Zootecnica International – November 2017 – POSTE ITALIANE Spa – Spedizione in Abbonamento Postale 70%, Firenze
The poultry meat business in Europe and beyond Dermanyssus gallinae, a wide concern for medical science Modification of the chicken intestinal epithelial physical barrier
11 Fujisan Poultry Farm, Japan equipped by FACCO
2017
The new feeders of the «Gió» range, specifically developed for great poultry farms, thanks to the easiness in the regulation of the feed and to the absence of grill (that avoid chicks perching) have many advantages: they are easy to use and their cleaning is extremely easy and fast too, leading to an overall reduction in labour costs.
CODAF Poultry Equipment Manufacturers • Via Cavour, 74/76 • 25010 Isorella (Brescia), ITALY Tel. +39 030 9958156 • Fax: +39 030 9952810 • info@codaf.net • www.codaf.net
EDITORIAL Poultry products represent a great part of the display in butcher shops and on the butcher counters of supermarkets. There is a wide assortment, which ranges from whole, oven-ready chickens to convenience products. During the last few years, no other meat sector has done so well. This growing interest depends on the introduction of new products, the nutritional and dietary qualities, as well as the new positive image of poultry. On the other hand, however, some fundamental difficulties remain. The first that comes in mind is the outdated pricing system. It is a real paradox that, after many years of radical change in the production, processing and distribution of poultry, the pricing system is almost immutable. The predominance of non-brand products represents another underlying contradiction. Brand loyalty is a marketing goal, and producers are investing in innovating, in new brands and trademarks, which aim at capturing consumer confidence by offering health and quality guarantees. This is certainly possible today as a result of evolution of the processing companies. Today’s consumer is aware that the processing industries offer the very best guarantees of hygiene. However, these products are more costly and the public is still choosing to save a few pennies. The processing industries, together with the large-scale modern distributors, have been successful with products, which are quick and easy to prepare, in portions which enable the consumer to create personal and appealing menus. A wide gamma of chicken and turkey products is already on the market. Chicken and turkey breasts are the most popular of the traditional products. The consumer still has the last word and the attitudes, which determine the public’s choices and preferences, are complex. There is no doubt that the poultry industry perfectly respond to any market change and consumer’s need and seems to be in an excellent position to maintain the trust of the public.
Image: Fotolia Fottolia - © Minerva a Studio
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Leader Lea ader er in pig & ppo poultry oulltry ltrry equipm equipment mentt
BREEDAZA The innovative rationing system FOR BROILER BREEDERS
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AZA INTERNATIONAL has been working in the zootechnical sector for more than 50 years assuring high reliability and quality products at competitive prices.
Linear trough feeder for breeders suitable for 300 meters long systems with one single motor and loading point throughout the circuit. Immediate and homogeneous feed distribution throughout the entire circuit. Easy cleaning and no residual feed inside the trough. Adjustable anti-cock grid.
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Linear trough feeder for layers and pullets. Manufactured from sturdy light plastic material for easy winching. The pullets’ version is equipped with a convenient midway drop designed for one day old chicks. Cage version also available.
QUALITY MADE IN ITALY AZA INTERNATIONAL S.r.l. - www.azainternational.it Via Roma 29, 24030 Medolago (BG) Italy - Phone +39 035 901240 - info@azainternational.it
SUMMARY WORLD WIDE NEWS ........................................................................... 4 COMPANY NEWS .................................................................................. 6 REPORTAGE The Great Journey - Facco .............................................................................. 12
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INTERVIEW After 40 years in the French marketplace AZA International still astonishing............ 16 A new specialised turkey hatchery for Turkmenistan ............................................ 18
MARKETING The poultry meat business in Europe and beyond............................................... 20
FIELD CASES Revolutionary layer farm Kipster officially opened................................................ 24 Great Britain changing lanes: barn or free-range egg production? ......................... 26
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TECHNICAL COLUMN Dirk Mertens tests the Natural Beak Smoothing pans by Roxell ............................ 30 On-farm traying: a smart idea? ......................................................................... 32
MANAGEMENT Broilers perform better with intermittent lighting programs .................................... 34 Dermanyssus gallinae, a wide concern for medical science ................................. 36 Evaluating hen behaviour and physiological stressors during ventilation shut down ............................................ 40
NUTRITION
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Practical applications of nutrigenomics in poultry nutrition .................................... 42 Modification of the chicken intestinal epithelial physical barrier .............................. 46 Comparison of wheat and maize-based diets on growth of broilers........................ 50
VETERINARY SCIENCE Investigation of nutritional diseases at the veterinary diagnostic laboratory ............. 54 A new era of veterinary oversight...................................................................... 58
MARKET GUIDE .................................................................................. 60 UPCOMING EVENTS.......................................................................... 63 INTERNET GUIDE ............................................................................... 64
WORLD WIDE NEWS
©nbc-diagnostic-labs
Experimental vaccine may provide better Salmonella control phases of poultry and egg production and processing. A brief summary of the completed project is shown below. A complete report, along with information on other Association research, may be obtained by going to USPOULTRY’s website, www.uspoultry.org. The project summary is as follows. Project #BRF002: Development and Production of Salmonella Multi-Serotypic and Multi-Subunit Vaccines for Hens (Dr. Hung-Yueh Yeh, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA ARS, Athens, Ga.)
USPOULTRY and the USPOULTRY Foundation announced the completion of a funded research project at the U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA ARS, in Athens, Ga., in which a researcher completed initial steps toward developing an experimental vaccine that may provide better Salmonella control in poultry. The research was made possible by an endowing Foundation gift from Cal-Maine Foods and is part of the Association’s comprehensive research program encompassing all
Dr. Hung-Yueh Yeh, at the U.S. National Poultry Research Center, USDA ARS, in Athens, Ga., recently finalized a research project in which he completed the initial steps toward developing a vaccine to protect poultry against multiple serotypes of Salmonella. He identified and purified multiple proteins from Salmonella which when combined in a vaccine provided significant protection against Salmonella colonization of the intestinal tract of chickens. Further refinement of this experimental vaccine may provide a valuable food safety tool for the poultry and egg industry.
Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat and eggs New poultry and eggs books have just been released by Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing - Achieving sustainable production of poultry meat Vols 1-3 edited by Steven C Ricke, University of Arkansas, USA and Todd Applegate, University of Georgia, USA and - Achieving sustainable production of eggs Vols 1-2 edited by Julie Roberts, University of New England, Australia.
About the Editors
Australia. She is internationally renowned for her research on egg production, particularly egg shell quality. She has been awarded the Australian Poultry Award for her outstanding contribution to poultry science.
Professor Todd Applegate is Head of the Department of Poultry Science at the University of Georgia, USA. He was formerly Professor of Animal Sciences at Purdue University, USA. Professor Applegate is a former President of the Poultry Science Association (PSA). Amongst other honours, he is a recipient of the PSA’s Evonik Degussa Award for Achievement in Poultry Science, American Feed Industry Association’s Poultry Nutrition Research Award, and the Mapleleaf Farms Duck Research Award.
Dr Steven Ricke is the Donald ‘Buddy’ Wray Chair in Food Safety and Director of the Center for Food Safety in the Institute of Food Science and Engineering at the University of Arkansas, USA. His awards include the University of Arkansas John White Outstanding Research Award, the Poultry Science Research Award and the American Egg Board Award, as well as being named an Arkansas Association for Food Protection Fellow, for his outstanding contributions to food safety research.
Dr Julie Roberts is Associate Professor in the School of Environmental and Rural Science at the University of New England,
For further information contact: felicity.davie@bdspublishing.com - www.bdspublishing.com
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- world wide news -
WORLD WIDE NEWS
ŠSchindler blog
ŠHYPOR
Turkey Science and Production Conference update
The 2017 event was a great success with an increase in delegate numbers attracting over 300 delegates from over 25 countries and provided an excellent opportunity to learn about turkey developments, do business and make new friends. The 2018 event now celebrates the 12th in the series of this annual conference, which was formerly the ‘technical turkeys’ conference. It will be held on 21st – 23rd March 2018 and returns to Carden Park, Chester, UK, which is the new
larger venue used in the last five years. Plans for speakers are well under way with various speakers on turkey health, avian influenza, zoonoses, management, welfare and nutrition already agreed and other relevant topics being pursued. Details will shortly be available at www.turkeytimes.co.uk or contact james@jsbentley.co.uk if you have any questions or require further information.
Since 1988 Agritech has been a European leader in the manufacturing and supply of ďŹ breglass silos in a capacity range from 2 to 75 m3 , specially designed in a modular way for compact road and container transportation, and to allow an easy assembly. Now, Agritech is proud to introduce a brand new line of ownconceived poultry products including: feed pans in highlyresistant polypropylene for an accurate feed distribution to broilers and breeders ; nipple drinking systems with dripcups to prevent water dispersion; high volume fans, heaters and gas brooders to provide efďŹ cient climate control in the barns. For more information please visit our website www.agritech.it
9LD 5LPHPEUDQ]H &$/9,6$12 %6 ,7$/< WHO U D ID[ H PDLO DJULWHFK#DJULWHFK LW ZZZ DJULWHFK HX
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COMPANY NEWS
BD Agricoltura Italia headquarters
BD Agricoltura Italia – meet the team (left to right): Sergio Ferri, Giulia Ferri, Mirco Gautieri
BD Agricoltura Italia in new offices with warehouse for increased local presence Big Dutchman establishes a subsidiary in Italy Big Dutchman, the poultry equipment supplier from Germany, is now present with a subsidiary in Italy, which started operating from Castiglione delle Stiviere recently. The new premises have 120 square meters of office space and 430 square meters of storage space. The subsidiary’s location in the valley of the Po in Northern Italy was selected for a good reason: the town of Castiglione is situated in the hub of the Italian poultry industry. “We believe in the potential of this market. Founding BD Agricoltura Italia was therefore a logical step to increase our local presence and truly place our focus on the customer,” explains Big Dutchman Area Sales Manager Frank Moormann. In the past, the Italian market was served from Germany. “With our own warehouse, we can meet our customers’ needs much quicker,” says Sergio Ferri, Managing Director of BD Agricoltura. The portfolio of the market leader for housing equipment in poultry production includes traditional and computer-controlled feeding systems as well as poultry climate control and exhaust air treatment systems. The scope of services ranges from small to large, fully integrated turnkey poultry farms.
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A new exhibition hall will display the Big Dutchman product range in Castiglione delle Stiviere. “Having the actual products here helps us demonstrate how our poultry equipment works. An exhibition hall is also a great platform for presenting industry trends with regard to animal welfare and environmental protection,” states Ferri. Many poultry keepers in Italy already know the newly appointed managing director. He has been working with and advising Big Dutchman customers from Italy for several years now. Ferri and his team in Italy have many years of experience and an outstanding knowledge of poultry equipment. They equip new houses and also always find innovative solutions when renovating old ones. BD Agricoltura Italia s.r.l. Contact details: Via dell’Industria, 9 46043 Castiglione delle Stiviere (MN), Italy Tel.: +39 0376636215 - Email: italia@bigdutchman.com
- company news -
COMPANY NEWS
Vostermans Ventilation, ready for 2020 and beyond Displaying their best innovative products at Space 2017
For information contact: Vostermans Ventilation Vostermans Ventilation B.V. - Industrial Zone Venlo 5082 Parlevinkerweg 54 P.O. Box 3025 - 5902 RA Venlo-The Netherlands Tel.: +31 (0) 77 389 32 32 - Fax: +31 (0) 77 382 08 93 Email: ventilation@vostermans.com
MEET UP
Vostermans Ventilation is conscious of the need to reduce energy consumption and continues to innovate their Multifan and EMI lines. Therefore, the ECplus line for high-energy savings has been developed to combine optimized motor-impeller combinations with ‘plug and play’ intelligent fan drive. Also, the company showed their newest energy efficient extension in their product range, the Vplus technology with a permanent magnet motor. Visitors of Space were able to see the real energy consumption of the fans in the ‘Ready for 2020 and beyond’ display.
VERONA, ITALY | 31 JANUARY - 3 FEBRUARY 2018 from Wednesday to Saturday
Organized by
In cooperation with
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AVIAGEN® Ranger Gold
COMPANY NEWS
Aviagen’s slower-growing Ranger Gold makes inroads into German market Ranger Gold achieves accreditation by German animal protection organization, demonstrating commitment to animal health and welfare. Aviagen® is pleased to announce that its slower-growing breed, the Ranger Gold™, has been awarded full accreditation by the German animal protection organization Tierschutzlabel, Deutscher Tierschutzbund e.V. (DTSchB). The Ranger Gold is part of the Aviagen Rowan Range® product portfolio and yields excellent welfare characteristics, as well as reliable meat production performance and ease of management. “On the basis of the information given by Aviagen, the Deutsche Tierschutzbund e. V. has approved Ranger Gold to be used in the certifi cation scheme of the Tierschutzlabel ‘Für Mehr Tierschutz’ trademark,” said Inke Drosse, head of the department farm animals, Deutscher Tierschutzbund.
Future looks “golden” for slower-growing breeds The Ranger Gold offers considerable advantages to growers, such as favourable meat yield, consistently strong production performance and excellent feed conversion. Various retail chains have recently announced a move toward organic, slower-growing and free-range poultry based on a growing consumer demand worldwide. Aviagen anticipated the need for breeds aligned to the needs of this emerging market early on, and developed the Rowan Range portfolio of slower-growing and colored-feathered birds for this segment, which is gaining traction, especially in Europe and the U.S.
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R&D focus brings to market broad consumer choices A major strength for Aviagen has always been the genetic-line diversity of its R&D program. This diversity has enabled the company to consistently offer a wide selection to address a range of market needs. “To help our customers remain competitive, Aviagen’s goal is to proactively respond to ever-advancing consumer requirements,” says Henk Steenblik, Commercial and Technical Manager, Aviagen EPI. “We are currently seeing an increasing interest in slower-growing breeds across the region and further afi eld in Europe, and have developed the Ranger Gold specifi cally for customers in this niche market segment. Along with a slower-growing option that gives performance and productivity, customers benefi t from the long-term knowledge and experience of a company that thoroughly understands their challenges and is committed to their success.”
Focus on animal health and welfare Animal health and welfare has always been the highest priority in every aspect of Aviagen’s breeding program. In addition to DTSchB accreditation, the Rowan Range slower-growing products have met the criteria for many accredited animal welfare programs worldwide, including the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA) in the U.K. and Beter Leven (Better Life) in the Netherlands.
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COMPANY NEWS systems Our high-tech feeding are suitable for any age of animals
We offer a vast choice in the poultry breeding sector in order to meet the demands of modern animal production
Now weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re able to meet any requirement also in the pig breeding and feeding sectors
Corti zootecnici srl via volta N°4 - Monvalle (VA) - Italy tel: +39.0332.799985 - fax: +39.0332.799358 / 799787 - november 2017 e-mail: info@cortizootecnici.com
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COMPANY NEWS
Costco teams up with Marel Poultry Latest technology Marel Poultry has been chosen to equip Lincoln Premium Poultry with the latest technology Marel Poultry company can offer from the ATLAS live bird handling system with CAS stunning lines through scalding, defeathering, evisceration, chilling, cutup and debone to inspection and robotic packing. The entire system will be monitored by the Innova food processing software to help achieve full traceability and raise efficiency. Walt Shafer, Project Leader for Lincoln Premium Poultry and Larry Campbell, VP of Sales for Marel Poultry shake hands on the largest single order to date for Marel. Also pictured, Ray Collison, Matt Brass and Scott Thompson.
2 Million chickens
Over the last 3 years, the Marel Poultry Team has been working hard, together with representatives from Costco Wholesale and their newly formed poultry processing company, Lincoln Premium Poultry, on a state-of-the-art greenfield plant in Fremont Nebraska. This order marks the largest single order to date for both the North America Region and Marel as a whole. Marel, in partnership with its customers, is transforming the way food is processed by enabling our customers to deliver affordable and high quality food in a sustainable way.
Costco has purchased 414 acres in Fremont and the site will hold a chicken hatchery, feed mill and processing plant. The entire supply chain will be concentrated in a 100 mile radius. The goal is to produce 2 million chickens a week, the processing plant will handle about a third of the raw and rotisserie chicken sold at Costco stores nationwide. Marel Poultry will deliver the system by the end of 2018 with a start-up around April 2019.
Easy transport for eggs with Arion Fasoli's dividers Arion Fasoli showed their products and equipment at the SPACE 2017 with great success. The company launched a brand new product for poultry farms on the market: ARION’S PALLETS and DIVIDERS, special stackable trays for stackable and safe pallet transport of large quantities of eggs. The plastic pallets dividers system allows safe transport of egg trays, without requiring the use of plastic film to stabilize the pallet. Made of high quality polypropylene (PP), the dividers are lightweight, washable and easy to disinfect. The plastic and the dyes used are specific for food use and can be washed with hot water and / or detergents. In addition, the shape of the dividers allows a good positioning of egg trays, avoiding sharp oscillations or accidental breaks. The Arion’s brand new system consists of 5 pcs dividers and 420 pcs egg tray and is delivered in almost all RAL-colours. It is realized in high-quality PP virgin material and provided with UV stabilisation. For further information contact: Arion Fasoli - Raffa di Puegnago 25080 - Via Nazionale, 69 - Brescia - Italy Tel.: (+39) 0365 654152 - Fax: (+39) 0365 554798 Centenaro Di Lonato 25017 - Via Lavagnone, 8/A - Brescia - Italy www.arionfasoli.com
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COMPANY NEWS
Jamesway proud to supply Hendrix-Genetics’ new hatchery in Nebraska Gov. Pete Ricketts celebrated the opening of Hendrix Genetics’ new hatchery in Grand Island. The $18.5 million facility covers 20 acres in the northeast section of Grand Island’s Platte Valley Industrial Park. “This is a showcase for the company” - van den Berg said.
From Left to Right: Jason Anderson; Area Sales Manager for Jamesway, Jim McKay; Sales Director for the Americas at Jamesway, Peter Mumm; Director of Business Development, Doug Metzler; General Manager, Dominic Babineau; Soteck
Jamesway was pleased to attend the grand opening as supplier of the Incubation, Hatching and Ventilation. “It is a fantastic state-of-the-art facility for this hatchery,” said Pete Ricketts, who toured the facility with Nebraska Department of Agriculture Director Greg Ibach. Attending the ceremony was Antoon van den Berg, chief executive officer of Hendrix Genetics.
This very well publicized project aims to develop the local markets of the area and is heavily endorsed by the local governments. The 24 million layer chick hatchery is supplied with Jamesway Platinum 2.0 Single-Stage incubators and hatchers. The hatchery demonstrates the commitment of Hendrix Genetics in serving the US-market with premium quality day-old layer chicks. The site was chosen for its’ prime location which will allow a chick to be delivered anywhere in the U.S. within 24 hours of hatching. Jamesway was an easy choice for machine supplier especially considering their focus on biosecurity. The Platinum 2.0 with its removable ECU allows the entire machine to be fully disinfected in minutes, making it the most biosecure machine on the market. Jamesway also supplied the HVAC systems. The facility is installing 30 P120 incubators and 18 P40 hatchers. For more information: Jamesway Incubator Company Inc. Tel.: +1 519 624 4646 ext. 1240 - Fax: +1 519 624 service@jamesway.com - jamesway.com
Hy-Line International hosts record Technical School nutrition. An entire day was devoted to live demonstrations and workshops at Hy-Line’s Dallas Center, Iowa campus, detailing vaccination technique, hatchery breakout, poultry lighting, genomic selection and more. Participants also visited the Hy-Line Egg Quality Laboratory. Dr. Douglas Grieve, Hy-Line’s director of global technical services stated, “It was great to receive our worldwide friends and colleagues. We learn a lot from our guests on their local markets while updating them on our recent genetic and management advancements.” Hy-Line International, the world leader in layer poultry genetics, recently hosted a record-breaking technical school. The four-day Hy-Line International Technical School attracted more than 160 customers from more than 40 countries. The program included a series of presentations given by HyLine Technical Services and Research teams as well as industry experts. Speakers presented topics ranging from pullet nutrition, biosecurity and infectious disease to hatchery management and egg
Founded in 1936 by Henry A. Wallace, Hy-Line was the first poultry breeding company to apply the principles of hybridization to commercial layer breeding. Today, Hy-Line International continues to be a pioneer as the first company with its own in-house molecular genetics team leading the industry in application of DNA-based technology to its breeding and genetics program. Hy-Line produces and sells both brown and white egg stock to more than 120 countries worldwide and is the largest selling layer in the American egg industry and around the world.
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REPORTAGE
First stop in Venice
The Great Journey This title was the pleasant theme given by Massimo Finco to the celebration of 60 years of activity recorded by the Facco company headquarted in Marsango (Padua). A great festival, the essence of which went beyond commercial interests, as intended by the host, to embrace convivial moments and to create an opportunity for social and cultural exchanges. The event took place from 6th to 8th September, and included guided tours of Venice and Padua and concluded with a grand gala evening in the company's renovated Marsango home. The inspiration for the theme given to the event was born out of the idea of linking the Facco company to a profoundly motivated hypothetical
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traveller, capable of continually reviewing his ideas, driven by curiosity and always able to relate to other cultures, religions and civilizations. It was no coincidence that Marco Polo was the chosen historical point of reference and that on the 7th September the conference programme included, with the title â&#x20AC;&#x153;sul filo dellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;acquaâ&#x20AC;?, a motorboat trip and walking routes in Venice where actors in hi-
REPORTAGE
Visiting the Basilica of Sant'Antonio in Padua
storical costumes told unedited stories concerning Marco Polo. This day's activities concluded in Padua with an exclusive visit to the Basilica of Sant'Antonio, rich in art masterpieces and food for thought on the compassionate figure of a Saint open to embracing various other cultures and religions. The 8th September also commenced with an insight into art and culture during a guided tour of Padua University, the second oldest university in the world founded in 1222 and where Galileo Galilei lectured. This institute remains to this day a nursery where well-trained students are encouraged and nurtured ready to implement innovation and research. These values are hugely shared by the Facco company and the company continues to have a close collaborative rapport with the university.
The New Facco In January 2016 a large fire caused considerable damage to the company headquarters at Marsango and, as commented by Massimo Finco, â&#x20AC;&#x153;We restart, like the Phoenix rising from its
ashes, with the same conviction but stronger and more geared for the futureâ&#x20AC;?. The programme for the 8th September included a visit to these new production and logistics units. At the company headquarters activities are concentrated on R & D; engineering; operations; production control and quality. The reorganization phase really took birth between the end of the last century and the beginning of the present one, when Facco transformed itself from an international company into a multi-national corporation, capable of also providing a better bespoke solution to customers local needs thanks to a local production and presence. During the factory visit, a highly efficient and state-of-the art facility, we were shown various equipment at work, futuristic and sophisticated machines capable of producing high quality components with unique quality control and certification. All departments are divided by colour to make it easier for staff to identify various production sections. The level of sophistication
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REPORTAGE
Massimo Finco inaugurating the new plants
is very high and almost unique, suffice to say, that Maserati turned to a Facco facility to produce component parts for its 4-door model. In the paint and welding departments for example, there are avant-garde robotic machinery which, with utmost precision under the guidance of specialized personnel, machine and assemble individual parts, even those with nanotechnological applications. To ensure a long service life for equipment destined for use in varying farming operations, particular attention is paid to the quality of the raw materials used particularly with regard to counteracting the appearance of rust which is a major problem. The Facco company carry out extensive tests and checks to ensure that each of their products are reliable and up to required standards. The company's logistical requirements are entrusted to a shipping company that effectively manage the continuous flow of Facco products destined to be shipped all around the world. The industrial area where the Facco company and its 30 subsidiaries and joint ventures are located, covers tens of thousands of square meters in the northeastern area of Padua with the company's headquarters building covering 40,000 square meters. Hundreds are employed in the area including the 150 Facco employees. The group has many affiliates worldwide â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from China to Brazil; from Russia to Europe and from the United States to Japan.
The Grand Party In celebrating their anniversary in the presence of 600 participants, of whom 250 came from 38 countries across the world to
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join them on this occasion, Massimo Finco traced all the stages of the journey made by the company up to the present time where today we see the realization of an industrial complex with a turnover of one billion, 200 million euros and 3000 people employed worldwide. It was also an opportunity for him to thank his father and founder of the company Luigi Finco, and his mother and his many other collaborators for their constant support. Elisa Finco, the third generation of the family and a member of the Board of Directors, also presented a forwardlooking and incisive overview of the company and its future prospects. In his conclusive remarks, Massimo underlined how entrepreneurial insight had anticipated future market needs. It was precisely, thanks to the ingenious foresight of Luigi Finco and Giuseppe Facco, that in the second half of the 1950s, they designed the first automatic cage â&#x20AC;&#x201C; anticipating the needs of today's modern poultry farming. During this era, aware that poultry production was already developing outside Italy in countries such as the Netherlands, France and the United States, Luigi Finco and his collaborators began to make their first trips abroad including the Paris Fair, all such trips being carried out with great anticipation. Facco quickly became a presence in international markets and new offices had to be built, warehouses extended, new investments made, and equally they had, in moments of market crisis, to find new outlets for their produced products. The 1970s were characterized by economic growth in the Middle East which required the development of turnkey projects. The 1980s were witness to great change worldwide as new challenges emerged, The company sought new markets to conquer such as the Asian ones of Canton and Beijing. The
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REPORTAGE
company was called upon by the Beijing University to teach the new Chinese business elite how to manage laying flocks. They also participated in an African FAO project with the sale of equipment to Algeria to encourage agricultural development in the area. During these years Massimo Finco took up the position of CEO and another stage of “The Great Journey” commenced. Firstly the company embarked on a major marketing study covering new countries such as Australia, Japan and the United States. Business trips began to other countries such as Jordan, Pakistan, Australia etc to meet and build relationships with the major producers in these areas. These were the years of technological change with the introduction in France of plastic cages which over a short period of years saw this material being used in all pyramid cage layouts and in the 100 meter long American cage layouts.
Massimo Finco speaking about the great journey of Facco
In these years Facco USA and Facco Japan were established with this move turning out to be a winning card in the subsequent development of the company. Facco, already a company with strong engineering credentials, began focusing on product development, identifying new systems, improving automation and above all finding answers to market brand new requirements that differed to those previously in existence. This meant that along with their involvement in turnkey operations the company needed to provide technological innovation, ultra-modern automatic and efficient equipment systems that, in addition, would be simple to operate. Facco thus became a global company recognized internationally as a leader in its field. During the 90s the industry saw the introduction of layouts which were the precursor to today's alternative systems in countries such as Switzerland, Austria and Great Britain. These projects were also taking place in countries further afield namely Australia, Japan and the Far East. The new century saw Facco continuing to penetrate new markets in the Middle east, America and especially in the former Soviet Bloc countries with the opening of an office in St Petersburg. Over the last 5 years turnover has doubled as have margins and investments. There was a desire to penetrate the Latin American market from within and to this end the company purchased the important Brazilian company Artabas. In a drive to increase market presence new offices have been opened in Moscow Russia, in Beijing China, and in the United States in Chicago, where new innovative forms of supplying have been studied not only regarding the product range but also regarding customer service. During this time “cage free” systems have come to the fore which has led to fundamental changes within the company. Interesting to think that in 2016, 50% of turnover was for product lines that 4 years previously would not have been seen on the market.
Elisa Finco presenting a forward-looking overview of the company and its future prospects
The Facco company is involved in 40 countries around the world. Today the company has a strong manufacturing heritage and produces solid products and has an ever-increasing global presence. It continues to research, develop and innovate ready to face future challenges and continually keeps customer and market needs at the centre of company thinking. It is a company that uses revolutionary logistics as it integrates production across the globe. Digital realities, which bring together engineering skills, poultry knowledge, electronics, environmental and animal welfare issues, are all used to create the “know how” which help the company anticipate market demands. The Facco of today not only produces the numbers but also capitalizes on its experience by actively cooperating with universities and research centres giving encouragement to the young and innovation. A heritage born out of years of operating at a world level, where diversity and sharing with clients at both a personal and professional level are fundamental facets of life. “The end of a trip is just the beginning of another”, stated Massimo Finco quoting a famous comment by José Saramago.
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INTERVIEW
Mr. Paolo Pandolfi , Export Manager at AZA International
After 40 years in the French marketplace AZA International still astonishing In Rennes, September past, the SPACE show was held and it continues to be one of the most important trade fairs dedicated to the livestock industry. Among the many exhibitors one could not miss the presence of AZA International, an Italian company, which for over 50 years, has been a leader in the production of automatic feeding and feed distribution systems. The excellent quality, reliability and the technical response to market demands demonstrated by the AZA product range, is the reason that their equipment can be found in use on farms owned by the most important producers both nationally and internationally. At the SPACE show, AZA International exhibited their wide range of feeding systems designed to meet the differing feeding needs of broilers to breeders flocks and from laying hens to turkeys. On their exhibition stand we met with Mr. Paolo Pandolfi, Export Manager at AZA International
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- interview -
who showed us two new products from their range, which are designed to meet the needs of an evolving and increasingly technical marketplace. Can you please explain the reason for your company's participation at SPACE Rennes? â&#x20AC;&#x153;We decided to exhibit at this trade show to increase our contacts in France and, more broadly, also in the North Africa region to exhibit our new MIXTA feeding system. This system is already widely used in countries such as Alge-
INTERVIEW
ria and Morocco and also in the Brittany region where many producers operate mixed growing cycles alternating chicken fl ocks with fl ocks of turkeys. The MIXTA feed pan, in addition to the design features which ensure excellent food intake for the birds, also features automatic feed level setting for all ages. The feed pans can be opened instantaneously to allow quick and complete cleaning of all interior and exterior component parts.
distributed across the line with the amount per pan being determined by the age of the breeder males. There is therefore no need for fast or high capacity distribution systems nor does the grower need to raise or lower the line for the fi lling and distribution of feed and neither is there a need for a weighing scale. Everything is handled by the SELF-DOSY dispenser system. Like all our feed lines, the SELF-DOSY is easy to clean; the bottom of the pan is easy to remove which allows for a convenient and complete cleaning of all the internal parts”. SELF-DOSY feed pan
The system provides automatic feed level settings from chick to adult thanks to the tried and tested window openings as it is designed to provide a choice of six different feed levels.
AZA International Via Roma, 29 24030, Medolago (Bergamo) - Italy Tel.: +39 035 901240 - Fax: +39 035 902757 info@azainternational.it - www.azainternational.it
The anti waste ring, used during the transition from the fi rst to the second growing phase can be mounted and dismantled quickly without the need for screws or tools. It is also securely fi xed to withstand any impact. The optimum depth of the feed pan ensures birds can easily access the feed from day old and do not try to enter the feed pan. The top part of the feed pan is made from fl exible rubber material which withstands impact and causes no bird damage. We started installing MIXTA feeding systems to various growing operation in Brittany and Morocco and we can report excellent fi nal results and satisfaction from these fi rst customers”. The other AZA International product on display at SPACE was the SELF-DOSY a sturdy feed pan for breeder males. “This product was developed to satisfy the diverse and specifi c needs of growers. With the SELF-DOSY equipment it is possible to distribute feed simultaneously to all the feed pans throughout the line. The SELF-DOSY system incorporates an innovative volumetric feed dispenser with centralised control that allows specifi c amounts of feed to be accurately and simultaneously
- november 2017 -
The MIXTA feed pan
17
INTERVIEW
Biostreamer HD - Petersime
A new specialised turkey hatchery for Turkmenistan An interview to Mr. Maksat Ibragimov, Company Coordinator MAKSADA OKGUNLY A new hatchery complex near Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan fully equipped with Petersime BioStreamer™ 4TS setters and a BioStreamer™ 4TH hatcher. What you are constructing is more than a new turkey hatchery in Turkmenistan. You are building a complete complex for producing turkey meat. “That’s right. My sister Zerey Ibragimova and I are building a complex that includes a hatchery for incubating turkey eggs. We purchased the hatchery equipment from Belgium, 22 turkey houses from Germany, the slaughterhouse from France, the complex for deep meat processing from Italy and other European countries, and specialised feeds from Germany. Our complex is being constructed in the Gökdepe District, about 65 kilometres away from Ashgabat, the capital of Turkmenistan. Within easy reach of the complex, we have built a waste processing factory for producing bone meal and disposing of waste.” Why is the construction of this turkey complex so important for Turkmenistan? “Because this is a way to ensure that the country will be supplied with quality healthy turkey meat. The Turkmen government plans to guarantee the supply of high-grade meat to the domestic market and, eventually, to export turkey meat in the long term. Our turkey hatchery, as well as the complex, will be the first specialised project in Turkmenistan to be built on an industrial scale. It will allow us to produce high-quality competitive products, which in turn will find their customers both in Turkmenistan and abroad.”
18
- interview -
INTERVIEW
Mr Maksat Ibragimov, Company Coordinator MAKSADA OKGUNLY and FSE Igor Baryshnikov from OOO Petersime.
The Turkmen government is supporting your expansion. How did you secure this support? “Back in 2013, we were the fi rst entrepreneurs in Turkmenistan to import turkey eggs. For two years, we produced meat on a small scale, proving that we were capable of providing a balanced supply of turkey meat. In early 2015, our esteemed President allocated, for the second time already, US$100 million for 10 years at 1% per annum with a grace period of fi ve years. The Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs carefully studied the projects submitted by entrepreneurs, and eventually selected over 37 projects, including ours. The winning projects were also allocated free plots for construction and irrigation. Our company received 23 ha for construction and 230 ha for irrigation.”
What output can we expect from MAKSADA OKGUNLY? “The output will be increased gradually. During the fi rst phase, we will produce 3,200 tons of turkey meat, of which 1,500 tons will be deep-processed to manufacture more than 46 various products (link sausages, sausages, smoked products, etc.). During the second phase, we will supply 1,600 tons more. We have purchased four Petersime BioStreamer™ 4TS setters and a BioStreamer™ 4TH hatcher, and now, thanks to the most advanced technologies, we have the capacity to hatch 730,000 turkeys per year. Our project includes 22 houses to raise them in and a slaughterhouse that can handle 400 turkeys per hour; we can process 4,800 tons of meat per year into 65 different products. So, the Turkmen market will have a wide selection of turkey meat.” When will the first turkeys be supplied? “We plan to have the fi rst phase of the complex, including the hatchery, up and running by the end of 2017. It will be our New Year gift to guests and residents of Turkmenistan. According to the schedule, the second phase will be completed by the end of 2018.” What are your plans for the future? “First of all, we intend to launch the second phase and reach the maximum production output of turkey meat. Further, we, together with our European partners, plan to make a technological transfer to Turkmenistan, and to start exporting hatching eggs and chicks to the neighbouring countries. We also have projects to diversify production, e. g. projects to produce duck and goose meat. In addition, we are developing a unique project, which has never yet been implemented either in Turkmenistan or in the neighbouring countries. I assure you, this will be a sensation in the world industry”.
- november 2017 -
19
©Magazinul Progresiv
MARKETING
The poultry meat business in Europe and beyond It is a great challenge in a rapidly changing world to keep a business model up to date and profitable The market orientation of the poultry sector allows the industry to correlate rapid responses to consumer demands and to adapt in case of a sudden crisis. Market orientation Market orientation is defined as “a business model which focuses on delivering products designed to meet customer desires, needs, and requirements, in addition to product functionality and production efficiency”. Poultry producers are continuously developing products; modes of production; brands and processing methods which respond to consumer needs and behaviour regarding the consumption of meat. The market
20
- marketing -
orientation of the poultry meat sector is favoured by the characteristics of the poultry meat production which include many advantages when compared to other meat sectors.
Short production cycles The short production cycle enables poultry producers to respond quickly to market signals. This short cycle also allows for rapid improvements in genetics, animal health, and feeding practic-
MARKETING
es. While biological production cycles for beef and pork are respectively 24 and 12 months the poultry production cycle is 5 months and as such grants producers much more flexibility, adaptability and reactivity.
or lamb meat); convenience; absence of religious restrictions; health image (low fat content and good and balanced protein content) and good environmental performance with low GHG emissions. Starting a poultry business implies step by step growth with the business running comfortably alongside other agricultural activities. Thanks to the short production cycles and lower labour and maintenance costs per unit of production should lead to a faster return on investment.
Vertical integration in the supply chain Vertical integration is organized in different ways. The strongest form is when a company is active in two or more adjacent stages of the production chain, from breeding to consumption, which sometimes includes involvement in the important feed supply stage of the chain. Poultry companies cooperate in partnership with each other at different production stages in order to benefit from the economies of scale by grouping different activities along the production chain. Vertical integration gives producers also the chance to respond well to specific consumer demands. Today, in the EU poultry meat sector, vertical integration is common practice with it being essential for businesses to control all aspects of the production chain starting from the breeding activities through the hatching of the eggs; feed milling; growing of the birds then to the slaughtering and further processing of the poultry meat and finally to the delivery to consumer through the retail, food service, institutes etc. sector. Many companies are at least semi-integrated meaning that the slaughterhouse and or feed manufacture are managing the poultry supply chain in at least one other stage from the parent stock farm, the hatchery and the rearing of poultry.
Characteristics of the poultry meat The market orientation of the poultry meat sector is also reinforced by several comparative advantages when compared to other meats. Among these different characteristics one can mention affordability (the price per kg of poultry meat is cheaper than pork, beef
BioStreamer™ HD High Density single-stage incubators featuring Operational Excellence Technology™
The new generation of BioStreamer™ incubators, now equipped with the Operational Excellence Technology™, are easier to use and provide even higher chick quality with reduced energy costs. What is more, Petersime’s BioStreamer™ HD or High Density setters and hatchers hold 12% more eggs compared to standard BioStreamer™ incubators. The BioStreamer™ HD offers you the same high level of hatchability, chick quality and post-hatch performance, but with lower investment costs per egg. Learn more at www.petersime.com
Headquarters Petersime nv Centrumstraat 125 - 9870 Zulte (Olsene) - Belgium T +32 (0)9 388 96 11 - F +32 (0)9 388 84 58 - info@petersime.com - www.petersime.com
- november 2017 -
21
MARKETING
The market orientation of the poultry sector has also contributed to the development of internal and external trade in the EU. The EU poultry meat market is the most open meat sector in the EU in terms of trade as the EU is importing more than 800,000 tonnes and is exporting more than 1.4 Million tonnes to third countries. As consumers in the EU have a preference for boneless meat cuts mainly from the breast, EU production is more focused on breast meat for this EU market while the dark meat is delivered to third country markets, where this dark meat is preferred for taste or budget reasons. This increase in consumption of chicken cuts has influenced the structure of the EU trading in a manner similar to that which occurred in the US where consumers preference for white meat lead to the exporting of the surplus of dark meat to world markets. This market flexibility promoted increased demand for poultry meat, leading to an increase in per capita chicken meat consumption of 7,2 kg between 2000 and 2014 (from 14,8 to 22 kg per capita). On a global scale, poultry meat consumption has continuously increased over the last decades and is predicted to do the same in the future. The characteristics and structure of the poultry meat sector offer a framework that can adapt to consumer expectations and demands. Thanks to this market orientation, poultry meat producers in the EU have successfully reoriented their businesses to match consumer needs leading to growth of poultry meat consumption.
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Today, in the EU poultry meat sector, vertical integration is common practice with it being essential for businesses to control all aspects of the production chain starting from the breeding activities through the hatching of the eggs; feed milling; growing of the birds then to the slaughtering and further processing of the poultry meat and finally to the delivery to consumer through the retail, food serviceâ&#x20AC;?
The market orientation of the sector has influenced the evolution of the European poultry meat sector over the past 10 years. In particular the products on offer have noticeably changed in recent years with a reduction of whole chickens in favour of the more profitable cuts and processed products. Although there are clear differences between Member States with several countries (Spain, Italy, France) still traditionally consuming more whole chicken, consumer preference for chicken cuts and further processed products is widespread in the majority of Member States and is expected to continue.
22
- marketing -
Švivapollo.it
Consequences of market orientation on the poultry sector
MARKETING
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- november 2017 -
23
ŠRinus ten Brucke
FIELD CASES
From left to right: Olivier Wegloop, Maurits Groen, Styn Claessens, Ruud Zanders
Kipster farm
Dekalb White
Revolutionary layer farm Kipster officially opened The fi rst Kipster farm was officially opened. This is the most state-ofthe-art layer farm in the world. The farm is located on the Wusterveld in the town of Venray. This area is intended for innovative agriculture, with an eye for animal welfare and the environment. Hendrix Genetics is a proud partner in this concept and will be delivering Dekalb White laying hens to be housed at Kipster. Hendrix Genetics Technical Service
24
Hendrix Genetics has recently been partner in the realisation of an innovative layer farms which will produce and sell eggs to Lidl, one of biggest European food retail.
- field cases -
FIELD CASES
These are the main innovations realized on one farm: • A great deal of innovations has been used. • This farm concept is designed around the instincts and needs of the chicken.
Maurits Groen of Kipster: “Our aim is an affordable egg, which has been produced sustainably and climate positive, with a clear eye on animal welfare as a starting point, and a decent income for the farmer. We have succeeded in that aim.”
• 1,100 solar panels make the farm energy-positive. • Fuel emissions are limited to an absolute minimum using energy systems not used in the agricultural sector before. • The facility includes an area for visitors and a center for education and information. • The chickens eat newly developed feed made from surplus foodstuffs from the food industry which minimize the environmental impact and do not compete with food for human consumption. The eggs will be sold directly to Lidl, one of the major retailers in Europe. Lidl will also sell the meat of the male chicks. Lidl is the first retailer in The Netherlands to do this.
Development of the Kipster farm concept Kipster is an initiative of four entrepreneurs combing expertise in the fields of poultry, sustainability, farming and communication. Four years of development went into the design of the Kipster farm. This project is truly unique as it involved numerous parties including animal welfare and sustainability organizations in the design phase. The end result is a farm concept that is future proof, flexible and scalable.
Styn Claessens of Kipster: “With common sense and the latest technology, we have built the farm of the future.”
Dekalb White an essential part of the Kipster farm concept Dekalb White laying hens are an essential part of the Kipster farm concept. With the performance of the Dekalb White it is possible to combine animal welfare and environmentally friendliness in a financially feasible way. The Dekalb White is a perfect fit for innovative farms like Kipster. The first 24,000 laying hens arrived last September at the Kipster farm. These were Dekalb White hens from the Hendrix Genetics breeding company, reared and distributed by Belgian distributor Vepymo. Dekalb White hens are docile in behavior, making them highly suited to this new, innovative system. Furthermore, these hens produce large amounts of eggs with an excellent shell quality. The egg weight is very consistent with minimal increases by the end of the active laying period.
Ruud Zanders of Kipster: “Lots of innovations, and plain old common sense, make Kipster the most state-of-the-art layer farm in the world. We have the ambition to conquer the world with this innovative concept.”
Frans van Sambeek - Director Research & Development at Hendrix Genetics: “We breed for balanced laying hens that produce top quality eggs. Meaning stronger - and happier laying hens with a prolonged life. This gives our customers, like Kipster and Lidl, a more sustainable production cycle in total.”
Olivier Wegloop of Kipster: “We aim to bring poultry farms worldwide to an animal and environmentally friendly level. There is already interest from the US, Canada and some European countries.”
For more information, please contact: Maartje.hendrickx@hendrix-genetics.com Website Kipster: www.kipster.farm
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- november 2017 -
25
FIELD CASES
Big Dutchman’s Natura Step
Great Britain changing lanes: barn or free-range egg production? Great Britain is currently experiencing many changes, political and others. One of them specifi cally concerns the egg production in the country. In addition to the challenges posed by the Brexit, the egg industry is facing another “exit”: Tesco, one of the country’s largest retailers, has announced that it will no longer sell eggs produced in enriched colony systems from 2025. Other major companies have also committed to going cage-free,
26
- field cases -
FIELD CASES
such as the food services provider Sodexo, whose decision includes shell eggs and liquid eggs. The supermarket chains Sainsburyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s, Waitrose and Aldi have already phased out eggs produced in enriched colony units. The National Farmersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Union, active in England and Wales, expects the industryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s most radical change since the ban on poultry cages in 2012. As much as 43 percent of the 1.4 billion shell eggs sold by Tesco are produced in enriched colony systems. This means that numerous egg producers will have to refurbish their houses in the next eight years.Â
Barn egg production, not free-range egg production The Big Dutchman distributor Newquip Ltd. of Yorkshire has already noticed that the industry is gaining momentum, as illustrated by an increased interest in their systems for barn egg production, reports the renowned magazine The Ranger on its website. In a country where nearly 50 percent of all marketed eggs are free range eggs, this interest is not surprising. Only a small number of farmers affected by the phase-out has sufficient space for the required outside range. Barn egg production with the NaturaStep aviary system is therefore a genuine alternative, affirms Newquip expert Richard Buchan. The aviary can easily be installed in refurbished old houses.Â
NaturaStep â&#x20AC;&#x201C; a multi-tier open-access aviary system
Safe cleaning & disinfection
The Natura Step is a completely open multi-tiered system, giving full freedom to the birds to move in and out of the aviary at all times. The name comes from the unique steps which are designed to allow easy movement from one tier to another. These steps (as all the system's wire mesh) are made with zinc-aluminium wire coating, resulting in three to four times better protection against corrosion compared to galvanized wire.
Â&#x2C6; Dual effect: 6IQSZIW FMS½PQ - Disinfection Â&#x2C6; Best registered product: CTGB PT02, 03, 04 Â&#x2C6; Recommended by respected poultry organizations, hatcheries and health services.
Perches and perch placement: Thereâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s science in design and placement of perches. They allow birds to have a place to relax, and their design provides maximum comfort. Perch placement encourages flock movement which relaxes the flock. At the same time it maximizes proper air circulation, resulting in a healthy and comfortable environment. The patented approach perch is designed to protect any mislaid eggs. It also positions the hens to face outside of the system while roosting, allowing the manure to fall onto the manure belt, resulting in lower ammonia levels and a cleaner system. The entire flock has easy access to fresh feed and water whenever they want it. The drinking nipples are placed outside the nests to provide birds with fresh water after they lay their eggs. Feed access is strategically placed inside the system to promote bird movement and open up quality space.
¹-RXVE ,]HVSGEVI LEW E PSX SJ FIRI½XW GSQTEVIH XS TVSHYGXW PMOI TIVEGIXMG EGMHW GLPSVMRI SV EGMHW (SR´X XEOI VMWOW ERH ½RH SYX [LEX -RXVE ,]HVSGEVI GER QIER JSV ]SYV SVKERM^EXMSR² Mr. C.A.J.M. Vulders Bsc HvK
8IP ` www.intracare.nl
- november 2017 -
27
FIELD CASES
• Innovative step for easy movement between system levels • Each system row is independent and can stand-alone • Patented tiltable nest design • Zinc-aluminium wire coating allows for a long service life • Easy to manage design ©www.mapmania.org
• System design encourages bird movement • Management of the system is all done from the litter aisles • Easy access to fresh feed and water
Natura aviaries: “We are one family” Big Dutchman introduced the first aviary system for egg production as a reaction to the ban on cage eggs in Switzerland 30 years ago. The production range has grown to include more than 20 different versions. Therefore, an appropriate solution can be found for every poultry house, whilst also facilitating economic and simultaneously animal- and user-friendly egg production. Hence the list of Big Dutchman’s references is quite impressive: more than 74 million bird places have been equipped with Natura aviary systems, first in Europe and later also in Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA. Big Dutchman experts have implemented many customer requests and experiences to improve and further develop the Na-
“The National Farmers’ Union, active in England and Wales, expects the industry most radical change since the ban on poultry cages in 2012. As much as 43 percent of the 1.4 billion shell eggs sold by Tesco are produced in enriched colony systems. This means that numerous egg producers will have to refurbish their houses in the next eight years”
Nests are located in areas that comply with the hens' sense of security. After an egg is laid, it gently rolls out onto the egg collection belt and then automatically heads to the egg packing area. The nest average acceptance is 98%, but for those rare times when an egg is laid outside of the nest, we have built in a system egg tray to make picking up the mislaid eggs easy and fast. Uniformity of lighting and ventilation along with system design result in even spacing of the hens throughout the house allowing the litter to dry thoroughly. This is ideal for the flock as they dust bathe, scratch, and act out other natural behaviours.
Main features:
tura aviaries in the past decades. The result: today, the Natura aviaries are a flexible and modular system. Egg producers will find a solution for virtually any situation. Whether a farmer has an old building or is planning a new one, whether the house is large or small: Natura aviary systems offer a wide range of intelligent solutions. There is one idea at the heart of all Natura systems, whether they are intended for free range or barn egg production: an aviary system must guarantee the birds’ well-being, but also be economic. Characteristics that all Natura aviaries share; therefore including a high laying capacity, a low number of mislaid eggs, minimum inspection and management efforts and happy birds.
• Completely open design for easy movement throughout the entire system
28
- field cases -
For further information visit: www.bigdutchman.com
FIELD CASES
VISIT OUR WEBSITE
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- november 2017 -
29
TECHNICAL COLUMN
Dirk Mertens and his daughter Mieke at their rearing farms
Dirk Mertens tests the Natural Beak Smoothing pans by Roxell
Roxell Technical Service
30
Beak treatment is often used as the solution of choice to reduce damage caused by pecking. Due to the growing interest in animal welfare, however, beak treatment has gradually being banned by law. Solutions that both improve animal welfare and allow time and cost efficiencies are the future. Roxell once more takes the lead and provides a high quality and durable solution for the new market trends and upcoming animal welfare regulations. At Roxell, they believe it is better to use nature as a reference to develop new feeding solutions. The animal behaviour and the design of their feeding systems go hand in hand. Therefore the Belgium-based company launched the â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Natural Beak Smoothing conceptâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, in order to meet the specifi c market demands and animal welfare regulations. - technical column -
TECHNICAL COLUMN Â&#x160;
25,*,1$/
Test results show that Roxellâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s natural beak smoothing pans save feed and leads to better uniformity, reduced mortality and less stress.
Dirk Mertens talks about his test experience Today, Dirk Mertens has a rearing farm with five houses for broiler breeders 90,000 females and 10,000 males - in Wuustwezel, Belgium. He started out in the poultry sector in 1981 when he set up a commercial layers farm at another location, which he later converted to a broiler breeders production farm. His son took over that breeding farm, and since 2009, Dirk has been running the broiler breeder rearing farm together with his wife, his daughter Mieke and his son-in-law.
Responding to the behavior of birds "We've been working with Roxell products since the eighties. Initially, there were the cockerel pans. Today's houses are equipped with 7,500 Roxell Vitoo feeder pans, installed by housing specialist VSI," says Dirk Mertens. "Over the past eight years, we have gradually expanded from two to fi ve houses, for which we were able to rely on Roxell's sustainable and efficient systems, which are tailored to the behaviour of the birds. I also fi nd it important to invest in systems that promote animal welfare. That's why, four years ago, we immediately agreed to participate in a trial project on natural de-beaking. Beak treatment has not yet been banned in Belgium, but is gradually being phased out in neighbouring countries. Our country may be expected to follow suit."Â
Testing the Natural Beak Smoothing concept From the outset, there was a close collaboration between Roxell and international breeding companies - Aviagen, Cobb and Hubbard - for testing the Nat-
ural Beak Smoothing concept. Roxell has provided the existing Vitoo feeder pans with an integrated rough structured bottom pan that naturally controls beak growth during feeding. Current beak treatments such as mechanical hot blade de-beaking and IR trimming, become superfluous, resulting in significant cost savings.
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However, the advantages go much further. â&#x20AC;&#x153;I notice there is less mortality among our chicks, because they don't suffer a relapse following beak smoothing. They have less stress and can just continue eating during the fi rst days. We also notice a greater uniformity among the chicks. All these things eventually lead to a better end result,â&#x20AC;? Dirk concludes. â&#x20AC;&#x153;We've now had several fl ocks with Natural Beak Smoothing pans. Despite the fi ne structure of the metal, cleaning the pans doesn't take more time.â&#x20AC;?
Natural Beak Smoothing performances 1.
Average feed saving in case of birds with well-shaped beaks vs. birds without any de-beaking Âą 3g/ bird/day.
2.
Less mortality with Natural Beak Smoothing vs infrared beak trimmed birds (one flock on a commercial farm) Âą 2% less mortality.
3.
More eggs/hen and higher fertility.
4.
More day-old-chicks/hen.
The system avoids stress on birds, while improving their performances and fertility and complies with the animal welfare regulations. Mortality is reduced by 2% compared to IR-trimming. For further information: Roxell Industrielaan 13 - 9990 Maldegem (Belgium) Tel.: +32 50 72 91 72 Fax: +32 50 71 67 21 Email: info@roxell.com Website: www.roxell.com/en
- november 2017 -
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31
TECHNICAL COLUMN
On-farm traying: a smart idea? On breeder farms eggs are traditionally collected in paper or plastic trays that each hold 30 eggs. Typically, these are stacked six-high and transported to the hatchery in boxes, crates, trolleys or on pallets. Before incubation, hatchery staff have to transfer the trayed eggs to setter trays, either manually or (semi)-automatically. So far, each hatching egg has already been handled at least twice before incubation begins - and each time with the risk of causing hairline cracks and contamination that will ultimately undermine hatch results.
Gerd de Lange Senior Poultry specialist, Pas Reform Academy
32
On-farm traying, both manual and automatic, is becoming increasingly popular as it minimizes labour and reduces the need for egg handling. With the eggs already placed on setter trays at the breeder farm, they are then transported in specially designed farm trolleys to the hatchery, where the setter trays are transferred from the farm trolleys to setter trolleys. The eggs are not handled individually any more - and even this final transfer before incubation can be automated. When choosing a tray type for egg collection on the farm and subsequent transport to the hatchery, there are several important considerations that will also have important consequences for managing the hatching eggs:
- technical column -
TECHNICAL COLUMN
Rate of cooling down Egg temperature at the moment of collection varies from egg to egg. For those still holding a temperature of >25°F/77°F, further cooling is required. When placed at the centre of a paper tray and covered by the next full tray, a newly laid egg with a temperature closer to that of the hen’s body (41°C/105.8°F), will take much longer to cool down than an egg placed at the side of the paper tray. And packing warm eggs on paper trays directly into egg boxes will certainly lead to high embryonic mortality. With a more open construction and the fact that they are not stacked directly on top of each other, filled setter trays allow sufficient freely circulating air to pass around the trayed eggs. This greatly promotes uniform cooling, but if temperature in the egg collection room is too low, there is a risk that the eggs will cool too rapidly, especially if exposed to cold air or a draught. Plastic trays provide a mid-point between paper trays and setter trays, because plastic is not as good thermic insulator as paper and it will allow some air flow over the eggs.
bryonic structure and hairline cracks in the shell. Eggs are generally very well cushioned when transported on paper trays, so where road conditions are poor or trucks have poor suspension, paper trays may be the best choice. In other cases, well-designed setter trays without sharp edges provide good support for the hatching eggs and, when placed in farm trolleys with shock absorbing wheels, offer a valid alternative.
Further treatment of hatching eggs Placing eggs on setter trays is essential for effective disinfection or pre-storage incubation, neither of which is possible when eggs are tightly packed together on paper or plastic egg trays, as there is no free space around each egg.
Advice • Think broadly about the various ‘touchpoints’ that hatching eggs will be subjected to from farm to hatchery when choosing a tray type.
Mechanical impact
• Choose paper trays when road or vehicle conditions from breeder farm to hatchery are poor.
During loading, transport and unloading, shocks and jolts should be avoided, both to prevent damage to the fragile em-
• Recognise that eggs on setter trays may cool down too quickly after egg collection; do not place them immediately in the cold room.
Superior egg quality! Roxell develops, manufactures and markets livestock equipment that helps growers produce animal protein in the most cost-effective way.
animal welfare
• Careful egg handling • Labor saving, solid and
durable
www.roxell.com
- november 2017 -
© Roxell – Roxell is a registered trademark of Roxell – Koozii – 10-2017
• Optimal comfort and
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ŠPinterest
MANAGEMENT
Broilers perform better with intermittent lighting programs Intermittent lighting could have an effect on feed retention in the broilerâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s gastro-intestinal tract with a better digestibility of nutrients.
I. Rodrigues1, M. Toghyani1, B. Svihus2, M. Bedford3, R. Gous4 and M. Choct1 1
University of New England, Australia
2
Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Norway
Roles of certain parts of the digestive tract of chickens seems to have been lost with the evolution of time and commercial practices. Gizzards no longer serve their grinding purposes, having become more like transit organs and crops have lost their function with the abandonment of discontinuous feeding systems. The extremely fast transit time in the anterior digestive tract is regarded as a limitation to the performance of exogenous enzymes. Manipulation of feed retention time in these gut segments via meal Table 1 Chemical composition of experimental diets, as calculated AME Kcal/kg
CP %
dLys %
dMet+Cys %
dMet %
dThr %
Ca %
Na %
Cl %
AvP %
Grower (d10-d24)
3023
20.89
1.08
0.80
0.51
0.70
0.88
0.16
0.23
0.44
Finisher (d25-d34)
3120
20.21
1.00
0.76
0.48
0.65
0.79
0.16
0.23
0.39
3
AB Vista Feed Ingredients, United Kingdom 4
University of KwaZuluNatal, South Africa
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feeding vs. ad libitum, lighting management programs, presence of structural components in the diet and coarse vs. fine feed particles may further enhance the efficacy of exogenous enzymes. Following an adaptation starter period until d10, six-hundred twenty four one-day-old ROSS 308 male broilers were subjected to two different lighting programs (referred to as ‘continuous’ – 18L:6D or ‘intermittent’ – 1L:3D:1L:3D:1L:3D:1L:3D:2L:6D) and fed isoenergetic (on an ME basis) and isonitrogenous wheat-, sorghum- and soybean meal-based diets (Table 1) with or without the supplementation of phytase and xylanase over 34 days. Chicks were randomly allocated to eight treatments (2x2x2) with six replicates per treatment. Data were analysed using ANOVA (SPSS Statistics, ver. 24). Means were compared using the Tukey multiple range test. At d10, after the initial adaptation period, body weight (BW) of chicks was virtually the same for both treatments (290 g vs. 288 g, for continuous lighting (CL) and intermittent lighting (IL) groups, respectively). At d34, birds submitted to CL were numerically heavier than those in IL (2,224 g vs. 2,159 g, P = 0.08) and presented statistical significant higher mortality-corrected FCR (FCRc) (1.390 vs. 1.370, P = 0.003). Phytase supplementation significantly (P = 0.004) improved final BW (2,247 vs. 2,137 g, for supplemented and unsupplemented bids, respectively) and FCRc was numerically better for supplemented animals (1.375 vs. 1.286). Xylanase addition to basal diets significantly (P = 0.001) improved FCRc (1.370 vs. 1.391, for supplemented and unsupplemented bids, respectively). There was a statistical significant (P < 0.05) interaction between phytase and xylanase supplementation on final body weight, which shows the additive/synergistic effect of these enzymes. No further interactions were observed between factors. Further markers’ and digestibility analysis will help understand the exact mechanism through which these improvements were achieved. So far we hypothesise intermittent lighting had an effect on feed retention in the upper gastro-intestinal tract, evidenced by the lower pH found in the crop and gizzard of birds in IL groups (data not shown), and that this enabled better digestibility of nutrients. Also, phytase-activity analysis will hopefully explain why phytase supplementation did not seem to have a positive effect in IL birds further to that achieved with CL. From Australian Poultry Science Symposium
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©Agriculture Philippines
MANAGEMENT
D.R. George1,2, R.D. Finn1, K.M. Graham1, M.F. Mul3, V. Maurer4, C. Valiente Moro5, O.A.E. Sparagano6 1 Northumbria
©Monteban
University, United Kingdom
2 Stockbridge
Technology Centre, United Kingdom 3
Wageningen UR Livestock Research, The Netherlands 4 Research
Institute of Organic Agriculture FiBL, Switzerland 5 Université
Claude Bernard Lyon 1, France
6 Coventry
University, United Kingdom
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Dermanyssus gallinae, a wide concern for medical science The potential health risk presented by bird mites such as Dermanyssus gallinae is exacerbated by the fact that they can carry and transmit zoonotic diseases. - management -
Parasitic bird mites present a significant threat to poultry production. Increasing reports of bird-mite attacks on humans suggest that avian ectoparasitosis (gamasoidosis) may be of increasing medical concern. This may be of particular interest to those living or working in close association with poultry, as the species most often responsible are typically linked with domestic fowl (i.e. Dermanyssus gallinae and Ornithonyssus sylviarum). Though the threat that bird mites pose to poultry is relatively well understood, the risks posed to humans have been less well explored.
ŠParis Farmers Union
MANAGEMENT
The potential health risk presented by gamasoidosis is exacerbated by the fact that bird mites such as D. gallinae can carry and transmit zoonotic diseases. Though the vector capacity of these mites is still an emerging science, mite-to-bird transmission has been demonstrated in a number of cases for D. gallinae - first reviewed by Valiente Moro et al., 2009 and later updated in George et al., 2015 -, increasing the likelihood that relevant diseases carried may also be passed from birds to mammals, humans included. Examples of disease spread to humans through bird mite vectors are rare in the literature, though transmission of spirochetes, rickettsiae, Salmonellae, Bartonellae, Pasteurellae, Sporozoa, hemogregarines, fl agellates, and fi lariae have all been suggested, with more recent evidence supporting acquisition of Bartonella via Dermanyssus spp. per se.
The results of a recent review support that reported cases of gamasoidosis are increasing throughout the globe, with evidence that the majority of cases are linked to D. gallinae, and that mammalian companion animals and livestock may also be at risk.
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Table 1 Results of a preliminary survey of suspected gamasoidosis in a selected internet user group. Method: Members of a selected internet user group (birdmites.org) were asked to complete a basic questionnaire on their experience of gamasoidosis. This user group was composed of global members afflicted with avian mites. Historically, group membership ranged in the hundreds, though at the time of survey (Oct-Nov 2012) activity was limited to around 25 individuals. Questions, criteria and responses are summarized below. Question
Criteria
Response
N
Confirmation required by a third party (healthcare professional, PCO or entomologist)
69% of respondents confirmed infestation
13
Duration of infestation
From onset of symptoms to present day (if on-going) or point of successful treatment
Average duration of infestation = 39 months (± 14.6 months SE)
13
Number of conflicting diagnoses
Diagnosis of condition other than gamasoidosis by a healthcare professional or PCO
Average number of conflicting diagnoses = 2.8 (± 0.3 SE)
12*
Only treatments prescribed by a healthcare professional or PCO
Pyrethroids (topical and premise) = 72%; DE = 27%; Ivermectin = 27% IGR = 27%; Esfenvalerate = 9%; Cedar = 9%
11**
Persistent symptoms post-treatment
100% of respondents reported treatment failure
12***
Conditions arising post-infestation
Lyme confirmed in 3 respondents and suspected in 1 respondent Bartonella confirmed in 3 respondents and suspected in 1 respondent Babesia confirmed in 1 respondent General morbidity reported in most respondents
13
Has infestation been confirmed?
Treatments recommended and attempted Treatment failure observed
Suspected secondary health issues
PCO = Pest Control Organization SE = standard error * Information not extractable from one respondent. **Treatment type unknown in one respondent; treatment not yet attempted in one respondent. ***Treatment not yet attempted in one respondent.
Further survey data from a subset of individuals afflicted by gamasoidosis confirm wide-spread occurrence, supporting the vector capacity of the mites responsible and adding Lyme disease to the expanding list of pathogens potentially transmitted by these mites (Table 1). Other issues identified through this survey included widespread misdiagnosis of gamasoidosis and (in some cases related) treatment failure and persistent infestation (Table 1). Diagnosing gamasoidosis based on presenting symptoms (as is often undertaken) is inadequate and a suspected cause of large-scale misdiagnosis for similarly presenting parasitoses, such as scabies and pediculosis, general dermatitis or physiological conditions including delusional ectoparasitosis. Treatment is equally problematic, with species such as D. gallinae being hard to target and widely resistant to standard acaricides. Furthermore, the different mite species concerned display varied ecologies - with some living on hosts and others residing off hosts and feeding intermittently - that necessitate divergent treatment approaches. In cases of human infestation, positive identification of species, or at least functionally similar groups based on life-history patterns, and recommendation of suitable treatment requires an understanding of mite taxonomy and ecology that many healthcare professionals and pest control organisations do not currently possess.
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Overall it appears that although reported cases of gamasoidosis on humans remain relatively rare, D. gallinae represents a species of particular concern to medical health due to its reported genetic plasticity, occasional evidence of permanent infestations on mammals, and high vector potential. Previous review suggests that incidences of gamasoidosis per se may be exacerbated by increased mite-novel host encounter rates and occurrence of certain ‘risk factors’ in the ‘new’ host, such as a breakdown in immune function. It follows that rising human populations, with anticipated increased incidences of immunocompromised individuals as a result of modern medical practises, may further promote gamasoidosis. Though only preliminary, work in this area suggests that more attention should be given to gamasoidosis as a threat to human health, supporting that the mites responsible, and especially D. gallinae, could be considered an ‘occupational hazard’ to those working with poultry. Though cases of gamasoidosis have been reported since the 17th century, documented in the leading medical literature since at least the 1920s and reviewed twice in the last 15 years, the full extent of gamasoidosis as a threat to human health has still to be explored. References are available on request Presented at the 1st Cost Conference and Management Committee Meeting, Foggia, Italy
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Leader in pig & poultry equipment MIXTA The feed pan for turkeys
PRATIKA The broiler feed pan Image: Fotolia - © Minerva Studio
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Evaluating hen behaviour and physiological stressors during ventilation shut down
Project No. BRU007 Evaluating hen behaviour and physiological stressors during VSD for the development of humane methodologies for mass depopulation during a disease outbreak Kenneth Anderson, Ph.D. North Carolina State University, USA
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The completion of a funded research project at North Carolina State University in Raleigh, N.C. was announced in which researchers provided insight on using ventilation shut down as a humane depopulation method. USPOULTRY approved $550,000 in emergency funding in October 2015 to support further Avian Infl uenza research and communication. This research is the third project completed with the funding. A brief summary of the completed research is shown below. In 2015, the egg industry was hit with the worst highly pathogenic Avian Influenza outbreak in U.S. poultry history. Timely depopulation was identified as a critical measure to contain the outbreak. Current depopulation methods, including CO2 kill carts, CO2 injection and fire-fighting foam, were quickly overwhelmed and prolonged the suffering of infected birds.
- management -
MANAGEMENT
The overall goal of this project was to evaluate welfare parameters of ventilation shut down (VSD) for depopulating laying hens in caged systems through monitoring environmental parameters, behaviour and stress physiology. The specific objectives were to: 1) determine the time to brain death from VSD using electroencephalograms (EEG), and
This project provided the means to develop and evaluate VSD and other depopulation methods including VSD combined with heat (VSDH) and CO2 (VSDCO). The first aspect of this project was to develop an environmental profile of an individual hen housed in a cage layer facility. Environmental conditions included building volume (3.4 ft3/hen) and temperature, relative humidity (RH) and CO2 recordings to understand the dynamics within the environment for each method. This allowed for the determination of the duration to time of death (TOD). The environmental temperature, CO2 and RH were similar at the start of each test at 89°F, 0.22 percent and 31.6 percent, respectively. At the end of the tests the environmental temperature was highest for VSDH at 107 °F. VSDCO had the highest level of CO2 at 31.5 percent. RH increased in VSD and VSDH to 62.5 and 66.0 percent, respectively. The high level of RH appears to have contributed to the diminished ability to reduce core body temperature (CBT). At TOD the CBT was highest for VSD (113.1 °F) and VSDH (115.3 °F) while VSDCO CBT was (105.8 °F). The time to reach TOD was longest in VSD at 91 minutes followed by VSDH at 54 minutes and VSDCO with the shortest TOD at 12 minutes. Comparing EEGs and behaviour profiles demonstrated that VSD hens spent 82 percent of the time unconscious while the VSDH and VSDCO hens were unconscious 56 percent and 65 percent of the time, respectively. It was also observed that the stress indicator of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), for hens exposed to stressors such as heat, humidity or CO2, declined in the VSD and VSDH environments from time 0 to TOD possibly due to the duration of the unconscious state of the hens.
©Texha
2) examine the effectiveness of VSD in a multi-level, commercial cage setting.
A field scale up of the process to evaluate the effectiveness of VSD, VSDH and VSDCO in a multi-tier cage system was conducted using white leghorns housed in 2-tier stair step cage system at industry densities (72 in2/hen). The environment was a force ventilated negative static pressure room sealed to prevent air exchange of any type. An inner chamber around the cages emulated the building volume per hen found in the industry. The data collected included CO2, RH, environmental temperature profiles, CBT and HSP70. We found that VSD by itself did not result in 100 percent euthanasia of the flock with 4 percent of the hens surviving. When we added heat or CO2 to the VSD system we accomplished 100 percent mortality. The duration to TOD was no different between VSDH and VSDCO. Based upon these field studies, VSDH and VSDCO appear to be the most humane methods of depopulating large numbers of caged hens. Source: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association
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The Netherlands
- november 2017 -
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ŠNMSU Aces
NUTRITION
Practical applications of nutrigenomics in poultry nutrition Novel molecular techniques such as microarray technologies have spurred the development of the fi eld of nutrigenomics. Using microarrays to evaluate gene responses allows us to assess the activity of thousands of genes at the same time, thus permitting a rapid measure of physiological changes. Nutrigenomics can provide a powerful tool for understanding how nutrition impacts performance, health and disease in poultry. This paper will serve as a review of current applications of Nutrigenomics in poultry nutrition. The wealth of information obtained from nutrigenomics studies can help nutritionists and producers better understand how to feed poultry to ensure optimal health and performance.
K.M. Brennan University of Kentucky Nutrition Research Alliance, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
42
Nutrigenomics is the study of how nutrients, forms of nutrients, and nutritional strategies impact the genome. The use of DNA microarray technology allows us to begin to understand how nutrition modulates gene expression and how this modulation relates to animal health and performance. These molecular technologies also allow for the rapid evaluation of nutritional strategies. Advancements in the area of bioinformatics have enabled investigators to decipher the functional and biological relevance of nutrigenomic data sets. Together, these technological advances are creating new opportunities in poultry research that could lead to improved animal health and production.
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
Gastrointestinal tract The avian gastrointestinal tract (GIT) plays a central role in the digestion of feed and absorption of nutrients. Its proper function is essential for optimal health and growth. The GIT not only includes the tissue and cells of the intestine but also the complex community of microbes it harbors. Nutrigenomics can provide a systems biology approach to understanding how nutrients influence intestinal health through interaction with gut cells and the microbiota in the intestine (which in turn can change gut cell dynamics). Both prebiotics and probiotics can improve gut health resulting in improved feed efficiency and growth in broilers. The cellular mechanisms behind these improvements have been elucidated utilizing nutrigenomics. For example, adding mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) to broiler diets not only increases the
“Nutrigenomics can be used to explain why we sometimes see differences between nutrient forms. For example, vitamin E supplementation of broilers is known to confer antioxidant benefits and to improve meat quality and shelf life”
©Big-Dutchman
expression of mucin, an important component of the protective intestinal mucosal barrier, but also surprisingly down-regulates selected genes involved in cell turnover and proliferation, potentially conferring an energy-sparing effect. Similarly, probiotic bacteria introduced to poultry diets after bacterial challenge have been show to down-regulate selected genes associated with intestinal pathogens.
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NUTRITION
had effects similar to those of vitamin E on total antioxidant status of broilers and meat shelf life. Nutrigenomics data suggest that the antioxidant mimics vitamin E at a transcriptional level by inducing the expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism, cell morphology and cellular oxidation. Nutrigenomics has also been used to determine the underlying reasons why we see a production response with one nutrient form but not with another (e.g., organic versus inorganic minerals). Hall et al. (2012) found that different forms of zinc can differently regulate the expression of transport proteins in the
©Ensemble Enabler
“The use of DNA microarray technology allows us to begin to understand how nutrition modulates gene expression and how this modulation relates to animal health and performance. These molecular technologies also allow for the rapid evaluation of nutritional strategies”
An even newer area of research that is increasing our knowledge about the interaction of nutrition and GIT health is microbiomics. Microbiomics uses molecular biology techniques, such as advanced DNA sequencing, to study the ecology of the GIT microbial communities. Currently this field is in its infancy and research is limited to general characterization of the unique communities present in each segment of the intestine. Eventually molecular profiling should provide the data needed to equip us to optimize the microbiome through nutrition for improved bird health and production.
intestine. For example, Brennan et al. (2011 & 2012) showed that, in both male and female birds, different forms of selenium activate transcription of different functional groups of genes, explaining why organic selenium improves reproduction over inorganic selenium.
Nutritional programming Over the past several years, researchers have begun to investigate how restricted, “programmed” nutrition during the neonatal and early-life periods can affect animals during adulthood.
Nutrigenomics can be used to explain why we sometimes see differences between nutrient forms. For example, vitamin E supplementation of broilers is known to confer antioxidant benefits and to improve meat quality and shelf life. Nutrigenomics studies have also shown that vitamin E acts a transcriptional regulator in lipid metabolism and oxidation, helping to further explain its beneficial effects. In other studies, nutrigenomics has been used to determine why different nutrients can sometimes have the same effects on physiological markers. For example, Xiao et al. (2011) showed that a commercial algae-based antioxidant
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- nutrition -
©Alltech
Nutrient form versus function
NUTRITION
In chickens, for example, more than 24 h of fasting post-hatch has been shown to have unfavorable effects on weight gain, gut health and meat quality in adult broilers. Conversely, feeding chicks posthatch diets with reduced protein levels has been shown to benefit bird growth and development throughout adulthood, even after chicks are switched to a traditional diet. Delayed access to feed posthatch has been shown to alter hepatic gene expression.
(e.g., weight gain, egg production) from whole-animal studies help us to better understand how nutrients affect animal health and production. Nutrigenomics provides a way to identify precisely which nutrients or nutrient combinations are optimal and when they should be delivered to elicit maximum benefits. Through the application of nutrigenomics, we anticipate improved poultry production economics stemming from streamlined feeding strategies, leading to improved feed efficiency and bird health. References are available on request From the Proceedings of the Australian Poultry Science Symposium
Nutrigenomics can help us understand how nutritional programming works by revealing the gene expression patterns associated with early-life nutrition. For example, feeding 100% of the NRC recommendations (normal) for trace minerals for the first 96-h post-hatch can have positive effects on gene expression even after birds are switched to low (20% of the NRC recommendations) mineral diets. In this study, higher levels of minerals fed during the post-hatch period were shown to increase the expression of genes such as Cyclin D1, which play a key role in cell cycle regulation, a biological function essential for gut mucosal growth and repair. The expression of solute carrier proteins, a family of transporters essential for the active and passive transport of nutrients in the small intestine, were upregulated in adult birds that received the normal post-hatch diet, as was the expression of genes involved in the uptake of minerals and other nutrients. In the study by Brennan et al., there was no effect on performance. However, considering the importance of proper intestinal function and health, these changes are considered beneficial. Overall this study demonstrated that post-hatch nutrition can alter gene expression patterns longterm, which can have lifelong implications for bird health.
Commercial applications We anticipate that the application of nutrigenomics research will lead to the implementation of improved precision feeding strategies by the poultry industry. The gene-level findings of nutrigenomics combined with the performance data
- november 2017 -
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NUTRITION
Modification of the chicken intestinal epithelial physical barrier
Y. Guo, D. Liu and B. Zhang Faculty of the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology Agricultural University, Beijing, China
46
The intestinal epithelial physical barrier is the most critical element of maintaining an intact intestinal barrier and made up of a layer of columnar epithelial cells and intercellular junctional complexes including tight junctions, adherens junctions and desmosomes. Tight junctions (TJ), which are formed by proteins including claudins, occludin, junctional adhesion molecule and zonula occludens (ZO), are primarily responsible for the permeability of the paracellular pathway. The function of the intestinal barrier function in poultry is evaluated by measuring intestinal permeability. Few studies have shown the developmental profile of intestinal barrier function and tight junction proteins in the intestinal epithelium of chicks in embryonic phase or/and the early post-hatch period. Several feed additives, including nutrients (i.e. Zn), probiotics, prebiotics, functional polysaccharide, enzymes and epidermal growth factor, were shown to regulate intestinal barrier function by modifying expression and localization of TJ proteins.
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
In the post-AGP (antibiotic growth promoters) era, nutritional solutions to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier are of great importance to get proper functioning of the epithelial cells and to prevent the entry of pathogenic bacteria.
adhesion and intracellular communication, respectively. The cytoskeleton is an intricate structure of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol that is essential for maintaining the structure of all eukaryotic cells. Disruption of the cytoskeleton is linked to the loss of intestinal barrier integrity.
The intestinal epithelial physical barrier
Tight junctions are formed by protein dimers that span the space between adjacent cell membranes. There are over 50 proteins with well recognized roles in tight junction formation. These proteins comprise four integral transmembrane proteins (e.g. occludin, claudins, junctional adhesion molecules (JAM) and tricellulin), and cytosolic scaffold proteins, such as zonula occludens (ZO) proteins. The extracellular domains of the transmembrane proteins form the selective barrier by hemophilic and heterophilic interactions with the adjacent cells. The intracellular domains of these transmembrane proteins interact with ZO proteins, which in turn anchor the transmembrane proteins to the perijunctional actomyosin ring. The interaction of TJ proteins with the actin cytoskeleton is vital to the maintenance of TJ structure and function. In addition, the interaction of the TJ complex with the actomyosin ring permits the cytoskeletal regulation of TJ barrier integrity. The function of occludin is not yet fully understood, but numerous studies using animals and cell cultures indicate that it is required for TJ assembly and barrier integrity in the intestinal epithelia. Occludin has been linked to
The intestinal epithelium forms the largest and most important barrier between internal and external environments of animals. The intestinal epithelial barrier is made up of a layer of columnar epithelial cells that forms the first line of defense between the intestinal lumen and inner milieu. The intestinal epithelial cells are mainly absorptive enterocytes (over 80%) but also include entero-endocrine, goblet, and Paneth cells. The epithelium allows the absorption of nutrients while providing a physical barrier to the permeation of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as pathogens, toxins, and antigens, from the luminal environment into the mucosal tissues and circulatory system. The epithelial selective permeability includes two pathways: the transcellular and the paracellular pathway. The transcellular pathway is involved in the absorption and transport of nutrients, including sugars, amino acids, peptides, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamins. As the cell membrane is impermeable, this process is predominantly mediated by specific transport-
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The animal intestine has the roles of absorbing nutrients and also acting as a barrier to prevent pathogens and toxins from entering into the body and potentially causing diseases. Injured intestinal barrier is characterized by increased intestinal permeability, which allows luminal antigenic agents (e.g., bacteria, toxins, and feed-associated antigens) to leak across the epithelium to sub-epithelial tissues, to result in inflammation, malabsorption, diarrhea, and potentially systemic diseasesâ&#x20AC;?
ers or channels located on the apical and basolateral membranes. The paracellular pathway is associated with transport in the intercellular space between the adjacent epithelial cells. These epithelial cells are tightly bound together by intercellular junctional complexes that regulate the paracellular permeability and are crucial for the integrity of the epithelial barrier.These junctions allow the passage of fluids, electrolytes, and small macromolecules, but inhibit passage of larger molecules. The junctional complexes consist of the tight junctions, gap junctions, adherens junctions, and desmosomes. Tight junctions are the most apical and are primarily responsible for controlling permeability of the paracellular pathway. Adherens junctions are located beneath the tight junctions and are involved in cell-cell adhesion and intracellular signaling. Both tight junctions and adherens junctions (together known as the apical junctional complex) are associated to the actin cytoskeleton. Desmosomes and gap junctions are involved in cell-cell
the regulation of intermembrane diffusion and paracellular diffusion of small molecules. The claudin proteins are considered to be the structural backbone of TJ. Claudins consist of at least 24 members in humans and mice, and each isoform shows a unique expression pattern in tissues and cell lines. In contrast to their structural similarities, claudins perform different functions and can be roughly divided into two types: those involved in barrier formation (decreasing paracellular permeability) and those in channel pores (increasing paracellular permeability). In the intestines, claudin-1, -3, -4, -5, -8, -9, -11, and -14 can be categorized as barrier-forming claudins, while claudin-2, -7, -12, and -15 are pore-forming claudins. Several plaque proteins have been identified, including the zonula occludens (ZO) proteins, ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3. Plaque proteins potentially play a central role in TJ regulation, because they can cause reorganization of the cytoskeleton. Claudin-1, claudin-2 , claudin-3, claudin-5, claudin-16, ZO-1, ZO -2 and occludin are reported in poultry.
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NUTRITION
ŠThe National Chicken Council
b) Bacterial translocation The disruption in barrier functions was associated with viral and bacterial translocation across the epithelial monolayers. Bacterial translocation is defined as the passage of viable bacteria from the intestinal tract through the epithelial mucosa into extra-intestinal organs. Impaired mucosal surfaces can increase vulnerability of the intestinal epithelium with an augmented risk of bacterial and viral penetration, or bacterial overgrowth in the in the intestine. c) Plasma LPS concentrations
TJ are not static barriers but highly dynamic structures that are constantly being remodeled due to interactions with external stimuli, such as food residues and pathogenic and commensal bacteria. Regulation of the assembly, disassembly, and maintenance of TJ structure is influenced by various physiological and pathological stimuli. Signaling pathways involved in TJ regulation, and interactions between transmembrane proteins and the actomyosin ring are controlled by several signaling proteins, including protein kinase C (PKC), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), and the Rho family of small GTPases.
Assessment of the epithelial physical barrier function in poultry a) Intestinal permeability Intestinal permeability is defined as the non-mediated diffusion of large (i.e., molecular weight >150 Da), normally restricted molecules from the intestinal lumen to the blood. The primary means of determining intestinal permeability in humans or animals is by measuring the passage of high molecular weight probes across the gastrointestinal tract barrier. In humans, this involves ingestion of a solution containing nontoxic, non-metabolizable substances (such as sucrose, lactulose, sucralose) and assessing their excretion in the urine. The appearance of probes in the urine indicates loss of barrier function in the gastrointestinal tract. However, that method is unsuitable for poultry because of the mixture of urine and feces. In animal models including poultry, intestinal permeability is usually determined by infusing fluorescent probes, such as fluoroisothiocyanate (FITC)-dextrans, into the intestinal area of interest and measuring plasma concentrations over time. The probe horseradish peroxidase was also reported.The Ex vivo Ussing chamber is the most sensitive to test the intestinal permeability by measuring transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), as it reflects the opening of the tight junctions between epithelial cells and the paracellular permeability of the intestinal mucosa.
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LPS is a highly pathogenic component of the walls of gram negative bacteria and is found in the intestinal tract in high concentration. Its presence in the portal blood of animal models indicates passage from the intestinal lumen to the circulation. Increased LPS concentration in the systemic circulation likely indicates severe intestinal barrier dysfunction.
Development of the epithelial physical barrier Kawasaki et al. (1998) determined the developmental expression of occludin in the gastrointestinal tract of 3- to 21-day-old chick embryos and reported that occludin mRNA was first detected by RTâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;PCR in the chick embryo on day 3 of incubation, by northern blot analysis on day 4, and by western blot analysis on day 5, suggesting that synthesis of occludin begins in the chick embryo at a very early stage of development. The immune-histochemical assay revealed that occludin began to be weakly expressed only along the apical surface of the gastrointestinal epithelium of the 4-day-old chick embryo. As the embryo developed, the immunoreactivity gradually became stronger and formed more complex networks near the apical surface, which indicated that the developmental expression of occludin in the gastrointestinal tract is closely correlated with the morphological as well as functional development of the tight junction. Roberts et al. (2005) reported that the small intestinal epithelial barrier function of broiler chicks hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t developed well at hatching, and the jejunal TER increased more than 3-folds and the ileal TER increased one-fold during d2 to d11 of age. Jejunal occludin expression increased linearly with age, but did not reach a plateau by d11, even though no effects of age on ileal occludin or on zonula occludens-2 expression were observed. Their work shows that the epithelial barrier function of the ileum is not fully developed in broiler chicks until later than d 14 of age for the ileum. More research are required to develop nutritional solutions beneficial for the small intestinal barrier function development and gut health.
Modification of the epithelial physical barrier by dietary factors in poultry a) Zinc The importance of Zn to intestinal development and function has been demonstrated in many studies, dietary Zn supple-
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
mentation reduced gut lesion scores and the intestinal permeability and increased expression of ZO-1 and occludin in mammals. Zn deprivation induced a decrease of TER and altered tight and adherens junctions. Zhang et al. (2012) reported that Zn (as ZnSO4) up-regulated occludin and claudin-1 mRNA expression in the ileum and tended to reduce plasma endotoxin levels in the chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium, and indicated that regulation of occludin and claudin-1 expression by Zn could be involved in ameliorating the increased intestinal permeability induced by Salmonella Typhimurium challenge. Hu et al. (2013) showed that supplemental ZnO or ZnSO4 did not affect ileal and colonic barrier function and intestinal microflora in broiler chickens; however supplemental 60 mg of Zn/kg as ZnO-MMT (zinc oxide-montmorillonite hybrid) increased colonic TER values, and reduced colonic probe mannitol permeability as well as ileal or colonic inulin permeability of the chickens.
claudin-1 and occludin, and the increased goblet cell numbers and sIgA level in the jejunum of the broiler chickens. Parson et al. (2014) reported that in chickens, dietary supplementation with soluble non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) plantain NSP reduced invasion by S.Typhimurium, as reflected by viable bacterial counts in splenic tissue, and plantain NSP inhibited adhesion of S.Typhimurium to a porcine epithelial cell-line and to primary chick caecal crypts in vitro. d) Enzymes
b) Probiotics and Prebiotics
Clostridium perfringens challenge increased the intestinal lesion score and also resulted in passive transcellular permeability and higher plasma endotoxin in the chickens, and dietary addition of xylanase or enzyme complex containing xylanase, glucanase and mannanase could alleviate the alteration caused by C. perfringens infection, indicating that dietary enzyme supplementation could benefit for gut barrier integrity of the C. perfringens-challenged chickens.
In the study by Rajput et al. (2013), compared to treatments with Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10, the tight junctions of jejunum and ileum of broilers were comparatively loose in the control group, and both Saccharomyces boulardii and Bacillus subtilis B10 improved the epithelial tight junctions through increasing occludin, claudin-2, and claudin-3 mRNA expression levels in the intestine of the broilers. CAO et al. (2014) reported that L. fermentum 1.2029 was able to ameliorate the severity of necrotic enteritis lesions and inflammation and improved the epithelial barrier through increasing claudin-1 and occludin levels in the necrotic enteritis-infected chickens.
Lysozyme as a natural antimicrobial protein occurs in a number of animal secretions and is considered an important component of the innate immune system. The addition of exogenous lysozyme significantly reduced the concentration of Clostridium perfringens in the ileum and the intestinal lesion scores, and inhibited the overgrowth of E. coli and Lactobacillus in the ileum and intestinal bacteria translocation to the spleen of chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens, suggesting that exogenous lysozyme could be used to improve the intestinal barrier function of chickens.
Heat stress not only negatively affected the intestinal microbiota balance, also decreased the jejunal TER and increased the jejunal paracellular permeability of FITC-dextrans, and which was correlated the down-regulated jejunal protein levels of occludin and ZO-1 in the broilers. Supplemental probiotic mixture containing Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum increased the jejunal protein level of occludin in the broilers. That indicated that dietary addition of the probiotic mixture was effective in partially ameliorating intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by heat stress in broilers. Song et al. (2013) also reported that supplemental cello-oligosaccharide, a functional oligosaccharide obtained from plant cellulose, increased the jejunal villus height and villus height to crypt depth ratio, as well as decreased jejunal paracellular permeability of FITC- dextran in the broiler chickens. c) Functional polysaccharides β-1,3/1,6-glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has beneficial effects on both the innate and acquired immune systems, and clearance of pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and coccidiosis in broiler chickens. The work of Shao et al. (2014) showed that dietary β-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation could attenuate the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment in the broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium, and that could be related to the increased mRNA expression of
e) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) EGF is a small amino acid peptide with a broad range of bioactivities on the intestinal epithelium, including the stimulation of cellular proliferation, differentiation, and intestinal maturation. In chickens, EGF reduced jejunal C. jejuni colonization and alleviated the dissemination of C. jejuni to the liver and spleen. In the in vitro study, the pretreatment with EGF abolished the C. jejuni-induced intestinal epithelial abnormalities, such as disruption of tight junctional claudin-4, increasing of transepithelial permeability and the translocation of non-invasive Escherichia coli C25. f) Others Other dietary factors such as threonine, glutamine, and flavonoids were also reported to regulate intestinal epithelial barrier in animals or cell lines in vitro, but few reports in poultry were found. More nutritional solutions to improve intestinal barrier function and the underlying molecular mechanisms are needed to be investigated.
- november 2017 -
References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2017 Australian Poultry Science Symposium
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Y. Akter1, C. Hutchison2, S. Liu1 and C.J. Oâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Shea1 1
Poultry Research Foundation, Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia 2
School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Hawkesbury Campus, Richmond, NSW, Australia
50
Comparison of wheat and maize-based diets on growth of broilers Maize and wheat are a major source of energy in broiler diets. Generally, wheat-based diets are offered to broiler chickens in Europe, Australia and New Zealand while maize-based diets are widely used in the US and Asia. Studies have demonstrated that dietary cereal source have a significant influence on bird performance however the type of cereal used has received little attention as a factor affecting chicken meat quality. Del Puerto et al. (2016) reported that dietary cereals may affect pH and colour of meat. Moreover, Kennedy et al. (2005) have shown that while meat from birds fed maize-based diets may benefit from dietary vitamin E supplementation to improve the sensory value of meat, there was no advantage in supplementing wheat-based diets.
- nutrition -
This observation suggests a gap in the meat quality between the two cereal types. Therefore, the objective of this study was to measure some meat quality and growth performance parameters of broiler chickens offered diets where maize or wheat provided the major energy source.
ŠAssomais
NUTRITION
Materials and methods All procedures used in this study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of University of Sydney. Experimental birds were housed in battery cages. Broilers (Ross 308, male) were placed on a common wheat-based standard starter diet until day 10. From 10 to 17 days and from 18 to 38 days, broilers were offered grower and finisher diets respectively which
â&#x20AC;&#x153;The results of this study indicate that dietary cereals had significant eďŹ&#x20AC;ects on ADFI, FCR, and meat drip loss and meat colour of broiler chickensâ&#x20AC;?
were based on either maize or wheat as a principle source of carbohydrate, and satisfied all nutrient requirements as suggested by the breeder manual. All experimental diets provided similar calculated metabolizable energy (ME kcal/kg) and crude protein (%). Energy levels were adjusted with soybean oil and digestible amino acid levels with soybean meal, canola meal and synthetic amino acids. Exogenous enzymes were not included. Chicks had ad libitum access to water and feed. Average individual body weights (BW) and average daily gain (ADG), and cage average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were recorded on a weekly interval. The FCR values were corrected for the body weight of any bird that died during the course of the experiment.
At 38 days of age, birds were killed according to the recommendations for euthanasia of experimental animals. Meat quality was determined on 1 bird per cage. Drip loss was determined by the weight difference of suspended Pectoralis muscle samples stored at 4°C at 0, 24, 48 & 72 h post-slaughter. Meat colour change was determined daily over 7 days using the CIELAB method for lightness (L*), redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) in the Pectoralis muscle using a Minolta Lab CR-10 colourimeter. The pH was determined at 0 and 1 day of post mortem in the Pectoralis muscle using a glass electrode (TPS ionode) attached to a portable pH meter (TPS LC80A pH-mv-TEMP), which is temperature compensated. Shear force value of Pectoralis muscle was determined with a Warner Bratzler Shear
.EXTĂ&#x;GENERATIONĂ&#x;DESIGNĂ&#x; FORĂ&#x;THEĂ&#x;FUTURE FOCUSEDĂ&#x;HATCHERY WWW PASREFORM COM - november 2017 -
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NUTRITION
attachment on a Stable Micro Systems TAXT2 Texture Analyser. Data were analysed using the generalised linear model procedure of SAS. Meat colour data were analysed by repeated measures using the mixed procedure of SAS. The experimental units were pooled cage means for growth performance and 1 bird per cage for meat quality. Data are presented as least squared means Âą standard error of the mean (SEM). Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05.
Results and discussion The effects of feeding wheat and maize-based diets on growth performance are presented in Table 1 and meat quality is presented in Figure 1 & 2 and Table 2. Dietary cereals had no effect on body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), and average daily feed intake (ADFI) of broilers chicken from 10-17 and 17-24 d of age. Similarly, BW and ADG of birds from 25 - 38 days of age were not influenced by wheat or maize-based diet, but the birds fed on maize-based finisher diet had lower FCR (P<0.001) and ADFI (P<0.001) compared to those offered wheat-based diets. These outcomes are in agreement with Peng et al. (2003) who stated that a maize-based diet significantly improved FCR when compared with a wheat-based diet. There was no significant effect of dietary cereals type on mortality rate of broiler chicken over the entire growth period.
Table 1 Effect of wheat and maize-based diets on growth performance of broiler chickens from 10-38 days post-hatch SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
SEM
Body weight(g/bird) at day 17
875
877
16.205
0.933
Average gain (g/bird/day)
68.5
70.8
1.525
0.314
Average feed intake (g/bird/day)
73.9
73.5
0.595
0.596
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
1.07
1.04
0.0221
0.408
1570.62
1573.01
19.821
0.934
Average gain (g/bird/day)
99.38
98.67
1.362
0.719
Average feed intake (g/bird/day)
162.55
157.70
3.0626
0.293
1.64
1.61
0.0341
0.592
3184
3155
37.916
0.600
Average gain (g/bird/day)
115
113
1.881
0.419
Average feed intake (g/bird/day)
229a
193b
4.0456
0.001
Feed conversion ratio (FCR)
1.99a
1.71b
0.0201
0.001
2.0
1.7
0.500
0.100
Day 10-17
Day 18-24 Body weight(g/bird) at day 24
Feed conversion ratio (FCR) Day 25-38 Body weight(g/bird) at day 38
Mortality (%)
ŠArtefoglia
The breast meat of broilers offered the maize-based diet had a higher drip loss rate than the wheat-based diet (P<0.05; Figure 1). These results are confirmed by Ao and Choct (2004) who reported that wheat-based diet fed group of birds had a lower drip loss value than the maize. An increase in drip loss in the maize-fed group also agrees with the observations of Kennedy et al. (2005) who observed an improvement in the eating quality of maize-fed, but not wheat-fed chicken meat when supplemented with vitamin E. In the present study, meat from the birds fed the wheat-based diet had (P < 0.001) higher lightness (L*) value (Figure 2), which might be due to a lack of pigments otherwise present in maize. Similarly, wheat-based diet fed birds produced meat with (P < 0.05) a higher redness (a*) value (Figure 2). These findings are in disagreement with Smith et al. (2002) who stated that wheat-based diets decreased redness (a*) value compared to maize-based diets. In contrast, the yellowness (b*) value (Figure 2) of meat from maize-based diet was (P < 0.001) higher than the meat from wheat-fed birds, which might be because of pigments (carotene and xanthophylls) present in yellow maize. In this study, the shear force value of breast meat was not (P > 0.05) influenced by dietary wheat or maize. These results are in disagreement with Lyon et al., (2003) who got significantly higher shear force value in meat from wheat-based diet compared with maize diet. Similarly, dietary cereals had no
52
- nutrition -
NUTRITION
Table 2 Effect of maize and wheat-based diets on meat quality of broiler chickens Parameter
Wheat-based diet
Maize-based diet
SEM
P
Shear force (N)
35.81
35.32
3.789
0.929
Initial pH 0h
6.82
6.84
0.0765
0.845
Final pH 24h
5.82
5.9
0.0259
0.068
“A total of 72, 10-day old Ross 308 broilers male chicks were randomly allocated to 2 dietary treatments with 6 birds per cage and 6 replications in each treatment. Experimental diets were formulated to be iso-calorific and iso-nitrogenous. Body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) from 10-38 d, and pectoralis muscle drip loss rate, colour, temperature, pH, and shear force at 38 d were evaluated”
Conclusion To our knowledge, there has been little research conducted to evaluate the response of meat quality to broiler diets based on maize or wheat. In this study, birds fed wheat-based diets had poorer feed efficiency and higher feed intake in the final week (from 25-38 days of age) only. Meat from maize-based diets was more yellow whereas birds offered a wheat-based diet had more red and lighter-coloured meat and a higher water holding capacity. The results of this study indicate that variations in dietary cereal use as a major carbohydrate may be related to differences in meat quality properties. Further evidence is merited exploring the evidence and explanation for variation in meat quality between diets based on these major cereals. significant effects on the pH value of breast meat. These findings are supported by Perlo et al. (2010); Osek et al. (2010); Garcia et al. (2013) who did not notice any significant effect of dietary cereals on pH value of broiler chicken meat.
References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2017 Australian Poultry Science Symposium
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- november 2017 -
53
VETERINARY SCIENCE
Investigation of nutritional diseases at the veterinary diagnostic laboratory Current literature reviews of nutritional diseases in poultry indicate that the occurrence is generally less common compared to reports of fi fty years ago. This may be a result of improvements in feed formulations, mixing procedures and feed distribution. Initial approach ŠVet Clinic Tyrus
Investigation of the flock by the production manager or company veterinarian as quickly as possible is vital; however, upon early recognition of the condition a full necropsy to rule out infectious disease is important.
What should you do if you immediately suspect a feed issue contributing to severe flock signs? If there is first hand evidence of a feed deficiency or toxicosis one should and replace feed may be prior to contacting the veterinary diagnostic lab. This will require having extra feed bins on the farm. The response of the flock to feed replacement can be interpreted along with testing on feed, water and birds, to confirm the diagnosis. The producer or veterinarian should collect 1-2 lb of feed and ½ gallon of drinking water as samples representative of what the flock received. Regardless issues with feed formulation or nutrient absorption should always be a concern when flocks are experiencing reduced growth, lameness, poor feathering, dehydration, reduced egg production or poor shell quality. Perhaps most nutritional issues are corrected early in the field as part of day-to-day flock management, especially since young, growing birds will be affected the worst by reduced nutrients. Here below the role the veterinary diagnostic laboratory can play in helping to confirm nutritional disease in a flock has been described.
Types of disorders
Rob Porter, DVM, PhD Diplomate ACVP, ACPV Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, USA
54
For the generally small number of feed-related issues, the case is usually submitted with one of the two histories: 1) immediate change in flock behavior, e.g., decreased feed consumption, mortality, paralysis, and 2) a chronic, insidious or predictable condition that has been observed in successive flocks, e.g., feather loss, reduced egg production, lameness.
- veterinary science -
What should you do if you suspect chronic nutritional disease or toxicosis? There will be situations where you observe chronic, insidious clinical signs that occur in successive flocks. A recurring production problem can be tackled with more thorough investigation and sample collection. Keep detailed production and feed records to be shared with the nutritionist, veterinarian and laboratory diagnostician. Feed and water samples should be collected and refrigerated 1-2 weeks prior to the predicted onset of the clinical signs and birds should be submitted to the diagnostic laboratory for full diagnostic workup including histopathology. Later, when the particular clinical signs are observed, similar feed and water samples should be collected, and birds should be submitted for additional diagnostic workup. It is paramount to rule out infectious disease as the primary cause of the clinical signs. Once infection has been ruled out one can investigate for nutrient deficiency or toxins in feed and water as well as compare
VETERINARY SCIENCE
necropsy findings before and after onset of clinical signs. Keep in mind that a thorough investigation requires additional feed, water and tissue analyses that can triple or quadruple the cost of the necropsy.
What does a pathologist do with the birds and samples submitted to the veterinary diagnostic laboratory? The vet pathologist generally prefers to receive whole, intact birds for necropsy within 24-36 hours of death or less, although this cannot always be done with large birds or concerns about shipping costs and delays in transit. The pathologist will assess the following items (costs increase as one progresses from 1-8):
Key Examples of feed-related deficiency or toxicosis observed in the last ten years 1. Rickets - Soft bones occurring in young birds is referred to as rickets. This disorder is usually caused by abnormal Ca/P ratios in the ration, low vitamin D3 levels in the ration, or intestinal malabsorption associated with enteric diseases. The birds are often recumbent, but bright and alert with extremely pliable beaks and long bones.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Flock history Production or vaccination records Gross exam on birds Histopathology Bacterial cultures Virology - virus isolation and PCR molecular techniques Optional - radiology, special histology stains, immunohistochemistry 8. Nutritional and toxicological tests
What tests are readily available for feed or tissue analysis?
Typical splay-leg posture of turkey poult with rickets
Examples of nutrien and feed-related toxin analyses available at Midwest Diagnostic Labs Nutrient or feed supplement Antibiotics-feed Ash-feed and bone, Ca and P Beta carotene feed or tissue Crude fat-feed
Potential toxic compounds Anticoagulants Pesticides Chlorinated hydrocarbons Cholinesterase-brain (OPP)
Crude fiber-feed
Gas Chromatography-mass spectroscopy 200,000 organic compounds
Fatty acid profile
Heavy metals-As, Cd, Co, Ch, Pb, Hg
Protein-feed
Mycotoxin screen-Aflatoxin B1, Vomintoxin, DON, Tricothecene
Ionophore-feed or tissue
Normal growth plate in 5-week-old turkey - note uniform 1-2mm width at proximal tarsometatarsus (left) compared to wide and irregular growth plate in the 7-week-old turkey (right) with reduced bone ash in tibiotarsal bone (36%).
Organophosphate panel-feed
Selenium-feed and tissue Sodium-feed and tissue Trace elements-feed/liver, As, Ba, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, Hg, Mb, P, K, Se, Na, Th, Zn Vitamins (fat soluble)-feed, Vit A, D, E, K, Water-solutes, coliforms, sulfates, nitrates
Twenty-one-day-old broiler chicken: Nutritional rickets-A. Note the markedly pliable beak (â&#x20AC;&#x153;rubber jawâ&#x20AC;?) and B. flattened ribs with beaded/enlarged costochondral junctions (arrows).
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In cases of rickets a complete feed analysis for deficiency of protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D3, manganese and choline is recommended. 2. Osteomalacia - Also known as cage layer fatigue in laying hens, this nutritional disease is characterized by decreased mineral in bone resulting in soft, pliable bones including the beak, curved keel bone and beading of the ribs at the costochondral junction. High-producing hens maintained in cages can show paralysis during the period of peak egg production. Depletion of calcium in the medullary bone of the long bones is seen in caged layers; perhaps reduced activity/exercise is a predisposing factor. Affected birds can be found on their sides in the back of the cage. At the time of initial paralysis, birds can appear healthy and will have a shelled egg in the oviduct. Death occurs from starvation or dehydration, a failure of the birds to reach the feet or water. A high incidence of cage layer fatigue can be prevented if pullets receive a high calcium diet (minimum of 3.5% calcium) at least two weeks prior to the first oviposition. Older caged layers are also quite susceptible to bone breakage, particularly during transport to processing. The condition results in reduced mineral in bone (soft bones-osteomalacia) or bone with normal mineral content, but decreased in amount of total bone (osteoporosis).
Fifteen-week-old turkey with â&#x20AC;&#x153;cowboyâ&#x20AC;? legs or varus deformity caused by enlarged hock joint and bowed proximal tibiotarsal (shank) leg bones.
Chondrodysplasia (cartilage cores marked by stars) of turkey tarsometatarsus (shank, left photo) and radiograph (right) of one normal and two affected bones. 4. Vitamin E (alpha tocopherol)/Selenium deficiency - Also known as crazy chick disease or cherry brain, this disease is caused by deficiency of vitamin E. This deficiency is usually diagnosed in young chicks and turkey poults, but can affect a wide variety of birds. Vitamin E is a natural antioxidant and is need for maintenance of brain tissue and embryo development, especially in growing birds. Selenium is needed for vitamin E metabolism. Three conditions associated with vitamin E deficiency are encephalomalacia, exudative diathesis, and muscular dystrophy/degeneration; these all are related to oxidative damage to cells or blood vessels.
Adult caged laying hen with osteomalacia-note the curve in the keelbone. 3. Chondrodysplasia - This condition, observed in both turkey and broiler chickens, is characterized by failure of blood vessels to completely invade the growth plate of long bones, resulting in retained cartilage cores at the growth plate. There is a strong heritability factor with this condition, but it can, especially in broiler chickens, be exacerbated by rapid growth rate and reduced Vitamin D3 in the ration.
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Broiler chicken with vitamin E/Se deficiency (encephalomalacia).
- veterinary science -
VETERINARY SCIENCE
5. Fatty liver syndrome (hepatic lipidosis) - Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance of energy (positive energy gain) and protein intake. Fatty liver is observed most often in caged laying hens and occasionally in breeder turkey hens. Caged layers are particularly prone to fatty liver because of minimal exercise accompanied by high calorie intake; however, more cases of fatty liver in floor-raised brown egg layers have been diagnosed as well. The liver is enlarged, pale orange, soft, friable and is easily fractured. Rupture of the fatty liver with hemorrhage into the abdominal cavity is a common cause of death in laying hens. Treatment with choline chloride, vitamin K, biotin, and vitamin E in the feed for two weeks has been used to control mortality with varying results. Prevention is by use of an adequate diet with proper energy and protein levels. 6. Aortic rupture - This condition occurs sporadically in 14-15-week-old male turkeys or older, often appearing as spiking mortality. The toms are often found dead with blood exuding from mouth and nostrils. For years this condition has been attributed to both heritability and vascular hypertension, the latter which could be induced experimentally by severe copper deficiency. 7. Visceral gout/urolithiasis - Gout/urolithiasis is a condition very commonly seen in older layer flocks and is related to kidney failure. On occasion, gout can be a very significant part of flock mortality, sometimes as high as 0.5% per week, but is often an insignificant cause of low-grade mortality. Kidneys can be damaged by low phosphorus diets at any age, water deprivation at housing, high vitamin D3 in the ration, or excessive calcium before sexual maturity (15 to 16 weeks). Infectious bronchitis virus can cause renal damage and is often associated with urolithiasis. 8. Gizzard erosions - Erosions and ulcers of the koilin lining of gizzard in young poultry can cause inappetence as well as death from blood loss in severe cases. Koilin damage has been associated with adenovirus, reovirus, caustic chemicals, mycotoxins (suspected), and nutritional causes such as biogenic amines (gizzerosine, histidine) produced by rancid or spoiled fish and animal by products, especially fat.
(right). Specific etiologies were not identified in these cases, although feed toxins were considered. 9. Inadequate vitamin K supplmentation in feed - Increased dietary supplements can be essential during particular stages of growth or for under treatment condition. Vitamin K is a co-factor in the blood coagulation cascade. Vitamin K is generally adequate in feed, but should be supplemented when pullets are beak trimmed by hot blade. 10. Ionophore toxicosis - Polyether ionophores facilitate transport of divalent cations across cell membranes to interfere with osmoregulation, resulting in cell rupture. Toxicosis caused by ionophores is relatively common in poultry, because these compounds are commonly administered for the prevention and treatment of coccidiosis and are subject to overdosing and mixing errors. Additionally, these ionophores can interact with certain medications, such as sulfonamides, to cause toxicosis signs when the ionophore concentration in the feed is normal. 11. Sodium toxicosis - This condition occurs intermittently and clinical signs can result from elevated Na concentration in either feed or water. Properly formulating sodium concentration in the ration can be a challenge if there is high salinity in soil or drinking water. In general Na concentrations of Na in feed > 0.85% (8500 ppm) and in water > 0.4% (4000 ppm) can produce heart failure, pulmonary edema and ascites in young chicks and poults. In cases of suspected sodium toxicosis the Na concentrations in both feed and water should be determined. Young chicks or poults developing cardiomyopathy (â&#x20AC;&#x153;roundheartâ&#x20AC;?) will be more susceptible to pulmonary edema and ascites even under normal sodium concentrations in feed and water. Rations that are low in sodium can cause abrupt decrease in feed consumption and dehydration in chicks and poults, with similar changes and drops in egg production in mature layers. In summary, the diagnosis of nutrient deficiency or toxicosis and supplement toxicosis in a poultry flock often requires close examination of the flock, detailed record keeping and thorough diagnostic examination by the veterinarian and/or veterinary pathologist (veterinary diagnostic laboratory). This diagnosis can be expedited by thoughtful collection and storage of feed and water samples along with careful assessment of how costs should be directed for analysis of particular nutrients or toxins. The chance of a successful diagnosis as well as treatment/prevention is enhanced by regular communication between producer, production manager, veterinarian, nutritionist and veterinary pathologist.
Note the irregular erosions of the koilin lining the gizzard in 2-week-old Bobwhite quail (left) and 15-day-old turkey poults
- november 2017 -
References are available on request From the Proceedings of the 2017 Midwest Poultry Federation Conference
57
VETERINARY SCIENCE
A new era of veterinary oversight In June of 2015 The Food and Drug Administration announced their fi nal rule on Veterinary Feed Directives. This rule is intended to improve how antibiotics are used in agriculture by bringing them under veterinary oversight. This rule also prohibits production uses of antibiotics, limiting use to therapy or prevention. Producers have several responsibilities as well. They must agree to only use the medicated feed for the animals, which it was written for. The producer must not use the medicated feed past the expiration date listed on the VFD. Records need to be maintained for two years. Most of the antibiotics used in poultry medicine will fall under this new rule. There are a few exceptions: dewormers, Ionophores and bacitracin.
©cookfamilyfarm.com
In 2017 water based antibiotics fell under this rule. Antibiotics used in the feed must be used ONLY as their label lists. There is no EXTRA LABEL use of feed medications. The labels for most of the feed antibiotics used on poultry farms are very limited. Good diagnostics are the key to proving the correct antibiotic is being used.
As of January 1, 2016 most antibiotics used in animal feed needed a VFD issued by a licensed veterinarian. VFD stands for Veterinary Feed Directive. This is a fancy way of saying in order for a feed mill to make feed containing most antibiotics they will need a document from a licensed veterinarian before making that feed. These feed medications need to be used only as the label indicates, no exceptions.
Jill Nezworski DVM Blue House Veterinary LLC Hector MN, USA
58
In order for a veterinarian to write a VFD they first need to be licensed in that State. The next big requirement is to make sure a VCPR exists. VCPR stand for Veterinarian – Client – Patient – Relationship. This means that the issuing veterinarian needs to have a good enough relationship where they fully understand the animals, facility and diseases well enough that they assume responsibility for their treatment. They must also be available for any follow up care.
- veterinary science -
There is a long list of items that must be listed on the VFD form. Licensed poultry veterinarians will be aware of these requirements and write their VFDs to meet these requirements. The veterinarian is responsible for writing the VFD. Some drug manufacturers have developed their own forms and/or electronic reporting options. It is very important to all producers to develop a relationship with a veterinarian in advance of needing a VFD. This way when you have an emergency you won’t need a farm visit immediately prior to running medications. The other part of the rule is that water medications will transition from over the counter (OTC) status to prescription status. This means that farms will need to work with a veterinarian in order to use water medications. Each veterinarian will handle this process slightly differently. The producer will have to track their usage and inventory of medication. They will also have to follow the directions or protocols provided to them by their veterinarian. Paper presented at the Midwest Poultry Federation Convention
VETERINARY SCIENCE
- november 2017 -
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Via Garibaldi, 54 – 26040 Scandolara Ravara (CR) Italy Tel. (+39) 0375/95135 • Fax. (+39) 0375/95169 info@barbieri-belts.com • www.barbieri-belts.com
PREFABRICATED METAL PLANTS for aviculture, livestock farming and industry
Officine Meccaniche
VETTORELLO LUCIANO 35040 Casale di Scodosia (PD) • Italia • via Nuova, 1515 Tel. +39 0429 847062 • Fax +39 0429 848315 luciano@officinevettorello.it • www.officinevettorello.it
TURNKEY PROJECTS POULTRY INTEGRATED PROJECTS POULTRY EQUIPMENT FOR BROILERS AND LAYERS AVIARY SYSTEMS 2IÀFLQH )DFFR & 6 S $ Via Venezia, 30 - Marsango (PD) Italy Tel. +39 049 9698111 - Fax +39 049 9630605 | www.facco.net - facco@facco.net
Equipment
POULTRY EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURERS
GmbH & Co. KG
Dassendaler Weg 13 • D-47665 Sonsbeck (Germany) T: +49 (0) 2838 912-0 • F: +49 (0) 2838 2791 info@specht-tenelsen.de • www.specht-tenelsen.de
VALLI spa • via Cimatti, 2 • 47010 Galeata (FC) • Italy T: +39 0543 975 311 • F: +39 0543 981 400 E: info@valli-italy.com • I: www.valli-italy.com
POULTRY AND RABBIT T EQUIPMENT
Housing equipment for breeders, layers and broilers.
MBE srl via delle Fornaci 88/A 60044 Fabriano (AN) - Italy no.it Tel. 0732/627167 - info@mbefabriano.it - www.mbefabriano.it
www.vencomatic.com
Automatic rollaway nests Plastic slats Aviary systems Rearing systems Broiler systems Manure belts Manure drying systems Emission
Harselaarseweg 32, 3771 MB Barneveld, Holland Tel.: +31(0)342 42 70 00 Fax: +31 (0)342 42 70 01 Website: www.jpe.org E-mail: info@jpe.org
Impex Barneveld B.V. P.O. Box 20 • 3770 AA Barneveld • Holland T: 31 (0) 342 41 66 41 • F: 31 (0) 342 41 28 26 E: info@impex.nl • I: www.impex.nl
ZOOTECNICAINTERNATIONAL.COM
UPCOMING EVENTS 2018 January 30 to February 1
Contact: Tel. +61 2 9351 1656 Email: jo-ann.geist@sydney.edu.au
108 Marty Drive Buffalo, MN 55313-9338, USA Website: www.midwestpoultry.com
February, 5 to 7
March, 21 to 23
VIV-MEA 2018
Turkey Science and Production Conference
IPPE International Production and Processing Expo Georgia World Congress Center 285 Andrew Young International Blvd Atlanta, GA USA Contact: U.S. Poultry & Egg Association 1530 Cooledge Road Tucker, GA 30084 Email: pstates@ippexpo.org Website: www.ippexo.org
January 30 to February 1
Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Company (ADNEC) Khaleej Al Arabi Street P.O. Box 5546 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Contact: VIV Worldwide VNU Exhibitions Europe Ms. Renate Wiendels P.O. Box 8800 3503 RV Utrecht, The Netherlands Email: viv.mea@vnuexhibitions.com
MVC, Cereals, Mixed Feed, Veterinary 2018 Moscow, Exhibition of National Economy Achievements (VDNH), pavilionv75 Contact: MC “Expokhleb” Postal address: Pavilion “Khleboprodukty” (No 40), VDNH P.O. Box 34, Moscow, 129223, Russia Tel. + 7 (495) 755-50-38, 755-50-35 Fax: + 7 (495) 755-67-69, 974-00-61 Email: info@expokhleb.com Website: www.breadbusiness.ru www.mvc-expohleb.ru
January 31 to February 3 113th Edition of Fieragricola Verona Contact: Veronafiere Press Office Tel. +39 045 829 8242/8285/8350/8210 Email: pressoffice@veronafiere.it Website: www.fieragricola.it Twitter: @pressVRfiere
February, 6 to 8 AgroFarm All-Russian Exhibition Centre (VVC Grounds) in Hall 75 Moscow, Russia Contact: International exhibitor service and stand rental: Gennady Mindru Tel. +49 (0) 69 - 24788-278 Fax: +49 (0) 69 - 24788-138 Email: g.mindru@dlg-international.com Angelina Laas Tel. +49 (0) 69 - 24788-273 Fax: +49 (0) 69 - 24788-138 Email: A.Laas@DLG.org DLG International GmbH Eschborner Landstraße 122, D-60489 Frankfurt, Germany Tel. +49(0)69/24 788-257 Fax: +49(0)69/24 788-138 Email: info@dlg-international.com Website: www.dlg-international.com
March, 13 to 15 February, 4 to 7
MPF Convention
29th
New location for 2018: Minneapolis Convention Center Minneapolis, Minnesota
Annual Australian Poultry Science Symposium Big Picture, Big Data, Big Future Sheraton on the Park, Sydney The University of Sydney
Contact: Midwest Poultry Federation
Carden Park Hotel, Cheshire Cheshire, United Kingdom Contact: Tel.: +44 (0) 1829 733778 Mobile: +44 (0) 7710 063654 Email: 2017@turkeytimes.co.uk Website: www.turkeytimes.co.uk
March, 25 to 27 11th Asian Pacific Poultry Conference Paza Athénée - Royal Méridien Hotel Bangkok, Thailand Contact: Dr Charoen Parchariyanon Email: charoen@pcakinter.com Website: www.appc2018.com
May, 9 to 12 International Poultry Congress Cultural and Convention Center Omer Halisdemir University Nidge, Turkey Contact: Prof Dr Ahmet Sekeroglu Email: ahmet.sekeroglu@ohu.edu.tr Website: www.ipc2018.org
May, 15 to 16 British Pig & Poultry Fair NAEC Stoneleigh, Stoneleigh Park, Warks CV8 2LGGrandstand Stoneleigh Events Ltd Stoneleigh Park Warwickshire CV8 2LG, United Kingdom Contact: Switchboard: +44 (0) 24 7669 6969 Fax: +44 (0) 24 7685 8393 Email: teresag@stoneleighevents.com
Internet Guide ABVista emea@abvista.com Agritech agritech@agritech.it Aviagen info@aviagen.com Aviagen Turkeys Ltd turkeysltd@aviagen.com Avimpianti info@avimpia.it Aza info@azainternational.it Barbieri Belts info@barbieri-belts.com Bayer HealthCare Big Dutchman big@bigdutchman.com Biochem info@biochem.net Carfed Headquarters info@carfed.ch Carfed Italian Branch info@carfed.it Cobb Europe info@cobb-europe.com Codaf info@codaf.net Corti Zootecnici s.r.l. info@cortizootecnici.com DSM Nutritional Products Eurosilos SIRP contatti@eurosilos.it EuroTier eurotier@dlg.org Facco Poultry Equipment facco@facco.net Farmer Automatic info@farmerautomatic.de FIEM fiem@fiem.it Fiera di Forlì info@fieravicola.com FierAgricola Verona info@veronafiere.it Gasolec sales@gasolec.com Giordano Poultry Plast info@poultryplast.com H&N International info@hn-int.com Hubbard contact.emea@hubbardbreeders.com Hy-Line International info@hyline.com Impex Barneveld BV info@impex.nl Intracare info@intracare.nl Jansen Poultry Equipment info@jpe.org LAE-Anlagenbau GmbH info@lae-cuxhaven.de Linco Food Systems A/S linco@baader.com Lohmann Animal Health Lohmann Animal Nutrition Lohmann Tierzucht info@ltz.de Lubing MaschinenFabrik info@lubing.de Marel Poultry info.poultry@marel.com Maxitech info@maxitech.it Mbe Breeding Equipment info@mbefabriano.it Menci commerciale@menci.it Meyn sales@meyn.com MS Technologies sales@MSTegg.com Newpharm info@newpharm.it Officine Meccaniche Vettorello luciano@officinevettorello.it Omaz srl omaz@omaz.com Pas Reform info@pasreform.com Petersime N.V. info@petersime.com Prinzen BV info@prinzen.com Reventa info@reventa.de Roxell info@roxell.com Ska ska@ska.it Space info@space.fr Specht Ten Elsen GmbH & Co. KG info@specht-tenelsen.de Tecno Poultry Equipment info@poultryequipment.com TPI info@tpi-polytechniek.com U.S. Poultry & Egg Association info@uspoultry.org Val-co intl.sales@val-co.com Valli info@valli-italy.com VDL Agrotech info@vdlagrotech.nl Vencomatic info@vencomatic.com Victoria victoria@victoria-srl.com VIV Europe viv@vnuexhibitions.com Vostermans ventilation@vostermans.com
www.abvista.com www.agritech.it www.aviagen.com www.aviagenturkeys.com www.avimpia.it www.azainternational.it www.barbieribelts.com www.bayer.com www.bigdutchman.de www.languages.biochem.net www.carfed.ch www.carfed.it www.cobb-vantress.com www.codaf.net www.cortizootecnici.com www.dsm.com www.eurosilos.it www.eurotier.com www.facco.net www.farmerautomatic.de www.fiem.it www.fieravicola.com www.veronafiere.it www.gasolec.com www.poultryplast.com www.info@hn-int.com www.hubbardbreeders.com www.hyline.com www.impex.nl www.intracare.nl www.jpe.org www.lae-cuxhaven.de www.baader.com www.lohmann.de www.lohmann-an.de www.ltz.de www.lubing.com www.marel.com/poultry-processing www.maxitech.it www.mbefabriano.it www.menci.it www.meyn.com www.MSTegg.com www.newpharm.it www.officinevettorello.it www.omaz.com www.pasreform.com www.petersime.com www.prinzen.com www.reventa.de www.roxell.com www.ska.it www.space.fr www.specht-tenelsen.de www.poultryequipment.com www.tpi-polytechniek.com www.uspoultry.org www.val-co.com www.valli-italy.com www.vdlagrotech.nl www.vencomaticgroup.com www.incubatricivictoria.com www.viv.net www.vostermans.com
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English Edition Year XXXIX • November 2017
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purely professional.
GRINTA EVOLUTION SLAT Cod. 0450001
slats PALMY SLAT P Cod. 0450018 C
ECONOMICAL SLAT Cod. 0450002
BREEDER SLAT 1000X600 MM Cod. 0450006
www.poultryplast.com Giordano Poultry Plast S.p.A. Via Bernezzo, 47 - 12023 CARAGLIO - Cuneo - Italy Tel. +39 0171 61.97.15 Fax +39 0171 81.75.81 info@poultryplast.com
www.bigdutchman.de
Relax: the group laying nest for broiler breeders
Easier for you, easier for the birds. For modern and successful broiler breeder management, Big Dutchman offers tailor-made concepts, the required expertise and the necessary equipment. Our tried and tested Relax group laying nest with a divided roof and a nest locking mechanism is just one example. | High nest acceptance due to optimum entrance height | Rapid and easy monitoring of the nest and the egg belt with the help of the divided and very light nest roof | Optimum hygiene and cleaning owing to the clever, wood-free nest design | Reduced egg contact thanks to an egg belt with triangular holes | Highest egg quality as a result of short rolling-off distances and gentle transport of the eggs