unchallenged and challenged birds deprived of EOBWE (P<0.05). EOBWE reduced significantly the intestinal lesion score and oocytes, FCR, and mortality of challenged birds compared to similarly challenged birds deprived of EOBWE (P<0.05). Expt. #7: The intestinal lesion scores due to E. acervulina and E. maxima were not reduced significantly by EOBWE or Maxiban compared to similarly challenged birds deprived of coccidiostats (P>0.05). Both Maxiban and EOBWE reduced the output of E. maxima compared to similarly challenged birds deprived of coccidiostat (P<0.05). EOBWE reduced insignificantly the E. acervulina output compared to similarly challenged birds deprived of coccidiostat (P>0.05). Higher weight resulted from EOBWE or Maxiban treatment of challenged birds compared to similarly challenged birds deprived of coccidiostat (P<0.05).
challenged broilers deprived of coccidiostats (P<0.05). Weight was increased significantly by EOBWE (dilution of 0.0125 or 0.025%) and by salinomycin compared to similarly challenged broilers deprived of coccidiostat (P<0.05). Expt. #9: Dual approach by WSD/EOBWE or WSD/Maxiban resulted in significantly lower Oocyte output compared to dual approach by Chlorine/EOBWE or Chlorine/ Maxiban in birds reared on Oocyte-contaminated floor (P<0.05). Dual approach by WSD/EOBWE resulted in lowest FCR and highest body weight compared to other three treatments (P<0.05). Expt. #10: Dual approach by WSD/EOBWE on farm with history of E. maxima resulted in 10% better growth performance than dual approach by classical disinfectant/ salinomycin (inapplicable data for Statistical comparison, one house/Treatment). Expt. #11: Dual approach by WSD/EOBWE compared to Omnicide/Yumamycin + Coccisol on the farm resulted in: Lower mortality (P<0.05), Lower FCR (P<0.05), and Higher body weight (P<0.05). Expt. #12: Dual approach by WSD/EOBWE compared to formaldehyde/Monensin on the farm resulted in significantly lower oocyte output (P<0.05). Dual approach by WSD/EOBWE compared to formaldehyde/Monensin on the same farm resulted in insignificant improvement of weight, FCR, and mortality (P>0.05). Expt. #13: Dual approach by WSD/EOBWE + Maxiban compared to WSD/Maxiban alone on farm with history of E. acervulina outbreak resulted in 8% improvement in EEF (P<0.05).
Conclusions The frequency in the above sequence of significance testing (P<0.05) of data was in favor of the hypothesis, in which 18 out of 22 comparison of means were significantly different at P<0.05 (81.8%). It is worth noting that the analysed 22 means, accumulated from the 13 experiments, and contributing favorably to the set hypothesis, are heterogenous in their weight of support to the hypothesis.
Expt. #8: Oocyte output, histopathologic lesions, and FCR, were all reduced significantly by either EOBWE (0.005-0.025%) or by Salinomycin compared to similarly
- september 2019 -
From the Proceedings of the 2018 6th Mediterranean Poultry Summit
55
PROCESSING
A stress-free journey from shed to shackle Critical hours, which influence bird well-being, meat quality and sustainability For some six to eight weeks, even longer in the case of heavier and specialist breeds, broilers will have been carefully nurtured on the growing farm. Growers will have invested time, money and effort in creating the best possible environment for them to thrive. Once they reach slaughter weight, they will be caught, crated and loaded onto trucks for the journey to the processing plant. Catching, loading and transport are, however, operations that will be new to birds and could possibly stress them.
“As an industry, we have a responsibility in ensuring that all stages during loading and transport are well taken care of,” says Tim van Schaik, product manager for Marel Poultry. “It is very much in the ethical and financial interest of both grower and processor that every effort is made to handle birds as humanely as possible, as this will make for the lowest possible number of unwelcome DOAs and downgrades.”
Manual catching Although automatic catching machines have been on the market for a number of years, some 80% of birds in Europe and some 90% of birds in the USA are still caught manually. Catching is a demanding job. An individual catcher could be lifting and handling 20,000
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- processing -
to 25,000 kg over an eight hour catching shift. At the same time, breeding programs over past decades have produced top-performing birds, which deserve to be handled with care. This means paying close attention to the design of the modules into which birds, once caught, will be loaded.
Easy loading Catching should be complete within an hour at most. Although plastic crates are still used, most high volume operators now work with multi-tier containers or modules. These modules should be brought into the growing shed and placed as close as possible to where catching is actually happening; catchers should not have to walk any distance with birds.
PROCESSING
Tim van Schaik says, “It is particularly important that their design allows modules to be placed close to walls or corners, so that those last few birds can be caught and loaded. Modules should also allow birds to be loaded easily with minimal risk of damage.” Loading openings should therefore be big enough to allow birds to be loaded downwards onto their feet. Module design should be such as to minimize the risk of heads, wings or legs becoming trapped during loading.
“A responsibility in ensuring that all stages during loading and transport are well taken care of” Efficient ventilation Full modules should be loaded on the truck as quickly as possible. Loading a truck will typically take up to an hour. The journey to the processing plant also has its risks for the birds. Measures will have to be taken to protect them from extremes of heat and cold and from inclement weather. Broiler chickens produce a lot of heat and exhale humid air. Heat stress can quickly become an issue. Module design should allow for efficient ventilation both when the truck is parked and when it is in motion. Particularly important are floor design and giving birds enough headroom. Headroom is also crucial, as birds tend to sit during the journey. They should be able to sit comfortably with their heads up.
Lower CO2 footprint Modules should be designed to carry as many birds as possible as comfortably as possible. Tim van Schaik continues, “If more birds can be transported in one trip, fewer trips will be needed. This not only saves fuel but also helps the environment, as the CO2 footprint per bird transported will be lower.” Modules should also be easy to clean and disinfect, reducing the risk of disease transmission to a minimum.
Tick all boxes SmartStack, the transport module developed for Marel Poultry’s ATLAS live bird handling system, ticks all of the above boxes. It consists of a variable number of self-nesting trays equipped with tried and tested AirFlo floors, which open up to give a loading opening of 70% of the floor area of each tray. SmartStack has no frame and its pallet doubles as an additional tier for transporting birds.
“Ensuring the supply of birds in the best possible, stress-free condition for processing” Arrival at the plant “On arrival at the processing plant and before processing begins, birds should rest for two to three hours in a specially designed lairage, so that their heart and breathing
During the trip During the trip, the truck driver will have to brake and negotiate bends. Road surfaces will not always be smooth. Floor design should therefore allow birds to grip. Design should also take account of the manure which will inevitably accumulate during the journey. Birds should not sit in their own manure, from which birds in the tier beneath should be protected as far as possible. Appropriate truck design is important too. Ventilation slots should be correctly positioned to ensure a good flow of air to all modules. Protection at the sides of the vehicle will vary according to climate and season. Such protection can range from fixed side covers in very cold climates to light and heavyweight tarpaulins. It should also be possible to lift the roof by at least 50cm to allow modules to be loaded easily.
- september 2019 -
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PROCESSING
rates can return to normal,” explains Tim van Schaik. “This is particularly important in plants using controlled atmosphere stunning, as to be optimally effective, this technology relies on birds breathing normally.” The first veterinary check at the processing plant can now be done. The ideal module will make both this check and the removal of any bird found to be in distress easy, by, for example, being able to flip over the side panel nearest to the bird. This is yet another feature of the Marel Poultry SmartStack module.
Destacking When birds are ready to be processed, modules are moved to the in-plant set-up of the live bird handling system. If made up from self-nesting trays, modules must be automatically destacked in a smooth way. Open trays then move individually along a system of conveyors to the next step in the processing line. Any birds found to be dead on arrival can be removed immediately after destacking.
benefit that birds are stunned before being shackled to the processing line. They no longer experience the stress of being handled and then conveyed upside down to the electrical stunner, seen as a big step forwards for animal well-being. Shackling operatives no longer have to struggle with flapping birds.
Gentle lapse Multi-stage controlled atmosphere stunning systems, such as the Marel Poultry SmoothFlow system take birds through a succession of stages where the percentage of CO2 is gradually increased. The atmosphere of the first induction phase should be formulated so that birds lapse gently into unconsciousness and do not gasp or convulse. Tim van Schaik adds, “CAS SmoothFlow uses
First process Stunning is the first step in processing and marks the end of the journey from growing shed floor to processing line. Stunning can be done either electrically or using a controlled atmosphere. Electrical stunning remains the world’s most widely used stunning technology. It is both extremely reliable and effective. Controlled atmosphere stunning, now used increasingly in high volume plants worldwide, offers the considerable
a pre-mixed atmosphere, to which both oxygen and carbon dioxide have been added. After passing through its induction, transition and completion stages, birds leave the SmoothFlow system irreversibly stunned but with their physiological functions still intact. In many markets this is a religious requirement.”
Stress-free Birds have now completed their journey from the growing shed floor to the processing line. This will have lasted several hours. With the right equipment these situations can be effectively managed, ensuring the supply of birds
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PROCESSING
in the best possible, stress-free condition for processing. Sustainability too will have been safeguarded.
Sustainability Sustainability is about making the best use of available raw material and avoiding waste. Most processes involve assembling individual components into a single end product. Poultry processing does things the other way round. It disassembles. A sustainable disassembly process pays careful attention to maintaining the quality of each and every component and finding the very best use for it. This means limiting the incidence of DOAs and downgrades to an absolute minimum, ideally to zero.
“Sustainability, care of the environment and animal well-being are important values”
Responsible energy and water use Equipment design should focus on using inputs such as energy and water responsibly. The Marel Poultry ATLAS live bird handling in-plant system is robust and simple and has only three automatic pieces of equipment. SmartStack modules have been designed to be easy to clean thoroughly. A new module washing system uses clever nozzle design and positioning to ensure that no more water than absolutely necessary is used during the process. The Marel Poultry SmoothFlow CAS system has been designed to mimimize gas consumption rates. Consumers in many countries across the globe are showing increasing interest in how their food is produced. Sustainability, care of the environment and the well-being of the animals whose meat we eat are values, which are becoming daily more important. “It is only right that we should concentrate on delivering a journey from shed to shackle, which is as smooth and stress-free as possible,” concludes Tim van Schaik.
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Both magazine and website offer a broad overview on the poultry industry, providing in-depth news on international markets, business management, trends and practices in poultry, genetics, incubation, nutrition, veterinary and management.
59
Hatcheries
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UPCOMING EVENTS 2019 September, 22 to 26 IEC Global Leadership Conference Copenhagen 2019 Copenhagen, Denmark For information please contact: Tel.: +44 (0) 1694 723 004 Email: info@internationalegg.com
October, 2 to 3 Poultry Africa 2019 Kigali Convention Centre Kigali, Rwanda For information please contact: Ms. Diána Tóth Event manager Email: diana.toth@vnuexhibitions.com
October, 23 to 25 11th European Symposium on Poultry Genetics Prague, Czech Republic For information please contact: Mr Pavel Trefil Email: trefil@bri.cz
February, 4 to 6 AGROFARM All-Russian Exhibition Centre (VVC Grounds), VDNH, Hall 75 Moscow, Russia For information please contact: Gennady Mindru Tel.: + 7 (495) 128 29 59 ext. 100 Email: g.mindru@dlg.org
January, 28 to 30 IPPE International Production & Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center 285 Andrew Young International Blvd NW Atlanta, Georgia USA For information please contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA USA Tel.: +1 770 4939401 Fax: +1 770 4939257 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexpo.org
March, 17 to 19 49th annual Midwest Poultry Federation (MPF) Convention
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Minneapolis Convention Center Downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
International exhibitor service and stand rental: Anna Khomenko Tel.: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-20 Fax: +49 (0) 6221 - 1357-23 Email: a.khomenko@ifw-expo.com
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February, 16 to 19 31st Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium Sheraton on the Park, Sydney The University of Sydney, Australia For information please contact: Jo Ann Geist Tel.: +61 (0) 2 93511656 Email: jo-ann.geist@sydney.edu.au
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VIV-MEA International trade show from feed to food for the Middle East and Africa ADNEC Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre Khaleej Al Arabi Street, - Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates For information please contact: VIV worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe P.O.Box 8800 - 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 30 295 2999 Email: viv.mea@vnuexhibitions.com Abu Dhabi National Exhibitions Company Khaleej Al Arabi Street - P.O. Box 5546 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
March, 24 to 26 VICTAM Asia and VIV Health & Nutrition Asia 2020 Trade show & forum focusing on feed, pharma & genetics in the animal protein production Bitec, Bangkok, Thailand For information please contact: Panadda Kongma Head of competence center livestock Tel: +662 670-0900 Ext. 204 Email: panadda@vnuexhibitionsap.com Zhenja Antochin Event Manager Tel: +31 (0) 6 8379 9693 Email: zhenja.antochin@vnuexhibitions.com Bangkok International trade and Exhibition Centre (BITEC) 88 Bangna-Trad Road, Bangna Prakanong, Bangkok 10260 Thailand Tel: +66 (0) 2 726 1999 +66 (0) 2 366 9797 Fax : +66 (0) 2 726 1939 (Sales Office) Website: www.bitec.net
November, 17 to 20 EuroTier 2020 Hanover Exhibition Grounds Hanover, Germany For information please contact: Website: www.eurotier.com/en/contact
INTERNET GUIDE ABVista emea@abvista.com www.abvista.com Agritech agritech@agritech.it www.agritech.it Arion Fasoli nicolabonetti@arionfasoli.com www.arionfasoli.com Aviagen info@aviagen.com www.aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com Aza International info@azainternational.it www.azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com www.barbieri-belts.com Bayer HealthCare www.bayer.com Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com www.bigdutchman.de Biochem info@biochem.net www.biochem.net Carfed Headquarters info@carfed.ch www.carfed.ch Carfed Italian Branch info@carfed.it www.carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com www.cobb-vantress.com Codaf info@codaf.net www.codaf.net Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com www.cortizootecnici.com DSM Nutritional Products www.dsm.com Elanco www.elanco.com Eurosilos SIRP contatti@eurosilos.it www.eurosilos.it EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org www.eurotier.com Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net www.facco.net Farmer Automatic info@farmerautomatic.de www.farmerautomatic.de FIEM fiem@fiem.it www.fiem.it Fiera di Forlì info@fieravicola.com www.fieravicola.com FierAgricola Verona info@veronafiere.it www.veronafiere.it Gasolec sales@gasolec.com www.gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com www.poultryplast.com GI-OVO B.V. sales@gi-ovo.com www.gi-ovo.com Hendrix Genetics info@hendrix-genetics.com www.hendrix-genetics.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com www.hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com www.hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl www.impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl www.intracare.nl Jamesway USA-sales@jamesway.com www.jamesway.com Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org www.jpe.org Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com www.marel.com/poultry-processing Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it www.mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it www.menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com www.meyn.com MOBA sales@moba.net www.moba.net MS Technologies sales@MSTegg.com www.MSTegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it www.newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it www.officinevettorello.com Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com www.omaz.com Pas Reform info@pasreform.com www.pasreform.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com www.petersime.com Prinzen BV info@prinzen.com www.prinzen.com Reventa info@reventa.de www.reventa.de Roxell info@roxell.com www.roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it www.ska.it Socorex socorex@socorex.com www.socorex.com Space info@space.fr www.space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de www.specht-tenelsen.de Tecnoclima tecnoclima@tecnoclimaspa.com www. tecnoclimaspa.com TPI-Polytechniek info@tpi-polytechniek.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com U.S. Poultry & Egg Association info@uspoultry.org www.uspoultry.org Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com www.val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com www.valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl www.vdlagrotech.com Vencomatic info@vencomatic.com www.vencomaticgroup.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com www.incubatricivictoria.com VIV Europe viv@vnuexhibitions.com www.viv.net Vostermans ventilation@vostermans.com www.vostermans.com
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