Enfield Food Landscapes

Enfield Food Landscapes

A strategy towards food sovereignty in Enfield

——The transformation of farmland and community space in Enfield

Capitalist industrial agriculture, what have you done?

Humanity cries: No Food!

Food sovereignty, our hope!

Cultural diversity to all peoples of Mother Earth!

2021-2022 Landscape Urbanism Msc - Final Project Architectural Association School of Architecture Team 4 Yaqi Xu/Yueming Gong/Yuanxi Liu/Yechun Weng Directors Jose Alfredo Ramirez Galindo Clara Oloriz Eduardo Rico-Carranza Technical Tutor Daniel Kiss

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FOOD SOVEREIGNTY AA LANDSCAPE URBANISM “ The right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food pro-

ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION SCHOOL

duced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their

OF ARCHITECTURE

right to define their own food and agriculture systems. ”

TUTOR JOSÉ ALFREDO RAMÍREZ CLARA OLORIZ EDUARDO RICO-CARRANZA

SUBMITTED BY YAQI XU YECHUN WENG YUANXI LIU YUEMING GNOG

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CONTENT

01 Food Sovereignty

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ABSTRACT

02 Background

From health issues to daily diet

03 Design Area

In the context of global climate change and the spread of renewable energies, we have seen the current environmental and social crisis. At one time

04 Policy Support and Relevant Case Studies

we neglected some ecological issues in favor of a fast growing capitalist economy. However, it is time to recreate a new ecological policy to match the economy, in order to create a better planet and truly meet the needs of

05 General Strategy

the people. This paper analyses the issue of food sovereignty in the context of a new policy based on the Green New Deal, with the aim of shifting towards agriculture. As one of the most important elements embodying

06 Food hub for community

agriculture, food has a strong cross-cultural character. But the problem of food sovereignty is becoming increasingly apparent: the capitalist way of operating has led to an uneven distribution of the world’s food, with growers

07 Access to Land

unable to grow what they want to grow and consumers unable to buy what they want to eat. In fact, food sovereignty is not only reflected in thinking about the role of the farmer, but this project will focus on food sovereignty

08 The Future of Enfield

as a result of people’s role as consumers - diet - using the consumer as a starting point and people’s health problems as a consequence. What are the implications for agriculture of such a capitalist-controlled world? And

09 References

what are the implications for people’s health? This project will discuss the issue of food sovereignty behind the structure of diet in the context of the agricultural component of the Green New Deal.

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FOOD & HEALTH

01 INTRODUCTION

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Food Sovereignty is the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.

Food is something we can’t live without every day. It’s what we need to survive and sustain life. But perhaps what we take for granted in some parts of the world is a temporary gift from God. So we realize that food sovereignty is a social good that we all need to work together to achieve. and came up with a final design strategy.

History of food Sovereignty

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1.1 INTRODUCTION OF FOOD SOVEREIGNTY

From the 1950s onwards, a trend emerged in global agriculture: the overproduction of some crops led to the massive dumping of crops from developed countries to the Third World and a near monopoly of capital control over global agriculture and food markets. The disadvantages of this became increasingly apparent: firstly, large corporate groups often controlled the market for crop seeds, monopolised technology and patents . These ac1

tions undermine the structure of farms, hinder the development of arable land and social well-being, and affect the employment of farmers. Moreover, the monopoly of these capitalist corporations is reflected globally, with the Third World being forced to produce crops that the First World cannot produce, crops that can only be grown under special conditions and at low prices, but often require large amounts of land and cheap labour, such as anti-seasonal tropical fruits. Secondly, due to existing irrational agricultural policies, not only farmers are affected, but also consumers. Major monopolies such as Coca-Cola, Wal-Mart and Monsanto in the USA have increased their influence over the world’s food system, leading to an imbalance in the global distribution of food. While world food production is increasing, ironically the hunger index is rising in third world countries and has led to an unhealthy diet for people in developed countries, especially poor people, due to irrational food markets. Thirdly, the current cropping pattern of agriculture, (mainly in the UK) is mainly mono-agricultural, a choice that affects the ecology and brings many hidden dangers such as loss of soil fertility, loss of biodiversity and damage to soil quality, which is certainly not as a model for sustainable agricultural development. Current agriculture often uses artificial and energy-intensive fertilisers that pollute the environment of rivers, and the use of pesticides in agriculture has caused large numbers of crops to be soaked in toxic substances, leading to the extinction of birds and, indirectly, to human health.

Fig.1 Food sovereignty

Fig.2 Food markets

1 Ajl, Max. A People’s Green New Deal. Pluto Press, 2021. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1p3xjwp.

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1.2 ALEX’S DAY

Fig.3 How our bodies influenced by environment?

Made by Yaqi Xu

Our bodies are affected by many factors, such as pollution from transportation. In the UK, the most significant

The food distribution and food processing market is still monopolised by capi-

effects of transport are air pollution, noise pollution and greenhouse gas emissions, which affect the lungs and

tal, with companies often preferring to promote and sell ultra-processed foods

mental state. In Enfield, long-term exposure to PM2.5 causes 14,881 deaths per year, or 6.6%². Second, factories

that are cheap to process, even though they are not healthy. In a supermar-

producing ultra-processed food also consume energy and discharge pollution. Enfield has 4 food treatment plants

ket, ultra-processed foods are over-hyped due to their low price and are often

in total, one of which will discharge 26,000 L of sewage every year on average. Then, there are 73 commercial

placed in the most prominent positions on the shelves, with the most colourful

advertising spots on the streets of Enfield, indicating that the people of Enfield will be exposed to these capital

packaging and in the highest traffic areas. Healthy foods such as vegetables

temptations all the time. Second, there will be 159 large supermarkets and 240 small retail outlets in Enfield,

are not often discounted due to their high import prices. When a country is

where research shows that 50.7% of the average person’s shopping basket in the UK is made up of unhealthy

under this kind of food structure for a long time, it is undeniable that this will

ultra-processed foods. And in Enfield, 52% of residents will order a takeaway three times a week, meaning peo-

directly affect people’s purchasing choices and their diets, especially for the

ple don’t cook at home very often. All of the above causes the serious obesity problem in Enfield, which has an

poorer people who have less financial means.

obesity rate of 61.4%³. Besides obesity, people are also at risk of developing other diseases such as diabetes, arthritis, depression and various cancers.

Fig.4 UK Obese data

Fig.5 Ultra-processed foods

2 Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. 2021. “Emissions of Air Pollutants in the UK – Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5).” GOV.UK. GOV.UK. February 26, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/ government/statistics/emissions-of-air-pollutants/emissions-of-air-pollutants-in-the-uk-particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25.

3 “The King’s Fund.” 2012. The King’s Fund. The King’s Fund. October 29, 2012. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/projects/time-think-differently/trends-healthy-behaviours-obesity.

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1.3 FOOD & HEALTH The diagram which shows the relationship between food and health

Fig.6 Several major diseases caused by a poorly structured daily diet Made by Yuanxi Liu

In fact, most of the food we eat is lacking in nutrition and these problems are becoming more and more evident as the economy and class changes, with the poorer classes

significant of all types of illnesses. There has also been a marked increase in food waste in the UK, with more food being wasted the longer commodities are recycled and

preferring to eat cheap, highly processed foods that are often high in salt and sugar and rich in trans fatty acids. Such an unhealthy diet often leads to many health prob-

the impact of this is often irreversible for the soil.

lems such as obesity, diabetes, high blood sugar and other cancers of the digestive system. According to statistics, the obesity rate in the UK is 55.2%⁴, which is the most

4 “The King’s Fund.” 2012. The King’s Fund. The King’s Fund. October 29, 2012. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/projects/time-think-differently/trends-healthy-behaviours-obesity.

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1.4 COCA-COLA SUPPLY AND CAPITAL MARKETS Daily consumption of soft drink in multiple countries

Fig.8 Cola and health Made by Yechun Weng

The green area on the right is the amount of soft drink consumed per day in each country. The bar graph on the outside is the consumption by region. We selected a well-known soft drink, Coca-Cola, for analysis. The orange area in the picture on the right is the amount of regional investment in Coke. It can be seen that some companies spend a lot of money investing in sugary drinks, advertising them, and selling them all over the world. This will affect the global diet.

In fact, the UK government is aware of the current imbalance in the UK diet and under the National Food Strategy, the government proposes to get rid of the cycle of junk food by proposing the introduction of a sugar and salt restructuring levy, with a tax to help low income families access fresh vegetables. The public has also been polled in support of this policy and 63% of Brits want to extend the tax to other sugary foods, such as biscuits. Similar policy proposals have been put in place, but still lack some impetus⁵ .

Fig.7 Daily consumption of soft drink in multiple countries Made by Yechun Weng

5 National Food Strategy. 2019. “Home - National Food Strategy.” National Food Strategy. 2019. https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/.

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1.5 THE HISTORY OF THE FOOD SOVEREIGNTY MOVEMENT

WHY IS IT SO URGENT

The current state of agriculture in Enfield and the health of its population

——The Green Revolution

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While the green revolution may have produced more food, world hunger continues because it did not address the problems of access. Food sovereignty advocates argue that the green revolution failed to alter the highly concentrated distribution of economic power, particularly access to land and purchasing power. Critics also argue that the green revolution’s increased use of herbicides caused widespread environmental destruction and reduced biodiversity in many areas.

Fig.9 The history of food sovereignty movement Made by Yaqi Xu

Fig.11 The Green Revolution

During the long history, there have been several social crises caused by food, such as the Green Revolution of the 1950s, in which mechanization and average crop yields increased, but at the same time caused a series of negative effects. Then came the food price crisis of 2007, when soaring prices for staple foods led to severe food supply crises in some developing countries and eating disorders in developed countries. Then, as a result of capital controls from American GM companies, a large number of Indian cotton

Once we understand the relationship between the Green New Deal and food sovereignty, we then understand more about how this relates to the structure of the British diet and physical

farmers committed suicide. The recent impact of the COVID-19 crisis on global trade and

health, i.e. the structure of the British diet is a consequence of food sovereignty. As a result of irrational agricultural policies, farmland and available land were massively unplanned and farm-

transport chains shows that we need to change the status quo of food sovereignty. The

ing technology was patented by large corporations, farmers were forced to intensively and mechanically grow single, unhealthy, high-yieldWing crops, resulting in lower incomes for farmers.

concept of food sovereignty was first proposed at the international Conference of La Via

This has led to a reduction in the variety of crops available, with farmers often only being able to source fixed crops from large companies, and a reduction in the variety of vegetables grown

Campesina in 1996, and as a result the international food sovereignty movement has

in agriculture, with local vegetable seeds often being costly and low yielding, so few types of vegetables are grown in the UK. In order to meet the demand for vegetables in the UK market,

grown, with various alliances and clubs emerging.

the only option is to increase the importation of vegetables from overseas, however this means that imported vegetables can be more expensive than locally grown vegetables.

Fig.10 La Via Campesina in 1996

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WHY IS IT SO URGENT

WHY IS IT SO URGENT

——2007–2008 World Food Price Crisis

——Indian Cotton Farmer Suicides

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Fig.13 Protest Monsanto Fig.12 2007–2008 world food price crisis

It has been proven by many facts that the current agricultural policy needs to be changed, that the ecological and social impact of the policies that were once in place is enormous, and that we need to transform agriculture in the context of the Green New Deal, and also to properly move away from the industrial and intensive character of agriculture, thus focusing on the agro-ecological direction. The agricultural transition favours farmers growing what they want to grow and people choosing what they want to eat. Changing food and farming systems means World food prices increased dramatically in 2007 and the first and second quarter of 2008, creating a global crisis and causing political and economic instability and social unrest in both poor

changing who owns the land. Of course, the food sovereignty movement in the UK is growing and people have seen the flaws in current agricultural policies and realised that if the food sover-

and developed nations.

eignty movement needs to be pushed forward, it needs to go beyond just joining alliances and clubs and insist on sustainable agriculture and choose to set targets based on yields using permanent sustainable production methods. Create a new network of agricultural systems⁶. A concrete example of this is organicLea, a large agricultural project in north London, which is widely

In India, the introduction of genetically modified cotton among small farmers has led to increased debt and suicides. The recent farmers’ protests in India are an example of the overwhelming

known for its six ideas. This project supports small-scale farming and guarantees the rights and remuneration of all workers, and community volunteers can join the scheme after training in

distress felt by millions of farmers towards agricultural reforms that will lead to the deregulation, and a system of enhanced benefits for transnational corporations.

farming. It also adheres to a sustainable and perpetual farming model in its farming methods.

6 Ira Feldman. 2019. “The Green New Deal: Is It Sustainable?” The Hill. February 9, 2019. https://thehill.com/opinion/energy-environment/429246-the-green-new-deal-is-it-sustainable/.

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WHY IS IT SO URGENT ——Covid-19 Crisis

In general, we have seen the current environmental and social crisis. Yet it is time we resurfaced to create a new ecological policy to truly meet the needs of the people. If there is agriculture, there will be food. The purpose of our agriculture is to solve the problem of food, which includes the issue of food sovereignty. Food sovereignty is closely linked to issues of social well-being, land management, labour distribution and the health of people’s diets, so the Green New Deal agricultural transition will help people to address food sovereignty.

The need for a Green New Deal in agriculture is clear, as the current capital controls affect farmers’ employment and social well-being. And mono-agriculture affects the soil, the environment, yields. Most importantly it affects people, leading to regional imbalances in the distribution of food, hunger in poor third world countries and an unhealthy diet for poor people in developed countries. Few types of indigenous vegetables are grown in the UK, yet this means that imported vegetables can be more expensive than locally grown ones. The food distribution and food processing market is still monopolised by capital, with companies often preferring to promote and sell ultra-processed foods that are cheap to process, even though they are not good for health. Most of the food issues we eat are becoming increasingly disparate with economic and class changes, with the poorer classes preferring to eat cheap, highly processed foods that are often high in salt and sugar and rich in trans fatty acids. Such an unhealthy diet structure can also lead to many health problems.

Fig.14 The impact of the pandemic on food transportation

At the heart of the Green New Deal’s agricultural The Covid-19 pandemic has increased the existing inequalities and resulting poverty of the global food system. Countries in the Global South and the most

transformation is the reform of a just land manage-

vulnerable communities in the Global North have been worst hit.

ment system, which means that farmers are truly the owners of the land and means that more green agriculture is planned in the cities, so that agriculture does not just exist in the suburbs away from the city, but is integrated into the urban space, pulling it into people’s

The pandemic has exposed the fragility of global food supply chains which rely on long-distance transport and fail to respect workers’ rights. The lack of

lives. As we all know, when there is agriculture, there

recognition for food and farm businesses’ unions and collective bargaining has meant that farm and food workers’ have struggled to see their basic rights

is food. The purpose of our agriculture is to solve the

respected, such as a living wage, occupational sick pay, safe working practices and adequate personal protective equipment.

problem of food, which includes the issue of food sovereignty. In turn, the issue of food sovereignty is closely linked to the issues of social well-being, land

Corporations are seizing the opportunity to grab even more power and influence over the food system. Many governments around the world have shut

management, labour distribution and people’s dietary

down local outdoor food markets, which has had a massive impact on informal economy workers while corporate retail chains have been allowed to keep

health, so the Green New Deal agricultural transition

their supermarkets operating throughout the whole pandemic giving them huge competitive advantages to cash in and increase their profits.

facilitates people’s resolution of the issue of food sovereignty.

Fig.15 The Green New Deal

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FROM UK TO ENFIELD

02 BACKGROUD

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We identified Enfield in London as our design area, analysed the current state of agriculture and the health of the people in Enfield, looked at ways of implementing food sovereignty agencies and sustainable farming, and came up with a final design strategy

Enfield, London

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2.1 FOOD SUPPLY AND CAPITAL MARKETS UK vegetable imports

The long line of the earth is the world’s eight famous fresh vegetable producers, the largest production is China.

Fig.17 Leading producer of fresh vegetables

Made by Yechun Weng

The picture above is the main producing countries of 10 national vegetables¹. Most of the UK’s vegetables are imported, and a large number of vegetables are imported into the UK from European countries. So the price of some vegetables will be aff ected by climate and transportation.

Fig.16 British vegetable import routes Made by Yechun Weng

Compared with more expensive vegetables, some low-income households may be inclined to choose lower-priced junk food.

1 “Largest Producer of Vegetables in the World.” n.d. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/264662/ top-producers-of-fresh-vegetables-worldwide/.

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2.1 FOOD SUPPLY AND CAPITAL MARKETS

2.1 FOOD SUPPLY AND CAPITAL MARKETS

UK Vegetable distribution

UK Vegetable Import Analysis

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Fig.19 UK food price comparison

Made by Yechun Weng

Since most of the vegetables and fruits in the UK are imported, the price of all vegetables and fruits is higher than that of other foods.This will affect the dietary structure of local low-income families in the UK.2

2 Jones, Nicholas R. V., Annalijn I. Conklin, Marc Suhrcke, and Pablo Monsivais. 2014. “The Growing Price Gap between More and Less Healthy Foods: Analysis of a Novel Longitudinal UK Dataset.” Edited by Harry Zhang. PLoS ONE 9 (10): e109343. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0109343.

Fig.20 Vegetable Production

Made by Yechun Weng

Fig.18 UK vegetable growing area map

Made by Yechun Weng

Vegetables in the UK are mainly imported, which is the main reason for their higher prices. Prices may be affected by climate and shipping.3

3 “Fresh Vegetables Production Value UK 2010-2020.” n.d. Statista. Accessed April 24, 2022. https://www. statista.com/statistics/316050/fresh-vegetables-production-value-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/.

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2.1 FOOD SUPPLY AND CAPITAL MARKETS UK fruit and veggetable supply chain

Fig.21 British vegetable import routes

Made by Yechun Weng

The supply of vegetables and fruits in the UK is mainly divided into three parts: production, sale and consumption.First part: Most of the UK’s fruits and vegetables are imported from the

In the chart ‘a diet in transition’, the graphs are grams per capita intake of various foods in the UK in 1975 and 2015. It can be seen from the table that in 1975, the weekly consumption per

world, the rest are locally produced in the UK. Among them, about 2.6% of fruits and vegetables come from household food home-grown in gardens or allotments.

person was Fresh and processed vegetables, including potatoes, exceeding 2,000 grams. In 2015, the weekly consumption was Fresh and processed fruit and vegetables the most. , excluding protatoes. In the 40-year structural comparison, the weekly intake of fresh fruit in the UK is relatively low, and does not reach the value of healthy food structure.4

4 Winter, Michael. n.d. “The Nuffi eld Farming Lecture Report 2018 Changing Food Cultures: Challenges and Opportunities for UK Agriculture Contents.” https://www.exeter.ac.uk/media/universityofexeter/collegeofsocialsciencesandinternationalstudies/politics/research/crpr/2018_ SSIS_028_-_Changing_Food_Cultures_Report.pdf.

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UK healthy issues

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63% of adults in England were overweight of obese. 68% of man and 58% of women are overweighty of obese.28% of children aged 2 to 15

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Zoom in to thedrinks extent of the UK. The average UKdrinks population is 63% Beverages Biscuits and crispbreads Bread Cakes, buns and pastries BreadCakes, Carcase meatpastries Cereals(exc.bread) Alcoholic Beverages Beverages Biscuits and crispbreads Biscuits Bread and crispbreads Cakes, buns and pastries buns and Carcase meat Carcase Cereals(exc.bread) meat Cer Alcoholic Alcoholic drinks 1000 obese, with 68% of men, 58% of women and 28% of children.

Obesity is 1000 1000 100 200 100 200 100 200 400 400 400 600 150 600 150 150 a serious problem in the UK6. 600 400 400 400 400 100 400 50 100 And most obesity problems are400 related 100 100 500 50to their diet. Here are 5 reasons 100 500 500 50 100 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 50 to choose junk food. The reasons sugar 200for choosing junk food are high200 50 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 life, lack of cooking knowledge 0 content, advertising, most high pressure 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Trends Typical diet 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 1974 2014 2014 1974 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 1974 2014 and lower prices.

6 Public Health England. 2017. “Health Matters: Obesity and the Food Environment.” GOV.UK. Public Health Cheese Cheese Confectionery Eggs Cheese Confectionery

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500 500 200 500 From 1974 to 2014, the diet trends of various food demand in the UK, on the whole, the de0 0 0 mand for fresh fruits and vegetables has0become higher, but most of the UK’s vegetables and 2014 2014 1974 1974 2014 2014 1974 2014 1974 fruits rely on imports, and prices have gradually increased over the years, which will It will

Sugar and preserves

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(exc. potatoes) SugarVegetables SugarVegetables and preserves and preserves (exc. potatoes) Soft drinks

Fish Cereals(exc.bread) 400 10001500 150 1000 400 500 100 500 200

200 50 0 0 0 2014 2014 2014 197401974 1974 0 2014 2014 19741974

FlourFruit

Fig.22 Trends - Typical diet

Fruit Soft drinks

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150 Carcase meat 150 1000 400 100 100 500 50 50 200 0 0 0 1974 1974 2014 2014 2014 1974 0 2014 1974

Sugar and preserves Soft drinks Potatoes

Milk products exc.cheese Alcoholic drinks

Fish Flour Fruit

bring more pressure to some poor families in the UK7.

7 Spring 2019, MSIS 2629. n.d. Chapter 3 Case Studies | a Reader on Data Visualization. Mschermann.github.io. https://mschermann.

2014

github.io/data_viz_reader/case-studies.html.

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2.2 Unhealthy Eating in UK How British people eat

Profiles of typical UK eaters Rainbow eaters - 25-44-year-olds working with high levels of education. They are in work, but also have dependent children and often eat at the table at home.

Their diets are varied with lots of fruit/veg and fish and low levels of sugar, but high in calories and fat.

Refuelers - Low income people who are either young adults or over 75, who often eat alone at home. Their diets are high in sugar and low in protein.

Restaurant eaters - High income, time poor, middle aged people who often eat out. Their diets are high in meat, salt and alcohol and low in fruit/veg and fish.

Fast food lovers - Young adults, in full time education, who often live at home and eat fast food at restaurants or while watching TV. Their diets are high in sugar, salt and fat and low in fruit, veg and protein.

Pound stretchers - Lower-income people of all ages who often eat at home alone while watching TV. Their diets are high in red meat and low in fruit, veg and fish, but also in sugar and alcohol8.

This chart shows that most British people do not consume a lot of healthy foods such as fruit and vegetables in their diet, but instead consume huge amounts of fatty, highsalt and high-sugar foods, and many people regularly consume fast food and industrial foods. This diet has led to a rise in obesity and an increase in the risk of various diseases such as osteoporosis, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and even cancer9.

Fig.23 The British daily diet

Made by Yuanxi Liu

9 “The Disadvantages of Not Having a Proper Balanced Diet.” n.d. LIVESTRONG.

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8 “Part One.” n.d. National Food Strategy. https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/

COM. https://www.livestrong.com/article/264268-the-disadvantages-of-not-hav-

part-one/.

ing-a-proper-balanced-diet/.

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2.2 UNHEALTHY EATING IN UK British people are affected by diet

Cancer cases rate per 100,000 population in England 1995-2019, by gender.

Fig.25 The average weight of the UK population

Percentage of adults (aged 18+) classified as rweight or obese 2015-2020.

Fig.26 Potential risk factor

Diabetes prevalence of UK 2012-2019.

Poor diet is reducing people’s quality of life.

On the other hand, the three biggest risk factors for dying of COVID-19 are, in descending order:

Since 1996, the number of people diagnosed with

being over 70; having had an organ donation, recent

diabetes in the UK has risen by 250%, from 1.4 million

blood cancer or neurological disease (other than de-

to 3.5 million (with another 500,000 people estimated

mentia or stroke); and being severely obese or having

to be undiagnosed).

uncontrolled diabetes.

These three charts show the increase in the number

In 2017, 300,000 years of good health were lost to

Obese people are 150% more likely to be admitted

of people with cancer10 and diabetes11 in the UK in re-

diet-related illness or disability in the UK, with all the

to intensive care with COVID-19, and severely obese

cent years, as well as the increase in the proportion of

worry, work and logistical strain that such a situation

people over 300% more likely.36 People with type 2

overweight people12 over the years. Data souces from

entails for the sick person and their loved ones. Once

diabetes (both controlled and uncontrolled) are 81%

internet.

premature deaths are factored in, the total DALYS lost

more likely to die from the virus. In the age of COV-

to the population that year was 1.6 million.

ID-19, a poor diet is almost as great a threat to life as cancer or old age.

10 Cancer Research UK. 2018. “Cancer Statistics for the UK.” Cancer Research Fig.24 Number of cases in the UK Made by Yuanxi Liu

UK. CRUK. June 19, 2018. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/health-professional/

The average weight of the UK population has steadily

cancer-statistics-for-the-uk.

increased since the Fifties, in sync with the growth of

Even before COVID-19, an estimated 90,000 people

intensive farming, more widely available and cheaper

died from diet-related disease every year in the UK

11 Diabetes UK. 2019. “Diabetes Statistics.” Diabetes UK. 2019. https://www.

food, the rise of the sedentary job and the proliferation

(one in seven deaths)14.

diabetes.org.uk/professionals/position-statements-reports/statistics.

of labour-saving devices13.

12 “The Disadvantages of Not Having a Proper Balanced Diet.” n.d. LIVES-

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TRONG.COM. https://www.livestrong.com/article/264268-the-disadvantag-

13 “Part One.” n.d. National Food Strategy. https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/

14 “Part One.” n.d. National Food Strategy. https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/

es-of-not-having-a-proper-balanced-diet/.

part-one/.

part-one/.

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2.3 ANALYSES OF UK Why select London

In these series of maps analise the density distribution of two representative fast food res-

tural land and public green space, provide great potential for land and food sovereignty to

taurant and supermarkets where we can see how London has the highest consumption of

local communities.

processed food. On the other hand London has the green belt area where availableagricul-

Figure-Potential risk factor https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/part-one/.

Fig.27 Supermarket and fast food

Fig.28 Crop and green space in the UK

Fig.29 Percentage of foreign population in the UK

Made by Yuanxi Liu

Made by Yuanxi Liu

Made by Yuanxi Liu

This map shows the distribution of fast food outlets and supermarkets in the UK, using Mc-

Here is the distribution of agricultural pro-duction of UK crops17, and the distribution of green

Donald’s15 and Sainsbury’s16 as typical examples, and shows that London has the highest

space in the UK18. London area has a small proportion of agricultural land while its surround-

concentration of fast food outlets and supermarkets. It also shows that the proportion of

ing areas have a lot of agricultural land and more urban green space. Its is a need for trans-

shows that London has the highest percentage of expatriates19, which means there is a great-

processed food consumed in London is also very high.

formation.

er demand for ethnically diverse food cultures.

This chart shows the percentage of non-British expatriates in each region of the UK and

15 Lock, S. 2020. “McDonald’s UK Restaurants by Region.” Statista. 2020. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1088435/mcdonald-s-uk-res-

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taurants-by-region/.

17 Digimap. 2021. “Digimap.” Edina.ac.uk. Digimap. 2021. https://digimap. edina.ac.uk/.

16 Scrapehero. 2020. “Top Supermarket Chains in the UK - Location Analysis.” ScrapeHero. December 9, 2020. https://www.scrapehero.

18 “Geofabrik Download Server.” n.d. Download.geofabrik.de. Accessed April 24, 2022. http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain.

com/top-supermarket-chains-in-the-uk/.

html.

19 Digimap. 2021. “Digimap.” Edina.ac.uk. Digimap. 2021. https://digimap. edina.ac.uk/.

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2.4 ANALYSES OF LONDON Why select London

Then, this is followed by a further analysis of London.

The five tiers on the right show, from bottom to top, the main transport routes in London, the obesity and unemployment rates20 in each London borough, the number and distribution of existing organic farms(These new sustainable farms fall into three categories, and we collect and integrate their location information from the Web onto maps, like Better Food Traders21 and Edible Landscapes London LTD22), and the distribution of existing agricultural land and urban green space23.

Enfield, located on the northern boundary, has a high number and concentration of existing conventional farms that could be converted and occupies a higher proportion of land than the London average. However, Enfield has no new sustainable farms and is remote, with a less dense internal transport system than the city centre and high levels of unemployment and obesity.

In our subsequent aspirations and plans, we hope to alleviate the problems of food supply and health, provide a more appropriate lifestyle and environment, and guide the participation of residents. Therefore, we have chosen this area as the study site and plan to use the existing site to create a new food supply system.

Fig.31 Green belt in London

20 “Geofabrik Download Server.” n.d. Download.geofabrik.de. Accessed April 24,

Historically, The green belt was created to constrain urbanization in Lon-

2022. http://download.geofabrik.de/europe/great-britain.html.

don and to enable these lands to take on a range of functions, including agricultural cultivation and environmental improvement24.

21 “Who Are the Better Food Traders? | Growing Communities.” n.d. Growingcommunities.org. Accessed April 24, 2022. https://growingcommunities.org/

Of the London burough next to the Green Belt, Enfield is facing many

blog/2020/09/were-better-food-trader.

challenges and has one of the biggest farmland to the north west. We think providing a way to access these land for local food production can support our goal to create a food sovereignty strategy in Enfield.

22 Maps, Green Routes Site Finsbury Park N4 2NQ United Kingdom See map: Google. n.d. “Permaculture Association.” Www.permaculture.org.uk. Accessed April 24, 2022. https://www.permaculture.org.uk/people-projects-places/project/ edible-landscapes-london-ltd.

23 Digimap. 2021. “Digimap.” Edina.ac.uk. Digimap. 2021. https://digimap.edina. ac.uk/.

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Fig.30 Enfield site selection analysis Made by Yuanxi Liu

24 “A GREEN BELT for LONDON.” 1937. The Lancet 229 (5915): 95–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/s01406736(00)86635-0.‌

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03 DESIGN AREA

THE CURRENT STATUS OF ENFIELD

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We identified Enfield in London as our design area, analysed the current state of agriculture and the health of the people in Enfield, looked at ways of implementing food sovereignty agencies and sustainable farming,

Enfield, London

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3.1 CURRENT STATUS OF ENFIELD The current social situation in Enfield

In Enfield, at present many residents’ job opportunities are

With low qualifications and little if any opportunity to engage

Enfield’s obesity rates for both children and adults are higher than the London average. En-

Health inequalities are caused by health behaviours, taking part in health programmes and

confined to insecure, low paid work. The Commission were

in training or upskilling these households are stuck in a rut.

field is one of the 20% most deprived areas/single authorities in England, with approximately

individual skills, but there are also social determinants of health including childhood experi-

informed that the east of Enfield is characterised by working

Enfield has historically low levels of social housing but as the

22.2% (16,670) of children living in low income households. Poverty is both a cause and con-

ences, housing, education, employment, social support and income.

poor households. Whilst most are in employment, they are

population has increased and levels of deprivation have risen,

sequence of poor health in Enfield.

stuck in low skilled, low paid, and often precarious jobs. Too

the Council has lacked the resources to provide the additional

many have to work multiple jobs to pay their bills and keep

homes needed to meet demand.

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their families afloat¹.

Rate(per 100,000) of Admissions for Obesity

Fig. 33 Poverty and Unhealthy Conditions in Enfield Made by Yueming Gong Prevalence of Overweight in Children(2016/17)

Fig. 32 Health and Social Condition in Enfield Made by Yechun Weng, Yueming Gong

1 “Enfield Poverty and Inequality Commission”. 2020. Enfield.Gov.Uk. https://www.enfield.gov.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/5575/enfield-poverty-and-inequality-commission-report-your-council.pdf.

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3.1 CURRENT STATUS OF ENFIELD The current state of agriculture in Enfield

Enfield’s farmland within the green belt

The main crops that grow in Enfield are

total number of people in enfield is

are mostly private enterprises where

pasture, maize, barley, wheat, oats,

about 333,600, and there are about

crops show a very limited variety of

beans and oilseed rape, with the larg-

47,819 children under the age of ten².

food production. A strategy to access

est proportion of pasture being grown

Experts recommend that in a healthy

land for local production may help to

as shown on the map below. This is

diet, each adult consumes at least 400

empower these local communities and

very limited variety of food production

gram of vegetables per day, which

help diversify crops.

and there is a need to diversify the

means that enfield will required at least

prduction. According to statistics, the

131.5 tonnes of vegetables per day.

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Fig. 34 The state of cropping in Enfield Made by Yueming Gong

Fig. 36 Forty Hall Farm Photoed by Yueming Gong

Fig. 39 General Situation in Enfield Made by Yueming Gong Fig. 37 Organiclea

Enfield shows the efforts of some, such as Forty Hall Farm, a local farm that promote a greater understanding of where food comes from in the hope that residents will have access to healthier food, to ensure local food sovereignty.

Near Enfield, there is also an organisation called organiclea that also promotes food sovereignty, and they all work with better food trader to bring healthier vegetables to the residents.

In Enfield, a large area of green land is mainly concentrated in the northwest, where most of the green land is agricultural land, and a small part of the green land is golf course and green belt that has not been transformed With such a large farmland base, it is possible to analyse the current state of agriculture and the needs of the people in the area for healthy food ingredients to envisage potential improvements on this basis.

Fig. 35 Aerial view of Enfield in its cropping current state

Fig. 38 Institutions currently promoting food sovereignty

Made by Yueming Gong

Made by Yueming Gong

2 "How The Population Changed In Enfield, Census 2021 - ONS". 2021. Ons.Gov.Uk. https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/censuspopulationchange/E09000010/.

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3.2 CASE STUDIES

3.2 CASE STUDIES

AGROFORESTRY

SCHOOL OF FOOD

Fig. 40 Wakelyns Farm

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Fig. 41 Alley Cropping

Fig. 42 Hackney School of Food

Made by Yueming Gong

WAKELYNS

HACKNEY SCHOOL FO FOOD

Wakelyns is a 22.5-hectare (55-acre) arable farm in Suf-

Some Tree lines are a mixture of walnut trees, apple

It diversifies the farm’s product output by allowing hard-

The Hackney School of Food is a thriving cookery school

They also have an outdoor garden full of ingredients for

folk that has experimented with various agroforestry sys-

trees, plum trees and pear trees.Tree lines 17-38 (planted

wood timber to be harvested in addition to food, generating

founded by the LEAP Federation of Schools (Gayhurst

food preparation, where children can learn about garden-

tems and collaborated with the Organic Research Centre

in 1994, and so our oldest) are a mix of timber trees, cher-

cash flow and diversifying farm income; secondly, alley

Community School, Mandeville Primary School, and King-

ing, such as identifying plant species, learning how to grow

to collect data and promote sustainable agriculture.

ries trees, and some apple trees.Tree lines 39-45 are a mix-

cropping facilitates soil improvement by planting timber

smead Primary School) in collaboration with the non-profit

plants together, etc.

Their purpose is developing a model for a sustainable

ture of apples, pears, plums, quinces, peaches, apricots,

trees on land that has been eroded or over-cultivated to

Chefs in Schools.They provide a wide variety of cooking

They want to encourage active lifestyles, excellent nutri-

agroecological farm. Crop protection, as well as animal

medlars and other food trees.Tree lines 46-56 are hazels,

produce low yields of annual crops, improving soil quality

classes to local schools and the general public in an effort

tion, fun, and inclusivity that binds us all to one another

and ecological benefits Because the coppice is planted in

on a medium rotation (7 year) coppice cycle for coppice cy-

and converting marginal farmland into higher value wood-

to teach kids and their families how to prepare wholesome

and fosters sharing and growth within a larger community.

two rows, one row can be harvested one year while the

cle for use in hedging, thatching and (the rest) chipped for

land; thirdly, the trees create a crop microclimate, reducing

meals from scratch⁵.

other stays to maintain the shelter.

use in our biomass boiler to heat the Wakelyns farmhouse³.

wind speed and contributing to the yield quality of crops

Planting trees alongside crops and livestock can conserve

in alleys; fourthly, they help to enhance the biodiversity of

soil and recycle nutrients for the benefit of the growing

ALLEY CROPPING

farmland and improve the growing environment.

environment, while producing more agricultural products

Alley cropping, also known as hedgerow intercropping, is

Common alley cropping methods use hardwood timber or

such as fuelwood, fodder, fruit and timber.

the planting of food, fodder or special crops between rows

nut trees, such as black walnut and hickory, in combination

At Wakelyns, they have a total of 56 tree lines, some are

of trees. It’s a more extensive variant of intercropping or

with annual crops such as maize or soybeans. If pasture

12m apart, some 15m and some 18m.Some tree lines are

companion planting that takes place over a longer period of

crops are used they can be combined with livestock graz-

willow on a short rotation coppice cycle for use in their bio-

time⁴. Alley cropping has benefits for both people and the

ing between the tree rows.

mass boiler to heat the Wakelyns farmhouse.

environment.

3 Agroforestry – Wakelyns”. 2022. Wakelyns.Co.Uk. https://wakelyns.co.uk/agroforestry/.

4 “Alley Cropping”. Aftaweb.Org, 2022, https://www.aftaweb.org/about/what-is-agroforestry/alley-croping.html.

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5 "Hackney School Of Food". 2022. Hackney School Of Food. https://www.hackneyschooloffood.com/.

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Fig.43 Wakelyns Planting Method

Fig.44 Wakelyns Farmland

Fig.45 Hackney School Garden

Photoed by Yechun Weng

Photoed by Yechun Weng

Photoed by Yechun Weng

Wakelyns is distinguished by the system of alleys and tree lines that have been

There is abundant evidence that simple mixtures of crop varieties can provide a

The raised beds, in the kitchen garden, are staggered in height, allowing all ages

established over the past 25 years making it one of the oldest and most diverse

way forward from mono-culture towards more natural control of plant disease with-

to get involved. They want everyone to enjoy learning about growing and caring for

organic agroforestry sites in the UK.

out external inputs.

plants. They teach about harvesting and finding out about what is best in season.

Participatory interval farming work is about understanding how these exciting lines

Agroforestry is the deliberate integration of trees with other crops on the same land

Our herb patch is right next to the kitchen door, meaning our rosemary, thyme,

grow together and interact with each other

area to gain benefit from the natural interactions within the whole growing system.

chives or savoury are always freshly around.

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3.3 POTENTIAL DESIGN AREAS IN ENFIELD

3.3 POTENTIAL DESIGN AREAS IN ENFIELD

Farms for agroforestry

Green parks for food hub

We learn from the way existing food sovereignty organisations operate, hop-

We also selected 12 potential urban green spaces for the introduction of our

ing to extend the reach of the agency promoting food sovereignty to cover

small-scale community gardens. They will serve as information, education,

the whole area of Enfield. After the field trips and analysis of the entire Enfield

hubs to show local people agro-horticulture, allowing the community to learn

food system, we identified 9 farms that have room for conversion, converting

how to grow their own food materials on the land and obtain healthier food.

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parts of them from agriculture to agroforestry to create a food forest

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Fig. 46 Potential Farms in Enfield

Fig. 47 Potential Parks in Enfield

Made by Yueming Gong

Made by Yueming Gong

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Existing policy analysis and strategy proposal

04 Policy Support and Case Studies

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From some of the existing national policies, we can know that there are many suggestions that have not been implemented in our lives. On the basis of these policies and cases, we propose multiple strategies and paired workflows for the project as the main thrust of our project.

policy, government

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Green Belt purposes

The current state of agriculture in Enfield and the health of its population The Green Belt is intended to check further growth of large built up areas (sprawl), to prevent neighboring towns from merging into one another, and to preserve the special character of towns. Inside a Green Belt, approval should neither be given, except in very special circumstances, for the construction of new buildings, or for the change of use of existing buildings, nor for purposes other than agriculture, sport, cemeteries, institutions standing in extensive grounds, or other uses appropriate to a rural area.¹

The second layer on the right is the area of enfield’s green belt. Enfield’s Designated Green Belt has an area of 3,060 hectares, which is the fourth largest green belt area in London borough. Its Percentage of borough designated as Green Belt is 37.2.²

2 “Sustain Briefing: Fringe Farming in London | Sustain.” n.d.

Www.sustainweb.org. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www. sustainweb.org/publications/Fringe-Farming-Breifing-Aug2020/.

1 Protecting Green Belt Land - National Planning Policy Framework - Guidance - GOV.UK.” 2012. Www.gov.uk. 2012. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-planning-policy-framework/13-protecting-green-belt-land.

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Fig.48 Comments on greenbelt

Fig.49 Greenbelt in Enfield

Made by Yaqi Xu

Made by Yueming Gong

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“Why we should use our urban fringe to feed our cities”

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UK food status

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142. When drawing up or reviewing Green Belt boundaries, the need to promote sustainable patterns of development should be taken into account. Strategic policymaking authorities should consider the consequences for sustainable development of channelling development towards urban areas inside the Green Belt boundary,to-

We know that UK citizens should be eating more fruit and vegetables for a healthy nation. Yet we are dependent

wards towns and villages inset within the Green Belt or towards locations beyond the outer Green Belt boundary.

for fruit and vegetables on countries that are at risk from the impacts of climate change, making supply chains

Where it has been concluded that it is necessary to release Green Belt land for development, plans should give

less resilient. The Food Foundation report, Veg Facts: in Brief26 calculates UK horticultural production would

first consideration to land which has been previously-developed and/or is well-served by public transport. They

need to grow by 84.3% to meet demand if we are to eat the recommended 7-aday diet at current import and

should also set out ways in which the impact of removing land from the Green Belt can be offset through com-

home production ratios. This increased production of vegetables would be worth £1.18 billion to the British econ-

pensatory improvements to the environmental quality and accessibility of remaining Green Belt land.

omy and would require just 1.4% of total agricultural land to come into production

147. Inappropriate development is, by definition, harmful to the Green Belt and should not be approved except in In London, the conversion of 1.4% of land currently growing cereals and grassland to vegetables would con-

very special circumstances.

tribute to the national target (as suggested by a Food Foundation report) providing an additional 134ha of land growing fruit and veg. Based on our sample community farms (Appendix 4), this could yield 10,000kg of fruit and vegetables per hectare, which could collectively produce 1.34 million kg (134ha x 10,000kg). In practical terms that can be understood as readily achievable, conversion to horticulture production of 5ha from each of twenty-seven existing farms would give many more Londoners access to a healthy, sustainable diet.

Sustaim briefing: Fringe Farming in London

“Can we use green belt area? ” How much land can be planted The UK has a horticultural trade gap, importing a large proportion of the fruit and vegetables we consume. Production is declining even though we are not eating enough fruit and vegetables to keep the nation healthy.

Fig.50 Greenbelt in London

While it may be a challenge to gain access or ownership, land is not in short supply; a significant amount is owned by local authorities who could achieve great public benefits from more productive land management.

Much land is lying unused, is unproductive or being used as grassland. Even if a small proportion of this was to be converted to community supported farming enterprises, a significant amount of food could be produced for 149. A local planning authority should regard the construction of new buildings as inappropriate in the Green

local people.²

Belt. Exceptions to this are:

National Planning Policy Framework

a) buildings for agriculture and forestry; b) the provision of appropriate facilities (in connection with the existing use of landor a change of use) for outdoor sport, outdoor recreation, cemeteries and burial grounds and allotments; as long as the facilities preserve

Where to plant

the openness of the Green Belt and do not conflict with the purposes of including land within it; c) the extension or alteration of a building provided that it does not result in disproportionate additions over and

One of the key challenges is finding and accessing suitable land, and this report aims to shed light on a particular part of this puzzle – land around cities, which is sometimes referred to as the urban fringe or peri-urban area, which often overlaps with land protected under Green Belt legislation and local planning policy.

How to change greenbelt

above the size of the original building; d) the replacement of a building, provided the new building is in the same use andnot materially larger than the one it replaces;

140. Once established, Green Belt boundaries should only be altered where exceptiona circumstances are

How much land can be planted

e) limited infilling in villages;

fully evidenced and justified, through the preparation or updating of plans. Strategic policies should establish the need for any changes to Green Belt boundaries, having regard to their intended permanence in the long

f) limited affordable housing for local community needs under policies set out in the development plan (including

term, so they can endure beyond the plan period. Where a need for changes to Green Belt boundaries has

policies for rural exception sites); and

been established through strategic policies, detailed amendments to those boundaries may be made through Information obtained by the GLA shows that within London, local authorities are significant landowners, with En-

non-strategic policies, including neighbourhood plans.¹

g) limited infilling or the partial or complete redevelopment of previously developed land, whether redundant or in

field, Hillingdon, Bromley, Croydon, Barnet and Havering each owning over 100ha of peri-urban landholdings.

continuing use (excluding temporary buildings),

Enfield Council has a significantly large agricultural landholding leased out on agricultural tenancies

which would: ‒ not have a greater impact on the openness of the Green Belt than the existing development; or ‒ not cause substantial harm to the openness of the Green Belt, where the development would re-use previously developed land and contribute to meeting an identified affordable housing need within the area of the local plan-

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2 “Sustain Briefing: Fringe Farming in London | Sustain.” n.d. Www.sustainweb.org. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www.sustainweb.org/publications/

1 Protecting Green Belt Land - National Planning Policy Framework - Guidance - GOV.UK.” 2012. Www.gov.uk. 2012. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/national-plan-

Fringe-Farming-Breifing-Aug2020/.

ning-policy-framework/13-protecting-green-belt-land.

ning authority.

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“Existing Incomplete food strategy” Recommendations 1. Escape the junk food cycle and protect the NHS Recommendation 1 Introduce a Sugar and Salt Reformulation Tax. Use some of the revenue to help get fresh fruit and vegetables to low-income families.

Recommendation 2 Introduce mandatory reporting for large food companies.

Recommendation 3 Launch a new “Eat and Learn” initiative for schools.

2. Reduce diet-related inequality Recommendation 4 Extend eligibility for free school meals.

Recommendation 5 Fund the Holiday Activities and Food programme for the next three years.

Recommendation 6 Expand the Healthy Start scheme.

Recommendation 7 Trial a “Community Eatwell” Programme, supporting those on low incomes to improve their diets.

Fig.51 Comments on Nation Food Strategy Made by Yaqi Xu

3. Make the best use of our land Recommendation 8 Guarantee the budget for agricultural payments until at least 2029 to help farmers transition to more sustainable land use.

Recommendation 9 Create a Rural Land Use Framework based on the three compartment model.

Recommendation 10 Define minimum standards for trade, and a mechanism for protecting them.

4. Create a long-term shift in our food culture Recommendation 11 Invest £1 billion in innovation to create a better food system.

Recommendation 12 Create a National Food System Data programme.

Recommendation 13 Strengthen Government procurement rules to ensure that taxpayer money is spent on healthy and sustainable food.

Recommendation 14 Set clear targets and bring in legislation for long-term change. ³

Fig.52 Main Strategy of the Project Made by Yechun Weng

3 “THE PLAN Independent Review.” n.d. Accessed December 23, 2021. https://www.nationalfoodstrategy.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/National-Food-Strategy-The-Plan.pdf.

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DESIGN PRINCIPLE

05 GENERAL STRATEGY

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In the future, we will transform mono-agriculture into sustainable agriculture by building food forests, learning from natural ecosystems and forming systems in which organisms benefit from each other, and by using agroforestry methods, combining crops with forestry or livestock, for example by planting wheat and beans between walnut trees, which improves soil structure, increases biological diversity and increases the richness of agricultural products. The third is community gardening, where different vegetable crops, for example, are mixed to increase crop yields and abundance. Through these three methods, we can improve the natural environment, enhance the soil quality and obtain more and richer crops, vegetables and fruits so that people can have access to healthier and fairer food.

Planing and planting starategy

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5.1 PLANNING Design Strategy STRATEGY in Enfield General strategy of stages in Enfield

Stage 1

Stage 3

Stage 2

start educate + set up local agriculture land + short food supply chain

food kitchen + work place provided

Precision-agriculture system + completed education of food habit

FOOD FOREST

In the first stage, we will conduct organic multiculture farming in the northwest of Enfield, which is to open the vast green land. We will also maintain a certain amount of forest land coverage around the farm to create food forests. Through our research and analysis of the entire Enfield food system, we have selected 12 potential sites for our small-scale community garden. As a result, farms and food forests will serve as enfield’s main food supply, while small-scale community farming will provide a space for training in gardening skills and educating people from the surrounding community on how to grow gardening plants and cook healthy recipes.

MULTCULTURE FARMING

HOSPITAL Combine medical care, food and health.

In the second phase, we will focus on community kitchens, health gardens and food markets. These points will be distributed around the community garden.

Of course, it is not easy to change people’s diet structure, especially their eating habits. Therefore, in the third phase, we will focus on the promotion and education

SCHOOL & FOOD KITCHEN Stage 3

Stage 2

ure

food kitchen + work place provided

of healthy food to gradually raise people’s awareness and change the eating habits

COMMUNITY GARDEN

Provide productive growing experiences and creative food cooking tips.

of people in Enfield.

Precision-agriculture system + completed education of food habit

Fig.53 Design strategy in Enfield Made by Yaqi Xu

FOOD FOREST FOOD MARKET

Organic vegetables are available here.

MULTCULTURE FARMING

COMMUNITY GARDEN

s.

As part of the strategy to introduce food sovereignty, we suggest three agroecological models to be conducted in the northwest of Enfield which are: food forest, multiculture farming or agroforestry for farmlands and food hubs with community gardens in various parks across Enfield.

Agroforestry Farms and food forests will serve as Enfield’s main food supply, while small-scale community farming will provide a space for training in gardening skills and educating people on Enfield’s food culture, cooking skills and local recipes.

Fig.54 Food hub in Hackney school

They offer schools and community a broad range of cookery courses to teach children and their families to cook nourishing food from scratch.

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Set amidst beautiful productive gardens where they grow much of our produce from scratch. They offer an immersive experience in growing and cooking real food made from the freshest ingredients.

They improve mental health and physical wellbeing, examples of sessions would be – Cooking for the Elderly, Cooking for Healthy Pregnancy, Cooking for Diabetes, Cooking for Coeliacs and Cooking for Lactose Intolerance.

Fig.55 Garden in Hackney school

They offer schools and community a broad range of cookery courses to teach children and their families to cook nourishing food from scratch.

Set amidst beautiful productive gardens where they grow much of our produce from scratch. They offe an immersive experience in growing and cooking re food made from the freshest ingredients.

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5.1 PLANNING STRATEGY Selected sites of Enfield

As we mentioned before, 9 farms and 12 green spaces in Enfield will be used as potential retrofit Spaces for our three models. After field trip, we have identified eight farms

The Food Forest and AgroForesty patterns will be implemented in the northwest of Enfield where the farm used to be, and we're going to be building food hubs in green

that have scope for transformation, converting parts of them from agriculture to agroforestry , creating a food forest, and twelve urban green spaces that are planned to

Spaces and community green Spaces. Food Hubs will partner with local schools and communities to offer plant-growing classes and healthy food cooking classes, and will

be partly used for agro-horticulture, allowing the community to grow their own food materials on the land and obtain healthier food. Existing institutions dedicated to food

partner with hospitals to bring creative, healthy vegetables.Near the farm area of the enfield, there are two large parks that can be used as an alternative food transformation

sovereignty will be further expanded, with farms and community gardens working in conjunction with Enfield institutions to transport some of the food produced to schools and

site, and the food produced at the selected site can be supplied to the nearby schools and hospitals. Residents of the surrounding residential areas can easily purchase farm

hospitals, ensuring healthy and equitable access to food, and thus improving the health of the population.

products from nearby farms, and participate in the planting and cooking education of the park's renovation points.

1

Fig.56 Potential sites of Enfield

Fig.57 Selected sites of Enfield

Made by Yaqi Xu

Made by Yaqi Xu

1 Gold, Michael. n.d. “Handbook.” Accessed September 20, 2022. https://centerforagroforestry.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/HandbookPD132.pdf.

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5.2 PLANT CATALOGE

Fig.58 Plant catalog Made by Yechun Weng

Based on these different conditions, we have summarised the list of all the vegetables that can be grown. The following is a list of plants recommended for planting in food hubs, food forest and agriforestry and farming in the UK. The orange-red circle indicates the month when the plant is harvested, and the green refers to the time when the plant is suitable for planting. In the combination of companion plants, it is necessary to consider the effect of the flowering and growth period of the plant on other plants.

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5.3 PLANTING STRATEGY General planting strategy of 3 models

Fig.59 Planting strategy

Fig.60 The Agroforestry model

Made by Yaqi Xu

On the basis of our field trip, we visited the forty hall farm, a new model of multicutural farming, where the agricultural space will be divided into five zones. These are the food forest area, the

In addition, in combination with the organiclea farms we mentioned earlier, this is a better ecosystem, taking into account the increased biodiversity and access to food for people. This model

livestock area, the crop area, the horticulture and agriculture area and the greenhouse area. The farming model is characterised by diversification, spatialisation, the combination of crops, the

of agriculture will also serve as a source of inspiration for the transformation of future farms in our project.

use of shade crops and crop rotation. This has the advantage of increasing crop yields, protecting the quality of the soil and ensuring that the dense forest provides a good habitat for living.

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5.3 PLANTING STRATEGY Food Forest Planting Model

Agroforestry farming Planting Model

Fig.61 Planting strategy of food forest

Fig.62 Planting strategy of Agroforestry farming

Made by Yuanxi Liu

Made by Yaqi Xu

The first is the food forest model: through the use of a wide selection and arrangement of perennial plants (from small trees and shrubs, to rhizomes), complex communities are formed that

In the past, we used to grow the same crop on a large farm area. The second agroecological model is based on agroforestry², where we introduce fruit trees and the use legumes to release

complement and support each other, forming companions and minimising maintenance. It also provides a rich and diverse range of food products and improves the climate, providing habitat

nitrogen, alongside using fungi and shade crops to diversify plantings, such as spacing fruit trees, using legumes to release nitrogen to improve crop yields, spacing livestock areas to improve

for urban animals and creating a green urban landscape. For example, rosemary, lavender and garlic are scented to repel pests, daisies attract beneficial birds and insects, comfrey helps

soil fertility and kill pests, and using fungi and shade crops to diversify plantings.

other plants to build up nutrients in their deep roots, chives suppress fungal diseases, clover helps to fix nitrogen and so on.

2 Xu J, Mercado A, He J., Dawson I (eds.) (2013) An Agroforestry guide for field practitioners. The World Agroforestry Centre, East Asia, Kunming, China. 63 pp

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5.3 PLANTING STRATEGY Food Hubs & Gardening Planting Model

Fig.63 Planting strategy of food hub and gardening

Fig.64 Planting strategy of food hub and gardening

Made by Yechun Weng

Made by Yechun Weng

Finally, within the third agroecological model, there are companion plants in a community garden or small farmland. For example, the traditional companion crop “Three Sisters”³ is a classic

Here are 6 recommended crop combinations, examples of plants that can be grown near 6 common crops. Different plants can repel or kill insects according to their own smell or release

farming combination. The three plants provide each other with suitable growth conditions, protect and benefit each other. Among other combinations, plant combinations may reduce weed

some chemicals, thus protecting the main crops in the garden from being eaten by pests.

growth in the area, enhance crop flavor, and maintain healthy soil.

3 Old Farmer’s Almanac. 2019. “The Three Sisters: Corn, Beans, and Squash.” Old Farmer’s Almanac. October 28, 2019. https://www.almanac.com/content/three-sisters-corn-bean-and-squash.

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LEARNING AND PRACTICE

06 FOOD HUB FOR COMMUNITY

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We identified Enfield in London as our design area, analysed the current state of agriculture and the health of the people in Enfield, looked at ways of implementing food sovereignty agencies and sustainable farming, and came up with a final design strategy.

Enfield, London

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6.1 FOOD HUB MODEL

6.2 POTENTIAL DESIGN AREAS IN ENFIELD

What is a food hub like

Example of food hub

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The sites we have chosen in the south east of Enfield are selected for the food hub example.

Fig.66 Aerial view of potential design area at Enfield Made by Yueming Gong

Pymmes Park is selected as the Food Hub location in the southeast corner of Enfield.

Fig.65 Food Hub Model Made by Yueming Gong, Yaqi Xu

The food hub is proposed to provide food culture education to local residents to increase

Through research with relevant organisations, we believe that it is feasible to establish food

their awareness and ability to eat healthily. In the food hub, we will convert some of the open

schools in some of these green spaces and work with local schools, hospitals and other or-

space in the urban green space into community gardens where residents can learn to grow

ganisations to introduce students and learn community members how to grow and cook.

food .

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Fig.67 Map of Pymmes Park at Enfield Made by Yuanxi Liu

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6.3 Planting Model in a Food Hub Companion plants in a food hub

Fig.68 Plants selected for food hub Made by Yuanxi Liu

Based on the planting pattern on the previous slide, we have planted a mixture of plant groups in a food hub¹. On the left is the design of the example in Pymmes park. By letting people understand these growing patterns and actually trying them out, just like these five modes². They can learn and share how to produce their own vegetables.

For example, corn, garlic, spinach, and potatoes are planted together to healp each other’s by providing shadow and attract beneficial insects³. On the top is a list of the plants we select with similar relations.

1 “Companion Planting for Vegetables in the UK - Complete Guide.” 2020. November 9, 2020. https://vegetablegrowing.co.uk/companion-planting/.

Fig.69 Planting models in a food hub Made by Yuanxi Liu

2 “A Great Trio of Companion Plants: Tomatoes, Squash, and Borage.” n.d. The Spruce. https://www.thespruce.com/ companion-planting-ideas-2540043.

3 “A Great Trio of Companion Plants: Tomatoes, Squash, and Borage.” n.d. The Spruce. https://www.thespruce.com/ companion-planting-ideas-2540043.

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6.4 Activities in a Food Hub Plan and workflow in the community kitchen

Firstly, people enter the site through the main entrance.

Secondly, an introductory course will be given to the residents in groups.

Finally, people can share their dishes with others at the dining table.

Thirdly, people go to the garden to take part in planting and collection activities.

Fourthly, taking part in cooking classes in the community kitchen.

Fig.70 Series of activities in a food hub Made by Yuanxi Liu

A community kitchen is for teaching and learning, more like an education place. People can also have access to various activities here. Firstly, people enter the site through the main entrance and are given an introductory course to what they would learn and share, before going to the garden to take part in planting and collection activities. If they want to learn, practice or share how to make their own hometown food, they can take part in cooking classes in the community kitchen and share their dishes with others at the dining table in the common area.

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6.4 Activities in a Food Hub Educational activities for residents

Residents learn to grow vegetables by watering and fertilising the vegetable garden.

People enter the site through the entrance.

Residents learn the process of Each food hub is staffed by pro-

preparing dishes in the community

fessional gardening teachers and

kitchen and participate in a series

related staff to help the participat-

of processes starting with washing

ing residents understand the type

the vegetables.

of activities and to take on related teaching duties.

The cooking courses offered by the In the garden growing area of the

Community Kitchen allow partici-

food hub, residents can sow their

pants to learn to prepare different

own vegetables under the guid-

types of dishes according to their

ance of professionals.

cultural background.

Fig.71 The activities for Alex and his son in the food hub Made by Yuanxi Liu

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6.5 Food Culture in Food Hub

Sharing at the dining table

Two typical dishes of different groups

Fig.72 The dining table

Chicken Makhani

Made by Yechun Weng

Picking tomatoes

Prepare garlic & cardamon

Prepare the ingredients

Chopped up Fig.73 Two typical dishes from Poland and Nigeria

Cooking with butter,spices and khoa

Made by Yuanxi Liu

Residents can plan the cultivation of the vegetables they need locally according to their needs, so that they can be self-sufficient in obtaining organic and healthy ingredients and This picture, for example, shows Nigerians enjoying one of their common dish, picking the

eating their daily favourites. The diagram above, for example, illustrates the ingredients need-

vegetables they need in the garden and preparing them for everyone to enjoy. From step

ed in Polish5 and Nigerians6 favourite dishes in the region, the preparation process and the

one to five, we can see how Nigerians cook thier daily dish Chicken Makhani step by step⁴,

annual demand for each vegetable that can be planted locally.

including the ingredients they need. This is how the food hub will help the local residents of different background.

5 “10 Best Polish Foods Everyone Should Try - Real Dishes Locals Love in Poland - Go Guides.” 2022. Hotels.com. 2022. https://uk.hotels. com/go/poland/best-foods-poland.

4 “Makhani Chicken.” n.d. James Martin Chef. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www.jamesmartinchef.co.uk/recipes/makhani-chicken/.

6 “Top Nigerian Food: The 21 Best Dishes – the Kitchen Community.” n.d. https://thekitchencommunity.org/top-nigerian-food/.

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6.5 Food Culture in Food Hub Distribution and menus Enfield is an area with a high proportion of foreign residents and the map below shows the

The slide shows some of the dishes that may enjoyed by residents from different countries

main nationalities of its residents and their distribution in the Enfield settlement. Large group

in Enfield and the ingredients collected from the garden. Through the production system of

of people are from Poland, Ireland, India, Nigeria etc.⁷

this model, the residents learns and acquires the skills to go through the whole process from

7 Demography, London's Population & Geography - Trust for London." n.d. Trust for London. https://www.trustforlondon.org.uk/data/gsegra-

growing to preparing the dishes, according to their different preferences and culture back-

phy-population/.

grounds.

Fig.74 Distribution of different gruops in Enfield and their typical dishes Made by Yuanxi Liu

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07 ACCESS TO LAND

STRATEGY FOR THE FARMLAND

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We propose to convert public farmland into agroforestry and then gradually expand agroforestry area by acquiring or leasing adjacent private land from private landowners.

Enfield, London

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7.1 THE FARM AT ENFIELD

7.1 THE FARM AT ENFIELD

Site selection for the design

Site status and future goals

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Today, the majority of farms in Enfield are Monocultures and you can see here the type of

So it is fundamental to turn this model into an agroecological model, using agroforestry to

landscapes they produce. Monoculture farming with low biodiversity is prone to problems

increase the variety of food produced , while improving the soil and enhancing the natural en-

such as soil erosion, reduced organic matter, loss of soil nutrients and so on¹.

vironment, as seen in this illustration of its potential outcome.

We have chosen Rectory Farm in the north-west of Enfield as an example of our design strategy, where the farmland meets the city and there is more scope for farmland rehabilitation.

Fig. 77 Before——Monoculture Farming Made by Yueming Gong Fig. 75 Site Selection for Farmland Renovation Made by Yueming Gong

In the north east there are Hilly fields park and whitewebs park that can be used as food hub that can connect the system to the nearby schools and hospitals. Residents of the surrounding residential areas can easily purchase farm products from nearby farms, and participate in the planting and cooking education of the park’s renovation points.

Fig. 76 Rectory Farm

Fig. 78 After——Sustainable Agriculture

Made by Yechun Weng

Made by Yueming Gong

1 “Monoculture Farming In Agriculture Industry”. 2020. https://eos.com/blog/monoculture-farming/.

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7.2 TIMELINE OF AGROFORESTRY LAND EXPANSION From health issues to daily diet

Aerial view of potential design area at Enfield

Fig. 79 Timeline of Agroforestry Land Expansion Made by Yueming Gong, Yaqi Xu

To access land we take advantage of a planting scheme planned by The Enfield local council

If successful, we propose to look into the Lump Sum Exit Payment Scheme to access or rent

We selected a piece of land in the north of Enfield as an example and we will use new plant-

Therefore, in the first stage, we will begin to transform one piece of land. The dark green is

called enfield’s tree update within public land². We propose to swap the use of this public

adjacent private land from private landowners to gradually expand the agroforestry produc-

ing agriculture models mentioned in the video which is agroforestry. There will be three stag-

the public area with the tree planting plan, which can be directly transformed. The light green

land for agroforestry to keep the council objectives of increasing tree numbers while allowing

tion. The Lump Sum Exit Scheme is for BPS applicants in England who wish to leave farm-

es of agroforestry land change. The land currently being transformed is mainly part of Lon-

is the private farm, which can be transformed by renting land. In the second and third stages,

the local community a space for productive farming.

ing, either to retire or take up a different occupation³.

don’s Green Belt.

we can see that the agroforestry model will be extended to more areas north of Enfield.

2 "Tree Planting&Comma; Removal And Problems". 2021. Enfield Council. https://www.enfield.gov.uk/services/environment/trees.

3 Davies, Isabel. 2022. "Lump Sum Exit Scheme: Critical Details And Pitfalls - Farmers Weekly". Farmers Weekly. https://www.fwi.co.uk/ business/payments-schemes/lump-sum-exit-scheme-critical-details-and-pitfalls.

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7.3 STAGES OF CHANGE

Current site conditions

Stage 1: Start of agroforestry in some areas

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Fig. 80 Current site status

Fig. 81 Stage-1

Made by Yaqi Xu,Yueming Gong

Made by Yaqi Xu,Yueming Gong

This is the current state of the site. Within the dotted line you can see the planned

The tree planting was originally intended to be a new woodland creation project in the target area,

In the first stage, the use of the public land includes the involvement of the commu-

Such an agricultural model would require some volunteers and and young farmers to participate sup-

area for tree planting. About tree planting project, we found the relevant information in

planting trees in parks and open spaces. Therefore, this policy also shows that our agroforestry mod-

nity that uses the knowledges and skills developed within the food hub to introduce

ported by the future policies coming from Environmental land Management scheme or ELM which

enfield’s website, this project is going to carry out, this land is part of the green belt,

el is feasible. Because we will be promoting food forest and multicultural farming here, in addition,

agroforestry in the site. Tree rows will be structuring the crops similar to the Wakelyns

could provide incentives for sustainable farming scheme such as this⁴. This could

but the tree planting plans conform to the standard in the reconstruction of green belt.

our agroforestry model is also in line with the London Green Belt standards.

farm. Companions crops and the main crop planting patterns will occupy the spaces

ployment by 30 percent if these incentives are further supported by anchor institutions such as local

in between. As a result, from the transition from a monoculture to an agroecological

schools and local hospitals to secure local food contract s to ensure a continuous production and

model, crops yield decreased but diversity and biodiversity will increase.

labor security for young farmers.

increase em-

4 "Environmental Land Management Schemes: Overview". 2021. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/environmental-land-management-schemes-overview.

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7.3 STAGES OF CHANGE

Stage 2: Beginning the construction of a food forest

Stage 3: Agroforestry and food forestry system improvement

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Fig. 82 Stage-2

Fig. 83 Stage-3

Made by Yaqi Xu,Yueming Gong

Made by Yaqi Xu,Yueming Gong

In the second stage, a further expansion based on food forests with shaded crops

At this stage, more trees and companion plants will be planted here, in addition, we will add livestock

In the third stage, more and more agricultural land will be using the new model, a

The yield of vegetables will continue to increase, Local infrastructure and facilities will be used to

and fungi production is envisage. Adjacent land can be leased to be converted it into

areas. According to what we have mentioned before, adding livestock within agricultural areas is ben-

complete ecosystem will be formed, and the resilience of the land will be improved.

transport the fruit and vegetables to the anchor institutions and vegetable pick-up points across

an agroforestry model. After the implementation of these agroecological models , the

eficial to soil health, including adding animal fertilizers and organic matter. It also increases the labor

We expect to transform about 85 hectares of land and add about 3,000 trees while

Enfield for sale. If succesful partners such as anchor institutions or food boxes scheme secure their

area of agricultural land and the type and quantity of trees will continue to increase.

force by 40 percent at this stage.

bringing more opportunities for people to work and learn.

long term use and maintance.

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7.4 AGROECOLOGY MODELS

Construction of agroforestry

Construction of agroforestry

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Fig. 84 Stage-1 Agroforestry Applications

Fig. 85 Stage-3 Agroforestry Applications

Made by Yaqi Xu

Made by Yueming Gong

This image shows how the farmland has changed in the first phase, with more trees being

This picture shows how the farmland has changed over the years in the third phase, with

planted and more types of produce being produced.

trees growing, a continued increase in the variety of produce and an improved ecological environment.

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7.4 AGROECOLOGY MODELS Food forest construction

Fig. 86 Stage-2 Food Forest Applications Made by Yuanxi Liu

This drawing reflects the state of the food forest after completion, with layers of native trees, shrubs, herbs, and finally, stable subsurface fungus networks. In the end, the farm will generate not just food and flowers but also habitat, filling in the ecological gaps and enhancing biodiversity while also storing carbon⁵.

5 "What Is A Food Forest? — Garden City Harvest". 2020. Garden City Harvest. https://www.gardencityharvest.org/the-real-dirtgarden-city-harvest-blog/2020/12/26/what-is-a-food-forest.

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08 The Future of Enfield

Imagine project implemented in Enfield and london

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Based on the available data and our project’s strategy, we extrapolate and imagine the scenarios and beneficial impacts of our project implementation in Enfield and london. Finally, the daily life of George is used to reflect the local changes of our project.

implement, calculate

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8.1 Enfield Street-ambition

Here is a street in Enfield. The trucks transport vegetables from the farmland on the left side of Enfield to the pick-up point in the eastern residential area.

According to the proportion of the population near the street, 14% of these vegetables will be sent to a large hospital near the street, which has a total of 3,400 employees.¹ 6% of the vegetables are donated to 2 nearby primary schools, which have more than 1,000 students.² The remaining 80% of vegetables are provided to supermarkets, restaurants in different countries, or residents.

1 Hospital, North Middlesex University. n.d. “Home.” North Middlesex University Hospital. https://www.northmid.nhs. uk/.

2 Home | Brettenham Primary School.” n.d. Www.brettenhamprimaryschool.co.uk. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www.brettenhamprimaryschool.co.uk/.

Fig.87 Enfield Street-ambition Made by Yechun Weng

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8.1 Enfield -Comment

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Fig.88 Comments from Hospitals and Schools

Fig.89 Comments from Restaurants

Fig.88 Comments from Farmers and Workers

Made by Yechun Weng

Made by Yechun Weng

Made by Yechun Weng

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8.2 Project Workflow

This graph shows the flow of funds between the transformed farm and the food hub. green is generates expenses, and orange is income There are some the funding sources and some related policies that can support agricultural projects. In addition, it is also possible to obtain donations from community committees, some social welfare organizations and companies.In our project, the main expenses are the rent of the leased private land, as well as training fees, employee commissions, etc. The farm income is mainly from selling veg boxes, and the hub can earn income through cooking courses.

Fig.89 Project Workflow Made by Yuanxi Liu

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8.3 Future in London

The basic situation of london and Enfield shown in the lower left picture. For example, the green belt of london has an area of 225 hectares and a population of 9,541,000. ³We then extrapolated the London figures based on the scale of our project in Enfield and the population benefited. Then we show the change in farmland area every 5 years based on the time line from 2021 to 2030.

Fig.90 Future Plans for Enfield and London

Fig.91 Timeline of Area Change of New Agricultural Model

Made by Yechun Weng

Made by Yechun Weng

3 “Green Belt Facts.” CPRE. Accessed September 22, 2022. https://www.cpre.org.uk/resources/green-belt-facts/?gclid=Cj0KCQjw7KqZBhCBARIsAI-fTKJKmZO1oGBwQY_ehJjaq0O_TjFQuVCBs6RS8b_gqMecf4ofkAmGrnwaAk7mEALw_wcB

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8.4 The Street of Enfield-Before The above icon shows the impact we have on the environment in our daily life, and the multiple axonometric views of the street below, we can know the relationship between unhealthy living habits and the environment.

So Health is closely linked to our environment and lifestyle, and with our transformation we believe we can see a change in Enfield’s streets

Fig.92 The Street of Enfield-before Made by Yaqi Xu

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8.4 The Street of Enfield-After In the near future we would like to see Enfield streets are lined with edible street trees, where people can create their own food hubs, grow their own vegetables, learn healthy recipes and create healthy food with a national flavour that is not only healthy but also has a strong sense of belonging and culture. In addition to this, people can order vegetables bags from the agroforestry farms at the vegetable pick-up points, and the school offers free healthy cooking courses to students.

Fig.93 The Street of Enfield-after Made by Yaqi Xu

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8.5 The Change of Street

Here we can see the change of the street. There will be many edible fruit trees, food supermarkets, fruit and vegetable pick-up points and restaurants with a variety of cuisines added to the streets

Fig.94 The Change of Street Made by Yueming Gong

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Fig.96 Beneficiary Population Calculation Made by Yechun Weng Fig.95 George’s Day Made by Yuanxi Liu

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Imagine the implementation of a food sovereignty strategy in a few years time. For Alex’s son George, it could mean going through a healthy green environment and wild gardens cared by the com-

Based on the needs of the residents and the report data ,the additional area to be renovated and the 20% of Enfield’s existing farmland

munity. Food provided at his school and local hospitals will be fresh and diverse coming from local farms.

could involve and benefit about 50,000 residents, providing vegetables and fruit for 61.7% of Enfield’s poor.

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8.6 Imagine the Future With the improvement of the current food system, in the future it will be easier for residents to access high quality, affordable food due to increased supply points and reduced transportation costs. In addition, the teaching and scientific involvement of organisations such as the local medical school will teach residents how to grow food better, get them involved in community gardening activities, and prepare healthy food in the community kitchen.

Local commerce will increase with food available from local shops, pick up points, and community centers, not just supermarkets. This could help us realised the power of deciding food they really want to eat, instead of being limited to the food capital market.

Fig.97 Imagine the Future Made by Yuanxi Liu ,Yaqi Xu

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