Pangthang Site Group work

I K K I M

w h e r e n a t u r e s m i l e s

CONTRIBUTORS

Arpita Sharma Heer Patel Yug Shah Nikita Nath

Saylee Jain

Vedanshi Sarda Yashvee Sheth

INTRODUCTION

A group of seven enthusiastic students went to explore the state of sikkim and decided to pen down their vast resource of experience and collective information in a book. This book is an introduction to what the state is all about. The experience and information ranges talks about Sikkim’s role in a global context to a narrower perspective on a land which views the mighty Khangchendzonga in all its glory.

It aims to enlighten and explore the various existing geographical, historical and faces of Sikkim and how it revolves around its inhabitants. It delves deep into the human habitation of the land and their the lifestyle of people around. The book becomes a research point for designing spatial confluences for travelers and visitors to the state, providing a glimpse into different parts that make up this state. A little piece of heaven tucked away in the northeast of India.

Global Context

Regional Context

Local Context

Geography & Climate Tourism & Travel

Site Context

Geography & Climate

Tourism & Travel

Geography & Climate Tourism & Travel

Flora & Fauna

Flora & Fauna

Flora & Fauna

Flora & Fauna

History &

Narrative

History

Culture Narrative Reflections

Photo by Ruchit Patel

GEOGRAPHY

Numerous snow fed streams have carved out river valleys in the state. These streams combine into the major Teesta river and its tributary Rangeet, which flows through the state.

There is an abundance of extremely rocky slopes which present a hard look to the landscape. Hence the terrain that forms an exceedingly important portion of geography in Sikkim is not very fertile.

Sikkim has drastic variations of tropical, temperate and alpine climatic conditions, within small spans. It is also one of the very few states in the world that receives snowfall throughout the year, drawing people from across the world. The temperature falls down to as low as -5 degree celsius and goes only up to 17-18 degree celsius in summers. The land is humid and sticky due to its proximity to the Bay of Bengal and a direct exposure to southern monsoon.

A land at the cusp of cultural amalgamations by Bhutan, Nepal, Tibet and West Bengal the thumb shaped state of Sikkim is a quaint visit for the international travellers.

Bagdogra International Airport

1.2, Indian map indicating the location of Sikkim and different approach routes

1.1, World map showing the location of India

“The summit of Mount Khangchendzonga ornates the border between Sikkim and Nepal and invites the travellers to an unmatched view”

& CLIMATE

1.3, The map of Sikkim showing the topography, mountains and rivers.

8585 M

Khangchendzonga

Rangeet River Siniolchu

Goche Pandim

Teesta River

This sketch holds a memory. A memory of a place

A little piece of heaven

An escape far away.

I long for the hills again I long for the space

The chill that embraced us as the sun began to dip And the warmth that tried to sneak in, bit by bit

“MY REFLECTIONS”

Amidst the range of the sacred Himalayas, The grandeur I feel is impeccable.

Yearning to see it all, I explore and explore through the dense greens and the absolute whites.

Hesitating to leave the sanctum, I depart with a part of my soul in the mountains.

“MY REFLECTIONS”

This sketch holds a memory.

A memory of a place

A little piece of heaven

An escape far away.

I long for the hills again

I long for the space

The chill that embraced us as the sun began to dip

And the warmth that tried to sneak in, bit by bit.

FROM VEDANSHI

Amidst the range of the sacred Himalayas, The grandeur I feel is impeccable.

Yearning to see it all, I explore and explore through the dense greens and the absolute whites.

Hesitating to leave the sanctum, I depart with a part of my soul in the mountains.

Khangchendzonga, world’s third highest mountain is interpreted in Sikkim as the “Five Treasuries of the Great Snow” with an elevation of 28,169 feet. It is situated in the eastern Himalayas on the border between Sikkim state. The mountain holds an important place in the mythology and religious ritual of the local inhabitants.

Nathula Pass is around 53 km away from the main city of Gangtok. Apart from being one of the best tourist places in Sikkim, Nathula pass is a politically important point. It connects India to Tibet creating an amalgamation of Indian and Tibetan culture around this place.

Lachen, Lachung, Yumthang Villages

Visits to the Lachen monastery and the women’s handicraft centre to view weaving of traditional blankets and carpets provides insights into the local way of life. The sacred Gurudongmar lake at a height of 17,800 ft is encircled by snowy massifs.

Shingba Rhododendron Sanctury

Surrounded by striking Himalayan mountain ranges, the Shingba Rhododendron Sanctuary is home to a spectacular collection of more than forty unique Rhododendron species. The best time to visit is from April to July when the flowers are in full bloom.

Teesta River

Teesta River is a tributary of the Jamuna River (Brahmaputra River), flowing through India and Bangladesh. Flowing through the length of Sikkim, the Teesta River is considered to be the lifeline of the state.

Khangchendzongha

Nathula Pass

Khangchendzongha

Teesta River

Tsomgo LakeGoechela

Lachen

Gangtok

Nathula Pass

Lachen, Goechela, Tsomgo Lake, Gangtok,

Yak

1.11, Yaks belong to the cattle family and can survive only at altitudes above 10000 feet. They survive on alpine shrubs and can go without food for days together.

Red Panda

1.10, The Red Panda lives mostly on treetops. It is found at altitudes from 6,000 to 12,000 feet. It is the State Animal of Sikkim. About 2 feet in length, it belongs to the racoon family. It feeds mostly on bamboo leaves.

300m-900m

Tropical Semi-evergreen forests

1.13 , The Tropical semi-evergreen Forests have Sal as a dominant species.

900m-1800m

Sub-tropical broad-leaved hill forests

1.14, Macaranga, Schima, Eugenia, Sapium, Castanopsis and these are generally mixed with shrub species.

1800m-2700m

Himalayan 1.15, Rosa, typical Acer,

Shapi

1.12, Shapi an endangered animal, inhabits the alpine region. It is the size of a mountain goat and has a long white mane.

“The rarity of different species has been inviting a lot of foreign travellers to hunt and spot the animals in the snowy woods of Sikkim”

“The hide and hair of the yak is used for making crude canvas, tents, carpets and blankets and gives rise to a very niche furnishing industry in Sikkim”

3700m- 4000m

Moist Alpine forests

1.17, Rhododendron mixed with tough clumps of Juniperous, Salix, Berberis, Rosa and Lonicera are found here

2700m-3700m

Sub-alpine forests

1.16, Rhododendron are found, mixed with a variety of species like Gaultheria, Euonymus, Vibrunum, Juniperous and Rubus.

1800m-2700m

Himalayan wet temperate forests

Rhododendron, Ilex associated with Rosa, Rubus, Berberis and Viburnum. The typical temperate forests Quercus (Oak), Acer, Populus, Larix and Abies

Older than the dear, goat and sheep the rarity of Shapi is often associated with it living through the ice ages and having been survived the last tertiary of Pleistocene era. The sacred animal for Lepchas that they worship and consider as God that no one must harm or even speak about.

While researching about the flora of Sikkim, I came across some beautiful leaves which inspired me to make this composition. The shape and colour of the leaves intrigued me the most. Being a state known for its natural beauty, I think flora plays an important role in the way people perceive Sikkim.

REFLECTIONS”

Older than the dear, goat and sheep the rarity of Shapi is often associated with it living through the ice ages and having been survived the last tertiary of Pleistocene era. The sacred animal for Lepchas that they worship and consider as God that no one must harm or even speak about.

YUG

While researching about the flora of Sikkim, I came across some beautiful leaves which inspired me to make this composition. The shape and colour of the leaves intrigued me the most. Being a state known for its natural beauty, I think flora plays an important role in the way people perceive Sikkim.

HISTORY FOOD

Tea

Sikkim produces black teas, white tea made from the buds and unfurled new leaves; green tea, is known for its flowery liquor; and Oolong tea, which is fruity, fragrant and earthy.

Lepchas

Bhutias

Nepalese

The Kingdom of Sikkim was founded by the Namgyal dynasty in the 17th century. It was ruled by Buddhist priestkings known as the Chogyal. It became a princely state of British India in 1890. Following Indian independence, Sikkim continued its protectorate status with the Union of India after 1947, and the Republic of India after 1950. In 1975, after the Indian Army took over the city of Gangtok, a referendum was held that led to the deposition of the monarchy and Sikkim joining India as its 22nd state.

Sikkim contributes 86% of cardamom of the country. The crop grows well under the shade of forest trees at mid range altitudes with heavy rainfall.

Tongba

Laphing, brought by the Tibetans, was originally called ‘Liangfen’ or ‘cold noodles’.

A brewed fermented millet, it is a staple meal carried by travellers. A steady supply of hot water, with a cup of alcoholic seeds makes several rounds of warm, yeasty beer.

Thukpa Cardamom

Momos, originating from Tibet is a popular street food. They are steamed or fried dumplings with a filling.

Thukpa originated from eastern Tibet. It refers to any soup/ stew combined with noodles. It came to Sikkim through different immigrant communities.

CULTURE

1.27, Globally, Sikkim is known for five- coloured prayer flags that dot the landscape as well as the houses scattered across the street. According to Traditional Tibetan medicine, health and harmony are produced through the balance of the five elements. Blue symbolises the sky and space, white symbolises the air and wind, red symbolises fire, green symbolises water, and yellow symbolises earth. Another important part of Buddhist art and culture are the Thangka paintings, which depict sacred stories and values essential to the religion through motifs, themes and mythology.

Sikkim is nestled in the eastern Himalayas region is rich in biodiversity with rhododendron, red panda, Shapi being the most prominent ones. Teesta And Rangeet flows through west and east Sikkim respectively. Here in Sikkim, people from various cultures and communities Lepchas, Bhutias and Nepalese come together and live in harmony. Cardamom and tea is widely cultivated and exported because of its rich quality. Momo dumplings are enjoyed and are a indispensable part of every kitchen in Sikkim.

The land of spirituality, Sikkim, felt like a paradise. Every viewframe of mine was the union of the clouds in the pastel blue sky, the afar hills in the green and the reds, yellows and whites of the prayer flags that I brought home with me. The goodness came in all bright colors, cold breezes and extremely soothing views.

REFLECTIONS”

Sikkim is nestled in the eastern Himalayas region is rich in biodiversity with rhododendron, red panda, Shapi being the most prominent ones. Teesta And Rangeet flows through west and east Sikkim respectively. Here in Sikkim people from various cultures and communities Lepchas, Bhutias and Nepalese come together and live in harmony.

FROM HEER

The land of spirituality, Sikkim, felt like a paradise. Every viewframe of mine was the union of the clouds in the pastel blue sky, the afar hills in the green and the reds, yellows and whites of the prayer flags that I brought home with me. The goodness came in all bright colors, cold breezes and extremely soothing views.

NARRATIVE

1.28, The narrative depicts the heart of Sikkim, the state Sikkim is known for. A Thangka in the center gives the focus to the paintings, surrounded by the animals in the state. The frame in the background shows different terrains and locations which Sikkim is globally known for. The prayer flags and the Khangchendzonga are an essential part of the global image of Sikkim.

“MY REFLECTIONS”

FROM YASHVEE

Nestled in north east corner of India is a quaint little state of Sikkim. A stark contrast to my homeland Ahmedabad, the state is built on slopes of hills and mountains. Colourful houses having beautiful views from all sides adorn the landscapes.

The fluffy clouds provide a sense of mystery and intrigue as to what lies ahead but also fulfils my childhood dream of living on the clouds. It proves to be the perfect place to escape from the bustling city life but not too totally disconnect from the civilization. Sikkim is a nature’s lover’s true paradise.

“MY REFLECTIONS”

FROM SAYLEE

On the foothills of the mighty Kanchenjunga, where my beloved Teesta flows, I find myself wandering like a bird. A free spirit, akin to mother nature. The wind gently sways my hair and brushes my cheek like a tease.

The sky and the hills have made a union They lure me in and around The orchids and the butterflies Have manifested a tale and the fairy; the Yeti and the Shapi are now mesmerized.

Men have now come from ‘cross the globe

To worship this land And find themselves Only to be lost within, again.

& Craft History Religion Architectural Studies Dance & Music

Photo by Riona Shah

• Sikkim exhibits a variety of climatic types, from almost tropical conditions in the south to severe mountain climates in the north.

• Temperature conditions vary from sub-tropical in the southern lower parts to cold deserts in the snowy north.

• Winter: January - March: Average daytime temp. : -5 to 7 °C

• Summer: (March - April) Average daytime temp. : 5 to 25 °C

• Monsoon: (April - December) Average daytime temp. : 4 to 17 °C

•

The rainy season is classified into two types in Sikkim i.e. Summer rains and Winter rains. Southern Part of Sikkim sees more of summer rains, whereas Northern part foresees winter rains during August and September.

• The heavy rains and snows often trigger destructive landslides and avalanches.

• “It is dragon season in Sikkim. Monsoon storms hurtle against mountains with a savagery matched only by the ferocity with which the earth responds to this onslaught. Overnight, things sprout and grow. Little clusters of huts are lost in a wild exuberance of cardamom, banana, and deadly nightshade.”

• Sikkim is one of the few states in India to receive regular snowfall.

Tourism in Sikkim has emerged as the new profession of the Sikkimese people with its vast natural potential. Promotion of village tourism, homestay, cultural tourism, trekking tourism, ecotourism, wellness tourism, flora-tourism and adventure tourism has given a fillip to the tourism trade in the state.

Since 1996-97 the growth rate of trade, hotels and restaurants has started picking up and is growing consistently. In addition to this, trade and commerce, banking and insurance are also growing very satisfactorily. From 2000-01, transport and communication have also been consistently growing. This may be portrayed as the beginning of the end of government-sponsored growth story and rapid expansion of tourism activities may be viewed as one of the prime contributors towards this positive turn around in sustaining overall growth of the state’s economy.

1. Gurudongmar Lake

2. Zero Point

3. Upper Dzongu Forest Block

4. Mangan Village

5. Green lake

6. kanchenjunga waterfall

7. Yuksom

8. Rumtek Monastery

9. Rabdentse Ruins

10. Namchi

TOURIST

One of the most beautiful, pristine lakes in Sikkim, Gurudongmar lake sits in close proximity to the Tibetan and Chinese border in the north. Nested amidst the mountains at 5,183 meters, the freezing alpine lake is amongst the major sources of the river Teesta. The lake takes its name after the eminent guru Padmasambhava, who is believed to have traversed this region during his visit to Tibet.

The place is called Zero Point because this is where civilian road ends and civilians are not allowed to go beyond. The international border of China lies at a shouting distance from here. The area remains covered with thick snow most times of the season, which is why tourists flock to it in droves. It is considered to be one of the best places in Sikkim to enjoy snow.

The Upper Dzongu block and the villages it comprises, all are located on the other side of the Rungyung Chu river. To access the Upper areas of Dzongu, one has to cross the massive riverbed of Rungyung Chu. The vast riverbed can be crossed through a beautiful suspension Bridge at Mantam area.

The little town sits as the headquarter of the North Sikkim district, perched at an elevation of 4000 ft. above sea level, also serving as a transit base for people travelling to other much popular tourist destinations of the region including Lachung, Lachen and Chungthang.

The trek to Green Lakes, the base camp of Mount Khanchendzonga on the Zemu Glacier in North Sikkim is a splendid wal with the variety of flowers like rhododendrons, blue poppies and primulas around. The mountain views make the background of the trek. The Green lae base camp is more than 5000 meters

1. Gurudongmar Lake

3. Upper Dzongu Forest Block

TOURIST SPOTS

6. Kanchenjunga Waterfall

This waterfall is fed by the streams formed by the melting glaciers of Mt. Khangchendzonga and one has to climb up a little to reach at the base of the fall, and feel the striking water shaping the granite rocks underneath. A ropeway is built for the adventure enthusiasts, to feel the thrill of crossing the stream hanging from a harness.

Yuksom is a historical town in Geyzing subdivision of West Sikkim district in the Northeast Indian state of Sikkim. It was the first capital of Kingdom of Sikkim established in 1642 AD by Phuntsog Namgyal who was the first Chogyal (temporal and religious king) of Sikkim. The coronation site of the first monarch of Sikkim is known as the “Throne of Norbugang”.

8.

The monastery is also called the Dharma Chakra Centre. This is a Gompa, a Buddhist ecclesiastical fortification of learning, lineage and sādhanā that may be understood as a conflation of a fortification, a vihara and a university associated with Tibetan Buddhism and thus common in historical Tibetan regions including parts of China, India, Nepal, and Bhutan.

Rabdentse was the second capital of the former Kingdom of Sikkim from 1670 to 1814. The capital city was destroyed by the invading Gurkha army and only the ruins of the palace and the chortens are seen here now. However, the ruins of this city are seen close to Pelling and in West Sikkim district in the Northeastern Indian state of present-day Sikkim.

Namchi is situated at an altitude of 1,675 m (5500 feet) above sea level at a distance of 78 kilometres from the state capital Gangtok. One of the highlights of the town is the football stadium – the Bhaichung Stadium built by the Sikkimese government in honour of its most famous citizen, footballer Bhaichung Bhutia who owns a number of football schools all over India.

Chola range and Singalia range highly affects the physiography of the region. Sikkim has approximately 5,000 blossoming plants, 515 extraordinary orchids, 362 types of ferns & ferns’ allies, 8 tree ferns and more than 424 medicinal plants.

FLORA AND

BHORAL 2.27 2.29

2.26, It is used for house construction, scaffolding, ladders, mats, baskets, fencing, garden support, fodder, fishing rods, walking sticks, toolhandles, handicrafts etc. BAMBOO

TIBETAN WOLF

RHODENDERON, FERNS. PRIMULA SPECIES AND ORCHIDS

2.28, Rhodenderon are native north eastern species. Sikkim has over 500 species or orchids, Over 350 species of ferns, over 75 species of Primul Species.

2.21, Bamboo Forest, Namchi

2.22, Barsey Rhododendron Sancruary, West Sikkim

2.23, Khangchendzonga National Park, Chungthang

AND FAUNA

The woods provide a favorable abode to the wide-ranging fauna of Sikkim. The animal kingdom comprises Snow Leopard, Musk Deer, Bhoral, Himalayan Tahr, Red Panda, Himalayan Marmot, Serow, Goral amongst ohers

2.24, Fambonglho Wildlife Sanctuary, Gangtok

MAINLAND SEROW

The fauna of the region is vastly varied. most of the animals are the natives of the himalayan mountains. They have thick fur which is used by the locals to make local attire and furnishings

2.30 2.32 2.31

SNOW LEAPORD

2.25, Kyongnosla Alpine Sanctuary, Gangtok

PADDY, WHEAT, MILLET AND BARLEY

2.33, Paddy is the third most grown crop and rice is a staple diet for the natives. Other crops that are grown are wheat maize, barley, millets.

“The Feeling Of Food”

2.34, For a person who’s grown up eating spicy North Indian food, the Sikkimese thali was a pleasant change. Every meal started off with juicy momos. Meat based dishes, chicken, mutton and pork cooked in tangy Sikkimese flavors, were a delight to explore. Tongba, a local alcohol made from fermented barley, had a fruity flavor that perfectly tied together the spicy flavors of the thali.

FOOD

2.35, “Traditionally the royal family used low wide tables and benches covered by carpets to keep themselves warm even during the cold winter time. while having tea and food together”

2.36, The table features intricate, hand painted Buddhist iconographies throughout its entire body.

The table’s horseshoe style legs and aprons are painted with flying dragon heads, blooming peony flowers, and wish-granting jewels and other auspicious symbols to bring good luck and well wishes.

These motifs represent purity and enlightment.

DINING

2.37, Bread is stuffed with ground beef and cabbage made into semi-circles and then deep-fried.

2.38, It is a strip of pork fat that is stewed with dry chillies and radish. A spicy and tangy endeavour of this Sikkimese dish is rich in proteins and is made with no oil.

2.39, Is a dish made of soya beans that are boiled and fermented to attain a sticky texture. The dish gives out a pungent smell.

2.40, Yak buttermilk is boiled and the solid mass that is obtained is separated from the liquid and wrapped and hung in a thin cloth to drain out the water.

2.41, It is a fried bread that is usually served along with Potato Curry. For its preparation, water and rice are mixed together to form a paste. This is then deep-fried to perfection in boiling hot oil.

2.42, Dhindo is prepared by boiling water and slowly pouring in buckwheat, ground millet or cornflour. The mixture is then continuously stirred until a sticky paste is formed

Churpi

Sel Roti

Dhindo

Sha Phaley

Kinema

Phagshapa

2.48, Architecture: Thangka paintings on walls, ceiling of Rumtek monastery

Thangka Paintings

2.50, Tapestry: Stories from the life of Buddha

A thangka is a part of practiced religion. Originally painted by lamas or Buddhist priests, over the years, thangkas came to be made by lay painters. They underwent rigorous training in the traditional art, and worked with the guidance of lamas. In India’s northeastern state of Sikkim, Buddhism is a major presence. It’s used as tool while meditating

8 Auspicious Symbols in Buddhist Art

2.54, The Parasol

Prayer flags and their symbolism

SkyEarth White Fire Water

The Sacred Syllable, embodies pure body, speech, and mind

2.49, Wall mural : 84 Mahasid dhas

2.55, The Golden Fishes 2.56, The treasure vase 2.57, The Lotus

CULTURE

Symbolism through colour

2.51, Monastery with similar colour usage as seen is art

Jewel, altruistic intention for enlightenment, compassion, and love

Relevance of colours in Sikkim

PADME

Lotus, wisdom

HUM

Spirit of Enlightenment, the immovable, unfluctuating

2.52, Mask used in traditional dances showcasing te colours

2.53, Colours used in brocade of tapestry

MANI

White Conch shell

The Endless Knot

The Victory Banner

The Wheel

Eternity Buddha Lamas

The Circle of Life: Signifance and Motifs

2.67, Circle of life:

reward

Yama, God of death Nirvana: true liberation from cyclic existence

Outermost ring: process of cause & effect

2.68, Yama, God of death

Upper worlds: Titans, Gods, Humans

Lower worlds: Animals, Hungry spirits, The Damned

Cockerel, snake & boar: rep resenting desire, hatred, igno rance

2.69, Symbols depicting heaven, Gods

2.62, Components of the Circle of Life

CULTURE

Understanding the Mandala

Mandala is a circular figure representing the universe in Hindu and Buddhist symbolism. None of the puja rituals of a gompa is complete without the mandala. It is an endless circular space where the deities, yakshas, dak-dakinis are supposed to sit and respond to the call of the worshipper.

2.63, The basic sketch and proportion system drawn by monks before starting and madalas.

2.64, Understanding the basic geometry of the mandala and decoding how the central axis works

2.65, The circle of life, a famous thangka, shows the journey followed by human in a mandala form

2.66, The same geometry of sqaure within a circle with 4 gates is repeated in almost all mandalas

2.70, Buddhist symbol

2.71, Motif found on columns 2.72, Geometric flowers on the lintel

“MY REFLECTIONS”

FROM YASHVEE

“MY REFLECTIONS”

HISTORY & RELIGION

2.73, Lepchas are said to be the earliest. Lepchas brought in shifting cultivation and worshipped maligant spirits Undated

1300s

2.74, The Bhutia began entering the area from Tibet in the 14th century.

Mid 18 century

2.75, Sikkim fought a series of territorial wars with both Bhutan and Nepal beginning in the mid-18th century, and Nepal subsequently came to occupy parts of western Sikkim and the submontane Tarai region to the south.

1600s

2.76, The kingdom of Sikkim was established in 1642, Phuntsog Namgyal, the first chogyal (temporal and spiritual king), came from the Bhutia community.

19751950

2.77, Long a sovereign political entity, Sikkim became a protectorate of India in 1950 and an Indian state in 1975

2.78, The Namgyal dynasty ruled Sikkim until 1975. In a special referendum held in 1975, more than 97 percent of the electorate voted for the merger of Sikkim with India.

defining the character of Sikkim. The prayer wheel are used to accumulate merit, to help all beings in the world and to purify their karma. The dragon represents the strong male yang principle of heaven, change, energy, wealth and creativity.

Sikkim

TSUKLAKHANG MONASTERY

2.80, The principal place of worship is the Royal Chapel of the Chogyals, which also houses an assembly hall, a sizable library of Buddhist texts, and altars decorated with images of the Buddha, Bodhisattvas and Tantric deities.

The Sikkimese royal family held their coronation, weddings and victory rituals in Tsuklakhang Palace.

In honour of Mount Khangchendzonga, the palace celebrates Pang Lhabsol in the middle of September, while Kagyad is observed in the first few days of December.

Auspicious colors in Buddhism

THE ROYAL

2.81, From the Gate

2.82, Monastery Building

Khangchendzonga

2.71 2.72 2.73

2.84, Tsukhlakhang Monastery Master Plan

2.83, Back Entry to the Monastery Public Private

Community Hall Monastery (Lakhang) Meditation hall

Hostel

The Royal Chapel Classrooms

2.85,

2.86,

& Circulation

2.87,1. Guru Padmasambhava

2. Place for monks to sit and pray

3. Main monk seats

PLANNING

2.89, Elevation B

2.90, Elevation A

OPENINGS & DETAILS

2.91, The window pattern used here is a derivative of swastika.

2.92, The window frames are highlighted with floral patterns in color blue.

2.93, The border on the three sides are carved from a wooden piece in a geometrical pattern.

Motif used to prevent the evil to enter

1” thk. wooden beading used to make the frame

Solid Wooden panelling

2.94, Detail sketch of the Window typology 1

OPENINGS

2.95, The border on the three sides are carved from a wooden piece in a geometrical pattern.

2.96, The brass handle has a tied knotted cloth of all five colors representing the five elements of life.

2.97, The sun and moon pattern on the top prevents any evil to enter the premises

2.101, Door Elevation

DETAILS

2.98, The lintel decor has been carved from wooden pieces and coloured with the five auspicious colours.

2.99, To hide the idol inside, a curtain has been draped over the opening.

2.100, Ornated brass handles have been used at the main openings (door).

Back Panel

Stone Wall

Lintel Decor

2.102, Door Section

Door Panel

2.103, Detail 01

Front Panel

2.104, Detail 02

Door Panel

Brass Handle

OPENINGS & DETAILS

2.105, The sun and moon pattern on the top prevents any evil to enter the premises

2.106, Floral motif on the fixed solid panel below the window as a highlight.

2.107, The cubes protude prominently in the lintel.

Motif used to prevent the evil to enter

1” thk. wooden beading used to make the frame

Solid Wooden panelling

2.108, Detail sketch of the Window typology 2

COLUMN & DETAIL

Beam Chock Block Cap Block Column

2.109, Elevation of the Column

2.110, Diagram showing the transfer of load through the columns

2.111, Exploded of the Column

INTERIORS

The Spatial arrangement of the monastery as a miniature painting on the walls in the foyer

2.112, The sacred prayer hall, where the monks worship for Lord Buddha and Guru Padmasambhavana.

LIMBOOS

vernacular houses

The plans are fairly simpler in terms of dividing with partitions, since majorly the walls are stone built.

A peripheral balcony is found around the house. Living room is generally found on the top floor and other spaces below (ground floor).

The main building materials used in the limboos vernacular houses are : Stone for walls and foundation, Wooden paneled walls, Mud flooring, wooden structural elements - joists, beams.

The materials are relative to the topography of the region i.e. mountanious.

2.113, Schematic Plan

2.114, Window Detail

2.116, Flooring Detail A

2.115, Front Elevation

2.117, Door Detail

2.118, Internal Section

BHUTIAS

vernacular houses

The house is divided with into different spaces with wooden partitions.

The entry leads to the foyer, which then leads to both living room and kitchen; wherein the living leads to a private room.

The main building materials used in the Bhutias vernacular houses are : Stone structural columns, foundations, Ekra infills in the partition (Wattle & Dab) with wooden frames.

The materials are relative to the topography of the region i.e. mountanious.

2.122, Internal Section

2.119, Schematic Plan

2.120, Schematic Door detail & decor 2.121, Door lintel detail

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

DUNG-CHEN

2.123, Long horn or Dung-Chen is a unique Tibetan traditional ritual music instrument made from brass trumpet. It was played for inviting Atisha, one of the great Indian Buddhist Masters, who was invited by Lha-Tsun Jang Chup-Woe to preach Buddhism in Tibet.

The Dung-Chen is always played in pairs. A DunchChen is around ten to twelve feet in length. For portability, it is fashioned of four or five separate sections which telescope into each other.

THE KAR-DUNG

2.124, The Kar-Dung (Conch Shell) was absorbed by Vajrayana Buddhism as a symbol which fearlessly proclaimed the truth of the dharma. Among the eight symbols, it stands for the fame of the Buddha’s teaching, which spreads in all directions like the sound of the conch trumpet.

Traditionally, the conch is used in Tibetan Buddhism for various ritual purposes; such as the prayer ceremony, for making offering and so forth. During actual ritual ceremony, it is played in paired with other ritual instrument.

INSTRUMENTS

2.125, Tingsha are small cymbals used in prayer and rituals by Tibetan Buddhist practitioners. Cymbals are circular chimes that have chants or energy symbols embedded around the outer surface. Two cymbals are joined together by a leather strap or chain.

The Tingsha cymbals are generally made of copper metal alloys such as bronze or brass. These metals provide harmonic high-pitch lingering sounds when clapped together.

TINGHSHA Gya-Ling

2.126, It is one the traditional ritual instrument made from a hardwood bore, such as teak or black rosewood. It is a type of flute instrument derived from Indian tradition. It is highly decorated with an elaborate, gilded copper, bellshaped trumpet end, and a reed mouthpiece with a small resonator made of beaten metal.

It has seven holes at the front and one at the back, quite similar to the Western recorder and its wooden bore is decorated with copper wire, coiled between each holes.

2.127

DANCE FORMS

Zo mal lok (Lepcha)

This dance of Lepcha community shows normal activities such as sowing, reaping and harvesting of paddy. Musical instruments used to support the dance are Tungbuk, Flute, Cymbal, Drum, etc.

Chu Faat (Lepcha)

Literal meaning of ‘Chu’ is Snowy Range, while that of ‘Faat’ is Worship.This group folk dance is performed in the honour of Mount Khangchendzonga, the guardian deity of the Sikkimese people.

Yak Chham (Bhutia)

This dance depicts the movements of the yak and the simple lifestyle of the herdsmen of the mountains. The dancers don the costume and mask of the yak, and tune their steps to traditional songs and instrumental music.

2.129

‘Ka’ means ‘oral transmission’, ‘Gyed’ means ‘eight’ and ‘Chham’ means ritualistic dance. It is a time of celebration for the Bhutias as they welcome the New Year. They visit the monasteries and offer prayers by lighting butter lamps and offering cash and kinds to the monasteries.

2.131

They are the mask dances where the theme is triumph of good over evil and exercising malignant demons. The beginning of the dance is proclaimed from the inside of the Gompa Monastic Dances

Chyap Brung (Nepali)

This is the traditional musical instrument of the Limboo community which is like a Dholak in shape but much bigger in size. During the course of group dance, male dancers hang the instrument around their necks and beat the drum with an open palm on one side and a stick on the other.

Kagyed (Bhutia)

2.133, “The three ethnic communities, Lepcha, Bhutia and Nepalis constitute the folk dances and songs which are an ingrained part of Sikkimese culture. This music and folk dances relate to the beauty of the natural surroundings, depicting the harvest season and are performed for good luck and prosperity. Some of the popular music and folk dances are described below.” - Sikkim Tourism

ATTIRE

It is a popular dress that is worn by Nepalis and Bhutias of Sikkim. The Bhutia’s call it Kho, Nepalis of Sikkim call it Bakhu. The dress is like a cloak that can be grabbed and tied around the waist as well as the neck. A lot of people use silk and cotton belts to tie the dress around their waist. And a lot of people wish to

Thokro Dum

It is worn by the Lepcha Community of Sikkim. The dress has white pajamas that stretch up to the calves and it highly resembles the martial art dress. The outfit also has Yenthatse which is a Lepcha shirt. To complement the attire further, people also wear a cap named Shambho. And to top all of it, there is a multi-colored cloth that’s pinned on a shoulder and held like a waistband.

2.140, Kho Bakhu

2.135

It is a traditional dress that’s worn by the women of Lepcha and it involves an ankle-length, smooth, silky garment that’s worn like a saree. Underneath this attire, they wear a loose-fitting blouse called Tago. To complete the look the women also prefer wearing a belt called Nyamrek, a cap named Taro and carry a Gorey which is a multicoloured scarf.

2.141, Dumvum

Kho Bakhu

This is a traditional attire that comes in multiple hues and Nepalese women wear it usually during their festivals. The upper body in this attire is wrapped by an elegant loose blouse and then covered with a cloth which is fastened from four sides. They wear Hembari which is a piece of cloth wrapped around

It is an attire that’s worn by Nepalese Men. The attire has trousers and above people. There is a churidar bottom that sticks to the legs and that’s called

The male costume of Lepcha tribe is made to help the men with their daily

Dum 2.144,

2.145, Dum Praa

CULTURAL

NARRATIVES

Sacred Groves

2.146, There is a belief of landscape as a sacred entity in Kathmandu. A devi is supposed to be located in a grove only if the shaman can sense her presence through the trance. According to the shaman devi leads them to the exact spot where she wants to reside and when she asks to stop,it becomes a devithan.

Nepalese are the keepers of landscapes in Sikkim.

Fig. Tingchim Pawo Nadu in trance. The pawo and the nejum are responsible for maintaining good relations with the Bhutias’ ancestors and lineage protectors through possession and offering rituals.

Naming the Bhutia Houses

2.147, The names of the houses are selected on the basis of history and locality. These play a pivotal role in the identity of Bhutias.

• Khyoba- middle of the village

• Gagyap- hillback

• Chulung- Waterway

• Chu Phaka - other side of water.

FOLKLORE

2.148, “The two river spirits used to meet secretly. When their love came to light, they offered prayers to Kongchen Kongchlo (Mt Khangchendzonga) and chose to leave their homeland and travel to a far-off land. The river spirits decided to take different routes, promising to meet at Pozok (now known as Peshok, near Darjeeling, located above the confluence of Rangeet and Teesta). They challenged each other to a race down to the faraway plains.

After what seemed like an eternity, Rangeet finally arrived in and saw that Rongnyu was already waiting for him on the plains below. “This-see-tha (When did you arrive)?” he exclaimed in utter shock and disbelief at having lost the race. His pride was deeply wounded. Enraged Rangeet, turning back towards the Himalayas started causing destruction.

People living in the valley thought themselves to be responsible of not worshipping the local diety, who is now furious with them. Hence, the people (lepchas) started a tradition of making offerings to the river by bride and grooms in every wedding.”

A Lepcha folktale

2.149, The story revolves around a Yeti who is usually found in higher mountanious regions. Yeti named Atek comes in search for food and finds man playing flute. She makes his play the flute everyday , threatening her life. However the man with his wit, manages to put the Yeti on fire to sacre her away for eternity. Hence, Yetis are said to be found only in higher altitudes.

The story of Jyamphi Moong

The story of Teesta and Rangeet

“MY REFLECTIONS”

FROM HEER

“MY REFLECTIONS”

NARRATIVE

2.150, Delving into the region a little deep, We see the prominence of the capital I.E. Gangtok, it’s rich culture of the monastery, the prayer wheel, traditional food with rice, maize, paddy as its main ingredients and the tourist attraction point of Indo-Tibet border which is Nathula Pass.

“MY REFLECTIONS”

FROM NIKITA

The boundaries have blurred as the clusters of weeds crawl over the mountains, and the little white flower tries to peep through, nodding her head as a breeze flutters in. The enormous clouds hold still, a blanket shrouding the peaks ahead. I stumble over some loose earth, lured by the temptation to go a little further to the edge, and to become a part of the blues and greens that spill around me.

REFLECTIONS”

FROM SAYLEE

In the La-Khang, when the prayer begins, I am entranced.

The man in red plays the clarinet, Dung-Chen they say Another, the Gya-ling Some words I don’t understand.

The colors and the wards And the monks and the lords The windows and the niches And the rhythm of the preaches

It has now been an hour that I don’t realize I am inside the hall But looking inside

A teardrop has made this, A memory of a lifetime.

Photos by Vedanshi Sarda

History & Culture Narrative Reflections

Gangtok is the capital of Sikkim state, northeastern India. It lies on a tributary of the Teesta River in the southeast-central part of the state at an elevation of about 5,600 feet (1,700 metres).

The city’s name means “Top of the Hill.”

CLIMATE

Gangtok, located at 27.33° N 88.62° E.[2], has an average elevation of 1437 metres (4714 feet).

Because of its elevation and sheltered environment, Gangtok enjoys a mild, temperate climate all year round.

Owing to its elevation, fog often envelopes Gangtok during the monsoon and winter months.

Between June and September (the monsoon months), the rain often causes landslides in the area.`

3.3, Site pangthang

Gangtok

3.5, Enchey Monastery

APPROACH METHODS

3.7 , Gangtok connects to the rest of India by NH-31A, linking Gangtok to Siliguri, located 114 km (71 miles) away in the neighboring state of West Bengal.

The highway also provides a link to the neighboring hill station towns of Darjeeling and Kalimpong, representing the nearest urban areas.

The station of New Jalpaiguri, a suburb of Siliguri, situated 124 km (77 miles) away from Gangtok provides the nearest railhead connection to the rest of India.

Bagdogra Airport, 16 km (10 miles) from Siliguri offers the nearest airport service. A new airport, the state’s first, began service mid2005.

Although Gangtok lacks an airport, a regular helicopter service links the city to Bagdogra airport, near Siliguri.

Deorali Orchid Sanctuary

Deorali Orchid Sanctuary in Sikkim is renowned for its rare and extensive collection of orchids. The noteworthy feature of the sanctuary is the fact that the orchids in the reserve vary depending upon the change in seasons. Of 454 species of orchids known to exist in the world, 200 species are found in the sanctuary. Besides preserving the diversity of orchid species, Deorali Orchid Sanctuary is an ecological hotspot.

The Himalayan Zoological Park is located in Bulbuley, 3 km away from Gangtok. Spread over 205 hectares of land in the mountainous terrain, the park is home to snow leopard cat, goral, Himalayan palm civet, Himalayan red panda, Himalayan monal pheasant. Himalayan Zoological Park is the first Zoological park of Sikkim. The Park accomplishes the perception of modern zoo, where the animals are kept in replicated natural conditions.

Jawaharlal Nehru Botanical Garden

It is located at a distance of 500 m from Rumtek Monastery and 21 km from Gangtok. There are more than 50 different varieties of tree species located inside this garden. Garden includes dense temperate forests of Oak. The wide range of plants and flowers is often regarded as the result of variation of altitude from 1800 mts to 2200 mts. The Garden is a concoction of well-nursed tropical and temperate plants.

Himalayan Zoological Park

“MY REFLECTIONS”

FROM NIKITA

“MY REFLECTIONS”

M.G. Road runs through the main commercial district of Gangtok. Many shops run by members of the Marwari community or migrant Biharis thrive there.

Palzor Stadium Road

Also called P.S. Road, it joins the low lying localities and suburbs with the main town. As it nears its end, many hotels flank it, as well as the stop of the SNT or the Sikkim National Transport Buses. The top floor of Hotel Tibet serves as the residence of the Dalai Lama when he visits Gangtok.

MG Road Lal Bazar

The main market of the town occurs at the end of M.G. Road. Farmers from all over the state and adjoining areas including Nepal and Bhutan come to the market to sell their produce every weekend.

The Siniolchu Lodge

The Siniolchu Lodge, located near the Enchey Monastery, represents Gangtok’s highest lodge. The lodge stands close to the state’s main TV transmission tower.

TRAVEL

Dro drul Chorten stupa

The stupa houses a complete set of relics, holy books, and mantras. One hundred and eight Mani Lhakor, or prayer wheels surround the edifice. The complex houses a religious school.

Rumtek monastery

The Rumtek Monastery on the outskirts of the town constitutes one of Buddhism’s most sacred monasteries. The monastery serves as the seat of the Kagyu order, one of the major Tibetan sects, and houses some of the world’s most sacred and rare Tibetan Buddhist scriptures and religious objects in its reliquary.

The Namgyal Research Institute of Tibetology

The Namgyal Research Institute of Tibetology, better known as the Tibetology Museum, houses a huge collection of masks, Buddhist scriptures, statues, and tapestries. Housing over two hundred Buddhist icons, the institute serves as a center for the study of Buddhist philosophy.

The Himalayan Zoological Park

The Himalayan Zoological Park exhibits the fauna of the Himalayas in their natural habitats. The zoo features the Himalayan Black Bear, the barking deer, the snow leopard, the civet cat, red pandas and the spotted deer.

LOCAL EXPLORATIONS

Losar New Year - All the Buddhists come together in the monasteries on every 22nd day of the 9th month, according to the Tibetan calendar which is October mostly, to celebrate the festival.

Football (soccer) and cricket represent the two most popular sports. The Paljor Stadium, which hosts football matches, provides the sole sporting ground in the city.

Saga Dawa - Held on full moon night by May end or early June, Saga Dawa is a celebration of three significant events in the history of Lord Buddha’s life. The events are his birth, enlightenment and ‘parinirvana’. The celebration begins with offering of prayers in all monasteries.

EXPLORATIONS

Drupka Deshi - Drukpa Tshechi. This festival celebrates Lord Buddha’s first preaching of the Four Noble Truths to his first five disciples at Saranath. The festival is held on the 4th day of the 6th month of the Tibetan lunar calendar.

Residents of Sikkim love music. Western rock music normally plays in homes and restaurants. Indigenous Nepali rock music suffused with a western rock beat and Nepali lyrics, has a popular following as well as Hindi pop songs.

Losoong - ‘Sonam Losar’ meaning the Farmer’s New Year. Evidently, Losoong is celebrated as the harvest festival of Sikkim as well. Archery competition among the youth is the mainstay of this festive celebration. Some monasteries organize lama dances which symbolically drive away the evils of the year to end and welcome the good vibes of the year to begin.

NARRATIVE

3.24, Bustling with activities, the city of Gangtok comes alive early in the morning, and the lights flicker on in the streets till the early hours of dawn. From the diverse crowds at Mg Road, where tourists and locals are found throughout the days, to the quieter parts on the outskirts of town, the city befriends a diverse fabric of people with open arms. Gangtok is surrounded by football grounds, monasteries, army camps, and lovely homestays speckled a few kilometers from the main city. It is the heart of Sikkim, a beautiful montage of people, culture and time.

Analysis

Narrative

Photo by Vedanshi Sarda

SITE APPROACH

4.1, To reach the site, we start on the Gangtok Chunthang Road. After travelling through the densely forest region and enjoying the natural beauty for 11 km, we turn right onto a connecting road which leads to the site.

1. Takse International School (1.1 km away)

Taktse International School is a not-for-profit co-educational school located near Gangtok, Sikkim.

2. Kanchenjunga view point (27.5km)

A viewpoint for the majestic Kanchenjunga a few kilometers away, offers a feast for the eyes and a breath of fresh mountain air.

3. Gongchang monastery (4.2km)

Tourists scrounging for monasteries in Sikkim never fail to miss out on the Gongchang monastery. Built in 1981, it falls on the North Sikkim highway.

4. Bhaichung Bhutia’s house (1.3km)

Bhaichung Bhutia, an internationally known football player, has his residence, Eagle’s Nest, and homestay situated close to Pangthang. This beautiful home attracts many who visit Sikkim.

Eagles Nest

Gangtok Chungthang Road

Gongchang Monastery

Existing Building

Takse International School Kanchenjunga view point

FLORA AND

The site has a varied range of flora on and around the slope. The ground is filled with Ferns, Basuti Vasaka and False Nettles. It has a few oddly grown copperleaves, and shell ginger shrubs and three prominent trees.

The site has a lots of leaches. Forests around the site have deers, leapors and Himalayan bears. There is Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary in the East Sikkim Region.

4.10, Deers

Shell Ginger

4.8, This plant is a rhizomatous, evergreen tropical perennial that grows in upright clumps 8 to 10 ft. The plant’s long leaf blades are used for wrapping zongzi, a traditional Chinese dish made of rice stuffed with different fillings.

Justicia Adhatoda Basuti Vasaka

4.9, It is a shrub with 1020 lance-shaped leaves 8-9 centimeters in length by four wide. They are oppositely arranged, smooth-edged, and borne on short petioles

AND FAUNA

Acalypha Ostryifolia Hornbeam Copperleaf

4.12, It is an annual herb reaching a height of up to 75 cm tall. it is a summer weed growing in cultivated fields and abandoned places. Flowering time is from June to November.

Dennstaedtia punctilobula Hay Scented Fern

4.13, Hayscented Fern creeps by rhizomes to form a solid ground cover that few weeds can penetrate.

4.15, False-Nettle Leaved Pepper is an erect subshrub 1-3 m tall, hairless, most parts usually drying black. False-Nettle Leaved Pepper is found in Eastern Himalayas, from Bhutan to NE India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sikkim.

Fambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary

It is is a 51 km2 (20 sq mi) large wildlife sanctuary in East Sikkim district of the state of Sikkim in India. It is contiguous with Khangchendzonga National Park and located around 30 km (19 mi) west of Gangtok. It hosts a few small hamlets inside, namely Dikchu, Pangthang, and Mangan and is managed by State Forest Department.

SITE ANALYSIS

About the site :

The site for the client Yuthok Semla is located in Pangthang. We stand at the entrance and watch the mersmerizing view of the majestic Khangchenjunga ranges. As we descend downwards, through a rocky slope we reach the bottom of the to be built form. It serves as a semi-private space with trees and shrubs surrounding it.

The major factor of the site is the view of the Khangchengdzonga range.

Khangchendzonga

Entry towards the north 2.72

View 0.0 Existing Retaining wall on the site

SITE schematic section

Existing Retaining wall

Entrance of the existing proposed structure

Bottom of the proposed structure

Road towards the hotel being built

1920 m

Flora found on the site

1900 m

VIEW FROM

Key Plan

NARRATIVE

4.0, The road to the site is a rugged, rocky, clear curve. The site is a hidden diversion from the main roads, a few kms away from the capital city, Gangtok. The path leads to a beautiful view of the Mountains. The dense, thick, white clouds cover the view of the majestic Mt. Kanchenjunga in the monsoons. The slope is steep and houses a cluster of ferns, shrubs and weeds. The entire landscape of the site is a surreal nature’s painting.

REFERENCES

Global Context

1.1- 1.3- Yug Shah

1.41.51.61.71.81.9- Vedanshi Sarda

1.10- Heer Patel

1.11- 1.12- Heer Patel

1.13- 1.17- Nikita Nath

1.181.191.201.21- 1.26- Arpita Sharma

1.27- Vedanshi Sarda

1.28- Yug Shah

Regional Context

2.12.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9

2.10- Yug Shah

2.11- https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Buddhist_Flag_ flutters_in_GuruDongmar_Lake.JPG

2.12- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rG_qNNAx3uc

2.13- https://www.darjeeling-tourism.com/darj_00020e.htm

2.14- https://sikkimadventuretourism.com/mangan

2.15- https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/sikkim/green-lake.html

2.16- https://www.gosahin.com/places-to-visit/kanchenjunga-falls/

2.17- https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/sikkim/how-reachyuksom.html

2.18- https://www.tourmyindia.com/states/sikkim/rumtek.html

2.19- http://www.sikkimstdc.com/GeneralPages/Details/RabdentsePalace/181/Details.aspx

2.20- https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/ story/71303/top-7-things-to-do-in-namchi-sikkim

2.21- https://www.flickr.com/photos/asienman/21095920155

2.22- https://www.nomadicweekends.com/listings/barsey/

2.23- https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/ the-ultimate-travel-goals-list-take-a-trip-to-indias-10-heritagesites-this-summer/khangchendzonga-national-park-sikkim/ slideshow/63342381.cms

2.24- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fambong_Lho_Wildlife_ Sanctuary

2.25- https://www.tripadvisor.com/Attraction_Review-g659796d3913125-Reviews-Kyongnosla_Alpine_Sanctuary-Gangtok_East_ Sikkim_Sikkim.html

2.26- 2.33- Saylee Jain

2.34- Heer Patel

2.352.36-

2.37- 2.42- Arpita Sharma

2.43- 2.47- Vedanshi Sarda

2.482.49 2.50-

2.512.522.532.542.552.562.57- 2.59- https://www.thangka-mandala.com/blog/the-wheel-oflife/ 2.602.612.622.632.64- 2.66- Yashvee Sheth 2.672.682.692.702.712.722.732.742.752.762.772.782.79- Arpita Sharma 2.80- Nikita Nath

2.81- 2.83- Arpita Sharma 2.84- 2.87- Heer Patel 2.88- Nikita Nath 2.89- 2.90- Heer Patel 2.91- 2.93- Heer Patel 2.94- 2.122- Vedanshi Sarda 2.123- 2.126- Yashvee Sheth 2.1272.1282.1292.1302.1312.1322.133- Vedanshi Sarda 2.1342.1352.1362.1372.1382.139-

Local Context

3.13.23.33.43.53.63.7- Yug Shah

3.8- 3.11- Heer Patel

3.123.133.14-

3.15- https://www.outlookindia.com/outlooktraveller/explore/ story/70212/secret-gangtok-5-things-that-no-one-will-tell-you-about 3.16- https://www.yatra.com/hotels/hotels-in-gangtok/hotel-tibet

3.17- https://www.trekearth.com/gallery/Asia/India/Northeast/ Sikkim/Gangtok/photo916417.htm

3.18- https://www.justdial.com/Gangtok/Hotel-Mount-SiniolchuNear-Enchey-Monastery-Raj-Bhawan/9999P3592-3592130430171101-T2I6_BZDET

3.19- https://www.holidify.com/places/gangtok/do-drul-chortensightseeing-1825.html

3.20- https://www.trawell.in/sikkim/gangtok/rumtek-monastery 3.21- https://www.destimap.com/index.

php?act=attraction&a=Namgyal-Institute-of-Tibetology%2CGangtok%2C-India

3.22- https://www.destimap.com/index.

php?act=attraction&a=Namgyal-Institute-of-Tibetology%2CGangtok%2C-India

3.23- Vedanshi

3.24- Yug Shah

Site Context

4.1- Yug Shah

4.2- 4.7- Heer Patel

4.8- 4.15- Saylee Jain

4.16-