SJKFU: BAS, 22(1) by Abdul Al Lily

Corresponding Author: Editor-in-Chief, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University

scijkfu@kfu.edu.sa

‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ رئيس هيئة التحرير‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،2021 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

Description King Faisal University has two open-access refereed journals published biannually. The first is ‘The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences’ (ISSN: 1319-6944, E-ISSN: 1658838x), issued in March and September and named in the Arab Impact Factor. The second is ‘The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences’ (ISSN: 1658-0311, E-ISSN: 1658-8371), which is published in June and December and indexed in Scopus. The two journals were founded in 2000 under the guidance of the Scientific Council of the University. Editors-in-chief are as follows: Prof. Khalid S. Al Abdulsalam (2000-2), Prof. Adel I. Al Afaleq (2002-14), Dr Muhammed S. Al Wasli (2014-15), Prof. Ghazi F. Basiouni (2015-2020) and Dr Abdulrahman E. Al Lily (2020-present). President Mohammad Al Ohali, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Vice-Rector for Higher Studies and Scientific Research Majed Alshamari, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Editor-in-Chief Abdulrahman Al Lily, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Consulting Editors Shar Saad Al-Shihry, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia David L. Stoloff, Eastern Connecticut State University, USA Donatella Persico, National Research Council, Italy Hwansoo Lee, Dankook University, South Korea Antoanela Naaji, Vasile Goldis Western University of Arad, Romania Christine Powell, California Lutheran University, USA Mohammad Santally, University of Mauritius, Mauritius Mike Joy, University of Warwick, UK C. June Maker, University of Arizona, USA Bachira Tomeh, Université de Rouen, France Sam Mohamad, International Business School (IBS), Hungary Khalid A. Alhudaib, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Shaher Rebhi Said Elayyan, Sohar University, Oman Korrichi Fayçal, University Center of Aflou Laghouat, Algeria María Cristina López de la Madrid, University of Guadalajara, Mexico Nafisat Afolake Adedokun-Shittu, Fountain University Osogbo, Nigeria Uyanga Sambuu, National University of Mongolia, Mongolia Caroline Montagu, Retired, UK Radim Badosek, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic A. Raouf A. Wahab Alotaibi, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Helen Sara Farley, University of Southern Queensland, Australia Isabella M. Venter, University of the Western Cape, South Africa Wasfi Mohammad Alkhazaleh, Yarmouk University, Jordan Caroline Montagu, Retired, UK Radim Badosek, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic Sue Gregory, University of New England, Australia Jamal Ahmed Abbass, University of Kufa, Iraq Wael Mohamed Abou Elmakarem El-Deeb, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Mostafa M Ali Elharony, Helwn University, Egypt Ibrahim Mohamed Alfaki Ahmed, Nile Valley University, Sudan Habib Kechida Derouiche, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Bassam Hassan Zaher, Tishreen University, Syria Hany Amin Elsawy Mostafa, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Maan Ali Ahmad Alkhateeb, Palestine technical University, Palestine Majzoub Alamir, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Yousif Yakoub Hilal, Mousul University, Iraq Ahmed Ech-Cherif, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Managing Editors Adel Mostafa Abousalama, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Ali Khaleifa Abdullatif, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Abdelrahim Fathy Ismail, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Editorial Assistants Fadel Mohammad Al-Amer, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Abd Rab Alameer S. Al-Boali, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Husain Matouq Al-Hadlag, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Ibrahim Jawad Al-Abdullah, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Salah Abdulaziz Al-Mohameed, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Sultan Ahmad Aldohihi, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia Correspondence Editor-in-Chief, Scientific Journal of King Faisal University P.O. Box 400 Al Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia 00966135895238, 00966135895237 scijkfu@kfu.edu.sa

‫وصف اجمللة‬ ‫تصدر جامعة امللك فيصل مجلتين علميتين محكمتين نصف سنوية وذات "الوصول‬ "‫ العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‬:‫ األولى هي "املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬."‫املفتوح‬ ‫ والتي تصدر في مارس‬،)1658-838× :‫ ردمد إلكتروني‬،1319-6944 :‫(ردمد مطبوع‬ ‫ الثانية هي "املجلة‬.‫وسبتمبر وهي مسجلة في قاعدة بيانات معامل التصنيف العربي‬ -0311 :‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية" (ردمد مطبوع‬:‫العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬ ‫ والتي تصدر في يونيو وديسمبر وهي مفهرسة‬،)1658-8371 :‫ ردمد إلكتروني‬،1658 ‫ تحت إشراف املجلس‬،)‫م‬2000( ‫ه‬1420 ‫ بدأ إصدار املجلتين في عام‬.‫في سكوبس‬ ‫ خالد سعد آل عبدالسالم‬.‫د‬.‫ أول رئيس لهيئة التحرير أ‬.‫العلمي للجامعة‬ ‫ محمد‬.‫ عقبه د‬،)‫هـ‬12/6/1421( ‫ عادل إبراهيم العفالق‬.‫د‬.‫ تاله أ‬،)‫هـ‬12/4/1419( ‫ غازي فيصل بسيوني‬.‫د‬.‫ وجاء بعده أ‬،)‫هـ‬17/7/1432 ً ( ‫سعد الوصالي‬ .)‫هـ‬5/5/1441( ‫ عبدالرحمن عيس ى الليلي‬.‫ وحاليا د‬،)‫هـ‬11/1/1433( ‫رئيس اجلامعة‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫محمد عبدالعزيز العوهلي‬ ‫وكيل اجلامعة للدراسات العليا والبحث العلمي‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ماجد عادي الشمري‬ ‫رئيس هيئة التحرير‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫عبدالرحمن عيس ى الليلي‬ ‫احملررون االستشاريون‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫شار سعد الشهري‬ ‫ الواليات املتحدة األمريكية‬،‫ جامعة والية كونيتيكت الشرقية‬،‫ديفيد إل ستولوف‬ ‫ إيطاليا‬،‫ املجلس الوطني للبحوث‬،‫دوناتيال بيرسيكو‬ ‫ كوريا الجنوبية‬،‫ جامعة دانكوك‬،‫هوانسو لي‬ ‫ رومانيا‬،‫ جامعة فاسيلي غولديس الغربية بأراد‬،‫أنطوانيال ناجي‬ ‫ الواليات املتحدة األمريكية‬،‫ جامعة كاليفورنيا اللوثرية‬،‫كريستين باول‬ ‫ موريشيوس‬،‫ جامعة موريشيوس‬،‫محمد سانتالي‬ ‫ اململكة املتحدة‬،‫ جامعة وارويك‬،‫مايك جوي‬ ‫ الواليات املتحدة األمريكية‬،‫ جامعة أريزونا‬،‫س ي جون ميكر‬ ‫ فرنسا‬،‫ جامعة روان‬،‫بشيرة طعمة‬ ‫ هنغاريا‬،‫ مدرسة إدارة األعمال الدولية‬،‫سام محمد‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫خالد عبدهللا الهديب‬ ‫ سلطنة عمان‬،‫ جامعة صحار‬،‫شاهر ربحي سعيد عليان‬ ‫ الجزائر‬،‫ املركز الجامعي بآفلو األغواط‬،‫فيصل قريش ي‬ ‫ املكسيك‬،‫ جامعة غواداالخارا‬،‫ماريا كريستينا لوبيز دي ال مدريد‬ ‫ نيجيريا‬،‫ جامعة فاونتن أوسوجبو‬،‫نفيسة أفوالكي أديدوكون شيتو‬ ‫ منغوليا‬،‫ جامعة منغوليا الوطنية‬،‫أويانغا سامبو‬ ‫ اململكة املتحدة‬،‫ متقاعدة‬،‫كارولين مونتاجو‬ ‫ جمهورية التشيك‬،‫ جامعة أوسترافا‬،‫راديم بادوسيك‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫عبدالرؤوف عبدالوهاب العتيبي‬ ‫ أستراليا‬، ‫ جامعة جنوب كوينزالند‬، ‫هيلين سارة فارلي‬ ‫ جنوب إفريقيا‬، ‫ جامعة ويسترن كيب‬، ‫إيزابيال إم فينتر‬ ‫ األردن‬،‫ جامعة اليرموك‬،‫وصفي محمد الخزاعله‬ ‫ اململكة املتحدة‬،‫ متقاعدة‬،‫كارولين مونتاجو‬ ‫ جمهورية التشيك‬،‫ جامعة أوسترافا‬،‫راديم بادوسيك‬ ‫ أستراليا‬، ‫ جامعة نيو إنجالند‬، ‫سو جريجوري‬ ‫ العراق‬،‫ جامعه الكوفه‬،‫جمال أحمد عباس‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫وائل محمد أبو املكارم الديب‬ ‫ مصر‬،‫ جامعة حلوان‬،‫مصطفى محمد علي الحاروني‬ ‫ السودان‬،‫ جامعة وادي النيل‬،‫ابراهيم محمد الفكي احمد‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫الحبيب كشيدة الدرويش‬ ‫ سوريا‬،‫ جامعة تشرين‬،‫بسام حسن زاهر‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫هاني أمين الصاوي مصطفى‬ ‫ فلسطين‬،‫ جامعة فلسطين التقنية‬،‫معن علي احمد الخطيب‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫مجذوب رحمة هللا عامر‬ ‫ العراق‬،‫ جامعة املوصل‬،‫يوسف يعقوب هالل‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫أحمد محمد الشريف‬ ‫مدراء التحرير‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫عادل مصطفى أبو سالمة‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫علي خليفة عبداللطيف‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫عبدالرحيم فتحي إسماعيل‬ ‫مساعدو التحرير‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫فاضل محمد العامر‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫عبد رب األمير سلمان البوعلي‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫حسين معتوق الهدلق‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫إبراهيم جواد العبدهللا‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫صالح عبدالعزيز املحيميد‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫سلطان أحمد الدحيحي‬ ‫املراسلت العامة‬ ‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫رئيس هيئة التحرير‬ ‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،31982 ‫ األحساء‬400 ‫ ب‬.‫ص‬ 00966135895237 ،00966135895238 scijkfu@kfu.edu.sa

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،2021 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

Table of Contents ‫جدول املحتويات‬

Article Title in English Article Title in Arabic Pages ‫اسم الورقة باإلنجليزي‬ ‫اسم البحث بالعربي‬ ‫الصفحات‬ Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the Growth ‫تأثير درجة الحرارة وتركيز امللوحة في نمو وبقاء أسماك البلطي‬ 1-4 Performance and Survival of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis Oreochromis Aureus (Steindachner, 1864) ‫األزرق‬ Aureus (Steindachner, 1864) An Overview of Query Processing on Crowdsourced ‫ نظرة عامة على معالجة االستعالم في قواعد بيانات التعهيد الجماعي‬5-12 Databases

ّ ‫الدور العالجي لألستازانتين في‬ The Therapeutic Role of Astaxanthin in Countering the ‫الحد من تأثيرات الكادميوم على بنية‬ ‫ووظيفة الجهاز التكاثري الذكري‬ Effects of Cadmium on the Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System ‫اإلنتاج املتكامل لسمك القط اآلسيوي‬ 4 Integrated Production of Asian Catfish (Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch) and Money Plant (Epipremnum Aureum ‫) وشجرة املال‬Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch( Linden & André): A Promising Aquaponics System :)Epipremnum Aureum Linden & André( ‫كنظام زراعة مائية واعد‬ 5 The Fishing Effort of the Fisheries Sector in the Iraqi ‫تأثير جهد الصيد على قطاع الصيد الحرفي في املياه البحرية‬ Marine Waters ‫العراقية‬ 6 Minimising the Heat Affected Zone in the Laser Cutting Ti-6Al-4V ‫تقليل املنطقة املتأثرة بالحرارة في القطع بالليزر أللواح‬ of Ti-6Al-4V Sheets using the Monte Carlo Method ‫باستعمال طريقة مونت كارلو‬ 7 Evaluation of Mothers' Knowledge about Autism: Saudi ‫ دراسة على املجتمع السعودي‬:‫تقييم مدى معرفة األمهات بالتوحد‬ Arabia

13-17

36-42

9 10 11 12

13 14 15

17 18 19 20 21

Fresh Water Fish in the Lower Part of Al-Asaad Lake in ‫أسماك املياه العذبة في القسم السفلي لبحيرة األسد في سوريا‬ Syria Quality Assessment of Frying Oil from some ‫تقييم جودة زيوت القلي في بعض مطاعم مدينة األحساء باململكة‬ Restaurants in Al-Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia ‫العربية السعودية‬ Assessing Degree of Desertification Using Tasselled Cap ‫تقييم درجات التصحر باستخدام تقنيات تحويل الغطاء الخضري‬ Transformation and Spectral Indicators Techniques: Iraq ‫ العراق‬:‫واملؤشرات الطيفية‬ Nutrient Components and Antioxidant Activity in ‫محتوى األرز الحساوي واألرز البسمتي من املغذيات ومضادات‬ Hassawi Rice and Basmati Rice Varieties ‫األكسدة‬ Malaria Prevention and Mothers: Sudan ‫ السودان‬:‫األمهات والوقاية من املالريا‬

Author Names in Arabic Author Names in English ‫أسماء املؤلفين باإلنجليزي‬ ‫أسماء املؤلفين بالعربي‬ ‫ عبد الكريم طاهر يسر و نورس عبد‬Abdulkareem T. Yesser, Nawras A. Al-Faiz, ‫الغني الفائز وليلى مصطفى القطراني‬ Layla M. Al-Qatrani and Ali W. Ali ‫وعلي وفيق علي‬ ‫مروى بهجت سويدان و علي عامر‬ Marwa B. Swidan, Ali A. Alwan, Yonis ‫علوان ويونس غولزار وعبد هللا زيد‬ Gulzar, Abedallah Zaid Abualkishik ‫أبو الكشك‬ ‫ محمد عامر صالحو و محمود قاسم‬Mohammad Amer Salaho and Mahmoud Kassem

18-22

‫ جويدب‬،‫الشيخ مصطفي الرحمن‬ Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman, Joydeb ،‫ مهدي حسن‬،‫ زناتول فردوش‬،‫ ساركر‬Sarker, Zannatul Ferdoushe, Md. Mehedi ‫ محمد مشهور‬،‫ أحمد سعود السقوفي‬Hasan, Ahmed Saud AlSaqufi and Md. ‫الرحمن‬ Moshiur Rahman 23-26 ‫عدي محمد حسن قاسم‬ Audai Mohamed-Hasn Qasim 27-31

‫اخالص جابر محمود‬

Ekhlas Jabir Mahmood

32-35

،‫ فاطمه مرتض ى الخرس‬،‫عال موس ى‬ ‫ محمد‬،‫عبد هللا مصطفى الكش ى‬ ‫يوسف النزال و عبد الوهاب أحمد‬ ‫الخرس‬ ‫ديم مالك ديب و كاترين منصور و‬ ‫محمد مجاهد بطل‬ ‫فرج علي صالح إبراهيم و مطلق‬ ‫محمد العتيبي و نجيب سعيد الزريقي‬ ‫ريم طعمة يوسف و ابتهال تقي حسن‬

Ola Mousa, Fatemah M. Alkhars, Abdullah M. Alkishi, Mohammed Y. Alnazzal and Abdulwahab A. Alkhars

42-47 48-53 54-57 58-64

Deem M. Deeb, Cathrine R. Mansour and Mohamed Mojahed Batal Farag Ali Saleh, Mutlag Mohammad AlOtaibi and Najeeb Said Al-Zoreky Reem Tuama Yousuf and Ebtihal T ALKhakani ّ ‫منيرة قاسم املسلم و رندة مقبل‬ Muneera Q Al-Mssallem and Randah M ‫القرش ي‬ Alqurashi ‫ يوسف محمد املساعد و أحمد بن‬Yousif M. Elmosaad, Ahmed M Al Rajeh, ‫منصور الراجح و آصف خان يوسف‬ Asif khan, Elfatih M. Malik and Ilias ‫خان و الفاتح محمد مالك و الياس‬ Mahmud ‫محمود امداد الحق‬ ‫ رشا الحداد و محمد خير طحلة و لينة‬Rasha Al haddad, Mohamad Khair Tahla ‫األمير‬ and Lina Al Amir ‫زكريا مهروسة و عمار كيالي و لونا‬ Zakaria Madhouse, Ammar Kayli and ‫حمامي‬ Luna Himmami ‫دعاء العبداللطيف و عابده إمام‬ Duaa Al Abdullatif and Abda Emam

Improvement of Tannase Production from Bacillus ‫ تحسين ظروف إنتاج اإلنزيم املحلل للتانينات من البكتريا العصوية‬65-69 Bacteria by Submerged Fermentation of Spent Tea ‫عن طريق التخمير املغمور لثفل الشاي‬ Diagnosis of Diseases Based on Iridology Using Fuzzy ‫تشخيص األمراض باالعتماد على تخطيط القزحية باستخدام‬ 70-76 Logic ‫املنطق الغامض‬ ‫تحليل قياس ي للعالقة التكاملية بين اإلنفاق االستهالكي لألرز‬ An Econometric Analysis of the Integrative Relationship 77-82 between Rice Consumption Expenditure and ‫ السعودية كحالة‬:‫وعوامل االقتصاد الكلي املختارة‬ Macroeconomics Factors: Saudi Arabia ‫نادية علي الشمري‬ Opportunistic Bacteria Isolated from Trypauchen Vagina Trypauchen Vagina ‫البكتيريا االنتهازية املعزولة من أسماك‬ 83-86 Fish that Infected with Protozoan from Iraq Marine ‫املصابة بالطفيليات األولية في املياه البحرية العراقية‬ Water Dental Erosion Among Secondary Schoolchildren: ‫ السودان‬:‫تعرية األسنان لدى طالب املرحلة الثانوية‬ 87-91 ‫الوليد فضل ناصر و عبير عصام‬ Sudan ‫الطيب‬ The Effect of Adding Xanthan Gum as a Fat Replacer on ‫ تأثير إضافة صمغ الكزانتان كبديل عن الدهن في خصائص جودة‬92-97 ‫ عبد‬،‫ صباح يازجي‬،‫لينا عبدالعزيز‬ ‫برجر اللحم البقري‬ Quality Characteristics of Beef Burger ‫الحكيم عزيزية‬ Development of a General Equation for Intensity‫ العراق‬:)IDF( ‫التردد‬-‫املدة‬-‫تطوير املعادلة العامة للشدة‬ 98-101 ‫حسن هادي مهدي‬ Duration-Frequency (IDF): Iraq Influence of Fat Burners and Functional Foods on Lipid ‫ فاعلية حارقات الدهون واألغذية الوظيفية في مرتسم دهون الدم‬102-106 ‫حنين حسن جادر و محمد أحمد‬ Profile of Obese Rats ‫للجرذان املصابة بالسمنة‬ ‫جاسم و فريال فاروق حسين‬ ّ Determining the Genetic Action of Water and Nitrogen ‫تحديد الفعل الوراثي لكفاءة استعمال املياه واآلزوت في الذرة‬ 107-114 ‫اسراء سمير البوش و أيمن الشحاذة‬ ّ Utilisation Efficiency in Maize (Zea Mays L.) )Zea Mays L.( ‫الصفراء‬ ‫العودة‬ The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

Nadia Ali Al-Shammari

Elwalid Fadul Nasir and Abeer Isam Altayeb Lina Abdulaziz, Sabah Yaziji and Abdulhakim Azizieh Hasan Hadi Mahdi Haneen Hassan Jadir, Mohammed A. Jassim and Feryal F. Hussein Esraa Samir Al-Boush and Ayman Shehada Al-Ouda

)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،2021 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

22 Spectroscopic Investigation of Laser-Induced Graphene Plasma 23 The Relationship Between Cadmium Levels and Testosterone Levels in a Sample of Aleppo City Residents 24 Lexicographic Repair Under Querying Prioritised DLLite Knowledge Bases 25 Gender-Specific Prevalence of Ischemic Heart Disease among Emergency-Department Patients: Saudi Arabia 26 Security Assessment of Large-Scale IT Infrastructure 27 Design of A Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Microwave Applications 28 Toxico-Pathological Studies of the Insecticide Metasystox-R (Oxydemeton-Methyl) in Rabbits 29 Micrografting Compatibility Between Two Almond Cultivars and Four Wild Species

‫التحقق الطيفي لبالزما الجرافين املحتثة بالليزر‬

115-118

‫مدين احمد خلف‬

Madyan Ahmed Khalaf

‫ العالقة بين مستويات الكادميوم ومستويات هرمون التستوستيرون‬119-123 ‫ محمد عامر صالحو و محمود قاسم‬Mohammad Amer Salaho and Mahmoud ‫لدى عينة من سكان حلب‬ Kassem ‫اإلصالح الخطي لالستعالم عن قواعد معرفة ذات األولوية باملنطق‬ ‫الخفيف‬ ‫معدل انتشار داء القلب اإلقفارى حسب الجنس بين مرض ى قسم‬ ‫ السعودية‬:‫الطوارئ‬ ‫تقويم أمن البنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات في املنشآت الكبيرة‬ ‫تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال‬ ‫لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬ ‫الدراسات الباثولوجية النسيجية على املبيد الحشري‬ ‫أر (أوكسيديميتون ميثايل) على األرانب‬-‫ميتاسيستوكس‬ ‫التوافق بالتطعيم الدقيق بين صنفين من اللوز وأربعة أنواع برية‬

124-130 131-135

‫تلي عبد املطيع و حامدي غسان و‬ ‫عمري محمد نزيه‬ ‫عماد على الخوفى‬

Telli Abdelmoutia, Hamdi Ghassen and Omri Mohamed Nazih Emad Ali Al Khoufi

136-143 144-147

ّ ‫شوقي عبدهللا‬ ‫عباد‬ ‫خالد سعيد لطيف البدري‬

Shouki A. Ebad Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri

148-151

‫أحمد جعفر الجزار و يحيى حسين‬

Ahmed Jaafar Aljazzar and Yehia Hussain

152-157 ‫ محمد عبد الرزاق‬،‫وفاء محمد قعيم‬ ‫ محاسن محمد طاهر توكلنا‬،‫بطحة‬

165-171

‫ أستوتي‬،‫ بشارة حمت‬،‫زاتي هزيرة‬ ‫ عبير اللحام‬،‫أمرين‬ ‫بن بوراس محمد األمين‬

Wafaa Mohamed Koaym, Mohamed Abdul Razzaq Battha and Mhasen Mohamed Taher Twaklna Zati Hazira Ismail, Basyarah Hamat, Astuty Amrin and Abeer Allahham Benbouras Mohammed Amin

Smell in Industrial Design: A Systematic Review

‫ مراجعة منهجية‬:‫الرائحة في التصميم الصناعي‬

158-164

Predicting Shear Stress Parameters in Consolidated Drained Conditions Using Artificial Intelligence Methods Author Instructions

‫التنبؤ بمقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف‬ ‫باستخدام أساليب الذكاء االصطناعي‬ ‫تعليمات املؤلفين‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

1)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،)2021( ‫التاريخ‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the Growth Performance and Survival of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis Aureus (Steindachner, 1864) Abdulkareem T. Yesser1, Nawras A. Al-Faiz2, Layla M. Al-Qatrani1 and Ali W. Ali1

‫تأثري درجة احلرارة وتركيز امللوحة يف منو‬ ‫وبقاء أمساك البلطي األزرق‬

Oreochromis Aureus (Steindachner, 1864)

‫ و ليلى مصطفى‬2‫ و نورس عبد الغني الفائز‬1‫عبد الكريم طاهر يسر‬ 1 ‫ و علي وفيق علي‬1‫القطراني‬

‫ العراق‬،‫ البصرة‬،‫ جامعة البصرة‬،‫ مركزعلوم البحار‬،‫ قسم الفقريات البحرية‬1 ‫ العراق‬،‫ البصرة‬،‫ جامعة البصرة‬،‫ كلية علوم البحار‬،‫ قسم العلوم الطبيعية‬2

1 Department of Vertebrates, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq 2 Natural Science Department, Faculty of Marine Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Food conversion ratio. growth, salinity, RAS, survival rate, temperature

‫ النمو‬،‫ نظام تدوير املياه‬،‫ نسبة التحويل الغذائي‬،‫ معدل البقاء‬،‫ درجة الحرارة‬،‫تركيز امللوحة‬

ABSTRACT The present study evaluates the effects of temperature (18 and 30ºC) and salinity (1.2, 10, and 20 g/l) on the growth and survival rate of blue tilapia Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner, 1864) fingerlings. The average weight of 5.19 ± 0.09g of each fingerling was cultured in the Recycle Aquaculture System (RAS), which consisted of 18 plastic tanks with a water volume of 54 litres, for 70 days (December 18th to February 23rd). The results showed that more than 80-100% of the fish survived at 1.2 to 20g/l salinity and at both temperature treatments. The results showed an increase in the growth of tilapia with increased temperature in low salinity (1.2 and 10 g/l) and a decrease in growth with higher salinity (20g/l). The best food conversion rate (FCR) was 2.6157 ±0.2002 and 2.9865 ±0.0114 at treatments of 30 and 18°C respectively with salinity of 10g/l. The study concluded that temperature and salinity have an effect on the growth performance and survival rate of blue tilapia fingerlings. The ability of blue tilapia to use saline water up to 10g/l makes it an ideal candidate for brackish water production. Therefore, blue tilapia may be an alternative species for aquaculture in southern Iraq.

1. Introduction Land-based and offshore aquaculture operations are on the increase worldwide (Peterson et al., 2005: Stickney 2017). Iraq is one of the least developing countries lacking aquaculture in brackish or semisaline waters, and the aquaculture is restricted to freshwater only. Due to the scarcity of fresh water, especially in southern Iraq, fish species living in brackish or semi-saltwater have been selected for improved aquaculture production. Tilapia, of the genus Oreochromis, are commonly distributed in the wild and grown in fish farms due to their hardy disposition, fast growth rates and resistance to different salinity conditions (Pullin, 1991). Blue tilapia (O. aureus, Steindachner, 1864( have entered Iraqi water in the last few years (Mutlak and Al-Faisal, 2009) and been targeted to test the validity of its culture in the waters of Basrah in southern Iraq. Therefore, the first candidate that one may consider for aquaculture in brackish water and seawater is tilapia. Blue tilapia is known to be one of the most popular aquaculture species in many countries around the world (Jauncey and Ross, 1982: El-Sayed, 2006) that can feed from low on the food chain and accept artificial feed (El-Sayed and Teshima,1992). They also have a high resistance to temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen depletion; they can survive within a thermal range of 8-41° C. (Trewavas, 1983). This species can culture in freshwater, brackish, semi-saltwater and seawater of 36ppt. (McGeachin et al., 1987), which makes their culture an alternative solution to the challenges of freshwater depletion and pollution in estuaries and coastal waters. This genus is described as herbivores accompanied by phytoplankton, a small proportion of zooplankton and a small section of vertebrates. (De Moor and Bruton 1988; Corresponding Author: Abdulkareem T. Yesser

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

10/08/2020

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

23/10/2020

PUBLISHED ‫النشر‬

01/06/2021

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/2425

‫امللخص‬ 10.0 ‫و‬1.2( ‫م) وتركيز امللوحة‬° 30‫ و‬18( ‫أجريت هذه الدراسة لتقييم تأثير درجة الحرارة‬ Oreochromis aureus ‫لتر) في نمو اصبعيات أسماك البلطي األزرق‬/‫جم‬20.00‫و‬ ‫ تم‬.‫ جم‬0.09 ± 5.019 ‫ سمكة بمتوسط وزن‬180 ‫ استخدمت‬.‫( وبقائها‬Steindachner,1864) ‫ حوض‬18 ‫ واملتكون من‬Recycle Aquaculture System (RAS) ‫تربيتها في نظام إعادة تدوير املاء‬ ‫ أوضحت‬.)‫ فبراير‬23– ‫ ديسمبر‬18( ‫ يوما‬70 ‫ استمرت التجربة ملدة‬.‫ لتر‬54 ‫بالستيكي بحجم‬ ‫ أظهرت‬.‫ لتر‬/ ‫ جم‬20.0 - 1.2 ‫ عند تركيز ملوحة‬٪100-80 ‫النتائج أن معدل البقاء تراوح بين‬ / ‫ جم‬10.0‫و‬1.2( ‫النتائج زيادة في نمو اسماك البلطي مع زيادة درجة الحرارة في تركيز امللوحة‬ ‫ بلغ أفضل معدل تحويل غذائي‬.)‫ لتر‬/ ‫جم‬20.0( ‫لتر) وانخفاض في النمو مع تركيز امللوحة‬ ‫م على التوالي عند تركيز‬° 18‫ و‬30 ‫ في درجة حرارة‬0.0114 ± 2.9865‫ و‬0.2002 ± 2.6157 ‫م) وتراكيز امللوحة‬°30‫ و‬18( ‫ في درجات الحرارة‬%100 ‫ لتر وأعلى معدل بقاء‬/ ‫ جم‬10.0 ‫ملوحة‬ ‫ استنتجت الدراسة وجود تأثير ملحوظ لدرجة الحرارة وتركيزات امللوحة‬.)‫ لتر‬/‫جم‬10.0‫ و‬1.2( ‫ مما‬،‫ وأنه يتحمل مديات ملوحة واسعة‬،‫على أداء النمو ومعدل البقاء ألسماك البلطي األزرق‬ ‫ وأن‬،‫يجعل لهذا النوع من األسماك إمكانية جيدة للنمو في مياه ذات درجات ملوحة مختلفة‬ ‫ يجعلها من‬،‫ لتر‬/ ‫ جم‬10 ‫قدرة هذه االسماك على النمو في مياه ذات درجة ملوحة تصل حتى‬ .‫األسماك املرشحة لالستزراع املائي في جنوب العراق‬

Lamboj, 2004). They also have a female nursery for larvae in the mouth (mouth breeder) existing in warm waters, rivers, lakes and springs (Page and Burr, 1991; Suresh and Lin, 1992). However, limited information is available on the cultivation of this species of tilapia in brackish water and seawater compared to the vast volume of knowledge available on their cultivation in freshwater. This study aims to determine the effects of the combined factors of temperature and salinity for the cultivation of blue tilapia fingerlings and investigate their growth performance and survival rate, in turn, to provide an additional source of income. 2. Material and Methods

2.1. Description of the Experiment: One hundred and eighty blue tilapia fingerlings (Steindachner, 1864) were collected from earthen ponds at the Marine Sciences Centre, University of Basrah, Iraq. On December 4th, the fish were transferred to the marine vertebrate laboratory and kept in 54-litre plastic tanks for acclimation, each of which was stocked with ten fingerlings, using 2×3 factorial experiments of six treatments, two different temperatures (18 and 30°C) and three levels of salinity (1.2, 10 and 20g/l) as follows: T1(temperature 18°C/salinity 1.2g/l), T2 (temperature 18°C/salinity 10g/l), T3 (temperature 18°C/salinity 20g/l), T4 (temperature 30°C/salinity 1.2g/l), T5 (temperature 30°C/salinity 10g/l) and T6 (temperature 30°C/salinity 20g/l). Sea salt was used to prepare the required level of salinity at 10 and 20g/l by adding it to the local municipal water. To adjust the water temperature in the experiment, automatic heaters with thermostats were used to obtain the required temperatures. The study was

abdulkareemtaher@gmail.com ,009647710821595

‫ عبد الكريم طاهريسر‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.Oreochromis Aureus (Steindachner, 1864) ‫ تأثير درجة الحرارة وتركيزامللوحة في نمو وبقاء أسماك البلطي األزرق‬.)2021( .‫عبد الكريم طاهر يسر و نورس عبد الغني الفائز وليلى مصطفى القطراني وعلي وفيق علي‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

conducted at a Recycle Aquaculture System (RAS) consisting of 18 plastic tanks of 54 litres supplied with both mechanical and biological filtration for each treatment. The experiment lasted for 70 days, from December 18th to February 23rd. The fish were fed an artificial diet containing 35% protein, 8.84% lipid, 0.26% moisture, 13.26% minerals and 42.64% carbohydrates once daily at 5% of their body weight for five days a week. Changes in their weight were measured every 14 days from the beginning of the experiment; growth performance parameters were estimated per treatment as weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR), relative growth rate (RGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and food conversion efficiency (FCE), based on the following standard formulas: • • • • •

WG (g) = final mean weight – initial mean weight. SGR (%/day) = [ln (final weight) – ln (initial weight) / total days of experiment] × 100. RGR (%) = final weight – initial weight/initial weight) × 100 FCR = (weight of food/fish/day) x total days of feeding) / WG. FCE (%) = WG / [(weight of food/fish/day) × total days of feeding] × 100 Survival rate (SR%) = number of surviving fish/number of fish at the beginning of experiment ×100.

Temperatures (°C), pH, and dissolved oxygen (mg/l) were recorded during the experiment period once daily. Means of the water quality parameters measured throughout the experimental period are summarized in table 1. Water temperature and salinity were relatively stable and varied by less than 1.1ºC and 1.18g/l. The measured dissolved oxygen (7.30 ± 0.81 to 8.54± 1.04mg/l), and the pH (7.24 ±0.19 to 7.93 ± 0.72). Table 1. Water quality parameters during the experimental period (Mean ± SD). Treatments Temperature °C Salinity (g/l) Dissolve Oxygen (mg/l) pH T1 18± 1.1 1.2 ± 0.6 8.54± 1.04 7.24 ±0.19 T2 18 ± 1.1 10 ± 1.4 8.37 ± 0.88 7.48 ± 0.03 T3 18 ± 1.1 20 ± 1.8 8.04 ± 0.09 7.65 ± 0.16 T4 30 ± 0.9 1.2 ± 0.6 7.76 ± 1.05 7.74 ± 0.71 T5 30 ± 0.9 10 ± 1.4 7.59 ± 0.27 7.79 ± 0.19 T6 30 ± 0.9 20 ± 1.8 7.30 ± 0.81 7.93 ± 0.72

2.2. Statistical Analysis: All statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS version 22 (Arlington, Virginia) and complete randomized design (CRD), at a significant level of ≤ 0.05, and the least significant difference (LSD) was used to compare different treatments. 3. Results

3.1. Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Survival Rate: There was some mortality (3–4 fingerlings) during the trial time. During the 70-day rearing period, treatments of 1.2 to 10g/l showed the highest survival levels, while 20g/l showed the lowest survival rate of 80–85% (table 2). Table 2. Survival rate (%) of O. aureus fingerlings at different temperatures (°C) and salinity (g/l) levels. Treatments Survival rate (%) T1 100 T2 100 T3 80 T4 100 T5 100 T6 85

3.2. Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Fish Weight Gain: Weight of fish was significantly (P<0.05) influenced by water temperature and salinity. Initial mean weights did not differ significantly (P>0.05) among treatments. Over the 70-day experimental period, the final body mean weight was highest (P<0.05) in the T5 and T2 treatments, followed by the T4 and T1 treatments, and the lowest final body weight was recorded in the T6 and T3 treatments (table 3). Mean weight gain was lowest (P<0.05) in the T3 treatment, followed by the T6 treatment. No significant differences (P<0.05), in weight gain were observed between the T5

and T2 treatments. Fish in the T5 treatment showed a weight gain that was approximately double that of the other treatments (T1, T3, T4, and T6) over the experiment period. Table 3. Initial, final, and weight gain (g) of O. aureus fingerlings at different temperatures (°C) and salinities (g/l). Treatments Initial weight (g) Final weight (g) Weight Gain (g) T1 5.26±1.36 9.79±1.09bc 4.53 ±0.27 c T2 5.01±0.38 11.86±1.34 ab 6.85 ±0.96 ab T3 5.17±0.31 8.41±1.33c 3.24 ±1.02 c T4 5.22±0.16 10.17±1.53bc 4.95 ±1.46 bc a T5 5.19±0.16 13.71±1.62 8.52 ±1.46 a T6 5.30±0.28 8.89±1.45c 3.59 ±0.94 c The values above are means of triplicate data; mean ± SD within the same column with different superscripts is significantly different (P<0.05).

3.3. Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the FishSpecific Growth Rate (SGR) and Relative Growth Rate (RGR): The highest SGR was found in O. aureus fingerlings (1.3814 ±0.1256,

and 1.2203 ±0.0544%g/day) at T5 and T2 than other treatments. The SGR value markedly decreased in T3; however, the lowest SGR (0.6847 ±0.1423%g/day) %g/day) was observed in T3 (table 4). The average relative growth rate (RGR) of O. aureus similarly decreased like SGR in T3, T1, and T6. The highest RGR (163.6872 ±23.0957) was found in T5 compared with other treatments. No significant differences (P<0.05) of RGR values were observed between T5 and T2. The lowest RGR was detected (62.0284 ±16.0387) in T3. Table 4. Specific growth rate (SGR %g/day), and relative growth rate ( RGR %) (Mean ± SD) of O. aureus fingerlings at different temperatures (°C) and salinities (g/l). Treatments Specific growth rate (SGR % day) Relative growth rate (RGR%) T1 0.9011 ±0.2179 b c 89.3902 ±29.2092 b a T2 1.2203 ±0.0544 135.0772 ±8.9419 a T3 0.6847 ±0.1423 c 62.0284 ±16.0387 b b T4 0.9409 ±0.1377 93.8144 ±23.0957 b T5 1.3814 ±0.1256 a 163.6872 ±23.0957 a b T6 0.9071 ±0.0711 88.8541±9.3711 b The values above are means of triplicate data; mean ± SD within the same column with different superscripts is significantly different (P<0.05).

3.4. Effects of Temperature and Salinity on Feed Utilization: Increasing trends of feed conversion ratio (FCR) were found with decreasing temperature. Significantly lower FCR was found in O. aureus reared at 20g/l salinity and 18°C (5.1835 ±0.8146) than that of other treatments. The better (lower is better) FCR values were 2.6157 ±0.2002 and 2.9865 ±0.0114 in T5 and T2 treatments respectively (table 5). The average food conversion efficiency (FCE) of O. aureus decreased at a similar rate to food conversion ratio (FCR) in T3, T1, and T6 when compared with other treatments. The highest FCE (38.3786 ±2.9084%) was found in T5. No significant differences (P<0.05) in FCE values were observed between T5 and T2. The lowest RGR (19.6019 ±2.9712 %) was detected in T3. Table 5. Feed conversion ratio, FCR (Mean ± SD) and food conversion efficiency, FCE%, (Mean ± SD) of O. aureus fingerlings after 70 days of the rearing period. Treatments Food Conversion Rate (FCR) Food Conversion Efficiency (FCE%) T1 4.0385 ±0.4817 c 25.0011b ±3.0254c T2 2.9865 ±0.0114 ab 33.4837 ±0.1286 a d T3 5.1835 ±0.8146 19.6019 ±2.9712 c T4 3.9794b ±0.7966c 25.7880 ±4.9663 b a T5 2.6157 ±0.2002 38.3786 ±2.9084 a T6 3.7647±0.3447 bc 26.7089 ±2.4114 b The values above are means of triplicate data; mean ± SD within the same column with different superscripts is significantly different (P<0.05).

4. Discussion Physicochemical factors impacting tilapia in the wild or under aquaculture conditions include salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia and nitrite, pH, photoperiod and water turbidity. Nonetheless, salinity and temperature are the two most important considerations (El-Sayed, 2006). The effects of the relationship between salinity and temperature on fish growth efficiency, survival rates, and associated physiological parameters are complex and usually not well understood (Imsland et al., 2001). The cold resistance of tilapia produced under various salinities is unique to the genus. O.

Abdulkareem T. Yesser, Nawras A. Al-Faiz, Layla M. Al-Qatrani, Ali W. Ali. (2021). Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the Growth Performance and Survival of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis Aureus (Steindachner, 1864). The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

aureus demonstrated reduced growth and survival at lower

temperatures (El-Sayed, 2006). The present study shows that there is a lower growth efficiency observed at a water temperature of 18°C, compared to 30°C. Watanabe et al. (2007) found that the growth and survival of fish are not affected at various salinity levels when the temperature reaches 27°C, but the salinity has a major impact at temperatures below 25°C. Likongwe (2002) stated that temperature has an effect on salinity tolerance because they fluctuate in nature together and may have a positive or negative effect on the growth and survival rate of cichlids. The results of this study show that O. aureus can tolerate an environment of 1.2 to 20g/l salinity. El-Sayed (2006) reported that O. aureus is less tolerant to saline, but can grow well at a salinity of 36 to 44g/l, while reproduction occurs at 19g/l. In contrast, Balarin and Haller (1982) reported low growth and high mortality at 36g/l. Similarly, McGeachin et al. (1987) found that O. aureus reared in seawater cages (36g/l) showed a rapid decrease in growth rates. Different growth output in terms of final body weight (FW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rate (SGR %g/day), relative growth rate (RGR %), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE %) were reported at different salinity rates, suggesting that the fish were perfectly capable of controlling their body physiology under this regime. The survival rate of 80–100 % in 1,2, 10, and 20g/l salinity suggests that O. aureus can well survive in these salinity levels, which may be due to the tendency of body fluids to work abnormally in the range of internal osmotic and ion concentrations. As mentioned by Nugon (2003), juveniles of O. aureus, O. niloticus and Florida red tilapia demonstrated excellent survival (> 81%) in salinity regimes of up to 20g/l, with modest survival of O. aureus (54%) at 35g/l salinity. The FCR values found in fish reared at 1.2, 10, and 20g/l indicate a strong growth rate. Better FCR (2.6157 ±0.2002 and 2.9865 ±0.0114) was obtained with 10g/l at 30 and 18°C. The efficiency of feed conversion depends on several factors, but the best method is to customize the environment to approximate that to which the fish is adapted (Bashamohideen and Parvatheeswararao, 1976). In terms of specific growth rate (SGR), the highest SGR (1.3814 ±0.1256) was detected in T5, but SGR decreased with increasing salinity above 10g/l (0.6847 ±0.1423 at 20g/l salinity at 18°C). This result is similar to the observation made by Ficke et al. (2007) that each species of fish has an optimum temperature range for growth performance; for warm water fish or fish in tropical regions, the optimum temperature for growth usually varies from 20 to 32°C. The relationship between temperature and growth is defined by the influence of the thermal growth coefficient (Schulte, 2011), by which metabolic rates increase in warmer temperatures, resulting in faster growth rates at higher temperatures. Higher RGR (163.6872 ±23.0957%) was recorded in 10g/l salinity at 30°C and lower RGR (62.0284 ±16.0387 %) was found in 20g/l salinity at 18°C. The higher RGR of the fish shows that the fish were able to control the osmotic pressure of the body fluid; this follows the recommendations suggested by Nikolsky (1963); the greater the osmoregulatory adaptation, the smaller the difference between the concentrations and pressures of the internal fluid of the body and the external environment. For aquaculture purposes, the results of this study indicate that O. aureus fingerlings can be cultivated in an aquatic environment with salinity levels ranging from 1.2 to 20g/l, which indicates high production and improved economic return. However, the most favoured salinity was 10g/l. This may be the reason for isosmotic water that reduces the use of osmoregulation energy compared to freshwater and saltwater. This energy saving is being used for growth purposes. 5. Conclusion It can be assumed from this study that the growth efficiency, food

consumption and survival rate of blue tilapia, O. aureus are influenced by salinity and temperature, as well as the combination of these factors. As a result, the present study has shown that blue tilapia can tolerate salinity of up to 20g/l with a reasonable survival rate. It was recommended that growth rate and food utilization at 10g/l salinity are better than in freshwater. The ability of blue tilapia to use low and moderate salinity water up to 10g/l makes it the ideal candidate for brackish water production. Therefore, tilapia, O. aureus may be an alternative species for aquaculture in southern Iraq. Acknowledgments The authors would like to thank the Vertebrate Department of the Marine Sciences Centre, University of Basrah for their support. Bios

Abdulkareem Taher Yesser Department of Marine Vertebrates, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq, 009647710821595, abdulkareemtaher@gmail.com

Dr. Yesser, is a Basrah University graduate, PhD., in Fish Ecophysiology. Assistant Professor, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah. Editorial member of the Iraqi Journal of Aquaculture. I supervised several postgraduate master and doctoral students. Published more than 70 articles in global, regional, and local journals, some of them in Scopus -indexed, in the field of fish ecology, aquaculture, and fish nutrition. Participated in several local and regional seminars, workshops, and conferences.

Nawras Abdul-Ghani Al-Faiz Natural Science Department, Faculty of Marine Science, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq, 009647703289923, nawras.abdulzahra@uobasrah.edu.iq

Al-Faiz is a Basrah University graduate, PhD. in Marine Aquaculture, Assistance Professor, Natural Science Department, Faculty of Marine Science, University of Basrah, published more than 25 articles in global, regional and local journals, some of them in Scopus -indexed, in the field of marine aquaculture, fish nutrition, participated in several local and regional seminars, workshops, and conferences. He has many certificates of appreciation for his active participation in training workshops.

Lyla Mustafa Abdulkareem Al-Qatrani Department of Marine Vertebrates, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq, 009647718776191, layla.abdulkreem@uobasrah.edu.iq

Al-Qatrani is a Basrah University graduate, PhD. in fish ecophysiology, Assistance Professor, Department of Marine Vertebrate, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah. published more than 23 articles in global, regional, and local journals, some of them in Scopus -indexed, in the field of fish nutrition, fish phylogeny, and osmotic and hormonal regulation in marine and freshwater, participated in several local and regional seminars, workshops, and conferences.

Ali Wafeeq Ali Department of Marine Vertebrates, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq, 009647808353363, ali79wafeeq@gmail.com

Assistant researcher Ali graduated from the University of Basrah, has a BSc. in Fisheries and Marine Resources, Agriculture college, University of Basrah, Assistant researcher in Vertebrate Department, Marine Science Centre, University of Basrah. He contributed to publishing research papers with scientific researchers from the Marine Sciences Centre. Participated in local seminars, workshops, and conferences have many certificates of appreciation for his active participation in training workshops.

References Balarin, J. A. and Haller, R. D. )1982(. The intensive culture of tilapia in tanks, raceways, and cages. In: Muir, J. F. and Roberts, R. J. (eds.) Recent Advances in Aquaculture. Boulder, Colorado: Croom Helm, London and Canberra, and West View Press. Bashamohideen, M. and Parvatheeswararao, V. )1976(. Adaptations to osmotic stress in the freshwater euryhaline teleost, Tilapia Mossambica Zoologischer Anzeiger, 197(1–2), 47–56. De Moor, I. J. and Bruton, M. N. (1988). Atlas of Alien and Translocated Indigenous Aquatic Animals in Southern Africa. National Scientific Programmes Unit: CSIR. El-Sayed, A. F. M. and Teshima, S. I. (1992). Protein and energy requirements of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, fry. Aquaculture, 103(1), 55–63. El-Sayed, A. F. M. (2006) Tilapia culture in salt water: Environmental requirements, nutritional implications and economic potentials. In: Cruz Suárez, L. E., Marie, D. R., Salazar, M. T., Villareal Cavazos, D. A., Puello Cruz, A. C. and García Ortega, A. (eds). Avances en Nutricion Acuicola. Nuevo León, México: León, Monterrey. Ficke, A. D., Myrick, C. A. and Hansen, L. J. (2007). Potential impacts of global climate change on freshwater fisheries. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 17(4), 581–613. Imsland, A. K., Foss, A., Gunnarsson, S., Berntsen, M. H. G., FitzGerald, R., Bonga, S. W., Ham, E. V., Naevdal, G. and Stefansson, S. O. (2001). The interaction of temperature and salinity on growth and food conversion in juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Aquaculture, 198(3–4), 353–67. Jauncey, K. and Ross, B. A. (1982). Guide to Tilapia Feeds and Feeding. Stirling, Scotland: University of Stirling. Lamboj, A. (2004). The Cichlid Fishes of Western Africa. Bornheim, Germany: Birgit Schmettkamp Verlag Likongwe, J. S. (2002). Studies on potential use of salinity to increase growth of tilapia in aquaculture in Malawi. In: Nineteenth Annual Technical Report. Pond Dynamics/Aquaculture CRSP, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. McGeachin, R. B., Wicklund, R. I., Olla, B. L. and Winton, J. R. (1987). Growth of tilapia aurea in seawater cages. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 18(1), 31–4. Mutlak, F. M. and Al-Faisal, A. J. (2009). A new record of two exotic cichlid fish Oreochromis aureus (Steindacher, 1864) and Tilapia zilli (Gervais, 1848) from south of the main outfall drain in Basrah city. Mesopot. J. Mar. Sci., 24(2), 160–70. Nikolsky, G. V. (1963). The ecology and behavioural response of fishes in different salinities. London: Academic Press. Nugon, R. W. (2003). Salinity Tolerance of Juveniles of Four Varieties of Tilapia. MSc. Thesis, Louisiana State University, USA. Page, L. M. and Burr, B. M. (1991). A Field Guide to Freshwater Fishes of North America North of Mexico. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Peterson, M. S., Slack, W. T. and Woodley, C. M. (2005). The occurrence of non-indigenous Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus) in coastal Mississippi, USA: Ties to aquaculture and thermal effluent. Wetlands, 25(1),112–21. Pullin, R. V. (1991). Cichlids in aquaculture. In: Keenleyside, M. A (ed.) Cichlid Fishes: Behaviour, Ecology and Evolution. London: Chapman and Hall. Schulte, P. M., Healy, T. M. and Fangue, N. A. (2011). Thermal performance curves, phenotypic plasticity and the time scales of temperature exposure. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 51(5), 691–702. Stickney, R. R. (2017). Tilapia feeding habits and environmental tolerances. Tilapia in intensive co-culture. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Suresh, A. V. and Lin, C. K. (1992). Tilapia culture in saline waters: A review. Aquaculture, 106(3–4), 201–26. Trewavas, E. (1983). Tilapia fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis and Danakil. London: British Museum (Natural History). Watanabe, W. O., French, K. E., Ernst, D. H., Olla, B. L. and Wicklund, R. I. (2007). Salinity during early development influences growth and survival of Florida red tilapia in brackish and seawater. J. World Aqua. Soc., 20(3), 134–42.

2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

5)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،)2021( ‫التاريخ‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

An Overview of Query Processing on Crowdsourced Databases Marwa B. Swidan1, Ali A. Alwan1, Yonis Gulzar2, Abedallah Zaid Abualkishik3

‫نظرة عامة على معاجلة االستعالم يف قواعد بيانات‬ ‫التعهيد اجلماعي‬

‫ وعبد هللا زيد أبو الكشك‬2‫ ويونس غولزار‬1‫ و علي عامرعلوان‬1‫مروى بهجت سويدان‬

1 International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

2 College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia 3 American University in The Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Incomplete data model, preferences query, query processing, skyline query, top-k query ‫ البيانات غير مكتملة‬،skyline ‫ استعالم‬، top-k ‫ استعالم‬،‫ استعالم التفضيالت‬،‫معالجة االستعالم‬

ABSTRACT Crowd-sourcing is a powerful solution for finding correct answers to expensive and unanswered queries in databases, including those with uncertain and incomplete data. Attempts to use crowd-sourcing to exploit human abilities to process these expensive queries using human workers have helped to provide accurate results by utilising the available data in the crowd. Crowd-sourcing database systems (CSDBs) combine the knowledge of the crowd with a relational database by using some variant of a relational database with minor changes. This paper surveys the leading studies conducted in the area of query processing with regard to both traditional and preference queries in CSDBs. The focus of this work is on highlighting the strengths and the weakness of each approach. A detailed discussion of current and future trends research associated with query processing in the area of CSDBs is also presented.

1. Introduction In many contemporary database applications, queries cannot always be optimally answered through traditional techniques. There are many causes for this, including imprecise or uncertain information. Examples of such applications include translation, handwriting recognition, image understanding, and web databases. Crowdsourced platforms have become an effective solution for finding answers to various types of queries by exploiting the knowledge, ideas, experiences, and skills of crowd workers to process information and obtain accurate responses. A hybrid human/machine system is defined as a process that integrates crowd workers with computer systems to generate high-quality results (Parameswaran et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016; Swidan et al., 2018; Bhaskar et al., 2020; Lian et al., 2020; Swidan et al., 2020). A crowd-sourced system consists of three main components, which work together to provide users with the best answer to a particular query: (i) a requester, who submits a query to the crowd and waits for the answer to be generated; (ii) a crowd platform, which contains the query execution engine that is responsible for managing the user’s query and retrieving answers; and (iii) workers, who are responsible for working on the queries and delivering the results to the requester via the crowd platform (Difallah et al., 2015; Chai et al., 2019). Figure 1 shows a detailed illustration of the structure of a typical crowd-sourced platform. The requester submits the query to the crowd, specifying the requirements for accomplishing the task. The crowd divides the given query (task) into many sub-tasks, also called micro-tasks or human intelligent tasks (HITs). The platform then assigns these HITs to workers, who each agree to carry out a task. Assigning tasks to workers is the most critical aspect of query processing in the crowd-sourced system, since workers attempt to generate a result based on the user’s query, and the quality of the result is strongly influenced by the quality of the selected workers. Corresponding Author: Ali A. Alwan

‫ ماليزيا‬،‫ كواالملبور‬،‫ الجامعة األسالمية العاملية في ماليزيا‬1 ‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية إدارة االعمال‬2 ‫ األمارات العربية املتحدة‬،‫ دبي‬،‫ الجامعة األمريكية في األمارات‬،‫ كلية تكنلوجيا املعلومات الحاسوبية‬2 RECEIVED ‫االستقبال‬

09/06/2020

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

11/09/2020

PUBLISHED ‫النشر‬

01/06/2021

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/cmp/2410

‫امللخص‬ ً ً ‫يعد الحشد الجماعي حال فعاال لإلجابة الصحيحة على االستفسارات باهظة الثمن والتي‬ ‫ال يمكن الجابة عنها في قواعد البيانات باستخدام اآللة؛ من ضمنها االستعالمات عن‬ ‫ تحاول مصادر الحشد الجماعي استغالل القدرات‬.‫البيانات غير املؤكدة وغير املكتملة‬ ‫البشرية ملعالجة هذه املهام الصعبة ومساعدة العاملون على توفير نتائج دقيقة باستخدام‬ ‫) تستخدم‬CSDB( ‫ أنظمة قواعد بيانات الحشد الجماعي‬.‫البيانات املتاحة في الحشد‬ ‫بعض أشكال قاعدة البيانات العالئقية مع تغييرات طفيفة عليها مكنت من دمج قوة‬ ‫ هذه الورقة تستعرض وتفحص الدراسات الرائدة‬.‫الحشد مع قاعدة البيانات العالئقية‬ traditional ( ‫التي أجريت في مجال معالجة االستعالم لكل من االستفسارات التقليدية‬ ‫) في قواعد بيانات الحشد‬preference queries( ‫) واستفسارات التفضيالت‬queries ‫ وتم أيضا التركيز و تسليط الضوء على نقاط القوة والضعف لكل طريقة من‬.‫الجماعي‬ ‫ كما تم عرض مناقشة تفصيلية التجاهات البحاث الحالية واملستقبلية‬.‫تلك الطرق‬ .‫املتعلقة بمعالجة االستعالم في مجال قواعد بيانات الحشد الجماعي‬

Not all workers are suitable to accomplish a given task, and the decision to select the most appropriate worker is therefore made by the requester (Franklin et al., 2011; Difallah et al., 2015; Chai et al., 2019; Lian et al., 2020). Figure 1: Query processing in the crowd-sourcing system

A CSDB contains a massive amount of heterogeneous data, which are stored in various online locations accessible by the crowd. These data may be in many different forms, such as web data, text, images, audio, and personal data (Li et al., 2016; Lian et al., 2020). A CSDB uses many of the functions of traditional database systems and SQL operators to process complex queries, and extends some of the traditional operators and adds new crowd operators to a database management system (DBMS) (Parameswaran et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016). Several crowd-sourced systems have been developed with the aim of extending a traditional database system to work on crowd platforms. These extensions support a wider range of types of query that rely on the power of human knowledge, and include CrowdDB (Franklin et al., 2011), Qurk (Marcus et al., 2011) and Deco (Parameswaran et al., 2012a). These crowd-sourced systems are associated with specific crowd-sourced marketplaces, for instance Amazon Mechanical Turk

aliamer@iium.edu.my ,0060173546110

‫ علي عامرعلوان‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.‫ نظرة عامة على معالجة االستعالم في قواعد بيانات التعهيد الجماعي‬.) 2021( .‫مروى بهجت سويدان و علي عامر علوان ويونس غولزار وعبد هللا زيد أبو الكشك‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

(Franklin et al., 2011) and CrowdFlower (Li et al., 2016). There are many differences between traditional and crowd-sourced databases. Firstly, traditional databases can be considered as a closed world in terms of query processing, meaning that data that are not in the database are treated as false or non-existent. Secondly, traditional databases are extremely literal; for example, the DBMS assumes that information entered by a user has been appropriately cleaned and validated before being entered into the database. Query processing via crowd databases is typically influenced by three critical factors: monetary cost, time latency, and the accuracy of the results (Parameswaran et al., 2011; El Maarry et al., 2015; Lee et al., 2016; Li et al., 2016; Chai et al., 2019; Bhaskar et al., 2020).

1.1. Monetary Cost: Crowd services are not free, and every task presented by a requester incurs some monetary cost. In other words, when the requester collects an accepted answer, he or she needs to pay the worker. The requester therefore needs to know in advance the estimated monetary cost for each task before assigning it to a worker. Answering user queries by exploiting a crowd platform can be expensive when the number of tasks is large (Lee et al., 2016).

1.2. Time Latency: This factor denotes the period between the submission of the task by the requester and the collection of the answers from the crowd. When submitting a task, the requester can add some constraints to be considered by the workers when processing the task, including a time limit for completing the task, the maximum time the crowd can see the task on the platform (i.e. an expiration time for the task), and the estimated monetary cost that the requester is willing to pay for the given task (Li et al., 2016). In certain cases, the workers may be unreliable, or may attempt to hold the task for a long time without giving valid answers. These issues can significantly increase the time latency of processing the tasks.

1.3. Result Accuracy: Sometimes, the results produced by the crowd workers are not accurate, since humans often tend to make errors. There are various causes for these errors: some may be intentional and some unintentional. Unintentional errors can occur if the worker misunderstands the assigned task, while deliberate errors are made by malicious workers, who may submit random answers just to collect payment. In both cases, the accuracy of the result is compromised. It can be concluded that in a crowd environment, there is a trade-off between the accuracy of the result and the monetary cost of accomplishing the task. In certain scenarios, the requester is more concerned about the monetary cost, which in turn leads to a reduction in the expected quality of the result. Conversely, the requester may be more concerned with the quality of the answer, which may result in a higher monetary cost. The most important aspect is that workers have different levels of expertise, skills and training, which may make some of them unable to achieve a highquality result, and workers are sometimes incapable of working on certain tasks (Li et al., 2016). In this paper, we review some leading studies of both traditional and preference queries in the area of CSDBs. We also highlight and explain the differences between the processing of queries in both traditional databases and CSDBs. The remainder of this paper is organised as follows. Section 2 reviews the literature on traditional queries in CSDBs. Section 3 discusses studies of preference queries in a CSDB, including some leading studies related to preference queries in traditional databases. Section 4 contains a detailed discussion and an outline of future research

challenges. Finally, the conclusion to the paper is presented in Section 5. 2. Traditional Queries in Crowd-Sourced Databases Traditional queries generate results by strictly relying on the conditions given in the query, and a nil result may be returned if no tuple satisfies the given conditions. In the same way as traditional databases, CSDBs use data manipulation functions or traditional queries (such as select, aggregate, maximum, and average), except that these rely on crowd workers. This section discusses the approaches used for traditional queries in a crowd-sourced database.

2.1. Selection Operators: The selection operator is used to retrieve any data from the database that satisfy the conditions given in the user query. The filter in a CSDB causes the human workers to identify a set of tuples that satisfy the query constraints, similarly to a ‘SELECT’ operator in a traditional database. For example, a user may ask the crowd to select historical movies from a movie database. The CrowdDB (Franklin et al., 2011) and Qurk (Marcus et al., 2011) systems have introduced various types of heuristic filtering strategies (such as majority voting over a fixed number of workers), but have not incorporated ways to implement optimal filtering strategies, these systems attended by optimising the monetary cost. The authors of CrowdDB (Franklin et al., 2011) optimised the join, compare and fill operators, while the authors of Qurk (Marcus et al., 2011) studied the join and sort operators. Deco (Parameswaran et al., 2012a) focuses on missing value records in the database. In contrast, the CrowdScreen (Parameswaran et al., 2012b) system uses only the select (filter) operator, and aims to determine a strategy that minimises the number of tasks submitted to the crowd by taking into consideration the total error, which must be less than a given threshold. CrowdFind (Sarma et al., 2014) attempts to estimate the cost and latency of filtering via the crowd. The system allows for a batch of questions to be asked in parallel. CrowdOP (Fan et al., 2015) aims to optimise more general operators than CrowdFind, and attempts to minimise the cost and latency of the select, join, and complex operators.

2.2. Sorting Operators: The sort operator uses one or more attributes from a relational database as a basis for ordering all the tuples in the database. CSDBs exploit human computation to apply the sort operator. For instance, several photos of a restaurant may be provided and the crowd may be asked to sort these based on which photo illustrates the restaurant best; the better photos may then be shown on its website. To apply a sorting operator in a crowd-sourced system, strategies are developed to change the method of comparison used in a traditional sorting algorithm to a new approach that depends on workers to evaluate the comparison and to decide which value is better. The CrowdDB system implemented the CrowdCompare operator in the form of a CROWDEQUAL function, which takes two values and asks the crowd to identify which pairs are equal. The CROWDORDER function is used to rank or order the results (Franklin et al., 2011). In Qurk (Marcus et al., 2011), the rankProducts function is implemented to perform a comparison between many tuples in order to sort them.

2.3. Filling Operators: Most crowd-sourced systems attempt to support queries in an incomplete database. Many systems have implemented operators that generate the values missing from the database to identify the best results. CrowdDB (Franklin et al., 2011) implements the

Marwa B. Swidan, Ali A. Alwan, Yonis Gulzar, Abedallah Zaid Abualkishik. (2021). An Overview of Query Processing on Crowdsourced Databases. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

CrowdProbe operator, which aims to obtain missing information from workers for crowd-sourced tables. CDB (Li et al., 2017) introduced two built-in keywords for data gathering, FILL and COLLECT. FILL asks the crowd to find and ﬁll in the values of attributes with rational values, for example ﬁlling in missing values of the manufacturer attribute for cars, whereas COLLECT asks the crowd to list the 10 best cars.

2.4. Join Operators: The join operator combines at least two tuples from the same or different databases to obtain results based on certain conditions. A wide range of approaches for performing a join operation in a CSBD have been presented in previous studies. In CrowdDB (Franklin et al., 2011), the CrowdJoin operator creates a join based on an indexed nested loop between two tables, at least one of which must be a crowd-sourced table. In Qurk (Marcus et al., 2011), the crowd is entrusted with determining whether tuples from two relations are matched in terms of at least one attribute. A naive implementation of this join would ask the workers about every possible pairing of tuples between the relations. In CrowdOP (Fan et al., 2015) the Crowd-Powered Join (CJOIN) operator was introduced to leverage the crowd in order to merge objects from two sources, as indicated by the specific constraints. For join queries, the CrowdOP incorporates the FILL and JOIN operators into a single operator. This algorithm asks each crowd worker to ﬁll in some incomplete values, and then combines these values using a join operator. For instance, to match the images of mobile phones with their reviews, crowd workers are first asked to ﬁll in the brand of each mobile phone and then to match mobile phones only with the same brand. Wang et al. (2013) focused on a crowd-sourced join query for entity resolution, which aimed to find all pairs of matching tuples between two collections of tuples by asking the crowd to decide which pairs of tuples were matched. CDB (Li et al., 2017) introduced two algorithms called Crowdequal and Crowdjoin to carry out join queries in a CSDB. Table 1 summarises the CSDBs examined in this section. Table 1: Summary of crowd-sourced database Systems Author/ Year CSDB system Query Operators Performance Metrics Franklin et al., 2011 CrowdDB Join, compare, fill Cost Marcus et al., 2011 Qurk Join, sort, select Cost Parameswaran et al., 2012a Deco Fill Cost Parameswaran et al., 2012 b CrowdScreen Select Cost, latency Wang et al., 2013 Framework Join Cost, latency, quality Sarma et al., 2014 CrowdFind Select Cost, latency Fan et al., 2015 CrowdOP Select, join, fill Cost, latency Select, join, fill, collect Cost, latency, quality Li et al., 2017 CDB

3. Preferences Queries In CrowdSourcing Databases A preference query is another essential type of query that has been incorporated into a large number of modern database applications. Preference queries aim to relax the query conditions by identifying results that rely on the user’s preferences for one tuple over others. The growing complexity of contemporary database applications and the need to support users with different preferences have further increased the need for new types of query operators to be combined into these systems. Many applications in various domains have significantly benefited from these types of queries, for example web services, multi-criteria decision-making applications, digital libraries, multimedia retrieval, and recommender systems. Due to the importance of preference queries in many database applications, many methods for evaluating preferences have been proposed. These techniques rely on the skyline and top-k techniques.

3.1. Top-k Queries in Crowd-Sourced Systems: The top-k approach ranks the tuples of a dataset by collecting the

values of each attribute of a tuple into a single value using a monotonic ranking function F. The best k tuples are ranked based on the best scoring value using a function F (Chaudhuri et al., 1999; Chang et al., 2002). Top-k queries have several benefits: (i) they are transitive, meaning that when one tuple p dominates another, q, and q dominates another tuple r, then p dominates r; (ii) the output of topk queries is controlled by simply varying the value of k, since this represents the number of tuples to be retrieved for the user; (iii) no exhaustive pairwise comparison between the individual attributes of tuples is necessary when identifying the results of top-k queries. Topk queries are subject to a monotonic ranking function defined by users, meaning that different top-k results can be generated based on different preference functions. Moreover, when determining the most interesting tuple of a query, it is not easy to analyse the data, since different scores and functions may give different results (Gumaei et al., 2017; Kontaki et al., 2010). The results of top-k queries are negatively influenced by incomplete data, meaning that if the tuples have missing values in one or more dimensions, the answers to a query may not be the same as for complete data. Furthermore, relying on the application scenarios, in the case where the weights of the linear criterion are known in advance, for future queries might be pre-ranked the results. Otherwise, it may not be feasible to precompute all possible combinations, since the weights are dynamically allocated (Kontaki et al., 2010; Gumaei et al., 2017; Chang et al., 2002). To perform a top-k query in a CSDB, the system sorts the whole database and then returns the top value(s). Crowd-sourced top-k algorithms ask the crowd to compare tuples and to detect the top-k tuples based on the results of this crowd-sourced comparison. However, these algorithms can lead to high costs, as unnecessary comparisons are performed during the process of the top-k query. The task is processed in two ways: the first is a single choice, in which each task involves comparing two tuples, and the second is a rating, in which multiple tuples are selected and the crowd is asked to assign a rate for each tuple. Many methods relying on tournament sorting have been presented in the literature to implement crowd-based topk algorithms. Polychronopoulos et al. (2013) presented a solution based on a human-powered top-k method in which the crowd is asked to rank tuples directly and to aggregate them using a median rank aggregation algorithm. This leads to the final top-k result being identified based on the judgments of human workers. This approach allows workers to examine several items at a time, with no prior knowledge about the errors made by the human workers. It adapts dynamically to the varying difﬁculty of comparing items and the existence of spammers. However, top-k lists that are larger than the size of the ranking tasks given to the crowd cannot be tackled. The method presented by Lin et al. (2017) concentrates on reducing the uncertainty of a top-k ranking using a crowdsourcing approach. The issue of uncertainty leads to low-quality results, and algorithms that try to identify the best tuple pairs via crowdsourcing leading to highest quality improvement with the crowd-sourced task of a limited budget have been proposed. Ciceri et al. (2015) aimed to reduce the expected residual uncertainty of the results by using a set of questions that, within an allowed budget for crowdsourcing, could lead to a unique ordering of the top-k results. De Alfaro et al. (2016) proposed a method for top-k queries that leverages the knowledge obtained from crowd comparisons to reduce the set of candidate tuples of the top-k list. The idea in this approach involved controlling the size of the crowd comparison tasks, decoupled from the size of the top-k results list. Lee et al. (2017) studied the issue of top-k queries in a CSDB, and developed a method called crowd-enabled top-k queries. A novel framework was proposed that aimed to increase the monetary cost when the latency is constrained. This strategy consisted of a two-

phase parameterised framework with two parameters, called buckets and ranges. Three methods, called greedy, equi-sized, and dynamic programming, were used to identify the buckets and ranges. By combining these three methods in each phase, four algorithms were designed, called GdyBucket, EquiBucket, EquiRange, and CrowdK. Lastly, Kou et al. (2017) introduced a new framework for processing top-k queries in crowdsourced systems with the aim of minimising the monetary cost and latency, and maximising the quality of the results. Their framework attempted to reduce the monetary cost by decreasing the number of comparisons, and to improve the accuracy by introducing a judgment model that allowed for pairwise preference judgments. Table 2 summarises the existing approaches to top-k queries discussed in this section. Table 2: Summary of previous approaches of top-k queries in a crowd-sourcing database No. of Database Performance Author/ Year Approach Workers K values Type Metrics Polychronopoulos et. Algorithm 3-15 1-5 Synthetic, Cost, latency al., 2013 real A novel pairwise Lin et. al., 2017 crowdsourcing 10 – 30 Real Quality model Multiple Synthetic, Ciceri, et. al., 2015 Heuristic algorithm workers 1- 10 Latency real 5-50 Synthetic, Cost, latency, De Alfaro et. al., 2016 Crowd-top-k 3 real quality Synthetic, Cost, latency, Lee et. al., 2017 CrowdK 3, 5, 7, 9 2 – 20 real quality 1, 5, 10, Cost, latency, Kou et. al., 2017 SPR Real 15, 20 quality

3.2. Skyline Queries in Crowd-sourced Databases: The skyline technique retrieves the skyline S in such a way that any tuple in S is not dominated by any other tuples in the database (Gulzar et al., 2017). Skyline queries have many powerful characteristics, for example: (i) each attribute is evaluated independently through the process of pairwise comparison, and a user-defined ranking function is not required; (ii) the skyline results are identified based on the real values of the data in the database; (iii) the scale of attributes does not affect the skylines, as the comparison process relies solely on the present value of each attribute; (iv) the integration of the skyline operator into the SQL query processor is very simple and straightforward; (v) this approach intuitively performs multiobjective query operations; (vi) it has the property of transitivity, which is the main theme of the skyline technique; and (vii) it can be used as an effective operator for aggregate operations (Kontaki et al., 2010; Kou et al., 2017). However, skyline queries have some weaknesses, for instance: (i) there is no control on the size of the skylines, and in the worst case, all the tuples in the database may be retrieved as skylines; (ii) the computational complexity of the skyline process is strongly influenced by the number of attributes and the size of the database; and (iii) due to the enormous number of skylines, the user needs to examine numerous skylines to determine the most suitable tuples to be selected. In the era of the Internet of Things, where enormous amounts of data are collected from different sensors in remote locations and are transmitted between devices, there is a high probability that certain data items have missing values in one or more attributes, meaning that the database is incomplete. Processing skyline queries in an incomplete database can raise some serious challenges; for example, the transitivity property of skyline technique is unlikely to hold for a database with incomplete data. Loss of the transitivity property may lead to the domination test becoming cyclic due to the fact that some tuples are incomparable with each other, meaning that the skyline result could be nil (Khalefa et al., 2008; Gulzar et al., 2016a; Gulzar et al., 2018b). Many algorithms have been suggested for processing skyline queries in incomplete databases, such as Bucket and Iskyline (Khalefa et al., 2008), Sort-based Incomplete Data Skyline (SIDS) (Bharuka et al., 2013), Incoskyline (Alwan et al., 2016), Select-Partition-Rank (Kou et

al., 2017) and SOBA (Lee et al., 2016). Bucket and Iskyline (Khalefa et al., 2008) were among the first attempts at processing skyline queries

in a database with incomplete data. Iskyline exploits the clustering technique to process skylines, whereas the SIDS algorithm (Bharuka et al., 2013) and Select-Partition-Rank framework (Kou et al. 2017) use a sorting technique to rearrange the tuples such that tuples with a high probability of being part of the skyline are kept at the top of the sorted list. In the Incoskyline (Alwan et al., 2016) algorithm, a virtual tuple called k-dom is created from the local skylines of each group created after clustering. Incoskyline aims to reduce the execution time and to decrease the domination tests required during the skyline process. Lastly, the SOBA technique (Lee et al., 2016) combines the sorting and clustering approaches to process skyline queries in incomplete databases. The issue of processing skyline queries in an incomplete database has been further investigated to include more complicated databases, such as distributed and cloud architectures. Gulzar et al. (2019a) processed skyline queries over cloud-based incomplete databases, where data were divided horizontally and stored in different data centres at different locations. Moreover, Alwan et al. (2017) proposed an algorithm for processing skyline queries on incomplete distributed databases. Their algorithm, named Jincoskyline, uses a vertically divided database stored in different relations. However, little attention has been paid to the issue of estimating the missing values of skylines. The only work that has addressed this issue has been the study by Alwan et al. (2018), which aimed to capture the missing values before identifying the final skylines. Most of the skyline techniques mentioned above were designed to work on traditional databases, and the topic of processing skyline queries for a crowdsourced enabled incomplete database has not been investigated by many researchers in the database community. Several unique features distinguish CSDBs from traditional databases, and it may be unwise to apply approaches designed for traditional databases directly to crowd-sourced databases. Some previous studies have focused on designing approaches for the prediction of missing values from skylines, with the aim of finding a balance between the monetary cost, the time latency and the accuracy of the results. In the following, we discuss some leading studies that focus on the processing of skyline queries on crowd-sourced enabled incomplete databases. This discussion elaborates the strengths and weaknesses of these works. Asudeh et al. (2015) highlighted the issue of identifying Paretooptimal tuples in CSDBs. Their approach is useful when the Paretooptimal tuples do not have clear attributes and preference relations are strict partial orders. The authors introduced an iterative question selection algorithm that is instantiated in different methods based on the ideas of candidate questions, macro-ordering, and microordering. Lofi et al. (2013) and El Maarry et al. (2015) suggested a hybrid method that combined dynamic crowd-sourcing with heuristic techniques. The aim was to use a set of heuristic techniques to estimate the incomplete values for all tuples in the database. Workers are used in some cases, to improve the quality of the estimated values. A new approach called CrowdSky was proposed by Lee et al. (2016), which processed skyline queries for a crowdsourced enabled incomplete database. The focus was on decreasing the monetary cost, minimising the latency, and improving the quality of the results. Lee et al. (2016) assumed that although an initial database may be complete, the data in the database might be insufficient to provide an accurate answer for skyline queries. Hence, there may be a need to consult the crowd to estimate this missing information from a set of virtual attributes to be created when answering the query. To the best of our knowledge, the study by Miao et al. (2019) is the most recent to highlight the issue of skyline queries on crowd-sourced enabled incomplete databases. These authors

proposed a framework for solving the skyline problem with a partially complete database using crowd-sourcing, called Bayescrowd. Both BayesCrowd and CrowdSky used only the crowd to estimate the missing values. However, the researchers assumed that all missing values could be estimated by utilising CSDBs. Table 3 summarises the existing skyline techniques for the CSDBs discussed in this section. Table 3: Summary of previous approaches of skyline techniques in crowd-sourcing database Author Approach Data Database No. of Missing Performance /Year Distribution Type Dimensions Data Metrics Lofi et. al., Heuristic Independent, Real cost, 6-8 1% -20% Latency, 2013 KNN anti-correlated quality EL Maarry Heuristic Independent, Real 6-8 1% -20% Cost, quality et al., 2015 min value anti-correlated Macroordering Asudeh et. and Real, Latency, cost, micro10 0% al., 2015 ordering synthetic quality heuristics Lee et al., CrowdSky Independent, Real, 1 – 3 Latency, cost, 2-5 2016 anti-correlated synthetic dimensions quality Miao et Real, cost, 9-11 20%-50% Latency, al., 2019 Bayescrowd synthetic quality

4. Discussion and Future Research Challenges From the literature, we can conclude that the monetary cost, time latency, and accuracy of results are the factors with the most impact on query processing in CSDBs. Most previous studies have concentrated on the design of query processing operators for CSDBs, with the aim of improving the accuracy of the results for a reasonable cost and time. The cost and accuracy of results are among the most critical factors considered in most previous works (Franklin et al., 2011; Parameswaran et al., 2012b; Lofi et al., 2013; Wang et al., 2013; Swidan et al., 2018; Chai et al., 2019; Lian et al., 2020; Swidan et al., 2020). Numerous optimisation methods have been applied to reduce the monetary cost of extracting and generating data from the crowd, such as decreasing the number of questions submitted to the crowd (Lee et al., 2016) or setting a specific budget for processing queries (Ciceri, et al., 2015). In contrast, reducing the number of questions and limiting the monetary cost is relatively easy for traditional queries. This is because most traditional query operators access the underlying data in the database, and only certain attributes can be accessed. However, it should be noted that it is very challenging to reduce the monetary cost for preference queries such as top-k and skyline, since these types of queries need to scan the entire database, and a complex process is required to derive the query result. For a topk query, a monotone function needs to be formed that aggregates the values of all dimensions and sorts the result in a particular order. Similarly, for skyline queries, exhaustive pairwise comparisons need to be performed to determine the skylines of the database. This process requires accessing the entire database, meaning that the search space is extremely large. Many studies have tried to focus on developing query algorithms that reduce the cost and time latency of task, but less attention has been paid to the quality of the task performed. The quality of the query results is an important aspect of preference queries such as top-k and skyline, as these query operators are used in many decision making and decision support systems, and are expected to give the most accurate results in terms of helping the user to select the most appropriate decision. Due to the large number of tasks issued by the user and with the time and quality constraints, most studies of processing preference queries for CSDBs have assigned the tasks to either a single or multiple qualified workers. The selection of the most suitable workers to accomplish a task is also an challenging task for the requester, and many crowd-sourced systems achieve this through the use of voting strategies by multiple workers as a tool for aggregating answers from workers. This helps users to make the right decision in terms of choosing qualified workers in

order to guarantee the quality of the result. In other cases, workers undergo qualification tests so that low-quality workers will not be assigned the tasks. Some systems rely on the worker's skills and experience in the field of the query (Li et al., 2016). Here, the choice of the most appropriate worker has a high impact on the quality of the results produced by the crowd platform. More recently, several studies have addressed the issue of processing skyline queries on a database with missing data, and investigated the impact of these missing data (Gulzar et al., 2019b; Gulzar et al., 2019c). This problem adds another challenge to the processing of queries in crowd-sourced enabled databases. Some studies have suggested that workers can contribute to estimating the missing values in the crowd, and hence provide a complete answer to the user. This is accomplished by exploiting the implicit relationship between the databases of the crowd. Some notable works that address the issue of preference queries on crowd-sourcing incomplete databases are those by Lofi et al. (2013), Lee et al. (2016), Swidan et al. (2018), Miao et al. (2019), and Swidan et al. (2020). We suggest that significant research effort should be directed towards addressing the challenges of incomplete and uncertain data when processing queries in a CSDB. Issues such as monetary cost, time latency, and accuracy of results for uncertain and incomplete data should be considered. In the modern era, big data has become a rich area of research, and there are many research opportunities associated with the issue of query processing that could be explored. In this context, data are extremely diverse and the quantities are growing rapidly. Working on big data needs powerful machines and vast human resources to carry out tasks, which makes the process very expensive and takes a relatively long time. Although some studies have concentrated on big data processing, studies have been limited to certain pre-processing tasks such as data cleaning (Wang et al., 2014), and data labelling (Mozafari et al., 2014). Hence, a great deal of work is needed to resolve the problems with data processing in the context of big data. When working with big data with incomplete and uncertain values, extensive computing resources and human effort are needed to carry out the task of missing value estimation. The use of sampling techniques to estimate the missing values is one of the most effective solutions for providing an accurate estimation with reasonable cost. Another issue that has been addressed in many studies is the privacy of both the workers and the requester. The requester may not wish to reveal all the details of a given task, and some data are highly confidential. The crowd is open to everyone, and some workers might attempt to access the requester database with other public databases, which could lead to data leakage. Concealing the identity of the requester may negatively affect the quality of the task, as this means that workers are unable to access accurate data. Privacy issues add further challenges to the issue of data processing in CSDBs. Designing an approach that balances the accuracy of the result with the privacy of the requester is an interesting idea that should be investigated. The issue of privacy should also be considered from the worker’s perspective; in certain cases, workers may have privacy constraints and may be unwilling to share details such as personal information, location, profession and hobbies, which may be requested by the requester to help them in assigning the task. A procedure is therefore needed to ensure the privacy of the worker during assignment of the task. Another interesting research area is the processing of skyline queries with dynamic and incomplete data. The presence of incomplete data in most contemporary database applications is inevitable (Gulzar et al., 2018; Babanejad et al., 2020). Furthermore, databases are dynamic in nature, as their states change over time to reflect current information about the applications. Frequent changes to the initial database through insert, delete and update operations and the presence of incomplete data means that skylines derived before these

changes took place are invalid for the new state of the database. Thus, generating precise predictions for the missing values of skylines after changes have been made to the database is a challenging process. Blindly estimating the missing values of the entire skylines to identify a new set of skylines is unwise, as not all data items will be affected by the changes made to the database. Thus, an efficient solution for imputing the missing values of skylines after changes have been made in an initial incomplete and dynamic database is urgently needed. This solution should be capable of estimating only those skylines that are affected by the changes to the initial database and which have a high probability of being reported in the skyline results for the new state of the database (Babanejad et al., 2020). We believe that the adoption of machine learning-based techniques such as neural networks and generative adversarial networks for value estimation would be an interesting avenue for research. Last but not least, it has been shown that it is very difficult to control the quality of the work done on crowd-sourced mobile platforms (Li et al., 2016). This is because crowd-sourcing tasks are influenced by several factors related to mobile platforms, such as long distances between mobile phone users and servers, and limitations on power and storage capacity (Elfaki et al., 2019). In addition, some crowdsourced tasks require access to spatial information about certain tuples, for instance when collecting information about nearby hotels and labelling them. Hence, a worker may only be able to accomplish such tasks for nearby hotels, and those further away would not be included in the task. It would therefore be very interesting to develop an efficient worker selection model that addresses these issues and to investigate the impact of spatial information on the performance of the task. It would also be valuable to investigate the issue of the worker model in relation to the server assignment model, which might help to overcome the limitations of the worker selection model (Li et al., 2016). A server selection model is required that can assign tasks based on the shortest distance, and can select the nearest available qualified worker to accomplish the task according to the user’s objectives. We believe that the present study is valuable, and will open the way for numerous research opportunities in relation to the issue of processing skyline queries with incomplete data in areas such as crowd-sourcing, big data, dynamic and uncertain databases. We have presented and analysed several well-known studies that have focused on the processing of preference queries, such as skyline and top-k, for both complete and incomplete CSDBs. We have also presented and discussed some practical solutions that could be employed to handle missing data in various areas such as big data, uncertain, incomplete and dynamic databases. Finally, this study can be used as a departure point for the many researchers who are interested in exploring the challenges of preference queries in the abovementioned areas. 5. Conclusion In this paper, we have discussed query processing in CSDBs, and have highlighted the factors that affect query processing for these databases. Different types of query processing, including traditional and preference queries, have been described and explained. We have also examined some leading studies related to query processing in the area of CSDBs. We have summarised the existing techniques discussed throughout the paper and presented a detailed discussion of current and future research challenges related to preference queries in CSDBs that could be explored by interested researchers.

Bios

Marwa B. Swidan International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 0060126513398, marwa_happy@yahoo.com

Mr Swidan is a PhD student at International Islamic University Malaysia, IIUM, Malaysia. She earned her B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Computer Science from Tripoli University, Libya in 2004 and 2009 respectively. Her research interests include crowdsourcing, data mining/exploration, database systems and skyline queries.

Ali A. Alwan International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 0060173546110, aliamer@iium.edu.my

Dr Alwan is currently an associate professor at Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Information and Communication Technology, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia. He received his Master of Computer Science (2009) and Ph.D. in Computer Science (2013) from Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Malaysia. His research interests include preference queries, skyline queries, probabilistic and uncertain databases, query processing and optimization and management of incomplete data, data integration, location-based social networks (LBSN), recommendation systems, and data management in cloud computing.

Yonis Gulzar College of Business Administration, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966 54 571 9118, ygulzar@kfu.edu.sa

Dr Gulzar is currently an assistant professor at King Faisal University (KFU), Saudi Arabia. He obtained his Ph.D. in Computer Science in 2018 from International Islamic University Malaysia. He received his Master in Computer Science in 2013 from Bangalore University, India. His research interests include preference queries, skyline queries, probabilistic and uncertain databases, query processing and optimization and management of incomplete data, data integration, location-based social networks (LBSN), recommendation systems, and data management in cloud computing.

Abedallah Zaid Abualkishik American University in The Emirates, Dubai, United Arab Emirates, +971501504130, azasoft1@gmail.com

Dr Abualkishik received a master’s and a Ph.D. degree in Software Engineering. His research interests include software functional size measurement, software functional measures conversion, cost estimation, empirical software engineering, database, Big Data, and Data Science. Currently, he is working as an assistant professor at the college of computer information technology, American University in the Emirates, Dubai, UAE. Also, he is working as a consultant for a regional software development company to prepare an accurate estimation for project deliverables. References Alwan, A.A., Ibrahim, H., Udzir, N.I. and Sidi, F. (2016). An efficient approach for processing skyline queries in incomplete multidimensional database. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, 41(8), 2927–43. Alwan, A.A., Ibrahim, H., Udzir, N.I. and Sidi, F. (2017). Processing skyline queries in incomplete distributed databases. Journal of Intelligent Information Systems, 48(2), 399–420. Alwan, A.A., Ibrahim, H., Udzir, N.I. and Sidi, F. (2018). Missing values estimation for skylines in incomplete database. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 15(1), 66–75. Asudeh, A., Zhang, G., Hassan, N., Li, C. and Zaruba, G.V. (2015). Crowdsourcing pareto-optimal object finding by pairwise

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Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research (CIDR 2011), Asilomar, California, USA, 9-

12/1/2011. (pp. 211–14). Miao, X., Gao, Y., Guo, S., Chen, L., Yin, J. and Li, Q. (2019). Answering Skyline Queries over Incomplete Data with Crowdsourcing. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, n/a(99), 1. Mozafari, B., Sarkar, P., Franklin, M., Jordan, M. and Madden, S. (2014). Scaling up crowd-sourcing to very large datasets: a case for active learning. Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment, 8(2), 125–36. Parameswaran, A. and Polyzotis, N. (2011). Answering queries using

humans, algorithms and databases. In: Proceedings of the 5th Biennial Conference on Innovative Data Systems Research , Asilomar, California, USA, 9-12/1/2011. (pp. 160–6). Parameswaran, A., Park, H., Garcia-Molina, H., Polyzotis, N. and Widom, J. (2012). Deco: Declarative Crowdsourcing. p. 1203-1212. In: CIKM

'12. Proceedings of the 21st ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge, Maui, HI, USA, 29/10–2/11/2012.

Parameswaran, A.G., Garcia-Molina, H., Park, H., Polyzotis, N., Ramesh, A. and Widom, J. (2012b). Crowdscreen: algorithms for filtering data with humans. In: SIGMOD '12. Proceedings of the 2012 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data , Scottsdale, Arizona, USA, 20-24/5/2012. (pp. 361–72). Polychronopoulos, V., De Alfaro, L., Davis, J., Garcia-Molina, H. and Polyzotis, N. (2013). Human-Powered Top-k Lists. In: WebDB. Proceedings of the 16th International Workshop on the Web and Databases, New York, NY, USA, 23/6/2013. (pp. 25–30). Sarma, A.D., Parameswaran, A., Garcia-Molina, H. and Halevy, A. (2014). Crowd-powered find algorithms. In: Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Data Engineering, Chicago, IL, USA, 31/3 –4/4/2014. (pp. 964-975). Swidan, M.B., Alwan, A.A., Turaev, S. and Gulzar, Y. (2018). A model for processing skyline queries in crowd-sourced databases.

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 10(2), 798–806.

Swidan, M.B., Alwan, A.A., Turaev, S., Ibrahim, H., Abualkishik, A.Z. and Gulzar, Y. (2020). Skyline Queries Computation on CrowdsourcedEnabled Incomplete Database. IEEE Access Journal, 8(n/a), 106660–89. Wang, J., Krishnan, S., Franklin, M.J., Goldberg, K., Kraska, T. and Milo, T. (2014). A sample-and-clean framework for fast and accurate query processing on dirty data. In: Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data , Snowbird, Utah, USA, 22/27/6/2014. (pp. 469–80). Wang, J., Li, G., Kraska, T., Franklin, M.J. and Feng, J. (2013). Leveraging transitive relations for crowdsourced joins. In: Proceedings of the

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‫)‪2021, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

‫التاريخ (‪ ،)2021‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪13)1‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

‫ّ‬ ‫الدور العالجي لألستازانتني يف احلد من‬ ‫تأثريات الكادميوم على بنية ووظيفة‬ ‫اجلهاز التكاثري الذكري‬

‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫‪The Therapeutic Role of Astaxanthin in Countering‬‬ ‫‪the Effects of Cadmium on the Structure and‬‬ ‫‪Function of the Male Reproductive System‬‬ ‫‪Mohammad Amer Salaho and Mahmoud Kassem‬‬

‫محمد عامرصالحو و محمود قاسم‬

‫‪Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria‬‬

‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة حلب‪ ،‬حلب‪ ،‬سوريا‬ ‫‪PUBLISHED‬‬ ‫النشر‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪02/11/2020‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫الستقبال‬

‫‪Astaxanthin, cadmium, testis, testosterone, and therapy‬‬

‫‪01/10/2020‬‬

‫األستازانتين‪ ،‬التستوستيرون‪ ،‬الخصية‪ ،‬الكادميوم‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0035‬‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫هدفت الدراسة إلى تحديد الدور العالجي لألستازانتين في ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫السمي لكلوريد‬ ‫الحد من التأثير‬ ‫الكادميوم على الوظيفة التكاثرية عند ذكور الهامستر السوري‪ ،‬حيث تمت دراسة البنية‬ ‫النسيجية للخصية‪ ،‬وتم تحديد تراكيز هرمون التستوستيرون في املصل‪ ،‬كما تم إجراء‬ ‫النطاف وأقطار األنابيب املنوية لدى‬ ‫دراسة كمية على أوزان الخص ى وتركيز وحيوية‬ ‫تم العمل على (‪ )28‬ذكر هامستر‪ُ ،‬ق ّسمت إلى (‪ )4‬مجموعات ّ‬ ‫مجموعات التجربة‪ّ .‬‬ ‫بمعدل (‪)7‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم‬ ‫أفراد لكل مجموعة‪ :‬مجموعة الشاهد‪ ،‬ومجموعة‬ ‫وجرعة‬ ‫(‪ ،)mg/kg/day5‬ومجموعتا الدور العالجي لألستاز‬ ‫انتين بجرعة (‪ً )mg/kg/day2.5‬‬ ‫(‪ )mg/kg/day5‬على التوالي‪ّ .‬بينت النتائج حصول ّ‬ ‫تخرب في نسيج الخصية‪ ،‬وانخفاضا في‬ ‫أوزان الخص ى وفي تركيز هرمون التستوستيرون وفي تركيز وحيوية النطاف وفي أقطار األنابيب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم‪ ،‬في حين ّبينت نتائج دراسة تأثير‬ ‫املنوية لدى أفراد املجموعة‬ ‫األستا انتين حصول ّ‬ ‫تحسن في املعايير السابقة‪ ،‬وتدل هذه النتائج على فعالية األستازانتين‬ ‫سواء زبالتركيز ‪2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ أو بالتركيز‪5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ في ّ‬ ‫الحد من سمية الكادميوم على الجهاز‬ ‫التكاثري الذكري‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬املقدمة‬ ‫تتميز املعادن الثقيلة بتأثيرها الكبير في الصحة العامة وذلك من خالل‬ ‫دخولها في السالسل الغذائية وانتقالها بين املكونات البيئية كالهواء واملاء‬ ‫والتربة والغذاء (‪ ،)Valko et al, 2005‬ويعد الكادميوم من أكثر املعادن الثقيلة‬ ‫س ّ‬ ‫مية (‪ ،)Goering et al, 1995‬وبالرغم من وجوده في القشرة األرضية بكميات‬ ‫محدودة إال أن نشاطات اإلنسان املختلفة وخاصة الصناعية منها رفعت من‬ ‫تراكيزه بشكل كبير في األوساط البيئية املختلفة وما لذلك من تأثيرات سلبية‬ ‫في الكائنات الحية‪ ،‬وأصبح الكادميوم اليوم من امللوثات البيئية واسعة‬ ‫االنتشار‪ ،‬حيث يدخل في العديد من الصناعات كصناعة البطاريات‬ ‫واألصبغة وغلفنة املعادن والخالئط املعدنية كما ينتج عن حرق السجائر‬ ‫والقمامة وعوادم السيارات (‪.)Giuseppe et al, 2020( )Fraga, 2005‬‬ ‫لقد تم تسجيل قيمة عنصر الكادميوم املوجودة في هواء املناطق الريفية‬ ‫التابعة لدول الشمال األوروبي بين األعوام (‪ )1980-1988‬بحدود (‪0.001-‬‬ ‫‪ ،)0.005 ug/m3‬في حين وصل تركيزه في هواء املدن الصناعية في تلك الدول‬ ‫(‪ ،)0.02-0.05 ug/m3‬وكما حددت كل من منظمة الصحة العاملية (‪)WHO‬‬ ‫ومنظمة األغذية والزراعة (‪ )FAO‬معدل تحمل الجسم من الكادميوم‬ ‫بـ)‪.)Martin and Wendy, 2009( (1ug/kg/day‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املصدر الرئيس ي للكادميوم لدى األشخاص غير املدخنين وغير‬ ‫تعد األغذية‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعرضين له مهنيا ومن أهم األغذية التي تحتوي على كميات كبيرة من‬ ‫الكادميوم هي النباتات ذات األوراق الخضراء كالخس وامللفوف والجرجير‪...‬‬ ‫ويتزايد تركيزه في الجسم مع تقدم اإلنسان بالعمر وذلك بسبب تناقص‬ ‫الفعالية البيوكيميائية للتخلص منه‪ ،‬إضافة إلى إعادة االمتصاص الكلوي‬ ‫مما يؤدي إلى تراكمه في أعضاء معينة مثل الكبد وقشرة الكلية والخص ى‬ ‫وغيرها‪ ،‬كما أن الكادميوم يتميز بعمر نصف بيولوجي طويل ( ‪Biological half‬‬ ‫‪ )life‬في جسم اإلنسان (‪ ،)Elgawish and Ghanem, 2014‬ويصنف الكادميوم‬ ‫بأنه أحد املواد املسرطنة (‪.)Liu and Kadiiska, 2009( )carcinogen‬‬ ‫ينتمي األستازانتين (‪ )C40H52O4‬إلى عائلة الكاروتينات (‪ )Carotenoids‬فهو‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬محمد عامر صالحو‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪The purpose of this study is to determine the therapeutic role of Astaxanthin‬‬ ‫‪in reducing the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) on the reproductive‬‬ ‫‪function of Syrian hamsters. Blood and testis were collected from the study‬‬ ‫‪subjects and analyzed for biochemical and histopathological changes,‬‬ ‫‪respectively. To distinguish the therapeutic impact of the treatment, a‬‬ ‫‪quantitative study was also conducted to examine testicular weights,‬‬ ‫‪testosterone concentration, the vitality of sperm, and the diameter of‬‬ ‫‪seminiferous tubules. Male adult hamsters (28hamsters; n=7/group) were‬‬ ‫‪divided into four equal groups: a control group, a group treated with‬‬ ‫‪cadmium chloride (5mg/kg/day), and two groups treated with both CdCl2‬‬ ‫‪and Astaxanthin; the latter was given at (2.5mg/kg/day) or (5mg/kg/day).‬‬ ‫‪The results showed an improvement in the histological structure of the‬‬ ‫‪Astaxanthin-treated groups as well as a significant increase in their‬‬ ‫‪testosterone concentration and other quantitative measures compared to‬‬ ‫‪the cadmium group.‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫شبيه إلى حد كبير‬ ‫كاروتين برتقالي ذواب في الدهون مائل للون الوردي ً‬ ‫بالتركيب الكيميائي لطليعة الفيتامين أ ولكنه أكثر أمانا في االستخدام‪،‬‬ ‫يوجد في املأكوالت البحرية مثل الروبيان والسرطانات وأسماك السلمون‪،‬‬ ‫كما يوجد في طحالب ‪ Haematococcus pluvialis‬التي تعد املصدر الرئيس ي له‬ ‫(‪.)Yuan and Wang, 2010‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّبينت دراسات ّ‬ ‫عدة بأن لهذا الكاروتين نشاطا مضادا ألكسدة ليبيدات‬ ‫الخلية يصل إلى مئة ضعف من فعالية فيتامين(‪ ،)E‬وحوالي أربعين ضعف‬ ‫من فعالية مضادات األكسدة املوجودة في بيتا كاروتين‪ ،‬ويتمثل نشاط‬ ‫األستازانتين الرئيس ي في غشاء الخلية ( ‪.)Mori et al, 2013‬‬ ‫على صحة اإلنسان فهو على سبيل املثال يحفز‬ ‫ولألستازانتين فوائد مختلفة ّ‬ ‫االستجابة املناعية ويقلل من تخرب (‪ )DNA‬الخاليا املناعية‪ ،‬كما‬ ‫حصول ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫يعد مضادا لاللتهاب‪ ،‬ويعز من صحة البشرة‪ ،‬ويعمل على تحسين جودة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ويحسن األداء الرياض ي والقدرة‬ ‫السائل املنوي‪ ،‬ويخفف من إجهاد العين‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التحمل‪ ،‬ويمنع تطور ما يسمى بأمراض العصر مثل السمنة‪ ،‬وتصلب‬ ‫على‬ ‫الشرايين‪ ،‬وارتفاع ضغط الدم‪ ،‬وهناك دراسات وتجارب أخرى بشأن تأثيره‬ ‫اإليجابي في األمراض املزمنة مثل التهاب الكبد الدهني غير الكحولي‬ ‫والسكري وغيرها (‪.)Tominaga et al, 2012‬‬ ‫تتنامى في الوقت الحاضر األبحاث املتعلقة بدور األستازانتين في تطبيقات‬ ‫الصحة البشرية‪ ،‬حيث يستعمل بعض األطباء األستازانتين املستخرج من‬ ‫الطحالب البحرية ‪ّ Haematococcus pluvialis‬‬ ‫كمتمم غذائي للمرض ى الذين ال‬ ‫يستطيعون تناول األدوية بسبب أعراضها الجانبية على صحتهم‪ ،‬وتقترح‬ ‫إحدى الدراسات إطالق لقب "الطعام الطبي" (‪ )medical food‬على‬ ‫األستازانتين (‪.)Ambati et al, 2014‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬أهداف الدراسة‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ّ‬ ‫السمية الناتجة عن الكادميوم في الجهاز التكاثري الذكري‬ ‫تحديد التأثيرات‬ ‫للهامستر السوري على املستويين النسيجي والهرموني‪.‬‬ ‫تحديد دور األستازانتين بالتركيزين (‪ )2.5, 5mg/kg/day‬في عالج ال ّ‬ ‫سمية‬

‫‪dimorphism@hotmail.co.uk , 00963947816233‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Mohammad Amer Salaho‬‬

‫‪14‬‬

‫محمد عامر صالحو و محمود قاسم‪ .)2021( .‬الدورالعالجي لألستازانتين في ّ‬ ‫الحد من تأثيرات الكادميوم على بنية ووظيفة الجهازالتكاثري الذكري‪.‬‬ ‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪ ،‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪)1‬‬

‫الناتجة عن الكادميوم على الجهاز التكاثري الذكري عند الهامستر السوري‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬أهمية الدراسة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعادن‬ ‫تنبع األهمية العلمية للدراسة من كون ًالكادميوم يعد من‬ ‫أخطر ّ‬ ‫لسامة للكائنات ّ‬ ‫ا ّ‬ ‫الحية وأكثرها انتشارا‪ ،‬وعلى ّ‬ ‫فإننا ال‬ ‫الر ًغم من ذلك‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫نستطيع تجنب آثاره الضارة في حياتنا اليومية‪ ،‬ونظرا النتشار هذا املعدن‬ ‫الثقيل في وقتنا الراهن (نتيجة انتشار ّ‬ ‫امللوثات املختلفة بشكل كبير وخاصة‬ ‫في مدينة حلب)‪ ،‬كان ال ّبد من تسليط الضوء على مخاطره من خالل دراسة‬ ‫هرمونية ونسيجية‬ ‫تأثيره في العملية التكاثرية‪ ،‬وذلك من خالل إجراء دراسة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫للخصية عند الهامستر السوري‪ ،‬وتنبع أهمية هذا البحث أيضا من خالل‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫فعالية األستازانتين (كمركب غني بمضادات أكسدة) في العالج من‬ ‫اختبار‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫سمية الكادميوم على الجهاز التكاثري الذكري‪.‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪ .4‬مواد البحث وطرائقه‬

‫‪ .4.1‬حيوانات التجربة‪:‬‬

‫ُ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫أجريت التجربة على ‪ 28‬ذكرا من الهامستر السوري (‪،)Mesocricetus auratus‬‬ ‫تمت تربيتها في مختبر حيوانات التجربة والبحث العلمي في كلية العلوم‬ ‫جامعة حلب‪ ،‬تراوحت أوزان الحيوانات قبل البدء بالتجربة بين )‪(90-110‬‬ ‫غرام‪ُ ،‬ع ّرضت الحيوانات إلى ظروف طبيعية من حيث درجة الحرارة (‪)22±2‬‬ ‫واإلضاءة (‪ ،)12/12‬مع وصول ّ‬ ‫حر للماء والغذاء (‪ُ ،)ad libitum‬وتركت‬ ‫الحيوانات مدة أسبوعين قبل بدء التجربة من أجل التأقلم‪ ،‬حيث ق ّسمت‬ ‫األفراد إلى أربع مجموعات‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫املجموعة األولى (مجموعة الشاهد)‪ّ :‬‬ ‫تم تجريع أفرادها بمحلول فيزيولوجي‬ ‫ملدة (‪ )60‬يوم‪.‬‬ ‫ادها بكلوريد‬ ‫ر‬ ‫أف‬ ‫تجريع‬ ‫تم‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫الكادميوم)‬ ‫(مجموعة‬ ‫الثانية‬ ‫املجموعة‬ ‫الكادميوم بتركيز (‪ )5mg/kg/day‬ملدة (‪ )30‬يوم‪ ،‬ومن ثم ّ‬ ‫تم تجريعها‬ ‫بمحلول فيزيولوجي ملدة (‪ )30‬يوم أخرى‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة الثالثة (املجموعة املعالجة‪ :)1‬تم تجريع أفرادها بكلوريد‬ ‫الكادميوم ّ بتركيز (‪ )5mg/kg/day‬ملدة (‪ )30‬يوم‪ ،‬وفي اليوم الحادي‬ ‫تم تجريع األفراد ذاتها باألستازانتين بتركيز (‪ )2.5mg/kg/day‬وذلك‬ ‫والثالثين‬ ‫حتى اليوم (‪.)60‬‬ ‫املجموعة الرابعة (املجموعة املعالجة‪ :)2‬تم تجريع أفرادها بكلوريد‬ ‫الكادميوم ّ بتركيز (‪ )5mg/kg/day‬ملدة (‪ )30‬يوم‪ ،‬وفي اليوم الحادي‬ ‫تم تجريع األفراد ذاتها باألستازانتين بتركيز (‪ )5mg/kg/day‬وذلك‬ ‫والثالثين‬ ‫حتى اليوم (‪.)60‬‬

‫‪ .4.2‬مواد التجربة‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫تم تحضير محلول كلوريد الكادميوم (‪Merck company, ()5mg/kg/day‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫بحل الكمية املطلوبة في محلول فيزيولوجي (كلوريد‬ ‫‪) Germany‬‬ ‫الصوديوم ‪.)%0.09‬‬ ‫تم تحضير محلول األستازانتين (‪)Sigma, MO:63103, USA( )C40H52O4‬‬ ‫بالتركيزين (‪ )2.5mg/kg/day‬و(‪ّ )5mg/kg/day‬‬ ‫بحل الكمية املطلوبة في‬ ‫املحلول الفيزيولوجي (كلوريد الصوديوم ‪ )%0.09‬وذلك بمعدل (‪)1mg/ml‬‬ ‫حسب ما هو موص ى به في بروتوكول الشركة املصنعة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4.3‬الدراسة الكمية والهرمونية والنسيجية‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫ً‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫وزن أفراد املجموعات قبل البدء بالتجربة وك ّ ِّررت عملية الوزن أسبوعيا‬ ‫تم ُ‬ ‫وصوال إلى نهاية التجربة‪ ،‬حيث تمت آخر عملية وزن بعد االمتناع عن تقديم‬ ‫الطعام ملجموعات التجربة خالل الليلة الفائتة (‪ ،)fasted overnight‬وتم‬ ‫الوزن باستخدام ميزان حساس (‪0.01‬غ)‪.‬‬ ‫تم سحب الدم من الجيب الحجاجي للعين وجمعه في أنابيب بالستيكية‬ ‫جافة‪ ،‬وجرى تثفيله بسرعة (‪ )3000‬دورة‪/‬الدقيقة ملدة ‪20‬دقيقة‪ ،‬وأخذت‬ ‫األمصال مباشرة لتحليل هرمون التستوستيرون بطريقة املقايسة املناعية‬ ‫بالتألق الكيميائي الكهربائي (‪ )ECL: Electrochemiluminiscence‬وذلك‬ ‫باستخدام جهاز تحليل الهرمونات (‪)HITACHI, Roche, cobas e 411‬‬ ‫ُوالعتيدة الخاصة بهذا الجهاز‪.‬‬ ‫ش ّ ِّرحت الحيوانات بعد تخديرها وذلك بحجزها بجو مشبع باإليتر‪.‬‬ ‫ُعزلت الخص ى وتم وزنها بوساطة ميزان ّ‬ ‫حساس (‪ )Sartorius 153S‬يزن من‬ ‫(‪ )0.0001-160‬غرام‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫وتم قياس أبعادها (الطول والعرض) باستخدام‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪piacolis‬‬ ‫مسطرة باكوليس (‪ruler‬‬ ‫ُ ّ‬ ‫تم تثبيت الخص ى ّ‬ ‫بسماكة (‪ )7µm‬وتم‬ ‫العينات‬ ‫عت‬ ‫ط‬ ‫وق‬ ‫بوان‪،‬‬ ‫ت‬ ‫بمثب‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تلوينها باستخدام ملون (هيماتوكسيلين‪-‬ايوزين) تمهيدا إلجراء الفحص‬

‫النسيجي‪.‬‬ ‫بعد استئصال أحد البربخين (البربخ األيسر) وعزل ذيله ( ‪cauda‬‬ ‫‪ ،)epididymis‬تم غمره في واحد مليلتر من املحلول ً الفيزيولوجي الدافئ‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫قطع بوساطة مقص طبي دقيق إلى قطع صغيرة جدا بمعدل ‪200‬مرة وذلك‬ ‫بهدف مجانسته (‪ )homogenized‬وتحرير النطاف املوجودة فيه‪ ،‬ثم ترك‬ ‫املزيج ملدة دقيقة في درجة حرارة ‪ 37‬مئوية‪ ،‬بعدها تم وضع ّ قطرة من املزيج‬ ‫(النطاف البربخية ‪ +‬املحلول الفيزيولوجي) بوساطة ماصة باستور على‬ ‫شريحة زجاجية نظيفة وجافة وفحصت تحت املجهر باستخدام التكبير‬ ‫(‪ ،)x100‬وتم حساب تركيز النطاف (‪( )sperm concentration‬نطفة‪/‬مليلتر‬ ‫من محلول تمديد البربخ) بأخذ متوسط عدد النطاف في عشرة حقول‬ ‫مجهرية اختيرت بشكل متعرج وذلك لكل فرد من أفراد التجربة‪.‬‬ ‫كما تم حساب حيوية النطاف (‪( )Sperm viability‬النسبة املئوية للنطف‬ ‫الحية‪ /‬النطف امليتة)‪ ،‬وذلك بأخذ قطرة من مزيج (النطاف البربخية ‪+‬‬ ‫ووضعها في إحدى نهايتي شريحة زجاجية دافئة ثم‬ ‫املحلول الفيزيولوجي)‬ ‫من ّ‬ ‫ملون ُااليوزين – نيجروسينّ (‪ )eosin/nigrosin‬ثم‬ ‫ُأضيف إليها قطرة‬ ‫خلط املزيج ملدة ‪ 30‬ثانية وترك ‪ 10‬دقائق ليجف في الهواء‪ ،‬بعدها تم‬ ‫الفحص تحت املجهر على التكبير (‪ )x400‬إذ ظهرت رؤوس النطف امليتة‬ ‫مصبوغة باللون الوردي (لون االيوزين) بينما لم تصطبغ رؤوس النطاف‬ ‫الحية‪ ،‬وتم حساب ‪ 200‬نطفة على امتداد الشريحة وبشكل متعرج‪ ،‬حيث‬ ‫تم حساب النسبة املئوية لحيوية النطاف وفق املعادلة التالية‪:‬‬ ‫عدد النطاف الحية (غير املصبوغة)‬ ‫النسبة املئوية للنطاف الحية =‬

‫‪%‬‬

‫العدد الكلي للنطاف (املصبوغة وغير املصبوغة)‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫تم حساب القياسات املورفومترية ألقطار األنابيب املنوية حيث تم حساب‬ ‫أقطار ‪ 10‬أنابيب منوية لكل فرد من األفراد في املجموعات املختلفة وأخذ‬ ‫املتوسط الحسابي لها وذلك باستخدام برنامج ( ‪Celestron Digital‬‬ ‫‪ )Imager HD‬يتبع لكاميرا (‪ )Celestron Microscope‬موصولة إلى املجهر‪.‬‬ ‫تم إجراء التحليل اإلحصائي باستخدام برنامج ‪ SPSS‬وباستخدام اختبار‬ ‫(‪ )One-Way ANOVA‬إلظهار الفروق في أوزان األجسام والخص ى وأبعاد‬ ‫الخص ى وتركيز وحيوية النطاف وتراكيز هرمون التستوستيرون والقياسات‬ ‫املورفومترية ألقطار األنابيب املنوية بين املجموعات األربع في نهاية التجربة‪،‬‬ ‫وتكون القيمة االحتمالية معنوية عندما (‪ ،)p<0.05‬وتم استخدام اختبار‬ ‫(‪ )LSD‬لتبيان املجموعات التي ظهرت فيها الفروق املعنوية‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬النتائج‬

‫‪ .5.1‬الدراسة الكمية ألوزان األجسام والخص ى‪:‬‬ ‫لوحظ بعد قياس أوزان الحيوانات في نهاية التجربة حصول انخفاض في‬ ‫متوسط أوزان أفراد املجموعة ّ‬ ‫املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم (‪85.57‬غ) مقارنة‬ ‫مع مجموعة الشاهد (‪124.57‬غ)‪ ،‬أما بالنسبة للمجموعة املعالجة‬ ‫باألستازانتين بالتركيز (‪ )2.5mg/kg/day‬واملجموعة املعالجة‬ ‫بالتركيز(‪ )5mg/kg/day‬فقد طرأ ارتفاع في متوسط أوزان األجسام (‪110.5‬غ)‬ ‫(‪112.1‬غ) على التوالي‪ ،‬الجدول (‪.)1‬‬ ‫وبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية وجود فروق معنوية في أوزان أفراد املجموعات‬ ‫األربع‪ ،‬إذ كانت القيمة االحتمالية (‪ ،)P=0.00<0.05‬ولتبيان املجموعات التي‬ ‫ظهرت فيها الفروق املعنوية تم استخدام اختبار (‪ )LSD‬فكان للكادميوم تأثير‬ ‫سلبي على أوزان األجسام مقارنة مع املجموعات األخرى‪ ،‬وكان لألستازانتين‬ ‫بالتركيز ‪5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ التأثير اإليجابي األفضل يليه األستازانتين بالتركيز‬ ‫‪2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‪.‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)1‬الفرق في متوسط أوزان األجسام لدى مجموعات التجربة‬ ‫‪-M‬املتوسط الحسابي‪ -SE ،‬الخطأ املعياري‪-SD ،‬االنحراف املعياري‬ ‫أستازانتين ‪5‬‬ ‫أستازانتين ‪2.5‬‬ ‫الكادميوم‬ ‫الشاهد‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫قبل‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫وزن الجسم(‪ )gr‬قبل‬ ‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬ ‫حيوان‪1‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪103‬‬ ‫حيوان‪2‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪103‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫حيوان‪3‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫حيوان‪4‬‬ ‫‪114‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪107‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫حيوان‪5‬‬ ‫‪116‬‬ ‫‪108‬‬ ‫‪114‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫حيوان‪6‬‬ ‫‪117‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪112‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫حيوان‪7‬‬ ‫‪112.1 ±1.96105.14±1.64110.5 ±1.78105.42±1.82 85.57±1.92 105.7±1.75124.57 ±1.64106.42±1.57 M ±SE‬‬ ‫‪4.12‬‬ ‫‪3.44‬‬ ‫‪3.65‬‬ ‫‪3.77‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬

‫كما تم تحديد أوزان خص ى أفراد املجموعات املدروسة بعد االنتهاء من‬ ‫التجربة‪ ،‬ولوحظ حصول تراجع في متوسط مجموع أوزان الخص ى عند‬ ‫األفراد ّ‬ ‫املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم (‪1841.53‬ملغ) مقارنة مع تلك املوجودة‬ ‫في مجموعة الشاهد (‪3619.43‬ملغ)‪ ،‬كما لوحظ حصول ارتفاع في متوسط‬

‫‪Mohammad Amer Salaho and Mahmoud Kassem. (2021). The Therapeutic Role of Astaxanthin in Countering the Effects of Cadmium on the Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System.‬‬ ‫)‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

‫‪15‬‬

‫مجموع أوزان الخص ى لدى املجموعتين املعالجتين باألستازانتين بالتركيزين‬ ‫(‪ )2.5mg/kg/day‬و (‪ )5mg/kg/day‬حيث كانت القيم (‪ 2761.12‬ملغ)‬ ‫و(‪ 2770.29‬ملغ) على التوالي‪ ،‬الجدول (‪.)2‬‬ ‫وباستخدام التحليل اإلحصائي ُوجدت فروق معنوية في أوزان الخص ى‬ ‫(‪ ،)P=0.00<0.05‬ولتبيان املجموعات التي ظهرت فيها الفروق املعنوية تم‬ ‫استخدام اختبار (‪ )LSD‬فكان للكادميوم تأثير سلبي على أوزان الخص ى‬ ‫مقارنة مع املجموعات األخرى‪ ،‬وكان لألستازانتين بالتركيز ‪5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ التأثير‬ ‫اإليجابي األفضل يليه األستازانتين بالتركيز ‪2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‪.‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)2‬الفرق في متوسط أوزان الخص ى لدى مجموعات التجربة‬ ‫مجموع أوزان الخص ى‬ ‫أستازانتين ‪2.5‬‬ ‫الكادميوم‬ ‫الشاهد‬ ‫)‪(mg‬‬ ‫‪2755‬‬ ‫‪1727‬‬ ‫‪3578‬‬ ‫حيوان‪1‬‬ ‫‪2688‬‬ ‫‪1762‬‬ ‫‪3373‬‬ ‫حيوان‪2‬‬ ‫‪2745‬‬ ‫‪1859‬‬ ‫‪3560‬‬ ‫حيوان‪3‬‬ ‫‪2810‬‬ ‫‪1903‬‬ ‫‪3584‬‬ ‫حيوان‪4‬‬ ‫‪2753‬‬ ‫‪1828‬‬ ‫‪3760‬‬ ‫حيوان‪5‬‬ ‫‪2807‬‬ ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫‪3836‬‬ ‫حيوان‪6‬‬ ‫‪2770‬‬ ‫‪1795‬‬ ‫‪3641‬‬ ‫حيوان‪7‬‬ ‫‪2761.12±10.39‬‬ ‫‪1841.53±24.1‬‬ ‫‪3619.43±1.03‬‬ ‫‪M ±SE‬‬ ‫‪38.32‬‬ ‫‪96.07‬‬ ‫‪49.79‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬

‫أستازانتين ‪5‬‬ ‫‪2739‬‬ ‫‪2792‬‬ ‫‪2695‬‬ ‫‪2788‬‬ ‫‪2733‬‬ ‫‪2832‬‬ ‫‪2813‬‬ ‫‪2770.29±12.14‬‬ ‫‪45.44‬‬

‫‪ .5.2‬الدراسة الكمية لهرمون التستوستيرون‪:‬‬ ‫لدى مقارنة قيم تراكيز هرمون التستوستيرون بين أفراد املجموعات‬ ‫املدروسة‪ ،‬لوحظ حدوث تراجع في متوسط تركيز الهرمون عند األفراد‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم (‪ )0.52ng/ml‬مقارنة مع تلك املوجودة في‬ ‫مجموعة الشاهد (‪ ،)2.68ng/ml‬كما لوحظ حصول ازدياد في متوسط تركيز‬ ‫الهرمون لدى املجموعتين املعالجتين باألستازانتين بالتركيزين‬ ‫(‪ )2.5mg/kg/day‬و (‪ )5mg/kg/day‬حيث كانت القيم (‪)1.42ng/ml( )1.55ng/ml‬‬ ‫على التوالي‪ ،‬الجدول (‪ .)3‬وباستخدام التحليل اإلحصائي لوحظ وجود‬ ‫فروق معنوية في تراكيز التستوستيرون بين املجموعات األربع‬ ‫(‪ّ ،)P=0.02<0.05‬‬ ‫وتبين لدى استخدام اختبار (‪ )LSD‬أن الكادميوم له تأثير‬ ‫سلبي على تركيز الهرمون مقارنة مع املجموعات األخرى‪ ،‬وكان لألستازانتين‬ ‫بالتركيز ‪2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ التأثير اإليجابي األفضل يليه األستازانتين‬ ‫بالتركيز‪5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‪.‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)3‬الفرق في متوسط تركيز هرمون التستوستيرون لدى مجموعات التجربة‬ ‫تركيز التستوستيرون‬ ‫أستازانتين ‪2.5‬‬ ‫الكادميوم‬ ‫الشاهد‬ ‫(‪)ng/ml‬‬ ‫‪0.95‬‬ ‫‪0.61‬‬ ‫‪1.66‬‬ ‫حيوان‪1‬‬ ‫‪1.60‬‬ ‫‪0.55‬‬ ‫‪2.51‬‬ ‫حيوان‪2‬‬ ‫‪1.74‬‬ ‫‪0.51‬‬ ‫‪2.64‬‬ ‫حيوان‪3‬‬ ‫‪1.19‬‬ ‫‪0.45‬‬ ‫‪2.60‬‬ ‫حيوان‪4‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪3.10‬‬ ‫حيوان‪5‬‬ ‫‪1.32‬‬ ‫‪0.025‬‬ ‫‪2.58‬‬ ‫حيوان‪6‬‬ ‫‪2.22‬‬ ‫‪0.78‬‬ ‫‪2.57‬‬ ‫حيوان‪7‬‬ ‫‪1.55±0.12‬‬ ‫‪0.52±0.036‬‬ ‫‪2.68±0.115‬‬ ‫‪M ±SE‬‬ ‫‪0.39‬‬ ‫‪0.062‬‬ ‫‪0.237‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬

‫أستازانتين ‪5‬‬ ‫‪1.43‬‬ ‫‪0.98‬‬ ‫‪1.13‬‬ ‫‪2.18‬‬ ‫‪1.24‬‬ ‫‪1.35‬‬ ‫‪1.65‬‬ ‫‪1.42±0.05‬‬ ‫‪0.36‬‬

‫‪ .5.3‬دراسة النطاف‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .5.3.1‬تركيز النطاف‬ ‫كان متوسط تركيز النطاف لدى أفراد مجموعة الشاهد (‪1/)86.14‬مل من‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم‬ ‫محلول تمديد البربخ‪ ،‬ولدى أفراد املجموعة‬ ‫(‪ ،)34.57‬ولدى أفراد املجموعة املعالجة باألستازانتين بالتركيز‪ 2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‬ ‫(‪ ،)63‬ولدى أفراد املجموعة املعالجة باألستازانتين بالتركيز‪ 5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ (‪،)61‬‬ ‫وبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لتركيز النطاف في املجموعات األربع وجود فروق‬ ‫معنوية (‪ ،)P=0.00<0.05‬ولتبيان املجموعات التي ظهرت فيها الفروق املعنوية‬ ‫تم استخدام اختبار (‪ )LSD‬فكان لتجريع الكادميوم األثر األكبر في خفض‬ ‫تركيز النطاف مقارنة باملجموعات األخرى‪ ،‬وقد كان لألستازانتين بالتركيز‬ ‫‪2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ التأثير اإليجابي األفضل‪ ،‬يليه األستازانتين بالتركيز ‪5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‪،‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪.)4‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)4‬الفرق في متوسط تركيزالنطاف‪ 1/‬مل محلول تمديد البربخ لدى مجموعات التجربة‬ ‫الكادميوم أستازانتين ‪ 2.5‬أستازانتين ‪5‬‬ ‫الشاهد‬ ‫متوسط تركيزالنطاف‪ 1/‬مل محلول تمديد البربخ‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫حيوان‪1‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫حيوان‪2‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫حيوان‪3‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪99‬‬ ‫حيوان‪4‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫حيوان‪5‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫حيوان‪6‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫حيوان‪7‬‬ ‫‪61±1.78‬‬ ‫‪63±1.89‬‬ ‫‪34.57±0.60 86.14±0.28‬‬ ‫‪M ±SE‬‬ ‫‪6.65‬‬ ‫‪12.21‬‬ ‫‪4.37‬‬ ‫‪4.10‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬

‫‪ .5.3.2‬حيوية النطاف‬ ‫كان متوسط حيوية النطاف لدى أفراد مجموعة الشاهد (‪ ،)%91.6‬ولدى‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم (‪ ،)%43.71‬ولدى أفراد‬ ‫أفراد املجموعة‬ ‫املجموعة املعالجة باألستازانتين بالتركيز‪ 2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ (‪ ،)%74.07‬ولدى أفراد‬ ‫املجموعة املعالجة باألستازانتين بالتركيز‪ 5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ (‪ ،)%69.91‬وبينت‬ ‫الدراسة اإلحصائية لحيوية النطاف في املجموعات األربع وجود فروق‬ ‫معنوية (‪ ،)P=0.00<0.05‬وكان لتجريع الكادميوم األثر األكبر في خفض حيوية‬ ‫النطاف مقارنة باملجموعات األخرى‪ ،‬وكان لألستازانتين بالتركيز ‪2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‬ ‫التأثير اإليجابي األفضل‪ ،‬يليه األستازانتين بالتركيز ‪5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‪ ،‬الجدول (‪.)5‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)5‬الفرق في متوسط حيوية النطاف لدى مجموعات التجربة ‪%‬‬ ‫أستازانتين ‪2.5‬‬ ‫الكادميوم‬ ‫الشاهد‬ ‫حيوية النطاف‪%‬‬ ‫‪65.1‬‬ ‫‪38.4‬‬ ‫‪95.1‬‬ ‫حيوان‪1‬‬ ‫‪70.3‬‬ ‫‪45.8‬‬ ‫‪90.3‬‬ ‫حيوان‪2‬‬ ‫‪72.8‬‬ ‫‪43.6‬‬ ‫‪91.2‬‬ ‫حيوان‪3‬‬ ‫‪80.4‬‬ ‫‪50.8‬‬ ‫‪87.3‬‬ ‫حيوان‪4‬‬ ‫‪78.3‬‬ ‫‪40.7‬‬ ‫‪93.5‬‬ ‫حيوان‪5‬‬ ‫‪81.2‬‬ ‫‪43.6‬‬ ‫‪91.8‬‬ ‫حيوان‪6‬‬ ‫‪70.4‬‬ ‫‪43.1‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫حيوان‪7‬‬ ‫‪74.07±1.54‬‬ ‫‪43.71±0.24‬‬ ‫‪91.6±0.14‬‬ ‫‪M ±SE‬‬ ‫‪5.58‬‬ ‫‪3.63‬‬ ‫‪2.28‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬

‫أستازانتين ‪5‬‬ ‫‪63.8‬‬ ‫‪78.4‬‬ ‫‪73.5‬‬ ‫‪66.6‬‬ ‫‪69.2‬‬ ‫‪77.5‬‬ ‫‪60.4‬‬ ‫‪69.91±0.58‬‬ ‫‪6.34‬‬

‫‪ .5.4‬قياس أقطاراألنابيب املنوية‪:‬‬ ‫أظهرت نتائج قياس أقطار األنابيب املنوية لكل فرد من أفراد مجموعات‬ ‫التجربة أن متوسط األقطار لدى مجموعة الشاهد (‪ )259.14µm‬ولدى‬ ‫مجموعة الكادميوم (‪ )193.28µm‬ولدى أفراد املجموعة املعالجة‬ ‫باألستازانتين بالتركيز‪ 2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ (‪ ،)214.42µm‬ولدى أفراد املجموعة‬ ‫املعالجة باألستازانتين بالتركيز‪ 5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ (‪ ،)213.85µm‬وبينت الدراسة‬ ‫اإلحصائية لنتائج أقطار األنابيب املنوية لدى مجموعات التجربة وجود‬ ‫فروق معنوية (‪ ،)P=0.00<0.05‬وكان لتجريع الكادميوم األثر السلبي األكبر‬ ‫على قطر األنابيب املنوية مقارنة باملجموعات األخرى‪ ،‬وكان لألستازانتين‬ ‫بالتركيز ‪2.5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ التأثير اإليجابي األفضل يليه األستازانتين بالتركيز‬ ‫‪5‬ملغ‪/‬كغ‪ ،‬الجدول (‪.)6‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)6‬الفرق في متوسط أقطاراألنابيب املنوية لدى مجموعات التجربة (‪)µm‬‬ ‫أستازانتين ‪2.5‬‬ ‫الكادميوم‬ ‫الشاهد‬ ‫قطراألنابيب املنوية(‪)µm‬‬ ‫‪215‬‬ ‫‪194‬‬ ‫‪286‬‬ ‫حيوان‪1‬‬ ‫‪205‬‬ ‫‪189‬‬ ‫‪248‬‬ ‫حيوان‪2‬‬ ‫‪218‬‬ ‫‪201‬‬ ‫‪267‬‬ ‫حيوان‪3‬‬ ‫‪223‬‬ ‫‪205‬‬ ‫‪253‬‬ ‫حيوان‪4‬‬ ‫‪206‬‬ ‫‪178‬‬ ‫‪260‬‬ ‫حيوان‪5‬‬ ‫‪226‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪245‬‬ ‫حيوان‪6‬‬ ‫‪208‬‬ ‫‪206‬‬ ‫‪255‬‬ ‫حيوان‪7‬‬ ‫‪214.42±0.32‬‬ ‫‪193.28±0.17‬‬ ‫‪259.14±3.7‬‬ ‫‪M ±SE‬‬ ‫‪7.76‬‬ ‫‪10.6‬‬ ‫‪12.88‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬

‫‪ .5.5‬الدراسة النسيجية للخصية‪:‬‬

‫أستازانتين ‪5‬‬ ‫‪212‬‬ ‫‪222‬‬ ‫‪203‬‬ ‫‪216‬‬ ‫‪210‬‬ ‫‪211‬‬ ‫‪223‬‬ ‫‪213.85±0.64‬‬ ‫‪6.53‬‬

‫بينت الدراسة النسيجية لخص ى أفراد مجموعة الشاهد بأن األنابيب‬ ‫املنوية تتوضع بشكل متجاور ومنتظم دون وجود فراغات بينها‪ ،‬وتظهر‬ ‫مراحل تشكل الحيوانات املنوية بشكل سلسلة ّ‬ ‫متدرجة منتظمة التوضع‪،‬‬ ‫كما وتظهر النطاف بشكلها السليم وبغزارة عددية واضحة‪ ،‬الشكل (‪.)1‬‬ ‫الشكل(‪ -A :)1‬مقطع نسيجي في خصية هامستر شاهد‪ -B ،40X ،‬مقطع نسيجي في أحد األنابيب املنوية في خصية هامستر‬ ‫شاهد‪1000X ،‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫مراحل تشكل النطاف (‪ ،)1‬غزارة النطاف (‪ ،)2‬خاليا ليدغ (‪ ،)3‬خاليا سرتولي (‪)H&E( ،)4‬‬

‫‪16‬‬

‫أما عند دراسة املقاطع النسيجية لخص ى األفراد املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم‬ ‫فلوحظ حصول تراجع كبير في البنية النسيجية مثل وجود فراغات بين‬ ‫النسيج الضام‪ ،‬وحدوث انسالخ بين ظهارة‬ ‫األنابيب املنوية بسبب تراجع ّ‬ ‫األنبوب املنوي وبين الخاليا املشكلة للسلسلة املنوية‪ ،‬كما لوحظ حصول‬ ‫ملعة‬ ‫انخفاض في عدد هذه الخاليا إضافة إلى‬ ‫الخلل الحاصل في توضعها في ّ‬ ‫األنبوب املنوي‪ ،‬كما لوحظ حصول ّ‬ ‫تشوه كبير في بنية النطاف تمثل‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫بحدوث تقطعات فيها‪ ،‬حيث لوحظ انفصال الرأس عن الذيل‪ ،‬إضافة إلى‬ ‫سرتولي املغذية لها‪ ،‬والتي شهدت هي األخرى‬ ‫ضعف ًانغراسها في خاليا ً‬ ‫انخفاضا في عددها واضطرابا في تموضعها داخل األنابيب املنوية‪ ،‬الشكل‬ ‫(‪ )2-A‬والشكل (‪ ،)3‬كما لوحظ وجود احتقان دموي في كثير من األوعية‬ ‫الدموية املنتشرة بين األنابيب املنوية‪ ،‬الشكل (‪.)2-B‬‬ ‫وعند دراسة البنية النسيجية لخص ى أفراد املجموعتين املعالجتين‬ ‫باألستازانتين بالتركيزين (‪ )2.5,5mg/kg/day‬لوحظ حصول ّ‬ ‫تحسن نسبي فيهما‬ ‫األنبوب املنوي‬ ‫من حيث شكل خاليا السلسلة املنوية وتموضعها داخل‬ ‫وانتشار خاليا ليدغ وخاليا سرتولي‪ ،‬إال أن هذا التحسن لم ير َق إلى مستو ًى‬ ‫السلسلة املنوية كان قليال‬ ‫مجموعة الشاهد‪ ،‬حيث أن عدد طبقات خاليا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مقارنة معها‪ ،‬وغزارة النطاف في اللمعة كان منخفضا‪ ،‬ولم يالحظ وجود‬ ‫فروق في البنية النسيجية بين خص ى هاتين املجموعتين‪ ،‬الشكالن (‪4-A, 4-‬‬ ‫‪.)B‬‬ ‫الشكل (‪ :) 2‬مقطع نسيجي في خصية هامسترمجرع بكلوريد الكادميوم‪)H&E( ،‬‬

‫‪-A‬أنابيب منوية غيرمنتظمة يالحظ وجود فراغات بينها (‪ )1‬وانسالخ ظهارة األنبوب عن محتواه (‪-B ،40X ،)2‬احتقان‬ ‫دموي بين األنابيب املنوية (*)‪1000X ،‬‬ ‫الشكل (‪ :)3‬مقطع نسيجي في أنبوب منوي ألحد أفراد املجموعة املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم‪،‬‬

‫الفراغات بين الخاليا املنوية (‪ ،)1‬انقطاعات لرؤوس النطاف عن الذيل في ملعة األنبوب (‪ ،)2‬تجمعات قليلة لخاليا ليدغ‬ ‫(‪ ،)3‬ضعف انغراس النطاف في خاليا سرتولي القليلة (‪1000X،)H&E( ،)4‬‬ ‫الشكل (‪ :)4‬مقطع نسيجي في أنبوب منوي لهامسترمجرع باألستازانتين (‪1000X ،)H&E‬‬

‫‪A‬‬

‫‪B‬‬

‫‪-A‬تركيز (‪-B ،)2.5mg/kg‬تركيز (‪ ،)5mg/kg‬مراحل تشكل النطاف (‪ ،)1‬النطاف في اللمعة(‪ )2‬خاليا ليدغ (‪ ،)3‬خاليا‬ ‫سرتولي(‪)4‬‬

‫‪ .6‬املناقشة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫يعد الكادميوم من أخطر املعادن الثقيلة ذات التأثير السام‪ ،‬حيث يحتل‬ ‫املرتبة السابعة بينها (‪ ،)Satarug and Moore, 2004‬ويؤثر الكادميوم في العديد‬ ‫من األعضاء واألجهزة في الجسم‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫وتعد الخص ى من األعضاء الرئيسية‬ ‫َ‬ ‫املستهدفة من قبل الكادميوم (‪.)Qiqi Zhu et al, 2020‬‬ ‫بينت نتائج دراستنا بأن املعاملة بالكادميوم ّأدت إلى حدوث ّ‬ ‫تغيرات في بنية‬ ‫ووظيفة الخص ى شملت حدوث انخفاض في أوزان الخص ى‪ ،‬وعدد النطاف‪،‬‬ ‫النسيجية‬ ‫وتركيز هرموّن التستوستيرون‪ ،‬إضافة إلى حدوث تراجع في البنية ّ ً‬ ‫وتشوها في‬ ‫للخصية تمثل باضطراب في مراحل تشكل الحيوانات املنوية‬ ‫النطاف‪ ،‬وظهور فراغات بين األنابيب املنوية‪ ،‬وهذا يتفق مع العديد من‬ ‫الدراسات (‪ ،)Badr et al, 2019( )Manna et al, 2008( )Santos et al, 2004‬وقد‬ ‫‪ّ .)Akinloye‬بينت‬ ‫تؤدي العوامل السابقة مجتمعة إلى العقم (‪et al, 2006‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫دراسات ّ‬ ‫عدة بأن الكادميوم يسبب حدوث خلل في عملية تشكل خاليا‬ ‫السلسلة املنوية (‪ )Spermatogenesis‬والذي من املحتمل أنه يساهم في‬ ‫الخسارة الوزنية للخص ى‪ ،‬وهذا ما ظهر من خالل دراستنا النسيجية لنسيج‬ ‫خص ى األفراد َ‬ ‫املعاملة بالكادميوم‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التعرض‬ ‫تشير بعض األبحاث إلى أن انخفاض تعداد النطاف الناجم عن‬ ‫للكادميوم قد يعود إلى ضعف التمايز في خاليا املنويات (‪ )Spermatids‬وعدم‬ ‫قدرة الكثير منها على ّ التحول إلى نطاف‪ ،‬وذلك بسبب املستويات املنخفضة‬ ‫املنشطة للمناسل (‪ )Gonadotropins‬وكذلك من هرمون‬ ‫من الهرمونات‬ ‫التستوستيرون (‪ ، )Thompson and Bannigan, 2008( )Zeng et al, 2003‬وهذا‬ ‫يتوافق مع نتائج دراستنا لهرمون التستوستيرون التي أشارت إلى انخفاض‬ ‫تراكيزه عند أفراد املجموعة ّ‬ ‫املجرعة بكلوريد الكادميوم مقارنة مع املجموعة‬ ‫الشاهد ومع املجموعتين املعالجتين‪ ،‬ومن املعروف بـأن التستوستيرون ينتج‬ ‫من الخاليا الخاللية (ليدغ)‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫وتبين من خالل دراستنا النسيجية لخص ى‬ ‫األفراد املجرعة بالكادميوم حدوث انخفاض في عدد هذه الخاليا املنتشرة‬ ‫بين األنابيب املنوية وفي كثير من الحاالت لم يتم مالحظتها‪.‬‬ ‫كما بينت النتائج التي حصلنا عليها وجود احتقان دموي في العديد من‬ ‫األوعية الدموية املنتشرة بين األنابيب الدموية وهذا يتفق مع العديد من‬ ‫الدراسات (‪.)Yang et al, 2006( )Oteiza et al, 1999‬‬ ‫أما بالنسبة النخفاض تركيز هرمون التستوستيرون في الخصية فإنه قد‬ ‫يعزى إلى الخلل الحاصل في اآلليات املسؤولة عن إنتاجه من خاليا ليدغ‬ ‫(الخاليا البينية) والتي تعد املصدر األساس ي له ‪ ،‬وقد يكون هذا االنخفاض‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ناجما عن النقص في النشاط اإلنزيمي أو النقص في إفراز حاثة (‪ )LH‬من‬ ‫الغدة النخامية (‪ ، )Jacob K et al, 2015‬واقترحت ًبعض الدراسات بأن‬ ‫االنخفاض في تركيز التستوستيرون قد يكون ناتجا عن انخفاض عدد‬ ‫مركب أدينوزين‬ ‫إنتاج ً‬ ‫مستقبالت هرمون (‪ )LH‬في نسيج الخصية‪ ،‬وفي ً‬ ‫أحادي الفوسفات الحلقي (‪ (cAMP‬الذي يلعب دورا مهما في تشكيل‬ ‫التستوستيرون(‪ ، )El-Demerdash et al, 2004‬كما ّبينت إحدى الدراسات بأن‬ ‫الزيادة في تركيز مركب أكسيد النتريك (‪ )NO‬الناتجة عن املعاملة بالكادميوم‬ ‫تؤدي إلى حدوث انخفاض في تركيز التستوستيرون وذلك عن طريق التأثير‬ ‫في الغدة النخامية وكبح نشاطها اإلفرازي لهرمون (‪،)Serah et al, 2012( )LH‬‬ ‫وتقترح بعض الدراسات بأن التسمم املزمن بالكادميوم يقود إلى تدهور في‬ ‫نظام إزالة املاء األوكسجيني في خاليا الخصية والذي يؤدي بالنتيجة إلى كبح‬ ‫إفراز الحاثات الجنسية من خاليا ليدغ (‪.)Djukić et al, 2008‬‬ ‫إن اآللية الدقيقة التي تفسر حصول األذية نتيجة املعاملة بالكادميوم غير‬ ‫معروفة بشكل واضح حتى اآلن (‪ ،)Waisberg et al, 2003‬مع ذلك فإن العديد‬ ‫من الدراسات بينت بأن الكادميوم يؤدي إلى تعطيل عمل مضادات األكسدة‬ ‫في الخاليا مما يؤدي إلى زيادة في أصناف األكسجين ّ‬ ‫الفعالة )‪ ،(ROS‬وهذا‬ ‫بدوره يؤدي إلى خلل في إفراز الهرمونات الجنسية (‪)Thijssen et al, 2007‬‬ ‫(‪.)Ehitare et al, 2020‬‬ ‫إن التعرض الحاد للكادميوم يؤدي إلى انخفاض كبير في مستويات‬ ‫الغلوتاثيون )‪ (GSH‬املعروف عنه بأنه خط الدفاع األول ضد الكادميوم‪ ،‬كما‬ ‫لوحظ حدوث انخفاض كبير في مستويات مضادات األكسدة األخرى مثل‬

ّ ‫ الدورالعالجي لألستازانتين في‬.)2021( .‫محمد عامر صالحو و محمود قاسم‬ .‫الحد من تأثيرات الكادميوم على بنية ووظيفة الجهازالتكاثري الذكري‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

Tominaga K., Hongo N., Karato M. and Yamashita, E. (2012). Cosmetic benefits of astaxanthin on humans subjects. Acta Biochim Polonoca, 59(1), 43–47. Ambati, R.R., Phang S.M., Ravi, S. and Aswathanarayana, R.G. (2014). Astaxanthin: Source, Extraction, Stability, Biological Activities and Its Commercial Applications. Marine Drugs. 12(1), 128–52. Satarug, S. and Moore, M. (2004). Adverse health effects of chronic exposure to low-level cadmium in food stuffs and cigarette smoke. Environmental Health Perspectives, 121(10), 1099–103. Qiqi Zhu, X., and Ren-Shan, G. (2020) Toxicological effects of cadmium on mammalian testis. Front Genet, 11(n/a), 527. Santos, F.W. Oro, T., Zeni, G. Rocha, J.B.T., Nascimento, P.C. do and Nogueira, C.W. (2004). Cadmium Induced Testicular Damage and its Response to Administration of Succimer and Diphenyl Diselenide in Mice. Toxicol. Lett, 152(3), 255–63. Manna, P., Sinha, M. and Sil, P.C. (2008). Cadmium induced testicular pathophysiology: Prophylactic role of taurine. Reprod. Toxicol, 26(3), 282–91. Badr, G.M., Elsawy, H., Sedky, A. Rania Eid, A. Awatef, Abdallah B.M., Alzahrani, A.M., Abdel-Moneim, A.M. (2019). Protective effects of quercetin supplementation against short-term toxicity of cadmium-induced hematological impairment, hypothyroidism, and testicular disturbances in albino rats. Environ Sci Pollut Res, 26(4), 8202– 8211. Akinloye, O., Arowojolu, A.O., Shittu, O.B. and Anetor, J.I. (2006). Cadmium toxicity: a possible cause of male infertility in Nigeria. Reprod. Biol, 6(1), 17–30. Zeng, X., Jin, T., Zhou Y. and Nordberg, G.F. (2003). Changes of serum sex hormone levels and mt mrna expression in rats orally exposed to cadmium, Toxicology, 186(1), 109–18. Thompson, J. and Bannigan, J. (2008). Cadmium: toxic effects on the reproductive system and the embryo. Reprod. Toxicol, 25(3), 304– 15. Yang H.S., Han D.K., Kim J.R. and Sim J.C. (2006). Effects of alpha-tocopherol on cadmium-induced toxicity in rat testis and spermatogenesis. J Korean Med Sci, 21(3), 445–51. Oteiza, P.I., Adonaylo, V.N. and Keen, C.L. (1999).Cadmium-induced testes oxidative damage in rats can be influenced by dietary zinc intake. Toxicol, 137(1), 13–22. Kresovich, J.K., Argos, M., and Turyk, M.E. (2015). Associations of lead and cadmium with sex hormones in adult males. Environmental Research, 142(2015), 25–33. El-Demerdash, F.M., Yousef, M.I., Kedwany, F.S. and Baghdadi, H.H. (2004). Cadmium induced changes in lipid peroxidation, blood hematology, biochemical parameters and semen quality of male rats: protective role of vitamin E and b-carotene. Food Chem Toxicol, 42(10), 1563–71. Serah, F., Samuel B., Roland E, Titilayo A., Olanrewaju A. and Utibe, S. (2012). Testicular toxicity and sperm quality following cadmium exposure in rats: Ameliorative potentials of Allium cepa. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 5(1), 37–42. Djukić-Cosić, D., Curcić Jovanović, M., Plamenac Bulat, Z., Ninković, M., Malicević, Z. and Matović, V. (2008). Relation between lipid peroxidation and iron concentration in mouse liver after acute and subacute cadmium intoxication. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 22(1), 66–72. Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B. and Beyersmann, D. (2003). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis: A review. Toxicol, 192(2), 95–117. Thijssen, S.; Cuypers, A.; Maringwa, J.; Smeets, K.; Horemans, N.; Lambrichts, I. and Van-Kerkhove, E. (2007). Low cadmium exposure triggers a biphasic oxidative stress response in mice kidneys. Toxicol, 236(1), 29–41. Ehitare E., Samson O., and Santos E. (2020). Comparison of the deleterious effects of yaji and cadmium chloride on testicular physiomorphological and oxidative stress status: The gonadoprotective effects of an omega-3 fatty acid. Clin Exp Reprod Med, 47(3), 168–79. Naskar S., Islam A., Mazumder U.K., Saha P., Haldar P.K. and Gupta, M. (2010). In vitro and in vivo antioxidant potential of hydromethanolic extract of Phoenix dactylifera fruits. J Sci Res, 2(1), 144–57. Elgarem, Y., Lignell, A. and Comhaire, F.H. (2002). Supplementation with Astaxanthin (Astacarox) improves semen quality in infertile men. In: The 13th International Carotenoid Symposium. Honolulu HI, USA, 6–11/01/2002.

.)Naskar et al, 2010( (SOD, Catalase) 2.5mg/kg( ‫أظهرت دراستنا الحالية بأن تجريع األستازانتين بالتركيزين‬ ‫) أدى لحدوث تحسن في أوزان األجسام والخص ى وفي البنية‬5mg/kg‫و‬ ‫النسيجية لألعضاء التكاثرية وتركيز النطاف وحيويتها وتركيز هرمون‬ ّ ‫املجرعة‬ ‫التستوستيرون وفي أقطار األنابيب املنوية مقارنة مع األفراد‬ ‫ وفي‬،‫ حيث لم يالحظ وجود فروق في التركيزين املستخدمين‬،‫بالكادميوم‬ ‫حين أنه لم تتوافر أية دراسات أخرى عن تأثير األستازانتين في الوظيفة‬ ّ ‫ فإنه من املعروف عن‬،‫املعرضة للكادميوم‬ ‫التكاثرية عند الحيوانات‬ ‫الكثير من املواد املضادة لألكسدة أهمها البيتا‬ ‫األستازانتين بأنه‬ ً ‫يحتوي‬ ً ‫ ومن‬،‫كاروتين التي تلعب دورا مهما في كبح الجذور ًالحرة في خاليا الجسم‬ ‫املعروف بأن املواد ذات الدور املوقي تلعب دورا في التخفيف من امتصاصية‬ ‫ فقد‬،)Naskar et al, 2010( )Thijssen et al, 2007( ‫خاليا الخصية للكادميوم‬ ‫أظهرت إحدى الدراسات بأن تناول ً الرجال لعقار األستازانتين على شكل‬ ّ ‫أقراص‬ ‫العقم‬ ‫ شهر‬12 ‫ يوميا) ملدة‬/‫ملغ‬16( ‫كمتمم غذائي‬ ً ّ ‫أدى للعالج من‬ ّ ‫حيث لوحظ حصول انخفاض في أصناف األكسجين‬ ‫وتحسنا‬ )ROS( ‫الفعالة‬ .)Elgarem et al, 2002( ‫في شكل وحركة النطاف‬ ‫نبذة عن املؤلفني‬

‫محمد عامرصالحو‬ ،‫ سوريا‬،‫ حلب‬،‫ جامعة حلب‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‬

00963947816233 ،dimorphism@hotmail.co.uk

-‫حلب‬-‫جامعة حلب‬-‫كلية العلوم‬-‫علم الحياة الحيوانية‬ ً ‫ صالحو طالب دكتوراه قسم‬.‫أ‬ ‫ تأثير‬:‫ وعنوان رسالتي في املاجستير‬،‫ أحدها خارجي‬،‫ أبحاث سابقا‬6 ‫سوريا قمت بنشر‬ - ‫الفترة الضوئية وهرمون التيروكسين على الجهاز التكاثري الذكري عند طائر الزيبرا‬ ،‫ سنوات وحتى تاريخه‬7 ‫ مشرف على البيت الحيواني منذ‬،‫جامعة حلب‬-2017 ّ ‫اهتمامات بحثية في تأثير املواد في الوقاية والعالج من سمية‬ .‫امللوثات على الفقاريات‬ .‫وتأثير العوامل البيئية على التكاثر عند الفقاريات‬

‫محمود قاسم‬ ،‫ سوريا‬،‫ حلب‬،‫ جامعة حلب‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‬

00963944799547 ،kassem-mahmoud@hotmail.com

– 7‫ قاسم حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في بينة ووظيفة الفقاريات من جامعة باريس‬.‫د‬.‫أ‬ ‫ مقالة‬50 ‫ مؤلف للعديد من الكتب الجامعية كما نشر أكثر من‬،1987 ‫فرنسا عام‬ ‫ رسالة‬13‫ رسائل دكتوراه و‬8 ‫ إشراف على‬،‫محلية ودولية باللغتين العربية واإلنكليزية‬ ‫ له اهتمامات‬،‫ماجستير وشارك بحضور مؤتمرات محلية وعاملية كمتحدث ومستمع‬ ‫ كما له‬،‫بحثية في تأثير املواد و العناصر الكيميائية على أعضاء وأنسجة الفقاريات‬ .‫اهتمامات بحثية في سبل حماية الكائنات املهددة باالنقراض مثل السلمندر السوري‬

‫املراجع‬

Valko M., Morris H. and Cronin M.T. (2005). Metals, toxicity and oxidative stress. Curr Med Chem, 12(10), 1161–208. Goering, L., Waalkes, P. and Klaassen, D. (1995). Toxicology of cadmium. Toxicology of Metals, 115(n/a), 189–214. Fraga C.G. (2005). Relevance, essentiality and toxicity of trace elements in human health. Mol Aspects Med, 26(4), 235–44. Martin, S. and Wendy, G. (2009) .Human health effects of heavy metals. Environ. Sci. Technol, 15(n/a), 1–6. Giuseppe Genchi, Maria Stefania Sinicropi, Graziantonio Lauria, Alessia Carocci. and Alessia Catalano. (2020). The effects of cadmium toxicity. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 17(11), 3782. Elgawish, R.A.R. and Ghanem, M.E. (2014). Effect of long-term cadmium chloride exposure on testicular functions in male albino rats. Am J Anim Vet Sci, 9(4), 182–188. Liu, J., Qu, W. and Kadiiska, M.B. (2009). Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol, 238(3), 209–214. Yuan, J.P., Peng, J., Yin K. and Wang, J.H. (2010). Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: A high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae. Mol Nutr Food Res, 55(1), 150–65. Mori J., Yokoyama, H., Sawada, T., Miyashita, and Nagata, K. (2013). Antioxidative properties of astaxanthin and related compounds. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst, 580(1), 52–57.

Mohammad Amer Salaho and Mahmoud Kassem. (2021). The Therapeutic Role of Astaxanthin in Countering the Effects of Cadmium on the Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

18)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،)2021( ‫التاريخ‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

Integrated Production of Asian Catfish (Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch) and Money Plant (Epipremnum Aureum Linden & André): A Promising Aquaponics System Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman1 2, Joydeb Sarker1, Zannatul Ferdoushe1, Md. Mehedi Hasan1 3, Ahmed Saud AlSaqufi4 and Md. Moshiur Rahman1

Heteropneustes ( ‫اإلنتاج املتكامل لسمك القط اآلسيوي‬ Epipremnum Aureum( ‫) وشجرة املال‬Fossilis Bloch ‫ كنظام زراعة مائية واعد‬:)Linden & André

‫ أحمد سعود‬،3 1‫ مهدي حسن‬،1‫ زناتول فردوش‬،1 ‫ جويدب ساركر‬،2 1‫الشيخ مصطفي الرحمن‬ 1‫ محمد مشهور الرحمن‬،4‫السقوفي‬

‫ بنغالديش‬، ‫ جامعة خولنا‬،‫كلية تكنولوجيا مصايد األسماك واملوارد البحرية‬1 ‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ مركز أبحاث الثروة السمكية‬2 ‫ أستراليا‬،‫ نيو ساوث ويلز‬،‫ كامدن‬،‫ جامعة سيدني‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫ كلية سيدني للعلوم البيطرية‬3 ‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫كلية العلوم الزراعية واألغذية‬4

1 Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh 2 Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia 3 Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, the University of Sydney, Camden,

NSW, Australia 4 Agriculture and Food Sciences College, King Faisal University, Saudi Arabia KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

RECEIVED ‫االستقبال‬

Aquaculture, hydroponics, aquaponics, fish production, plant production, water quality

05/09/2019

‫ جودة املياه‬،‫ إإلنتاج النباتي‬,‫ اإلنتاج السمكي‬،‫ أكوابونيك‬،‫ الزراعة املائية‬،‫االستزراع املائي‬

Corresponding Author: Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman

13/05/2020

PUBLISHED ‫النشر‬

01/06/2021

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/2108

ABSTRACT The integrated production of fish with water-borne plants (hydroponics) is one of the most promising aquaculture (known as “aquaponics”) systems that is embraced around the world. Therefore, a study was conducted in triplicate for a period of forty days using 20L plastic containers to observe the growth performance of catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) and money plants (Epipremnum aureus) in an aquaponics treatment system (hereafter “T1”), and these results were compared with a monoculture of fish (T2) and plants (T3) in other treatments. Almost equal-sized and aged juvenile catfish (total length: F1, 38 = 1.66, p = 0.20) were collected from a hatchery and were randomly assigned to T1 and T2, while similar-sized singlebranched money plants (stem length: F1, 22 = 1.28, p = 0.27) were collected from the local market and were randomly planted into T1 and T3. Water quality parameters (e.g., temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen) were monitored regularly and did not show any significant variation or any deleterious effect on the growth of fish and plants. After the experimental period, the results showed that the final weight of T1 catfish (aquaponics) was significantly higher than the T2 treatment group (monoculture). In the case of the plants, total leaf number (p = 0.005), total leaf area (p = 0.0007) and total plant biomass (p = 0.011) of the T1 group (aquaponics) were significantly higher than those of the T3 group (monoculture). The results suggest that the integration of Asian stinging catfish with money plants provide a new avenue for sustainable fish food production along with hydroponics.

1. Introduction Aquaponics, a combination of fish and vegetable production in one integrated system, represents a significant advance for raising large amounts of food with limited land and water resources (Blidariu & Grozea, 2011). Such a production system can also be an approach utilized in areas where fish culture is not possible due to several anthropogenic activities and natural calamities including pollution, civilization, droughts, heavy rains, floods, poor farming techniques, land shrinkage and inclusion of salt water (Enduct et al., 2011; Fedoroff et al., 2010; McMurtry et al., 1997; Salam et al., 2013). In many third world countries where adequate protein sources and vegetables are not available for consumption due to the above reasons, the integration of fish and plants could be an alternative livelihood approach for the local communities. The aquaponics system has so far been very popular in many developed countries because this system provides chemical-free healthy organic products, requires overall low water consumption, reduces production costs and ensures sustainable food production throughout the year (Martins et al., 2012). The effluent from intensive fish production systems contains high levels of nutrients that are normally discharged to the environment, contributing to pollution (Cao et al., 2007). In an aquaponics system, the waste nutrients are used to produce a valuable crop of vegetables (Graber & Junge, 2009). Removal of nutrients by vegetables purifies the water in a fish-rearing tank. In this system, there is no dirt to fertilize

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫يعد اإلنتاج املتكامل لألسماك التي تحتوي على نباتات مائية (الزراعة املائية) أحد‬ )"aquaponics" ‫أكثر أنظمة االستزراع املائي الواعدة (املعروفة باسم أكوابونكس‬ ‫ أجريت دراسة على ثالث‬، ‫ لذلك‬.‫التي يتم احتضانها في ً جميع أنحاء العالم‬ ‫ لتر ملراقبة أداء نمو‬20 ‫يوما باستخدام عبوات بالستيكية‬ ‫مكررات ملدة أربعين‬ )Epipremnum aureus( ‫) ونبات املال‬Heteropneustes fossilis( ‫سمك القط‬ ً ‫") وقارنت هذه النتائج مع‬T1" ‫ (يشار إليه الحقا باسم‬aquaponics ‫في نظام‬ ‫ تم جمع أحداث‬.‫) في معاملة أخرى‬T3( ‫) والنبات‬T2( ‫أسماك أحادية التربية‬ )p = 0.20 ،38 = 1.66 ،F1 :‫أسماك القط متساوية الحجم ًوالعمر (الطول الكلي‬ ‫ في حين أن نباتات املال املفردة‬،T2 ‫ و‬T1 ‫من مفرخ تم تخصيصه عشوائيا إلى‬ ‫) من‬p = 0.27 ، 1.28 ‫ = تم جمع‬22،F1 :‫املتفرعة الحجم متماثلة (طول الساق‬ ‫ تمت مراقبة معلمات جودة‬.T3 ‫ و‬T1 ‫السوق املحلية التي زرعت بشكل عشوائي في‬ ‫ وما‬، ‫ األكسجين املذاب‬، ‫ األس الهيدروجيني‬، ‫ امللوحة‬، ‫املياه (مثل درجة الحرارة‬ ‫إلى ذلك) بشكل منتظم والتي لم تظهر أي تباين كبير وكذلك أي تأثير ضار على‬ ‫ أظهرت النتائج أن الوزن النهائي‬،‫ بعد الفترة التجريبية‬.‫نمو األسماك والنباتات‬ T2 ‫ كان أعلى بكثير من مجموعة املعاملة‬T1 (aquaponics) ‫لسمك القط في‬ ‫ إجمالي‬،)p = 0.005( ‫ في حالة النبات كان إجمالي عدد األوراق‬.)‫(زراعة أحادية‬ ‫) من‬p = 0.011( ‫) وإجمالي الكتلة الحيوية النباتية‬p = 0.0007( ‫مساحة الورقة‬ ‫ تشير‬.)‫ (االستزراع األحادي‬T3 ‫ أعلى بكثير من مجموعة‬T1 (aquaponics) ‫معاملة‬ ‫النتيجة إلى أن تكامل سمك القط اآلسيوي مع نبات املال يوفر وسيلة جديدة‬ .‫إلنتاج أغذية األسماك املستدامة إلى جانب الزراعة املائية‬

or weeds to pick. Ammonia produced from fish waste is converted into nitrates that nourish plants while the plants, in turn, filter the water that returns to the fish tank (Rakocy & Hargreaves, 1993; Rakocy et al., 2006; Roosta & Hamidpour, 2011). A number of tropical and temperate fish species including sea bass, catfish, tilapia and perch have been identified as most suitable for fish–plant integrated culture systems around the world (reviewed by Mchunu et al., 2017). On the other hand, several types of leafy vegetables and plants including lettuce, water spinach, money plant, spinach, tomato, capsicum, cucumber, cabbage, carrots and mints are commonly practiced in this system (Effendi et al., 2017). Green plants, such as spinach, chives, lettuce, herbs, basil and watercress, have low to medium nutritional requirements and are well suited to aquaponics systems. Plants producing fruits, such as strawberries, tomatoes, cucumbers and peppers, have a higher nutritional demand and grow well even at high stocking densities. They are also well proven in aquaponics systems (Roosta & Afsharipoor, 2012). Catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis), used in this study, is an airbreathing fish that can tolerate a wide range of environmental fluctuations (Saha & Ratha, 1998). It is not only recognized for its excellent taste but also highly sought after for its nutritional and medical benefits (Kohli & Goswami, 1989; Saha & Guha, 1939). Owing to its taste, medicinal values and live transportability, it fetches a high price in the local market (Acharya & Mohanty, 2014). In contrast, the money plant (Epipremnum aureum) also has nutritive value, and it requires less time and minimum space for

mustafizfmrt@yahoo.com ،00966554214265

‫ الشيخ مصطفي الرحمن‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

‫) وشجرة املال‬Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch( ‫ اإلنتاج املتكامل لسمك القط اآلسيوي‬.)2021( .‫ محمد مشهورالرحمن‬،‫ أحمد سعود السقوفي‬،‫ مهدي حسن‬،‫ زناتول فردوش‬،‫ جويدب ساركر‬،‫الشيخ مصطفي الرحمن‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ فرع العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬،‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ كنظام زراعة مائية واعد‬:)Epipremnum Aureum Linden & André(

growth and development. This plant is widely known in South East Asia and the Solomon Islands (Huxley et al., 1994), and has a reputation as a traditional anticancer preparation as well as a remedy for skin diseases (Meshram & Srivastava, 2014 and 2015). Phytochemical constituents in the money plant have potential applications for healing as well as for curing human diseases. It energizes the home by filtering air and increasing oxygen inflow (Das et al., 2015). The purpose of this study was to observe the growth of Asian stinging catfish (H. fossilis) and money plants (E. aureum) reared together in an aquaponic system and to compare their results with fish and plants reared separately without an aquaponics system. This study also evaluated the water quality parameters under various experimental conditions.

determined by ImageJ (v1.50) software. At first, the fish was placed on graph paper and the photographs were taken by a digital camera. All the raw images were imported into ImageJ (v1.50) software for the measurement of total length (in cm), which was defined as from the fish snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin (Fig. 1). Similar software was also used to carefully measure the root length (the distance in cm from stem to soil strip, Fig. 2), the stem length (the distance in cm from root to leaf, Fig. 3) and the mean leaf area (in cm2, Fig. 4) of the money plants. Fig. 1. Measurement of fish length

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Fish Collection and Maintenance: Approximately fifty (50) juvenile catfish (H. fossilis) of the same age

and almost equal size (weight: 2.8 to 2.9 g, F1,38= 1.04, p = 0.32 and total length: 7.6 to 7.8 cm, F1,38 = 1.66, p = 0.20) were collected from the Jessore Fish Hatchery, Jessore, Bangladesh and transported in oxygenated containers to the fish rearing facilities of Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline (FMRT), Khulna University, Bangladesh. The fish were then stocked in a large round plastic tank (20L) and fed (until satiation) commercial floating feed (Mega Feed Ltd.) for two days to adapt to the new systems. All the experiments were conducted at room temperature (25±2° C).

Fig. 2. Measurement of plant root length

Fig. 3. Measurement of plant stem length

2.2. Plant collection and Maintenance: Twenty-four (24) money plants (E. aureum) of almost the same size (stem length: F1,22 = 1.28, p = 0.27) were collected from the Khulna New Market Nursery, Khulna, Bangladesh. The plants were then transported to the fish rearing facilities of FMRT Discipline and placed in a hydroponic bed, which was made up with cork sheet.

Fig. 4. Measurement of mean leaf area

2.3. Experimental Procedure: This study was designed with three experimental conditions in triplicate for forty days. In treatment 1 (T1), tanks were stocked with fish and plants, while treatment 2 (T2) and treatment 3 (T3) tanks were stocked with only fish and only plants, respectively. The stocking density of fish and plants in each tank was 10 and 6, respectively. A twenty-liter (20L) plastic tank equipped with continuous aeration was used in this experiment. Tanks in T2 were covered with nets to avoid fish escaping. Experimental fish were fed with commercial floating feeds (Mega Feed Ltd.) twice a day between 10 am and 10 pm until satiation. Uneaten feed was removed every day after 30 minutes of feeding. Approximately 20% of water was exchanged every other day. The plastic tanks were kept close to the windows to receive sufficient light for the plants.

2.4. Determination of Water Quality Parameters: The water quality parameters were assessed in the Water Chemistry Research Laboratory of FMRT Discipline. Temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen (DO) were determined by a Celsius thermometer, bench top digital pH meter (Digital pH meter DPH-2, ATAGO) and Winkler methods, respectively, whilst alkalinity, hardness and ammonia (NH3) were measured by standard methods (APHA, 2008).

2.5. Determination of Fish and Plant Growth: Fish growth (weight and length) and plant growth (leaf number, root length, stem length, leaf area and plant biomass) were compared in the initial day of stocking and final day of harvesting. Fish weight was measured using a digital weight balance, while fish length was

2.6. Statistical Analyses: All the analyses were performed using “RStudio” version 1.0.143 (RStudio Team, 2016). The descriptive statistics (means, SD, SE, etc.) were calculated using the “psych” package (Revelle, 2017), and the Shapiro–Wilk test of normality and the Levene’s test for homogeneity of variance were applied with the “car” package (Fox & Weisberg, 2011). The physiochemical parameters of water samples were analyzed after the normality and homogeneity tests. Next, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was applied using the “car” package (Fox & Weisberg, 2011) for the parameters that followed the assumptions, while the Welch test was performed for those which were not normally distributed and heteroscedastic using the “one-way tests” package (Dag et al., 2018). The growth parameters of fish (e.g., total length and weight) and plants (e.g., leaf number, leaf area, stem length, root length and total biomass) were tested to check their normal distribution and then appropriate transformations were applied to yield normal

Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman, Joydeb Sarker, Zannatul Ferdoushe, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Ahmed Saud AlSaqufi and Md. Moshiur Rahman. (2021). Integrated Production of Asian Catfish (Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch) and Money Plant (Epipremnum Aureum Linden & André): A Promising Aquaponics System. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

distributions for non-normal distributed traits. Then, the ANOVA model was performed to explore the variation in growth parameters of fish and plants between the treatment groups. All plots were prepared using the “ggplot2” package (Wickham, 2009).

Fig 6. Variation in total leaf number (mean ± SE) between the two treatment groups

3. Results The overall growth performance of fish and plants under various experimental conditions is shown in Table 1. The statistical analyses revealed some significant effects of treatments on some phenotypic traits of the stinging catfish and money plants, which are also mentioned in Table 1. Table 1: Fish and plant growth in response to various treatments at the end of forty-day experimental period.

Treatments (Mean ± SE) F p T1 T2 T3 Fish growth parameters Initial total length (cm) 7.83±0.09 7.62±0.13 1.66 0.205 Final total length (cm) 8.91±0.17 8.66±0.15 1.01 0.321 Total length gained (cm) 1.08±0.15 1.03±0.15 0.11 0.738 Initial weight (g) 2.94±0.07 2.84±0.08 1.036 0.315 Final weight (g) 4.08±0.08 3.72±0.08 10.43 0.003 Weight gained (g) 1.14±0.11 0.88±0.09 3.26 0.079 Plant growth parameters Initial total leaf number 6.75±0.39 6.33±0.50 0.433 0.517 Final total leaf number 11.42±0.77 8.58±0.50 9.475 0.005 Total leaf no gained 4.67±0.64 2.25±0.37 9.30 0.006 Initial stem length (cm) 8.08±0.73 6.67±1.02 1.276 0.271 Final stem length (cm) 9.68±0.89 7.50±0.97 2.777 0.11 Stem length gained (cm) 1.6±0.21 0.83±0.07 12.43 0.002 Initial root length (cm) 7.33±0.47 6.83±0.51 0.529 0.475 Final root length (cm) 8.98±0.52 8.01±0.53 1.697 0.206 Root length gained (cm) 1.65±0.23 1.18±0.11 3.52 0.001 Final mean leaf area (cm2) 6.42±0.42 4.57±0.22 15.48 0.001 Initial plant total biomass (g) 6.99±0.45 6.15±0.41 1.93 0.178 Final plant total biomass (g) 9.55±0.6 7.42±0.49 7.62 0.011 Total biomass gained (g) 2.56±0.24 1.21±0.13 21.9 0.001 Significant p-values are marked in bold and italic fonts. T 1 – Catfish with money plant; T2 – Only catfish and T3 – Only money plant. Phenotypic traits

Fig 7. Variation in mean leaf area (mean ± SE) between the two treatment groups

Fig 8. Variation in total biomass (mean ± SE) between the two treatment groups

At the end of the study, fish weight varied significantly whereby fish reared with plants (T1) had a higher weight (F1,38 = 10.43, p = 0.003) than the group reared without plants (T2) (Fig.5). However, no significant variation was observed between the treatment groups in terms of fish length (Table 1). Fig 5. Variation in fish weight (mean ± SE) between the two treatment groups

The results revealed that money plants in the T1 treatment group (aquaponics) had a significantly higher number of leaves (F1,22 = 9.48, p = 0.005), larger leaf areas (F1,22 = 15.48, p = 0.0007) and a higher total biomass (F1,22 = 7.62, p = 0.011) than the plants in the T3 treatment group (monoculture) (Table 1 and Figs. 6–8). The study also revealed no significant variation in stem length and root length (Table 1).

The overall water quality parameters of different treatments are summarized in Table 2. The study found no variation between the treatment groups in terms of temperature, pH, alkalinity, water hardness and ammonia, whereas a significant difference was revealed in DO level (F1,27 = 5.69, p = 0.009). The subsequent posthoc test for a pairwise comparison revealed that the T3 group had significantly reduced the level of DO compared with T1 (p = 0.04) and T2 (p = 0.02), while no significant variation was observed between the T1 and T2 groups (p = 0.81). Table 2: The results of exploring the water quality parameters among different treatments Parameters Temperature (C) pH DO (mg/L) Alkalinity (mg/L) Hardness (mg/L) Ammonia (mg/L)

T1 28.06±0.57 8.26±0.16 7.44±0.39 443.7±18.2 90.00±3.87 0.01±0.00

Treatment (Mean ± SE) T2 T3 28.00±0.52 27.75±0.38 8.37±0.12 8.51±0.08 7.56±0.34 6.44±0.18 450.0±14.4 443.8±12.0 90.00±3.42 88.12±2.77 0.01±0.00 0.01±0.00

Models ANOVA ANOVA Welch test ANOVA ANOVA ANOVA

F 0.11 0.97 5.69 0.06 0.12 0.18

p 0.899 0.385

0.009

0.946 0.889 0.8332

Significant p-values are marked in bold and italic fonts. T1 – Catfish with money plant; T2 – Only catfish and T3 – Only money plant.

4. Discussion Aquaponics technology promises to provide nutritious chemicalfree organic products to local communities by maximum utilization Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman, Joydeb Sarker, Zannatul Ferdoushe, Md. Mehedi Hasan, Ahmed Saud AlSaqufi and Md. Moshiur Rahman. (2021). Integrated Production of Asian Catfish (Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch) and Money Plant (Epipremnum Aureum Linden & André): A Promising Aquaponics System. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

of land and spaces. It is a sustainable and efficient food production technology that can produce a high yield of fruits, vegetables and fish in any conditions, using no soil and less water than the usual requirements. This study evaluated growth performances of Asian stinging catfish and money plants under three experimental conditions. This integrated culture in an aquaponics system proved that money plants had no negative impact on the growth and survival of catfish. We did not notice any dead fish or money plants in any of the treatments throughout the study period. Asian stinging catfish growth, in terms of length and weight, was found to be higher in the integration of fish and plants than in the fish culture alone, similar to reports in several fish species reared with different plant species (Effendi et al., 2017; Hussain et al., 2014; Mamat et al., 2016). In an aquaponics system (fish and money plant), fish length and weight increased by approximately 13.8% and 39%, while, without plants, fish length and weight increased by approximately 13.5% and 31% from the initial stocking size. Survival rates of stinging catfish and money plants remained unchanged (100%) in all treatments during forty days of rearing. High survival rates were also observed by Hussain et al. (2014), Shete et al. (2013) and Effendi et al. (2017) for Koi carp, goldfish and Nile tilapia, respectively. On the contrary, lower survival rates (0 to 65%) under an aquaponics system were observed by MariscalLagarda et al. (2012) and Kuhn et al. (2010) for white shrimp species, and they reported such a low level of survivability due to an elevated concentration of nitrate in the system. The water quality parameters throughout the present experiment were within the acceptable level (see below), which might be the reason for the high survival rate of catfish. In recirculating aquaponics systems, water becomes polluted with fish effluent that increases the possibility of ammonia concentration. This concentrated ammonia is always lethal to aquatic animals. In this study, we exchanged approximately 20% of water twice a day in addition to the removal of feces and uneaten feed that might control ammonia in fish tanks. Nevertheless, additional research is required to confirm whether aquaponics without a water recirculation system improves the aquaculture production on a mass scale. Water exchange in most commercial operations is a common practice for the elimination of nitrogenous substances (Endut et al., 2011). The present study shows substantial variations of plant growth in different treatments. The total number of money plant leaves increased by approximately 69% when money plants were cultured with catfish, but the total number of leaves only increased by approximately 36% when plants were cultured without fish. Stem length and root length of money plants also increased by approximately 20% and 23%, respectively, when there was an integration of fish and plants. This was in contrast to conducting with only plants (12% for stem length and 17% for root length). Our results are inconsistent with the findings of Effendi et al. (2017) and Hussain et al. (2014), who used romaine lettuce and spinach, respectively. In general, plants develop significantly with dissolved nutrients that are directly excreted from fish waste or caused by the microbial breakdown of fish waste in an aquaponics system. The roots of plants in water not only absorb nutrients but also provide a shelter for the attachment of beneficial microbes (Endut et al., 2010; Hu et al., 2015; Roe & Midmore, 2008). In this study, initial leaf area was not measured due to its very small size. However, between the treatments (with and without aquaponics) leaf size varied significantly at the end of the experiment. When the fish were integrated with money plants, the mean leaf area of the plant increased by approximately 40% compared to the only plant cultivation. The overall plant biomass was also higher in the integrated system. Working with aquaponics

systems (fish with tomato, cucumber and lettuce), Savidov (2005) and Lennard and Leonard (2006) reported a better growth pattern compared to traditional systems. Water quality parameters have a direct influence on fish health and overall fish growth. This study demonstrated that water quality parameters (DO, pH, temperature, alkalinity, hardness, ammonia) in aquaponics systems were within the acceptable level of fish culture in particular catfish species. There were no major changes in physicochemical parameters among treatments except DO, ranging between 5 and 10 mg/L. DO is one of the most important growth regulating factors for aquatic animals (Pillay & Kutty, 2005). In general, DO values between 4 and 10 mg/L are recommended for normal physiological activities of fish at 22–32C (Filep et al., 2016; Yildiz et al., 2017). In this study, we observed a lower value of DO in treatment T3, and this might be due to the absence of an external aerator, as no fish were stocked in this treatment. Another reason could be the passive uptake of oxygen by the money plant. However, this hypothesis needs to be confirmed by further research. 5. Conclusion This study demonstrated that aquaponics is an effective way to rear plants and fish in one system. The overall growth of catfish and money plants in the aquaponics treatment group was significantly higher than in the fish only group or the plant treatment group. Water quality parameters obtained in this study had no adverse effect on the growth and survival of catfish and money plants. Rearing of catfish appeared to positively co-exist with money plants. Effectiveness of other plant species with this valued catfish species deserves further investigation. Acknowledgement This research was supported by Khulna University Research Cell, Khulna University (KU/Research cell-04/2000-109). Bios

Sheikh Mustafizur Rahman Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, mustafizfmrt@yahoo.com, 00966554214265 He holds a Master of Science from the University of Ryukyus, Japan and both Ph.D. and Post-Ph.D. from Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan. He previously served as a senior faculty member at Khulna University, Bangladesh. He successfully completed several funded projects and published several articles in peer-reviewed journals. His research interests include cryobiology, fish breeding, fish nutrition, planktology, aquaculture and germ-cell transplantation. ORCID: https://orcid.org/000-0001-6757-572.

Joydeb Sarker

Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh, sarkerjoy30@gmail.com, 008801738062179 Mr. Sarkar completed his Bachelor of Science in Fisheries at the same university in 2017. He is passionate about studying fisheries and aquatic organisms.

Zannatul Ferdoushe Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh, ferdoushekona@gmail.com 008801987040864 Ms. Ferdoushe completed her Bachelor of Science (honors) degree in Fisheries from Khulna University, Bangladesh in 2017. Presently, Ms. Ferdoushe is conducting a Master of Science in Fisheries at Khulna University. She is very much keen to understand the biology and production of aquatic living organisms.

Md Mehedi Hasan

Sydney School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Science, the University of Sydney, Camden, NSW, Australia, mehedi05_ku@yahoo.com, 0061414453183 Mr. Hasan is an assistant professor in the Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh. Presently, he is pursuing a

Ph.D. in Animal Breeding and Genetics at the University of Sydney, Australia. He is the recipient of a Research and Training Program, and a Francis Henry Loxton Supplementary scholarship from the University of Sydney. His research area includes animal breeding and aquaculture production. Mr. Hasan has published 14 peer-reviewed articles in various national and international journals.

Ahmed Saud Alsaqufi

Fish Resources Research Center, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, aalsaqufi@kfu.edu.sa, 00966550055823 Dr. Alsaqufi is a faculty member of the Agriculture and Food Sciences College, King Faisal University (KFU), Saudi Arabia. He received his Master’s degree in Fish Genetics from Kentucky State University, USA, along with a Ph.D. in Fish Genetics and Aquaculture from Auburn University, USA. Dr. Alsaqufi has published several articles in renowned journals. He developed some innovative techniques for fish spawning and productions and also received several awards in this field. Presently, he holds the position of faculty Dean in Agriculture and Food Sciences College, KFU.

Md. Moshiur Rahman

Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh, mrahmankufmrt@gmail.com, 008105068749072 Dr. Moshiur Rahman is a professor of Fisheries and Marine Resource Technology Discipline (FMRT), Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh. Currently, he is conducting his postdoctoral research on “transgenerational epigenetics” at the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology. He undertook his Ph.D. research on “sperm biology and behavioral ecology of the guppy”. He obtained his M.Sc. in Aquaculture from the Ghent University, Belgium and B.Sc. in Fisheries from the FMRT discipline.

References Acharya, G. and Mohanty, P. K. (2014). Comparative haematological and serum biochemical analysis of catfishes clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) and heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794) with respect to sex. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 2(6), 191–7. APHA. (2008). Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Water Pollution Control Federation, Baltimore. Available at: https://product-selection.grundfos.com/sa (accessed on 29/06/2020) Blidariu, F. and Grozea, A. (2011). Increasing the economical efficiency and sustainability of indoor fish farming by means of aquaponics-review. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, 44(2), 1–8. Cao, L., Wang, W., Yang, Y., Yang, C., Yuan, Z., Xiong, S. and Diana, J. (2007). Environmental impact of aquaculture and countermeasures to aquaculture pollution in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 14(7), 452–62. Dag, O., Dolgun, A. and Konar, N.M. (2018). One way tests: An R package for Oneway tests in independent groups designs. The R Journal, 10(1),175–99. Das, S. K., Sengupta, P., Mustapha, M. S., Kifayatudullah, M. and Gousuddin, M. (2015). Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant screening of crude leaves extract from epipremnum aureum. International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research, 7(4), 684–89. Effendi, H., Wahyuningsih, S. and Wardiatno, Y. (2017). The use of nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultivation wastewater for the production of romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in water recirculation system. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3055–63. Endut, A., Jusoh, A., Ali, N. and Wan Nik W. B. (2011). Nutrient removal from aquaculture wastewater by vegetable production in aquaponics recirculation system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 32(1-3), 422– 30. Endut, A., Jusoh, A., Ali, N., Wan Nik, W. B., and Hassan, A. (2010). A study on the optimal hydraulic loading rate and plant ratios in recirculation aquaponics system. Bioresource Technology, 101(5), 1511–7. Fedoroff, N.V., Battisti, D.S., Beachy, R.N., Cooper, P.J.M., Fischhoff, D.A., Hodges, C.N., Knauf, V.C., Lobell, D., Mazur, B.J., Molden, D., Reynolds, M.P., Ronald, P.C., Rosegrant, M.W., Sanchez, P.A., Vonshak, A. and Zhu, J.K. (2010). Radically rethinking agriculture for the 21st century. Science, 327(5967), 833–4. Filep, R. M., Diaconescu, S., Rahoveanu, A. T., Marin, M. and Nicolae, C. G. (2016). Study on building a small-scale aquaponic system and the outset of it. Current Trends in Natural Sciences, 5(9), 62–7. Fox, J. and Weisberg, S. (2011). An R Companion to Applied Regression. 2nd edition. CA 91320, USA: Sage Publications. Thousand Oaks. Graber, A. and Junge, R. (2009). Aquaponic systems: Nutrient recycling from fish wastewater by vegetable production. Desalination, 246(1-3), 147–56. Hu, Z., Lee, J. W., Chandran, K., Kim, S., Brotto, A. C. and Khanal, S. K. (2015). Effect of plant species on nitrogen recovery in aquaponics. Bioresource Technology, 188(n/a) 92–8. Hussain, T. Verma, A. K. Tiwari, V. K. Prakash, C. Rathore, G. Shete, A. P. and Nuwansi, K.K.T. (2014). Optimizing koi carp, cyprinus carpio var. koi (Linnaeus, 1758), stocking density and nutrient recycling with spinach in an aquaponic system. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society, 45(6),

652–61. Huxley, A., Griffiths, M., Levy, M. and Grifiths, M. (1994). Index of garden plants: The new horticulture society dictionary of gardening. pp. 3353. In: Huxley, A. (ed) The New Royal Horticultural Society Dictionary of Gardening. 4th edition. London, UK: Macmillan Publishers Ltd. Kohli, M. S., and Goswami, U. C. (1989). Studies on age and growth of an air breathing cat fish heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch). Journal Inland Fish Society India, 21(2), 17–24. Kuhn, D.D., Stephen, D., Smith, A., Boardman, G.D., Angier, M.W., Marsh, L. and Flick Jr., G.J. (2010). Chronic toxicity of nitrate to Pacific white shrimp, litopenaeus vannamei: impacts on survival, growth, antennae length, and pathology. Aquaculture, 309(1-4), 109–14. Lennard, W. A. and Leonard, B. V. (2006). A comparison of three different hydroponic sub-systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an Aquaponics test system. Aquaculture International, 14(6), 539–50. Mamat, N. Z., Shaari, M. I. and Wahab, N. A. A. (2016). The production of catfish and vegetables in an aquaponic system. Fisheries and Aquaculture Journal, 7(4), n/a. Mariscal-Lagarda, M.M., Páez-Osuna, F., Esquer-Méndez, J. L., Guerrero-Monroy, I., del Vivar, A. R. and Félix-Gastelum, R. (2012). Integrated culture of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) with low salinity groundwater: Management and production. Aquaculture, 366-367(n/a), 76–84. Mchunu, N., Lagerwall, G. and Senzanje, A. (2017). Food sovereignty for food security, aquaponics system as a potential method: a review. Journal of Aquatic Resource Development, 8(7), 497. McMurtry, M. R., Sanders, D. C., Cure, J. D., Hodson, R. G., Haning, B. C. and St Amand, E. C. (1997). Efficiency of water use of an integrated fish/vegetable co‐culture system. Journal of the world aquaculture society, 28(4), 420–8. Meshram, A. and Srivastava, N. (2015). Epipremnum aureum (jade pothos): A multipurpose plant with its medicinal and pharmacological properties. Journal of Critical Reviews, 2(2), 21–5. Meshram, A. and Srivastava, N. (2014). Molecular and physiological role of epipremnum aureum. International Journal of Green Pharmacy, 8(2), 7376. Pillay, T.V.R. and Kutty, M.N. (2005). Aquaculture, principles and practices. 2nd edition. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Rakocy, J. E., Masser, M. P., and Losordo, T. M. (2006). Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: aquaponics-integrating fish and plant culture. SRAC publication, 454(n/a), 1–16. Rakocy, J.E. and Hargreaves, J.A. (1993). Integration of vegetable hydroponics with fish culture: a review. pp. 112–6. In: Wang, J.K. (ed.) Techniques for Modern Aquaculture. Joseph, MI, USA: American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St. Revelle, W. (2017). Psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research. Evanston, Illinois, USA: Northwestern University. Roe, B.R. and Midmore, D.J. (2008). Sustainable Aquaponics. PP 78. Center for plant and Water Science. Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia: CQ University. Roosta, H. R. and Afsharipoor, S. (2012). Effects of different cultivation media on vegetative growth, eco-physiological traits and nutrients concentration in strawberry under hydroponic and aquaponics cultivation systems. Advances in Environmental Biology, 6(2), 543–55. Roosta, H. R. and Hamidpour, M. (2011). Effects of foliar application of some macro-and micro-nutrients on tomato plants in aquaponics and hydroponic systems. Scientia Horticulturae, 129(3), 396–402. RStudio T. (2016). RStudio: Integrated Development for R. RStudio, MA URL: Boston, Saha, K.C. and Guha, B.C. (1939). Nutritional investigations on bengal fish. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 26(n/a), 921–7. Saha, N. and Ratha, B.K. (1998). Ureogenesis in indian air-breathing teleosts: adaptation to environmental constraints. comparative biochemistry and Physiology Part A. Molecular and Integrative Physiology, 120(2), 195– 208. Salam, M. A., Asadujjaman, M. and Rahman, M. S. (2013). Aquaponics for improving high density fish pond water quality through raft and rack vegetable production. World Journal of Fish and Marine Sciences, 5(3), 251–6. Savidov, N. (2005). Evaluation of aquaponics technology in alberta, canada. Aquaponics Journal, 37(n/a), 20–5. Shete, A. P., Verma, A. K., Tandel, R. S. , Prakash, C., Tiwari, V. K. and Hussain, T. (2013). Optimization of water circulation period for the culture of goldfish with spinach in aquaponic system. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(4), 26–30. Wickham, H. (2009). Ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis. NY, USA: Springer-Verlag. Yildiz, H. Y., Robaina, L., Pirhonen, J., Mente, E., Domínguez, D. and Parisi, G. (2017). Fish welfare in aquaponic systems: Its relation to water quality with an emphasis on feed and faeces—A review. Water, 9(1), 1–13.

‫)‪2021, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

‫التاريخ (‪ ،)2021‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪23)1‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫تأثري جهد الصيد على قطاع الصيد احلريف يف‬ ‫املياه البحرية العراقية‬ ‫عدي محمد حسن قاسم‬

‫‪PUBLISHED‬‬ ‫النشر‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬

‫‪18/10/2020‬‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫الستقبال‬

‫‪17/08/2020‬‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0003‬‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫اختصت هذه الدراسة في املياه البحرية العراقية شمال غرب الخليج العربي‪ ،‬إذ تناولت تقدير‬ ‫جهد الصيد البحري العراقي املتمثل بعدد سفن وزوارق الصيد وعدد الصيادين‪ ،‬والعالقة مع‬ ‫كميات الصيد الكلية في املياه البحرية العراقية‪ ،‬لتقدر بعدها كمية الصيد الكلية لوحدة الجهد‬ ‫‪ CPUE‬باالعتماد على الكتلة الحية التي تم صيدها خالل الزمن الكلي لالصطياد‪ ،‬بوساطة‬ ‫عمليات الصيد التجريبي إذ سجل موسم الصيف أعلى القيم‪ ،‬كما سجل موسم الشتاء أدناها‪.‬‬ ‫جهد الصيد املتمثل في عدد زوارق الصيد الكلية مقارنة بالسنوات‬ ‫وأوضحت النتائج ارتفاع ً‬ ‫السابقة‪ ،‬فسجلت ‪ 946‬زورقا في موسم الصيد ‪ 2019‬مع انخفاض اإلنتاج الكلي للمصيد‪ً ،‬في‬ ‫حين حافظ اإلنتاج على معدالته السنوية خالل السنوات (‪ )2017- 2015‬على التوالي‪ ،‬فضال‬ ‫عن زيادة عمليات الصيد بحسب البيانات املسجلة في مواقع أنزال األسماك‪ .‬وال سيما أن زيادة‬ ‫جهد الصيد للحصول على اإلنتاج نفسه عالمة من عالمات الصيد الجائر في املصايد البحرية‪.‬‬ ‫مما يؤكد تعرض املخزون إلى استغالل عشوائي غير علمي‪ ،‬شكلت فيه أنواع البياح والصبور‬ ‫‪ % )38.25 ،0.39 ،6.14‬لسنة ‪ 2017‬على‬ ‫والزبيدي والروبيان من الصيد الكلي ( ً‬ ‫‪ً ،15.89‬‬ ‫التوالي‪ ،‬وقد اثبتت الدراسة ان هناك ضغطا شديدا على املخزون السمكي مما يستدعي وضع‬ ‫قوانين لتنظيم الصيد من اجل انتاج مستدام وضمان رفاهية املجتمع‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬املقدمة‬ ‫تعد الثروة السمكية من املوارد الطبيعية املتجددة املهمة في الخليج وهي تأتي‬ ‫النفطية في أهميتها‪ ،‬والتزال املصائد البحرية تعتمد على الصيد‬ ‫بعد الثروة ً‬ ‫الحرفي عموما الذي فيه استهداف األنواع القاعية واالسماك البحرية في‬ ‫منطقة شمال الخليج )‪ .(Al-Abdulrazzak, at al., 2015‬وتعد املياه البحرية‬ ‫العراقية غنية بالحياة لكونها منطقة نافذة للضوء‪ ،‬تصلها كميات كبيرة من‬ ‫املذابات الغذائية املتدفقة من مصبات ًاألنهار‪ ،‬وبالتالي فهي غنية بالعوالق‬ ‫النباتية والكائنات الحية الدقيقة وفضال عن ان هذه العوالق تدعم معيشة‬ ‫العديد من الكائنات الحية‪.‬‬ ‫يوصف الصيد التجاري في العراق بالصيد الحرفي إذ تعد شبه جزيرة الفاو‪،‬‬ ‫جنوب العراق موقع إنزال املصيد السمكي البحري الوحيد‪ ،‬ومنه يتم‬ ‫تسويق االنتاج إلى االسواق التجارية في العراق كافة‪ ،‬بحسب العرض‬ ‫والطلب‪.‬‬ ‫يتأثر املخزون السمكي بصورة مباشرة بجهد الصيد املتمثل بـ (عدد السفن‬ ‫وعدد الصيادين) إذ يؤدي بالنهاية إلى انخفاض كميات الصيد سنة بعد‬ ‫سنة‪ ،‬في هذه الحالة سوف يقل معدل الصيد لكل صياد أو لكل ً سفينة‪،‬‬ ‫وتصبح عمليات الصيد مكلفة ومردودها االقتصادي ضئيال (املطر‬ ‫واخرون‪ .)2009 ،‬مما يستدعي اصدار لوائح لتنظيم الصيد لغرض‬ ‫السيطرة على جهد الصيد‪ ،‬وذلك لتعرض العديد من أنواع السمك في‬ ‫منطقة الخليج ألفراط في الصيد في الوقت الحالي‪ ،‬وقد تجاوز اقص ى انتاج‬ ‫مستدام ‪ MSY‬ملعظم األسماك القاعية وبعض األسماك السطحية‬ ‫(‪Samuel,1988‬؛ ‪Elsayed, 1996‬؛ ‪Dadzie et al., 2005‬؛ ‪Grandcourt et al., 2010‬؛‬ ‫‪.)Grandcourt, 2012‬‬ ‫تهدف الدراسة إلى وصف جهد الصيد ملصائد قطاع الصيد الحرفي في املياه‬ ‫البحرية العراقية‪ ،‬من ناحية عدد العاملين‪ ،‬وأعداد وأنواع زوارق الصيد‪،‬‬ ‫الصيد الكلي إذ تعد بيانات جهد الصيد املتمثل بأعداد الزوارق‬ ‫وكميات‬ ‫ً‬ ‫واحجامها مهمة في مجال إدارة الثروة السمكية وبالتالي تحقيق مخزون‬ ‫سمكي مستدام‪.‬‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬عدي محمد حسن قاسم‬

‫‪Audai Mohamed-Hasn Qasim‬‬

‫‪Department of Marine Vertebrates, Marine sciences center, Basrah University, Al-basrah, Iraq‬‬

‫قسم الفقريات البحرية‪ ،‬مركزعلوم البحار‪ ،‬جامعة البصرة‪ ،‬البصرة‪ ،‬العراق‬ ‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪The Fishing Effort of the Fisheries Sector‬‬ ‫‪in the Iraqi Marine Waters‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪Arabian Gulf, boats, Catches, fish stocks, Iraq, Iraqi fisheries‬‬

‫الخليج العربي‪ ،‬زوارق‪ ،‬العراق‪ ،‬كميات الصيد‪ ،‬املخزون السمكي‪ ،‬املصائد العراقية‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪The study examined the Iraqi sea fishing effort, which is the number of‬‬ ‫‪vessels, fishing boats and fishermen, and its relationship with the amount‬‬ ‫‪of fishing in the Iraqi marine water. The total catch was estimated to be a‬‬ ‫‪unit of catch per unit effort (CPUE), where August recorded the highest‬‬ ‫‪values and February recorded the lowest. The results showed an increase‬‬ ‫‪in fishing efforts, which was represented by the total number of fishing‬‬ ‫‪boats compared to previous years, as it recorded 946 boats in the 2019‬‬ ‫‪fishing season with a decrease in the total production of the catch.‬‬ ‫‪Additionally, production maintained its annual rates as it recorded 3391,‬‬ ‫‪3992 and 3394 tons for the years 2015, 2016 and 2017, respectively. The‬‬ ‫‪study relied on data from the fish landing site in the province of Faw in‬‬ ‫‪southern Iraq. The results showed that there was significant pressure on‬‬ ‫‪fish stocks, which requires the development of laws regulating the catches‬‬ ‫‪for sustainable production to ensure the prosperity of society.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬مواد وطرق العمل‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تشكل املياه البحرية العر ًاقية ساحال يبدأ من منطقة أم قصر الحدودية مع‬ ‫دولة الكويت ويكون ضيقا عند انتهائه في منطقة رأس البيشة في قضاء الفاو‬ ‫الحدودية مع جمهورية إيران‪ ،‬ثم يبدأ باالتساع لتصل هذه املسافة إلى ‪50‬‬ ‫كم مجمل مساحتها حوالي ‪ 900‬كم‪( 2‬شكل ‪ ،)1‬تختلف طبيعتها عن بقية‬ ‫مناطق الخليج‪ ،‬إذ تسودها الترسبات النهرية املحمولة اليها بوساطة مياه‬ ‫شط العرب‪ ،‬وهي تقع في النهاية الشمالية الغربية للخليج العربي ًبين خطي‬ ‫طول‪ 48◦ 55′-48◦ 30′‬شرقا وخطي عرض‪ 29◦ 55′–29◦ 35′‬شماال (حسين‬ ‫وآخرون‪ .)1989،‬وتنقسم منطقة الصيد في املياه البحرية العراقية هذه إلى‬ ‫ثالث مناطق‪ :‬وهي منطقة مصب شط العرب‪ ،‬ومصائد خور عبد هللا‪،‬‬ ‫ومصائد ميناء العميق (‪.)Ali, at el., 1998‬‬ ‫تتأثر منطقة الدراسة بالتصاريف القادمة من شط العرب الذي يعتمد‬ ‫تم قطع نهر الفرات‬ ‫بدوره عل املياه القادمة من نهر دجلة فقط بعد أن ً‬ ‫والكارون عنه‪ ،‬حسب بيانات دائرة املوارد املائية فضال عن أن تصاريف‬ ‫شط العرب من حيث املعدل السنوي تصل الى ‪ 49.9 ,39.1 ،53.7‬م‪ .³‬ثا‪1-‬‬ ‫للسنوات ‪ 2014‬و‪ 2015‬و‪ 2016‬على التوالي (قاسم‪.)2018 ،‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‬‫قدرت كمية الصيد لوحدة الجهد ‪ CPUE‬بالـ (كغم‪ .‬ساعة )‪ ،‬بوساطة‬ ‫عمليات الصيد التجريبي خالل رحالت شهرية منتظمة وملدة سنة واحدة في‬ ‫املياه البحرية العراقية خالل عام ‪ 2017‬شكل (‪ ،)1‬باستخدام زورق صيد‬ ‫(لنج) ‪ small trawler‬الذي يبلغ طوله ‪21‬م وعرضه ‪ 3.5‬م ويمتلك قوة‬ ‫حصانية ‪ 250‬حصانا"‪ ،‬وسرعته عند الصيد ‪ 2.5‬عقدة‪ ،‬استخدمت فيها‬ ‫شبكة جر قاعية يبلغ طول حبلها الرأس ي ‪16‬م واألرض ي ‪18‬م‪ ،‬وحجم‬ ‫فتحات الشبكة في األجنحة ‪ 2.5‬سم وعند الكيس ‪1.5‬سم‪ ،‬ويتراوح طول‬ ‫حبل سحب الشبكة بين ‪ 100-75‬م‪ ،‬ويستغرق وقت سحب الشبكة داخل‬ ‫املاء ما بين ساعة إلى ساعتين‪ ،‬وقد تم اجراء ثالث عمليات صيد خالل اليوم‬ ‫الواحد وبمعدل ثالثة أيام في الشهر كما تم بعدها حساب الوقت املستغرق‬ ‫وكمية الصيد(كغم) وسرعة الزورق ًومساحة فوهة الشباك وحساب كمية‬ ‫الصيد لوحدة الجهد( ‪ (CPUE‬مقدرة بالـ (الكغم‪.‬ساعة‪ .) 1-‬بعدها جمعت‬ ‫بيانات الزوارق وكميات الصيد السنوية من جمعية النصر لصيد االسماك‬

‫‪adaimsc@gmail.com, 009647801295288‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Audai Mohamed-Hasn Qasim‬‬

‫‪24‬‬

‫عدي محمد حسن قاسم‪ .)2021( .‬تأثير جهد الصيد على قطاع الصيد الحرفي في املياه البحرية العر اقية‪.‬‬ ‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ ،‬فرع العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪ ،‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪)1‬‬

‫املحدودة في الفاو وشعبة زراعة الفاو‪ ،‬للفترة ‪ .2017-2016‬ليتم رسم‬ ‫االشكال وحساب النسب والعمليات الرياضية بوساطة برنامج ‪Excel‬‬ ‫ضمن خيارات ‪.Office2016‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)1‬خارطة تبين املياه البحرية العر اقية وتوضح مو اقع الصيد الرئيسة‪.‬‬

‫جدول (‪ :)2‬مواصفات جهد الصيد البحري العراقي وعدد املراكب املرخصة التي تمارس عملية‬ ‫الصيد في املياه البحرية العر اقية وعدد الصيادين لسنة ‪.2019‬‬ ‫طول الزورق‬ ‫‪22.5-6‬‬ ‫‪29.9-15‬‬ ‫املجموع‬

‫نوع الزورق‬ ‫قدرة املحرك‬ ‫لنج زورق سريع (حصان)‬ ‫‪120 - 15‬‬ ‫‪731‬‬ ‫‪360 -114‬‬

‫‪215‬‬ ‫‪946‬‬

‫نوع الشباك‬ ‫فخاخ‪ ،‬طرحة‪،‬‬ ‫خيشومية‬ ‫خيشومية‪ ،‬شباك‬ ‫الجر القاعية‬

‫طول الشباك عدد الساعات عدد ايام الصيد‬ ‫(الصيد‪/‬يوم) (الصيد‪/‬شهر)‬ ‫(متر)‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪1800 -150‬‬ ‫‪6000-1800‬‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫عدد الصيادين املسجلين= ‪5561‬‬

‫يوضح الجدول (‪ )3‬مستوى جهد الصيد باختالف حجم ونوع الزورق‪ ،‬وعلى‬ ‫سفن الصيد إلى قسمين هما‪ :‬قوارب الفايبركالس‬ ‫هذا االساس قسمت ً‬ ‫(البلم)‪ ،‬وهي األكثر شيوعا والتي سجلت اعلى عدد لها (‪ )731‬قارب خالل‬ ‫تستخدم الطرحة والشباك الخيشومية الهائمة‪ ،‬وغالبيتها‬ ‫عام ‪ 2019‬وكانت ً‬ ‫يكون عملها موسميا خاصة في موسم صيد اسماك الصبور اثناء هجرتها إلى‬ ‫شط العرب‪ ،‬لغرض التكاثر وفي هذه الحال ال يمكنها األبتعاد عن الساحل‪.‬‬ ‫أما القسم األخر من سفن الصيد فهي اللنجات التي لها القدرة على التوغل‬ ‫في البحر املفتوح وقد سجلت أقل عدد لها خالل العقدين األخيرين (‪)215‬‬ ‫لنج خالل عامي ‪.2019‬‬ ‫جدول (‪ :)3‬مواصفات اسطول الصيد الحرفي العراقي وعدد املراكب املرخصة التي تمارس‬ ‫عملية الصيد في املياه البحرية العر اقية للفترة ‪2019- 1994‬‬

‫‪ .3‬النتائج‬ ‫ً‬ ‫سجل الصيد التجريبي ‪ 31‬نوعا من األسماك التجارية‪ ،‬صنفت حسب النوع‬ ‫والعائلة إضافة إلى االسم العلمي واملحلي‪ ،‬وقد انتمت هذه األنواع إلى ‪ 15‬عائلة‬ ‫إضافة إلى نوعين من الروبيان تعود إلى عائلة ‪ Pennaeidae‬جدول رقم (‪.)1‬‬ ‫االسم‬ ‫املحلي‬ ‫البياح‬ ‫حف‬ ‫صبور‬ ‫نويبي‬ ‫باس ي‬ ‫طعطعو‬ ‫كنعد‬ ‫زبيدي‬ ‫ابو عوينة‬ ‫شانك‬ ‫ضلعة‬ ‫وحرة‬ ‫هامور‬ ‫شماهي‬ ‫نكرور‬ ‫مزلك‬ ‫شعري‬ ‫خباط‬ ‫روبيان‬

‫جدول (‪ :)1‬تركيبة األسماك التجارية للمصائد البحرية العر اقية ‪.2017‬‬ ‫االسم الشائع‬

‫االسم العلمي‬

‫‪plainLiza subviridis, p. carinata & p.‬‬ ‫‪Mullet‬‬ ‫‪klunzingeri‬‬ ‫‪Chirocentrus dorab & C. nudus‬‬ ‫‪Wolf herring‬‬ ‫‪Tenualosa ilisha‬‬ ‫‪River shad‬‬ ‫‪Otolithes ruber‬‬ ‫‪Tigertooth Croaker‬‬ ‫‪Nemipterus japonicas‬‬ ‫‪Threadfin bream‬‬ ‫‪Johnius sina & Johnieops belangerii‬‬ ‫‪Silvery Croaker‬‬ ‫‪Scomberomorus commerson‬‬ ‫‪Barred Spanish mackerel‬‬ ‫‪Pampus argenteus‬‬ ‫‪Silver pomfret‬‬ ‫)‪Ilisha megaloptera, I. Melostoma & I. elongate Big-eye shad (Slender shad‬‬ ‫& ‪Acanthopagrus arabicus, A. berda‬‬ ‫‪Yellow fin-bream and black fin‬‬‫‪Sparidientex hasta‬‬ ‫)‪bream (Sea bream‬‬ ‫‪Scomberoides commersonianus‬‬ ‫‪Spotted leatherskin‬‬ ‫‪Platycephalus indicus & Gramolites scaber‬‬ ‫‪Indian flathead‬‬ ‫‪Epinephelus tauvina & E. areolatus‬‬ ‫‪Spotted grouper‬‬ ‫‪Johnius maculates‬‬ ‫‪Croaker‬‬ ‫‪Scolopsis phaeops, Plectorhinchus schotaf‬‬ ‫‪Silvery‬‬ ‫‪grunt‬‬ ‫‪& Pomadasys argentius‬‬ ‫‪Bothus pantherinus & Euryglossus‬‬ ‫‪Large-toothed flounder‬‬ ‫‪orientalis‬‬ ‫‪Lethrinus nebulosus‬‬ ‫‪Emperor‬‬ ‫‪Scomberomorus guttatus‬‬ ‫‪Spotted Spanish mackerel‬‬ ‫‪Penaeus semisulcatus & Metapenaeus‬‬ ‫‪Green tiger prawn & Penaeid‬‬ ‫‪affinis‬‬ ‫‪shrimp‬‬

‫العائلة‬ ‫‪Mugilidae‬‬ ‫‪Chirocentridae‬‬ ‫‪Clupeidae‬‬ ‫‪Sciaenidae‬‬ ‫‪Nemipteridae‬‬ ‫‪Sciaenidae‬‬ ‫‪Scombridae‬‬ ‫‪Stromateidae‬‬ ‫‪Pristigasteridae‬‬

‫طول‬ ‫نوع الزورق الزورق‬ ‫اللنجات ‪29.9-13‬‬ ‫الزوارق‬ ‫‪22.5-6‬‬ ‫السريعة‬ ‫سفن الصيد ‪70-60‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫املجموع‬

‫‪*1994‬‬

‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪558‬‬

‫‪1998‬‬ ‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪558‬‬

‫عدد الزوارق خالل السنوات‬ ‫‪×2010‬‬ ‫‪+2001‬‬ ‫‪2013‬‬ ‫‪402‬‬ ‫‪403‬‬ ‫‪305‬‬ ‫‪532‬‬ ‫‪538‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪934‬‬ ‫‪941‬‬ ‫‪558‬‬

‫×)‪Mohamed and Qasim (a2014‬‬

‫‪2016‬‬ ‫‪249‬‬ ‫‪692‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪941‬‬

‫‪2017‬‬ ‫‪314‬‬ ‫‪725‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪939‬‬

‫‪2019‬‬ ‫‪215‬‬ ‫‪731‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪946‬‬

‫‪et al. 1998 + Mohamed et al. 2005‬‬

‫‪* Ali‬‬

‫يوضح الشكل (‪ )2‬كمية الصيد لوحدة الجهد (كغم‪ .‬ساعة‪ )1-‬خالل‬ ‫عام ‪ 2017‬إذ يلحظ أن القيم تفاوتت فسجلت في شهر أيار اعلى قيمة لكمية‬ ‫الصيد لوحدة الجهد ‪ 25‬كغم‪ .‬ساعة‪ ،1-‬في حين أنخفض الصيد خالل‬ ‫موسم الشتاء ليسجل في شهر كانون الثاني أدنى قيمة‪ ،‬إذ بلغت ‪ 3‬كغم‪.‬‬ ‫ساعة‪.1-‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)2‬كميات الصيد الكلية لوحدة الجهد (كغم‪ .‬ساعة‪ )1-‬خالل فترة الدراسة ‪2017‬‬

‫‪Sparidae‬‬ ‫‪Carangidae‬‬ ‫‪Platycephalidae‬‬ ‫‪Serranidae‬‬ ‫‪Sciaenidae‬‬ ‫‪Pomadasyidae‬‬ ‫‪Bothidae‬‬ ‫‪Lethrinidae‬‬ ‫‪Scombridae‬‬ ‫‪Penaeidae‬‬

‫َّ‬ ‫يبين الجدول (‪ )2‬مواصفات جهد الصيد ملصائد قطاع الصيد الحرفي في‬ ‫الصيد‬ ‫املياه البحرية العراقية لسنة ‪ .2019‬وقد قسمت زوارق قطاع‬ ‫َ‬ ‫الحرفي إلى نوعين‪ ،‬االول الزوارق السريعة (بلم) التي يبلغ عددها ‪ 731‬زورقا‬ ‫مصنوعة من مادة الفايبركالس وتصل اطوالها إلى ‪ 22.5‬م وتعمل جميعها في‬ ‫صيد األسماك باستخدام جميع انواع الشباك الخيشومية الهائمة‪َّ ،‬أما‬ ‫املبنية محليا وهي مصنوعة من الحديد وعددها ‪214‬‬ ‫النوع الثاني (اللنجات)‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫لنجا‪ .‬وهي تستعمل انواعا مختلفة من وسائل الصيد منها الشباك‬ ‫ٌ‬ ‫الخيشومية الهائمة‪ ،‬وشباك الجر القاعية (الكوفه) لغرض صيد الروبيان‬ ‫وبعض انواع األسماك القاعية والسطحية‪ ،‬إضافة إلى الفخاخ (الكركور)‪.‬‬ ‫املصايد السمكية في املياه‬ ‫يعملون في قطاع ً‬ ‫وقد بلغ عدد الصيادين الذين ً‬ ‫البحرية العراقية واملرخصين رسميا إلى ‪ 5561‬صيادا خالل العام نفسه‪.‬‬

‫يبين الشكل (‪ )3‬كميات الصيد الكلية في املياه البحرية العراقية على وفق‬ ‫بيانات قطاع الصيد الحرفي في قضاء الفاو خالل الفترة ‪ 2014‬و‪ 2017‬إذ‬ ‫بلغت كميات الصيد السنوي ‪ 3399 ،3992 ،3391 ،5553‬طن على التوالي‪.‬‬ ‫وسجل اعلى مستوى له ‪ 756‬طن في شهر نيسان لسنة ‪ 2014‬في حين سجل‬ ‫أدنى قيمة للمصيد في شهر كانون االول الذي بلغ ‪ 56‬طن خالل عام ‪.2015‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ )3‬التغيرات الشهرية في كميات الصيد الكلية(طن) في املياه البحرية العر اقية‬

‫يوضح الشكل (‪ )4‬كميات الصيد الكلية في املياه البحرية العراقية بحسب‬ ‫بيانات قطاع الصيد في قضاء الفاو خالل الفترة ‪ 2012‬إلى ‪ 2016‬إذ سجلت‬ ‫‪Audai Mohamed-Hasn Qasim. (2021). The Fishing Effort of the Fisheries Sector in the Iraqi Marine Waters.‬‬ ‫)‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University. Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

‫‪25‬‬

‫سنة ‪ 2012‬اعلى مصيد‪ً ،‬أعقبها إنخفاض مفاجئ لتسجل سنة ‪ 2015‬أدنى‬ ‫قيمة لكمية الصيد فضال عن انها تدنت إلى ‪ 3391‬طن‪ .‬شكلت فيه أنواع‬ ‫البياح والصبور والزبيدي والروبيان من الصيد الكلي نسبة (‪،6.14 ،15.89‬‬ ‫‪ % )38.25 ،0.39‬لسنة ‪ 2017‬على التوالي‪.‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)4‬التغيرات السنوية في كميات الصيد البحري (طن) خالل الفترة ‪2017-2012‬‬

‫‪ .4‬املناقشة‬ ‫إن بيانات جهد الصيد ‪ effort data‬مهمة في مجاالت اإلدارة املستدامة للثروة‬ ‫السمكية‪ ،‬ويمكن تقدير حجم الجماعة السمكية من خالل معرفة كميات‬ ‫الصيد )‪ .(Ricker, 1975‬وتمتلك املياه البحرية العراقية في الوقت الحاضر‬ ‫مصائد اسماك متعددة االنواع (جدول ‪ ،)1‬تستخدم فيها وسائل صيد‬ ‫متعددة معظمها وسائل حرفية تقليدية‪ ،‬وقد تنامى اسطول الصيد البحري‬ ‫الحرفي خالل السنوات املاضية ليصل إلى أعلى قيمة له خالل عام ‪2019‬‬ ‫لكون أن الزيادة في الزوارق الصغيرة كانت على حساب الزوارق الكبيرة‬ ‫اللنجات التي سجلت اول انخفاض لها منذ العقدين االخرين خالل ‪2019‬‬ ‫أنظر جدول (‪.)2‬‬ ‫البحري العراقي املتمثل بعدد زوارق الصيد ولوقت‬ ‫لقد حافظ جهد الصيد‬ ‫ً‬ ‫طويل على مستوى ثابت نسبيا حتى عام ‪ 2001‬فيلحظ أن اإلنتاج املتحقق‬ ‫بفعل جهد الصيد قد ارتفع رغم عدم ارتفاع جهد الصيد خالل الفترة من‬ ‫‪ 1994‬ولغاية ‪ ،2001‬ومما يدل على أن املخزون يدعم هذا الجهد وال سيما انه‬ ‫كان في حالة استدامة‪ ،‬وقد أعقب هذه الفترة ارتفاع كبير في جهد الصيد‪ ،‬غير‬ ‫اإلنتاج‬ ‫املدروس ليسجل مستوى ‪ 941‬خالل ‪ 2010‬مما ادى إلى انخفاض في‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الذي بدأ بالتدهور لتسجل سنة ‪ 2017‬أدنى انتاج هو ‪ 3399.0‬طن قياسا‬ ‫أدى إلى ارتفاع تكاليف الصيد‬ ‫بالسنوات السابقة‪ .‬وهذا االنخفاض في‬ ‫اإلنتاج ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫للزوارق الكبيرة (اللنجات) مما سبب انخفاضا كبيرا في أعدادها‪ ،‬وتوقفها عن‬ ‫العمل حتى بلغ عددها ‪ 215‬خالل ‪ 2019‬كما موضح في جدول (‪.)4‬‬ ‫جدول (‪ :)4‬جهد الصيد الكلي مع اإلنتاج املتحقق للسنوات ‪.2017-1994‬‬ ‫االنتاج‬ ‫‪6885.5‬‬ ‫‪9062.4‬‬ ‫‪3826.5‬‬ ‫‪3769.5‬‬ ‫‪3992.0‬‬ ‫‪3399.0‬‬

‫جهد الصيد (زورق)‬ ‫‪558‬‬ ‫‪558‬‬ ‫‪941‬‬ ‫‪934‬‬ ‫‪891‬‬ ‫‪931‬‬

‫السنوات‬ ‫‪1994‬‬ ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬ ‫‪2013‬‬ ‫‪2016‬‬ ‫‪2017‬‬

‫ومع ذلك لم تنخفض كميات الصيد الكلية عن معدالتها السنوية األخيرة‬ ‫مما يدل على أن املخزون السمكي كان يتعرض إلى جهد أعلى من قابلية‬ ‫املخزون أي أن عند وصوله إلى مستوى معين يمكن زيادة اإلنتاج من خالل‬ ‫زيادة جهد الصيد‪ ،‬ولكن مستوى التجديد للموارد من خالل التكاثر والنمو‬ ‫لم يستطع بعدها مواكبة االزالة الناجمة من صيد األسماك‪ ،‬إذ أن أي زيادة‬ ‫أخرى في مستوى االستغالل يؤدي إلى االنخفاض في االنتاج ‪(Sparre and‬‬ ‫)‪.Venema, 1998‬‬ ‫إن من املكونات واملحاور األساسية للمصائد البحرية القوى العاملة املتمثلة‬ ‫بالصيادين الذين تتوقف أعدادهم على جهد الصيد‪ ،‬وعلى أثر ما تقدم‬ ‫ذكره يلحظ أن عدد الصيادين املسجلين بلغ عام ‪ 2013‬إلى ‪( 6000‬محمد‬ ‫وقاسم‪ )2014 ،‬وقد انخفض هذا العدد الى ‪ 5561‬صياد في عام ‪،2019‬‬ ‫وذلك بسبب تدني اإلنتاج من املصائد السمكية وأدى بالتالي إلى انخفاض‬ ‫األجور املترتبة على االعمال التي يقوم بها الصيادون‪ .‬وتوافقت نتائج الصيد‬ ‫التجريبي لتقدير كمية الصيد لوحدة الجهد ‪ CPUE‬املقدرة بالـ (كغم‪.‬‬

‫ساعة‪ ) 1-‬مع كميات الصيد الشهرية (طن) املنزلة شكل(‪ ،)3،2‬إذ اظهرت‬ ‫الدراسة تغيرات شهرية واضحة وقد كانت فترة الصيد االعلى تمتد من شهر‬ ‫أذار إلى تشرين الثاني التي توافقت مع االرتفاع التدريجي في درجة حرارة املاء‬ ‫واالنخفاض في تركيز امللوحة خالل هذه الفترة‪ ،‬وأدنى مستوى له خالل‬ ‫االشهر الباردة من كانون األول الى شباط‪ ،‬وقد تناولت الدراسات السابقة‬ ‫أشارت إلى أن املوارد السمكية في‬ ‫التقلبات الشهرية في تكوين األنواع كما ً ً‬ ‫املياه البحرية العراقية تنخفض انخفاضا حادا في األشهر الباردة ‪Mohamed,‬‬ ‫)‪.)Qasim, 2018; Mohamed and Qasim, b2014; 1993‬‬ ‫تهدف ادارة املصائد إلى حفظ املوارد االقتصادية واالجتماعية لألجيال‬ ‫القادمة والى حماية البيئة و ًصيانة االنواع املعرضة للصيد‪ ،‬وهي تعتمد على‬ ‫مهمة هي‪ :‬اوال السيطرة على كمية الصيد (السيطرة على‬ ‫ثالث خطوات ً‬ ‫ثانيا السيطرة على الجهد ‪( effort controls‬السيطرة على‬ ‫املخرجات) و ً‬ ‫املدخالت)‪ ،‬وثالثا تعيين املعامالت الحياتية او الفنية )‪ .(OECD 1997‬مما‬ ‫يستوجب وضع إدارة جيدة لحماية املخزون السمكي من التدهور أو‬ ‫االنقراض بسبب االستنزاف املتواصل لبعض األنواع وتنامي اساطيل‬ ‫الصيد تلبية لحاجة املستهلك‪ ،‬مما يتوجب على توحيد الجهود للدول املطلة‬ ‫على شمال الخليج العربي (إيران‪ ،‬الكويت‪ ،‬العراق) لوضع خيارات إدارية‬ ‫فاعلة إلدارة املخزون‪.‬‬ ‫نبذة عن املؤلف‬

‫عدي محمد حسن قاسم‬

‫قسم الفقريات البحرية‪ ،‬مركز علوم البحار‪ ،‬جامعة البصرة‪ ،‬البصرة‪ ،‬العراق‪،‬‬ ‫‪adaimsc@gmail.com , 009647801295288‬‬

‫د‪ .‬قاسم حصل على الدرجة الجامعية األولى من كلية الزراعة جامعة‬ ‫البصرة وهو حاليا مدرس في جامعة البصرة عضو الهيئة التدريسية لقسم‬ ‫الفقريات البحرية في مركز علوم البحار التابع إلى جامعة البصرة نشرت‬ ‫أكثر من ‪ 21‬بحثا في املجالت العلمية العاملية واإلقليمية واملحلية ومن ضمنها‬ ‫بعض املجالت ضمن مستوعبات سكوبس ويهتم بالبحوث في مجاالت‬ ‫تأثيرات البيئة على املصائد خاصة املياه البحرية العراقية‪.‬‬ ‫املراجع‬ ‫املطر‪ ،‬سليمان محمد‪ ،‬يوسف‪ ،‬عبد الرحمن عبدالكريم والصفار‪ ،‬عادل حسن‪.‬‬ ‫(‪ .)2009‬الحياة في البحار والخليج العربي‪ .‬الكويت‪ :‬معهد الكويت لألبحاث‬ ‫العلمية‪.‬‬ ‫حسين‪ ،‬نجاح عبود ويوسف‪ ،‬اسامة حامد وشاكر‪ ،‬اسماء حميد‪ .)1989( .‬تأثير‬ ‫شط العرب على الطبيعة البحرية ملنطقة شمال غرب الخليج العربي‪.‬‬ ‫مجلة الخليج العربي‪(21 ،‬بدون رقم عدد)‪.88–173 ،‬‬ ‫قاسم‪ ،‬عدي محمد حسن‪ .)2018( .‬تأثير تصاريف شط العرب على إجمالي‬ ‫الصيد في املياه البحرية العراقية شمال غرب الخليج العربي‪ .‬مجلة كربالء‬ ‫للعلوم الزراعية‪.77–166 ،)5(5 ،‬‬ ‫محمد‪ ،‬عبدالرزاق محمود وقاسم‪ ،‬عدي محمدحسن‪ .)2014( .‬اتجاة مصائد‬ ‫اسماك الصبور ‪ Tenualosa ilisha‬في املياه البحرية العراقية شمال غرب‬ ‫الخليج العربي‪ .‬مجلة الخليج العربي للبحث العلمي‪.8-251،)4(32 ،‬‬ ‫‪Al-Abdulrazzak, D., Zeller, D., Belhabib, D., Tesqmichael, D. and Pauly, D.‬‬ ‫‪(2015). Total marine fisheries catches in the Persian/Arabian Gulf‬‬ ‫‪from 1950 to 2010. Marine Science, 2(n/a), 28–34.‬‬ ‫‪Ali, T. S., Mohamed, A. R. M. and Hussain, N. A. (1998). The status of Iraqi‬‬ ‫‪marine fisheries during 1990-1994. Marina Mesopotamica, 13)1),‬‬ ‫‪129–47.‬‬ ‫‪Almatar, S.M., Yusuf, A. R. A. K. and Al-Saffar, A.H. (2009). Alhayat Fi Albahhar‬‬ ‫‪Walkhalij Alearabii 'Life in the Seas and the Arabian Gulf '. Kuwait:‬‬ ‫‪Institute for Scientific Research. [In Arabic].‬‬ ‫‪Dadzie, S., Manyala, J.O. and Abou-Seedo, F. (2005). Aspects of the population‬‬ ‫–‪dynamics of Liza klunzingeri in the Kuwait Bay. Cybium, 29(1), 13‬‬ ‫‪20.‬‬ ‫‪El Sayed, A.F.M. (1996). Effects of overfishing and abandoning bottom trawling‬‬ ‫‪on Qatar's fisheries. Qatar University Science Journal, 16(1), 173-178.‬‬

‫‪Audai Mohamed-Hasn Qasim. (2021). The Fishing Effort of the Fisheries Sector in the Iraqi Marine Waters.‬‬ ‫)‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University. Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

.‫ تأثير جهد الصيد على قطاع الصيد الحرفي في املياه البحرية العر اقية‬.)2021( .‫عدي محمد حسن قاسم‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ فرع العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬،‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

Grandcourt, E. (2012). Reef fish and fisheries in the Gulf. In: Riegl, B., Purkis, S. (eds.), Coral Reefs of the Gulf: Adaptation to Climactic Extremes. Netherlands: Springer. Grandcourt, E., Al Abdessalaam, T.Z., Francis, F. and Al Shamsi, A., (2010). Age based life history parameters and status assessments of by-catch species (Lethrinus borbonicus, Lethrinus microdon, Pomacanthus maculosus and Scolopsis taeniatus) in the southern Arabian Gulf. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 26(3), 381–9. Mohamed, A.R.M. (1993). Seasonal fluctuations in the fish catches of the Northwestern Arabian Gulf. Marina Mesopotamica, 8(1), 63–78. Mohamed, A.R.M., Ali, T. S. and Hussain, N.A. (2005). The physical oceanography and fisheries of the Iraqi marine waters, northwest Arabian Gulf. In: Regional Seminar on Utilization of Marine Resource, Pakistan, 20-22/12/2002. Mohamed, A.R.M. and Qasim, A.M.H. (a2014). Aitijah masayid 'asmak alsubur Tenualosa ilisha fi almiah albahriat aleiraqiata, shamal gharb alkhalij alearabii ’Trend of Hilsa Shad Tenualosa ilisha fisheries in Iraqi marine waters, northwest of the Arabian Gulf’. Arab Gulf Journal for Scientific Research, 32(4), 251–58. [In Arabic] Mohamed A.R.M. and Qasim, A.M.H. (b2014). Trend of the artisanal fishery in Iraqi Marine Waters, Arabian Gulf (1965-2011). Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(2), 209–17. Qasim, A. M.H. ( 2018). Tathir tasarif shati alearab ealaa 'iijmalii alsayd fi almiah albahriat aleiraqiat shamal gharb alkhalij alearabii. majalat karbala' lileulum alziraeiat ‘The effect of the Shatt al-Arab discharges on the total fishing in Iraqi marine waters northwest of the Arabian Gulf’. Karbala Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 5(5), 166–77. [In Arabic] Ricker, W. E. (1975). Computation and Interpretation of Biological Statistics of Fish Population. Ottawa, Canada: Bulletin Fisheries Research. Board. Samuel, M. (1988). Catch rates and sustainable yield of Kuwait’s trawl fishery. Indian Journal Fisheries, 45(4), 229–38. Sparre, P. and Venema, S.C. (1998). Introduction to Tropical Fish Stock Assessment Part I. Manual. Rome, Italy: FAO. Hussein, N.A., Youssef, O. H. and Shaker, A. H. (1989). Tathir shati alearab ealaa altabieat albahriat limintaqat shamal gharb alkhalij alearabi. alkhalij aleurbii ‘The impact of the Shatt al-Arab on the marine nature of the northwestern Arabian Gulf’. Arab Gulf Journal for Scientific Research, 21(n/a), 173–88. [In Arabic]. OECD. (1997). The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Report on Regulatory Reform: Synthesis. Paris: Copyright OECD.

Audai Mohamed-Hasn Qasim. (2021). The Fishing Effort of the Fisheries Sector in the Iraqi Marine Waters. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University. Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

27)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،)2021( ‫التاريخ‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

Minimising the Heat Affected Zone in the Laser Cutting of Ti-6Al-4V Sheets using the Monte Carlo Method Ekhlas Jabir Mahmood

‫تقليل املنطقة املتأثرة باحلرارة يف القطع بالليزر أللواح‬ ‫ باستعمال طريقة مونت كارلو‬Ti-6Al-4V ‫اخالص جابرمحمود‬

‫ العراق‬،‫ الكوفة‬،‫ جامعة الكوفة‬،‫ كلية التربية للبنات‬،‫قسم الفيزياء‬

Department of Physics, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

CO2 laser, artificial neural network (ANN), cutting speed, beam power, assist gas pressure ‫ ضغط الغاز املساعد‬،‫ طاقة الشعاع‬،‫ سرعة القطع‬،‫ شبكة الذكاء االصطناعي‬،CO2 ‫ليزر‬

ABSTRACT This research attempts to minimise the heat affected zone (HAZ) width that forms in the laser cutting process of Ti-6Al-4V sheets. The experimental results of the HAZ for 32 sets of five CO2 laser cutting parameters (with the assist pressure of argon gas) were used to build the artificial neural network (ANN) model, each with a different material thickness, cutting speed, laser beam power, assist gas pressure and lens focal length percentage. A relationship formula was derived by connecting the laser cutting parameters based on the connection weights obtained from the developed ANN model. The MAPE value for the comparison between the predicted and experimental HAZ width was 4.192%. The Monte Carlo optimisation method was performed using 2,000 simulations to identify a suitable optimal solution. The results showed that the most effective transfer function type in the hidden layers was the linear function. The model was highly sensitive for the cutting speed (CS), assist gas pressure (GP) and beam power (BP) parameters and less sensitive for the parameters of thickness (T) and lens focal length (LFL). The optimum values of the laser cutting parameters that produced a minimum value of HAZ was T = 1 mm, LFL = 30%, BP = 3 kW, CS = 1 m/min and GP = 14 bars.

1. Introduction Specialists have developed many techniques for processing different forms, sizes and shapes of materials (complex and simple) in order to keep pace with the current progress of advanced manufacturing processes as well as taking environmental protection into account and minimising time, effort and cost (Ghany and Newishy, 2005). The use of lasers in cutting processes is among the best of these technologies, as this technology meets many of the goals of advanced industries. This approach is summarised by concentrating the laser beam on the surface of the workpiece in order to melt or evaporate the material at an elevated temperature. This technology has allowed very small workpieces to be cut within a micro range and has produced products free of mechanical pressure distortions compared to other technologies (Yusoff et al., 2008). As a result of the high temperature, which is generated by the focus of the laser beam on the surface of the material, the areas surrounding the cutting region are affected and unwanted phenomena occur, such as a decline in weldability, surface cracking, deformation, embrittlement and fatigue resistance. This area of the material, which has a microstructure and mechanical features and is influenced by the heat generated during the laser cutting process, is called the heat affected zone (HAZ). The quality of the laser cutting process depends on the physical properties of the material. These properties can be limited by heat conduction, plasma development, phase change, molten-layer flow and surface absorption (Ghany and Newishy, 2005). Determining the relationship between cutting conditions and the HAZ as well as choosing appropriate laser cutting parameters is very important for minimising the HAZ. A number of studies have been carried out to investigate the effect of the laser cutting parameters on the efficiency of the cutting process and the HAZ, such as Sheng and Joshi (1995), Hamoudi (1997), Nagarajan Corresponding Author: Ekhlas Jabir Mahmood

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

15/09/2020

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

01/11/2020

PUBLISHED ‫النشر‬

01/06/2021

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0029

‫امللخص‬ ‫يقدم هذا البحث محاولة لتقليل عرض (مساحة) املنطقة املتأثرة بالحرارة والتي تكونت‬ ‫ تم استعمال نتائج تجريبية ملنطقة‬.Ti-6Al-4V ‫بسبب عمليات القطع بالليزر أللواح‬ ‫ (باستخدام‬CO2 ‫ مجموعة من خمسة معامالت قطع لليزر‬32 ‫) لـ‬HAZ( ‫متأثرة بالحرارة‬ ،‫ وطاقة شعاع الليزر‬،‫ وسرعة القطع‬،‫ سمك املادة‬:‫ وهي‬،)‫الضغط املساعد لغاز اآلرجون‬ ‫ لبناء نموذج الذكاء االصطناعي‬،‫وضغط الغاز املساعد ونسبة البعد البؤري للعدسة‬ ً ‫ تم اشتقاق صيغة العالقة من خالل ربط معامالت القطع بالليزر‬.)ANN( ‫بناء على أوزان‬ ‫ للمقارنة‬MAPE ‫ بلغت قيمة‬.‫ املطور‬ANN ‫االرتباط التي تم الحصول عليها من نموذج‬ ‫ وتم تنفيذ طريقة األمثلية‬،)%4.192( ‫) املتوقع والتجريبي‬HAZ( ‫(للموازنة) بين عرض‬ ‫ أظهرت‬.‫ نموذج محاكاة لتحديد الحل األمثل املناسب‬2000 ‫مونت كارلو باستخدام‬ .‫النتائج أن أفضل نوع فعال من دوال التحويل في الطبقات املخفية هي الدالة الخطية‬ ً ،)GP( ‫ وضغط الغاز املساعد‬،)CS( ‫حساسا للغاية ملعامالت سرعة القطع‬ ‫وكان النموذج‬ ‫ والبعد البؤري للعدسة‬،)T( ‫ وأقل حساسية ملعامالت السمك‬،)BP( ‫وطاقة الشعاع‬ ‫) هي السمك‬HAZ( ‫ كانت القيم املثلى ملعامالت القطع بالليزر التي تنتج أقل قيمة لـ‬.) LFL( ،)BP = 3KW( ‫ وطاقة شعاع‬،)LFL= 30%( ‫ والبعد البؤري للعدسة‬، )T = 1mm( .)‫ بار‬GP = 14( ‫ وضغط الغاز املساعد‬،)‫ دقيقة‬/ ‫ م‬CS = 1( ‫وسرعة القطع‬

(2000), Quintero et al. (2004), Shiue et al. (2004), Almeida et al. (2006), Davim et al. (2008), Dubey and Yadava (2008), Radovanovic and Madic (2011), Eltawahni et al. (2011), Lee and Te Chen (2011), Pandey and Dubey (2012), Miraoui et al. (2013) and Miraoui et al. (2014). Most of these studies showed that the HAZ increases with increasing laser power and decreases with increasing cutting speed. Recently, an artificial neural network (ANN) technique has been used widely to develop a complex relationship between the input and output parameters. The ANN can be considered a very good generalisation efficiency method (Topçu et al., 2009). Many researchers have used the ANN technique in order to predict the parameters of the laser cutting process, such as Liao and Chen (1994), Sarkar et al. (2006), Dhara et al. (2008), Biswas et al. (2010), Kamrunnahar and Macdonald (2011) and Madić and Radovanović (2012). These studies concluded that the use of the ANN offers an alternative computing paradigm that is closer to reality and that has the ability to develop an accurate relationship to predict parameters. The Monte Carlo optimisation procedure can be considered as an appropriate simple and efficient procedure to determine the optimum values of laser cutting parameters. From the above, in the process of predicting the characteristics of the HAZ, such as width and depth, researchers have used many different methods and approaches within their studies, but most have required a model to be developed and new data entered, and this process naturally requires time and expertise. With an accessible equation for ease while preserving the same accuracy of outcomes, the process of merging artificial intelligence and optimisation techniques has been developed. In this study, 32 sets of five CO2 laser cutting parameters (1 mm beam diameter, continuous wave, 10.64 μm wavelength, beam mode as Gaussian distribution (TEM00), with the assist pressure of argon gas) were used to build the ANN model, each with a different

ikhlas.alleebawi@uokufa.edu.iq ,009647811185206

‫ اخالص جابرمحمود‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.‫ باستعمال طريقة مونت كارلو‬Ti-6Al-4V ‫ تقليل املنطقة املتأثرة بالحرارة في القطع بالليزر أللواح‬.)2021( .‫اخالص جابرمحمود‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

material thickness, cutting speed, laser beam power, assist gas pressure and lens focal length percentage. The Monte Carlo procedure was implemented to achieve the values of optimal laser cutting parameters that minimise the HAZ width for a Ti-6Al-4V alloy, depending on the results of the ANN modelling. 2. Material and Methods To build the ANN model, 32 sets of five CO2 laser cutting parameters were used. The experiment runs were conducted with argon as the assist gas, and the pressure of argon gas ranged between 10 bars and 14 bars (Table 1). A Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which is frequently used in the aerospace industry, was used in this study with two thicknesses, 1.0 mm and 6.35 mm. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 Max. Min.

HAZ (μm) 423 423 430 423 486 474 448 460 347 355 340 370 393 380 378 385 422 420 387 437 395 401 381 462 301 358 308 367 380 340 377 366 486 301

Thickness (mm) 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 1 6.35 6.35 1

Table 1. Experimental data details. Lens focal Beam power Cutting speed length % (kW) (m/min) 30 3 0.5 30 3 0.5 80 3 0.5 80 3 0.5 30 4 0.5 30 4 0.5 80 4 0.5 80 4 0.5 30 3 1 30 3 1 80 3 1 80 3 1 30 4 1 30 4 1 80 4 1 80 4 1 30 3 0.5 30 3 0.5 80 3 0.5 80 3 0.5 30 4 0.5 30 4 0.5 80 4 0.5 80 4 0.5 30 3 1 30 3 1 80 3 1 80 3 1 30 4 1 30 4 1 80 4 1 80 4 1 80 4 1 30 3 0.5

preserved. In the same way, each neuron within the hidden layer is interconnected with all the neurons of the output layer. The main task of the output layer is to receive this analysis and translate it into a meaningful interpretation to interconnect it back to the environment. Generally, the activation function is divided into four styles: probabilistic, linear, binary and sigmoid. The most common styles are • •

2.1. Experimental Data:

Gas pressure (bar) 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 10

2.2. Artificial Neural Network Technique: The idea of developing the ANN was inspired by mimicking the biological neural system. Today, this technique is independent of preestablished basics or models and has become an alternative computing pattern that is closer to reality (Akbari et al., 2016). In order to understand the mechanisms behind the ANN it is necessary to get familiar with its components. The ANN consists of elemental processors, known as neurons, that perform simple and specific tasks. These neurons handle the information it receives by implementing a mathematical activation function as its net input. The output is produced as a signal. A neuron’s net input is principally a weighted sum of all its inputs. Each neuron is connected with others through links. The task of these links is to transmit the signals between the neurons. Each connection link has a related weight (Wij) that is used to adjust the signals transmitted. The structure of the ANN is divided into layers, usually three, each one involving a group of slabs and each slab involving a group of neurons. The three layers of the ANN are called the input, hidden and output layer. The main task of the input layer is to receive information (a set of parameters representing the conditions of the problem) and transmit it to the hidden layer. Each neuron found in the input layer is interconnected with all the neurons in the hidden layer. The main task of a hidden layer is to analyse and process information. This layer generates a suitable internal representation by carrying out a pattern appreciation from all the received information and re-coding it so that the essential properties of the patterns are

Linear function: f(x) = m + bx 1 Logistic sigmoid function: f(x) = 1+e−σx

(1) (2)

Due to the variety of problems, ANN models are divided into many types. For this study, we are going to focus on the algorithm of the feed-forward back propagation ANN type, which is used for prediction problems. In an ANN, specific mapping is implemented through the learning or training process by iteratively adjusting the weights, testing the process to determine the lowest error and a validation process to display the outputs of prediction, momentum and the learning rate to control the stability and speed of the training progression (Feng et al., 2006). A PC-based commercial software system called Neuframe Version 4.0 (Neuscience 2000) was used, in which the optimal network architecture was determined by trial and error.

2.3. The Monte Carlo Technique: The Monte Carlo algorithm can be considered as a simple and efficient mathematical optimisation technique used for solving a broad variety of problems. The procedure is to use the randbetween function in order to produce a uniform generation of random numbers (ri, j) distributed in a range (maximum, minimum) within a short computation time (Kroese et al., 2014). To calculate the optimum width of the HAZ, the randomised values were generated for each of the laser cutting parameters, and then the mathematical function based on the ANN was used to calculate the HAZ value. After completing the calculations, the optimum values of laser cutting parameters that met a minimum value of HAZ were determined.

2.4. Statistical Criteria: In order to evaluate the accuracy of the results of the ANN model, a comparison between the experimental and predicted results was conducted by using the statistical criteria, such as the coefficient of determination (R2), the root mean square error (RMSE), the mean error (ME) and the mean absolute error (MAE): ̅ )−(𝒀−𝒀 ̅) 𝟐 ∑(𝑿−𝑿 ] ̅ )𝟐 −(𝒀−𝒀

𝑹𝟐 = [∑(𝑿−𝑿̅)𝟐 1

𝑅𝑀𝑆𝐸 = √ ∑𝑖=1(𝑅𝑆 − 𝑅0 )2 𝑛

𝑀𝐸 = ∑𝑛𝑖=1(𝑅𝑆 − 𝑅0 ) 𝑛

𝑀𝐴𝐸 =

∑𝑛 𝑖=1|(𝑅𝑠 −𝑅0 )| 𝑛

(3) (4) (5) (6)

3. Methodology The procedure used to pick the optimum laser cutting parameters leading to the minimisation of the HAZ is illustrated in the flow chart below (Figure 1).

Ekhlas Jabir Mahmood. (2021). Minimising the Heat Affected Zone in the Laser Cutting of Ti-6Al-4V Sheets using the Monte Carlo Method. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

3.3. Scaling of the Data: In order to ensure that all the parameters of the laser cutting process received the same attention during each stage of learning, a simple scaling was conducted by using the maximum and minimum for each parameter, as in equation 7. The scaling process eliminates parameter values by arranging them between 0 and 1. 𝑿𝒏 =

𝑿−𝑿𝒎𝒊𝒏. 𝑿𝒎𝒂𝒙. −𝑿𝒎𝒊𝒏.

(7)

3.4. Artificial Neural Network Model Setup: The presence of the many variables (input and output parameters) makes the task of building the ANN model more difficult, therefore, determining the optimum parameters was based on trial and error. First, the outline of the architecture of the ANN model was three layers – the input, hidden and output layer. According to previous studies, the hidden layer can approximate to any continuous function (Cybenko, 1992; Hornik et al., 1989). The input layer includes five neurons, one neuron in each of the input laser cutting parameters (thickness (T), lens focal length (LFL), beam power (BP), cutting speed (CS) and assist gas pressure (GP)). The output layer includes one neuron for each output parameter (HAZ). There are three neurons in the hidden layer, which was determined according to the minimum (RMSE), ME and maximum (R) (Table 3 and Figure 2). It was also found that the ANN model gives the best prediction for data when the momentum rate and learning rate are equal to 0.7 and 1.6, respectively (Figures 3 and 4). The number of iterations was 50,000 because there was no further progress in the performance of the ANN model after this number. In the same way, the selection of the type of transfer function was based on the performance of the ANN model, the optimum prediction achieved using the sigmoid, linear and tangent transfer functions for the input, hidden and output layers, respectively (Table 4).

3.1. Division of Data: The 32 datasets of laser cutting parameters were divided into two sets randomly (learning and validation). In general, 80% of the total data was used for learning and 20% was used for validation. The learning dataset was divided into 30% for the testing set and 70% for the training set. The distribution of data for each dataset was determined to be statistically consistent and, thus, represent the convergent statistical population.

Table 3. Performance of the ANN model with different hidden layer neurons (learning rate = 1.6 and momentum rate = 0.7) No. of Hidden Layer RMSE MAE R Neurons 1 13.453 9.712 0.984 2 9.897 6.603 0.985 3 8.225 6.440 0.987 4 9.346 8.193 0.988 5 8.364 6.942 0.988 6 8.614 7.351 0.988 7 8.835 7.638 0.988 8 9.027 7.860 0.988 9 9.196 8.041 0.988 10 9.346 8.193 0.988 Figure 2. Structure of the ANN model

3.2. Tests for Divisions: To examine the normal distribution of dataset divisions and assess whether the means of these compared groups for training, testing and validation were statistically different from each other, a T-test and F-test were carried out (Trochim and Donnelly, 2001). The tests showed that the dataset divisions met the normal distribution requirements (Table 2). Table 2. T-test and F-test results for the ANN input and output parameters Data Set MeanVarianceT-ValueT-CriticalSituation F-ValueF-CriticalSituation Gas Pressure (bar) Testing 12.00 4.57 Validation 11.33 4.27 0.59 2.18 Accept 1.07 4.88 Accept Thickness (mm) Testing 3.01 7.67 Validation 3.68 8.59 -0.44 2.18 Accept 0.89 0.25 Accept Lens Focal Length (%) Testing 61.25 669.64 Validation 55.00 750.00 0.44 2.18 Accept 0.89 0.25 Reject Beam Power (kW) Testing 3.63 0.27 0.44 2.18 Accept 0.89 0.25 Reject Validation 3.50 0.30 Cutting Speed (m/min) Testing 0.75 0.07 Validation 0.83 0.07 -0.59 2.18 Accept 1.07 4.88 Accept Haz (ᵑM) Argon Testing 395.3 1287.98 Validation 380.6 2943.07 0.61 2.18 Accept 0.44 0.25 Reject

Figure 3. Performance of the ANN model with different momentum rates (learning rate = 1.6 and hidden layer neurons = 3).

the connection network weights of the ANN model. The results illustrated that the cutting speed (CS), assist gas pressure (GP) and beam power (BP) parameters had the most weighty effect on the predicted HAZ with a relative importance of 49.35%, 20.39% and 15.14%, respectively, while the parameters for thickness (T) and lens focal length (LFL) had a relative importance of 13.42% and 1.69%, respectively (Figure 5). Figure 5. Sensitivity analysis results for the laser cutting parameters.

Table 4. Performance of the ANN model with different transfer function types (momentum rate = 0.7, learning rate = 1.6 and hidden layer neurons = 3). Trial No. Input layer Hidden layer Output layer RMSE ME R 1 S S S 30.441 22.597 0.931 2 S S L 83.269 52.479 0.879 3 S S T 29.856 25.069 0.889 4 S L S 8.028 6.679 0.987 5 S L L US US US 6 S L T US US US 7 S T S 37.519 28.312 0.823 8 S T L 30.516 28.106 0.984 9 S T T 27.277 22.132 0.839 10 L S S 37.936 33.336 0.926 11 L S L 19.639 14.129 0.961 12 L S T 74.869 63.101 0.764 13 L L S 8.402 7.074 0.987 14 L L L US US US 15 L L T 137.674 128.458 -0.641 16 L T S 41.657 32.187 0.874 17 L T L US US US 18 L T T 32.771 26.286 0.774 19 T S S 43.070 34.547 0.878 20 T S L 32.047 27.901 0.924 21 T S T 42.507 33.384 0.945 22 T L S 8.334 6.967 0.987 23 T L L US US US 24 T L T 17.832 13.179 0.970 25 T T S 42.651 32.911 0.875 26 T T L 74.871 67.704 0.987 27 T T T 49.502 35.397 0.624

S: Sigmoid, L: Linear, T: Tangent, US: Un Stable Solution

4. Results and Discussion The outcomes of the T-test and F-test refer to the credibility of the relationship between these groups from a statistical point of view. As can be seen in Table 3, there is a significant decrease in the RMSE and MAE when using three neurons instead of single neurons. Figure 3 refers to the inflection point of the RMSE curve at a momentum rate of 0.7, while the minimum MAE value met at a point of momentum rate of 0.9. Figure 4 refers to the parallel decrease of the RMSE and MAE values until the point of learning rate of 1.6. After this point a reasonable increase in the RMSE can be seen and also in the MAE. It is evident from the statistical criteria values included in Table 4 that the sigmoid-learning-sigmoid functions category for the input-hidden-output layers, respectively, gave excellent prediction results. The value of the correlation coefficient remained approximately constant in all cases and its value ranged from 98.7% to 98.9%. The results for running the ANN model indicate the high prediction accuracy of the HAZ-width values within the scope of the laser cutting parameters. The results and the accuracy of the ANN prediction are consistent with the accuracy and results of the previous studies by Madić and Radovanović (2012) and Desai and Shaikh (2012). When a comparison was conducted between their models, the ANN model was the better in performance. Also, the final results indicate the importance of having a good distribution of input and output laser cutting parameter groups (training, testing and validation).

4.1. Sensitivity Analysis: The laser cutting parameters differ from each other in the amplitude of the effect on the cutting process. In order to identify which of these parameters has the most significant impact, a sensitivity analysis was carried out using the Garson (1991) method based on

4.2. Artificial Neural Network Model Equation: In order to derive a relationship formula to link the laser cutting parameters, the distribution of the values of the threshold levels and connection weights for the laser cutting parameters, obtained from the final ANN model, were used. The predicted HAZ can be expressed as a linear function, as in equation 8: HAZ (mm) = 0.479 + 0.0026mm T (mm) + 0.0026 LFL (%) + 0.024BP (kW) − 0.0084 CS ( ) − 0.0064 GP (bar)

(8) To evaluate the accuracy of the ANN model equation, the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) criteria was calculated according to equation 9. This criteria states that the accuracy of the ANN model equation can be considered accepted if the MAPE value is less than 30%. sec

Ai −Pi

MAPE = ∑N 1|

| × 100%

(9)

where Ai and Pi represent the actual and the predicted values, respectively. To calculate the MAPE value, an equation was employed based on all the laser cutting parameter groups (training, testing and validating) as the measured data and the ANN model results as the predicted data. The result of the MAPE value for these calculations was 4.192%, and this percentage was considered to be acceptable. To explain the capability of the ANN model equation, the predicted values of the HAZ were plotted against the measured HAZ values, as seen in Figure 6. It can be seen that the predicted HAZ results of the ANN model equation demonstrated a good agreement with the actual measurements. Figure 6. Comparison between the predicted and measured (HAZ) values.

4.3. Monte Carlo Optimisation: The randomised values were generated for each of the laser cutting parameters, then the HAZ values were calculated using equation 8. In order to identify the acceptable optimal solution, Monte Carlo

algorithms were performed using 2,000 simulations. The results were in line with the experimental results and proved that the minimum value of the HAZ width could be accomplished using a workpiece with T = 1 mm, LFL = 30%, BP = 3 kW, CS = 1 m/min and GP = 14 bars. 5. Conclusions This work involves an analysis of 32 sets of five CO2 laser cutting parameters (with the assist pressure of argon gas) used to build an ANN model, each with a different material thickness, cutting speed, laser beam power, assist gas pressure and lens focal length percentage. A linear relationship formula was derived by linking the laser cutting parameters based on the connection weights obtained from the developed ANN model, and this equation gave an acceptable MAPE value. Monte Carlo algorithms were performed using 2,000 simulations to identify the acceptable optimal solution. The conclusions are summarised in the following points: • • • •

The linear function was the best form of effective transfer function in the hidden layers. The relationship between the width of the HAZ and the most laser cutting parameters was close to linear. The model was highly sensitive for cutting speed (CS), assist gas pressure (GP) and beam power (BP) parameters and less sensitive for the parameters of thickness (T) and lens focal length (LFL). The minimum value of the HAZ can be obtained with T = 1 mm, LFL = 30%, BP = 3 kW, CS = 16.6667 mm/sec and GP = 14 bars.

Biography

Ekhlas Jabir Mahmood

Lecturer at the Department of Physics, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq, 009647811185206, ikhlas.alleebawi@uokufa.edu.iq

Miss Mahmood graduated from the University of Kufa and received a master’s degree from the same University in 2013 in laser physics. She is a member of the Quality and Academic Accreditation Committee and is a researcher interested in laser applications and simulating laser processes. She has had seven research articles published in national and Scopus-indexed international journals and participated in three scientific conferences. ORKID: https://orcid.org/0000-00015963-492X. Website: http://staff.uokufa.edu.iq/?ikhlas.alleebawi.

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Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, 224(3), 473–82.

Desai, C. K. and Shaikh, A. (2012). Prediction of depth of cut for single-pass laser micro-milling process using semi-analytical, ANN and GP approaches. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 60(9–12), 865–82. Cybenko, G. (1992). Approximation by superpositions of a sigmoidal function. Mathematics of Control, Signals and Systems, 5(4), 455. Dahotre, N. B. and Harimkar, S. P. (2008). Laser Fabrication and Machining of Materials, Springer: Berlin. Davim, J. P., Barricas, N., Conceicao, M. and Oliveira, C. (2008). Some experimental studies on CO2 laser cutting quality of polymeric materials. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 198(1–3), 99–104. Dhara, S. K., Kuar, A. S. and Mitra, S. (2008). An artificial neural network approach on parametric optimization of laser micro-machining of die-steel. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, 39(1–2), 39–46.

Dubey, A. K. and Yadava, V. (2008). Multi-objective optimisation of laser beam cutting process. Optics and Laser Technology, 40(3), 562–70. Eltawahni, H. A., Olabi, A. G. and Benyounis, K. Y. (2011). Investigating the CO2 laser cutting parameters of MDF wood composite material. Optics and Laser Technology, 43(3), 648–59. Feng, C. X. J., Yu, Z. G. and Kusiak, A. (2006). Selection and validation of predictive regression and neural network models based on designed experiments. IIE Transactions, 38(1), 13–23. Garson, D. G. (1991). Interpreting neural network connection weights. AI Expert, 6(4), 47–51. Ghany, K. A. and Newishy, M. (2005). Cutting of 1.2 mm thick austenitic stainless steel sheet using pulsed and CW Nd: YAG laser. Journal of Materials Processing Technology, 168(3), 438–47. Hamoudi, W. K. (1997). The effects of speed and processing gas on laser cutting of steel using a 2 kW CO sub 2 laser. International Journal for the Joining of Materials (Denmark), 9(1), 31–6. Hornik, K., Stinchcombe, M. and White, H. (1989). Multilayer feedforward networks are universal approximators. Neural Networks, 2(5), 359– 66. Kamrunnahar, M. and Urquidi-Macdonald, M. (2011). Prediction of corrosion behaviour of Alloy 22 using neural network as a data mining tool. Corrosion Science, 53(3), 961–7. Kroese, D. P., Brereton, T., Taimre, T. and Botev, Z. I. (2014). Why the Monte Carlo method is so important today. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 6(6), 386–92. Lee, H. T. and Te Chen, C. (2011). Numerical and experimental investigation into effect of temperature field on sensitization of AISI 304 in butt welds fabricated by gas tungsten arc welding. Materials Transactions, 52(7), 1506–14. Liao, T. W. and Chen, L. J. (1994). A neural network approach for grinding processes: modelling and optimization. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacture, 34(7), 919–37. Madić, M. J. and Radovanović, M. R. (2012). Analysis of the heat affected zone in CO2 laser cutting of stainless steel. Thermal Science, 16(suppl. 2), 363–73. Mahmood, A. J. (2018). Theoretical study of comparative between the speed of penetration and cutting using a laser beam. Engineering and Technology Journal, 36(Part B Scientific), 37–43. Miraoui, I., Boujelbene, M. and Bayraktar, E. (2013). Effects of laser cutting main parameters on microhardness and microstructure changes of stainless steel. In Advanced Materials Research, 664(n/a), 811–16. Miraoui, I., Zaied, M. and Boujelbene, M. (2014). Effect of laser beam diameter on cut edge of steel plates obtained by laser machining. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 467(n/a), 227–32. Nagarajan, R. (2000). Parametric Study of the Effect of Laser Cutting Variables on the Cut Quality. PhD Thesis, Wichita State University, Kansas, United States of America. Pandey, A. and Dubey, A. (2012). Simultaneous optimization of multiple quality characteristics in laser cutting of titanium alloy sheet. Optics and Laser Technology, 44(6), 1858–65. Quintero, F., Pou, J., Lusquinos, F., Boutinguiza, M., Soto, R. and PerezAmor, M. (2004). Quantitative evaluation of the quality of the cuts performed on mullite-alumina by Nd: YAG laser. Optics and Lasers in Engineering, 42(3), 327–40. Radovanovic, M. and Madic, M. (2011). Experimental investigations of CO2 laser cut quality: a review. Nonconventional Technologies Review, 15(4), 35–42. Sarkar, S., Mitra, S. and Bhattacharyya, B. (2006). Parametric optimisation of wire electrical discharge machining of γ titanium aluminide alloy through an artificial neural network model. The

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2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

32)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،)2021( ‫التاريخ‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫ دراسة على‬:‫تقييم مدى معرفة األمهات بالتوحد‬ ‫اجملتمع السعودي‬

Evaluation of Mothers' Knowledge about Autism: Saudi Arabia Ola Mousa1, Fatemah M. Alkhars1, Abdullah M. Alkishi2, Mohammed Y. Alnazzal2 and Abdulwahab A. Alkhars2

1 Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa,

‫ و عبد‬2‫ محمد يوسف النزال‬،2‫ عبد هللا مصطفى الكش ى‬،1‫ فاطمه مرتض ى الخرس‬،1‫عال موس ى‬ 2‫الوهاب أحمد الخرس‬

Saudi Arabia 2 College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ كلية العلوم الطبية التطبيقية‬،‫ قسم التمريض‬1 ‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية الطب‬2

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Autistic children, mothers’ attitude, mothers’ knowledge ‫ معرفة األمهات‬،‫ أطفال التوحد‬،‫اتجاهات األمهات‬

03/04/2020

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

15/11/2020

PUBLISHED ‫النشر‬

01/06/2021

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/med/2267

ABSTRACT Autism is an advanced neurogenic disease condition with specific neurodevelopmental characteristics and deficiency in social relations and interaction, as well as limited rhythmic and stereotyped patterns of actions that habitually arise in the toddler stage of life. Mothers of children with autism were found to have greater levels of childcare-associated stress. This study aims to determine mothers' general knowledge of autism. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the mothers of autistic children in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, between 20 September and 20 December, 2019. The study included 63 mothers of autistic children. A 29-items questionnaire was created following a wide-ranging literature review. A pilot study was conducted on 20 mothers to assess the simplicity and understanding of the questionnaire. The data indicated that more than two thirds, i.e. 44(69.8%) of all respondents had a low level of or insufficient knowledge about autism, 19(30.2%) had a medium level, while none had a high level of knowledge. The results showed that the mother's job, the child’s age, and the child order variables were important predictors, and the value was statistically significant at (α = 0.05) for the mothers' knowledge level. It could be concluded that Al Asha's mothers' children with autism lack the perception and knowledge of the signs and symptoms. Mothers were also found to need awareness programs for diagnosis and treatment approaches.

1. Introduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a child-development disability that alters social, communication, and behavioural tasks. Often there is nothing that distinguishes autistic people from others; however, people living with ASD usually communicate, interact, and learn to act differently from other people (Autism Research Institute, 2019). ASD also defines disorders categorised by behavioural, communication, and language difficulties, as well as low levels of interest and unique repetitive behaviours that appear in the child (WHO, 2019). The learning, thinking, and problem-solving skills of autistic people range from talented to having severe special needs. Sometimes autistic people require the support of their family members to perform their daily routine work, while others require less support (CDC, 2019). ASD is a condition with neurodevelopmental characteristics and deficiency in social relations and interaction, as well as limited, rhythmic and stereotyped patterns of actions that habitually arise in the toddler stage of life, from three to five years, and continue lifelong (American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Levy S, 2010; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 2020). In general, an autistic child always has repetitive and restricted behaviours (Boyd, 2012). The demands of persons with ASDs are massive and include behaviour therapies, psychological care, extraordinary schooling, and supported engagement (Ganz, 2007). The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2020 report shows that the prevalence of children diagnosed with ASD by the age Corresponding Author: Ola Mousa

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫ ونقص في العالقات‬،‫ يتميز بصفات نمو عصبي خاصة‬،‫التوحد مرض وراثي عصبي‬ ‫ وأنماط محدودة من اإليقاعات والقوالب النمطية لألفعال التي‬،‫االجتماعية والتفاعل‬ ‫ ولدى أمهات األطفال املصابين بالتوحد مستويات ضغوط أعلى‬.‫تنشأ في مرحلة الطفولة‬ ‫ هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد مدى معرفة األم باضطراب‬.‫من أمهات األطفال الطبيعيين‬ ،‫ تم إجراء دراسة مستعرضة بين أمهات األطفال املصابين بالتوحد في األحساء‬.‫التوحد‬ 63 ‫ بمشاركة‬2019 ‫ ديسمبر‬20 ‫ سبتمبر إلى‬20 ‫ في الفترة من‬،‫اململكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫اجعة‬ ٍ ‫ نقطة بعد مر‬29 ‫من‬ ً ُ ‫ تم إعداد استبانة مكونة‬.‫من أمهات األطفال املصابين بالتوحد‬ ‫ أ ّما لتقييم بساطة وسهولة‬20 ‫ أجرى الباحثون دراسة تجريبية على‬.‫أدبية واسعة النطاق‬ ٍ ‫) من األمهات‬٪69.8( 44 ‫ أظهرت النتائج أن أكثر من ثلثي العينة‬.‫فهم االستبانة‬ )٪30.2( 19‫ و‬،‫املستجيبات كانت لديهن معرفة منخفضة أو غير كافية بمرض التوحد‬ .‫عال من املعرفة‬ ٍ ‫ وصفر في املئة لديهن مستوى‬،‫لديهن مستوى متوسط من املعرفة‬ ‫ لها‬،‫ وترتيب الطفل في األسرة‬،‫ وعمر الطفل‬،‫وأشارت النتائج إلى أن متغيرات وظيفة األم‬ ‫ وهذه القيمة ذات داللة إحصائية عند مستوى‬،‫عالقة دالة بمدى معرفة األم عن املرض‬ ‫ وبناء على هذه النتائج تم استنتاج أن‬.‫) ملستوى معرفة األمهات بمرض التوحد‬α = 0.05( ‫أمهات املرض ى بمنطقة األحساء لديهن نقص في املعرفة حول التوحد وعالماته وأعراضه‬ .‫ األمر الذي يستلزم توعيتهن بتلك األمور‬،‫وطرق التشخيص والعالج‬

of eight is now 1 in 54. The earlier rate, in 2018, was 1 in 59. An increase in ASD prevalence is visible (CDC, 2020). Care givers for autistic children were found to have a low level of knowledge about the disease (Almana, 2017). In another study, the teachers had a low to moderate knowledge level about ASD (Hendricks, 2007). ASD is recognised as one of the pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), which include of disorders such as autistic disorder, Asperger’s syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder (National Institute of Mental Health, 2011; de Giambattista, 2019). There is variability in the pattern and severity of symptoms and in the timing of diagnosis (CDC, 2012). The risk of autism among boys is four times higher than in girls. The frequency of diagnosis of the disease has increased recently, and it has appeared among different races and different economic and social groups (Murshid, 2014). It can be said that ASD is the most advanced neurogenic disease that includes both genetic and environmental factors (Hallmayer, 2011; Bozzi, 2018). Families with autistic children use family routines to offer consistency and a form of support engagement for their family members. Mothers undertake the most important role in organising tasks in the family routines. ASD impacts the wellness of the whole family (McAuliffe, 2019; Kiami, 2017). Being a mother is a complicated task. Being the mother of a child with autism is a further challenging task. Researchers have realised that mothers of children with autism have greater levels of childcareassociated tension (Estes, 2009). Parents of children with ASD experience a complex range of stressors, such as child behaviours and community and services barriers (Bluth, 2013). Due to the stress of having autistic children, parents find it difficult to

omosa@kfu.edu.sa , 00966542960232

‫ عال موس ى‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

maintain positivity. Parents' feelings relate to their competence to be good parents to their children, and their view of themselves as such is associated with their physical and psychological wellbeing (Kuhn, 2006). This research aimed to determine the mothers’ general knowledge of the signs, symptoms, and the treatment of ASD among mothers of autistic children. 2. Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was carried out among the mothers of children with ASD children in Al Ahsa region, Saudi Arabia, from 20 September 2019 to 20 December 2019, to assess the knowledge of signs and symptoms, and the awareness of treatment approaches among mothers of autistic children. The researchers used this convenient sample because it was available, and the centre is the largest in the region for the care of children with autism. Ethical approval was obtained from the Itqan Day Care Centre. Written approval was acquired prior to study participation from the mothers through informed consent. Sixty-three mothers out of 75 participants answered the survey, representing a response rate of 84%. The study conformed to the ethical principles of the research and ethical committee of the College of Applied Medical Sciences of King Faisal University. Eligible study participants included mothers between the age of 18– 60 years old who have children with ASD. Mothers who have a medical-related career were excluded from the study because of their medical knowledge about ASD. A 29-items questionnaire was created by the researchers after a wideranging literature review. This was also modified from similar studies. Additionally, the questionnaire was translated into the Arabic language to allow Arab mothers to understand the questionnaire. The pilot study was initially conducted using 20 mothers (not from the sample) to assess the simplicity and understanding of the questionnaire and to ensure its reliability. The questionable elements were excluded, and the questionnaire was further modified based on the findings of the analysis of the trial run; these modifications included the use of clearer and more comprehensible vocabulary. Two experts approved the questionnaire to confirm its validity. The study questionnaire contained three parts. The first part was about the sociodemographic aspects of the participant (age, qualification, career, and number of children of the participant mother). The second part involved 22 questions that were subdivided into two sections. The first section assessed the participants’ knowledge about child development, and the second section measured the participants' knowledge and awareness about ASD. A three-point Likert scale was given that consisted of the following choices with which to answer the questions: ‘agree’, ‘disagree’, and ‘I don’t know’. The questions that had two potential replies were awarded one point for the accurate answer and zero points for the wrong or uncertain ‘I don’t know’ reply. The questions about the collective symptoms of a patient, or autism as a disease, were built on the principles of the American Psychiatric Association Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition. Generally, the questionnaire consisted of 22 questions. If the respondent completed the questions accurately, 22 counting points were awarded. Respondents who achieved a knowledge score higher than or equal to 18 (85%) were judged to be of a high-ranking level, while scores between 13 and 18 (60–< 85%) were considered to be of a medium level. A score was considered to be of a low level if it was less than 13 (< 60%). The questionnaires that had not been fully completed were excluded.

The data were recorded and interpreted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 23.0). 3. Results As shown in Table (1), 35 mothers out of 63 (55.6%) were aged between 26–30 years. The participants varied as to educational qualifications with secondary school 28 (44.4%) being the most common. Among all of the respondents 51(81%) were employed. Forty-one (65.1%) of the participants had a male child with ASD, while 28(44.4%) had a first child with ASD. Furthermore, ten (15.9%) respondents had more than one child with ASD. Table 1: Mothers’ Demographic Data

<=25 26-30 >30 Primary school Intermediate school Secondary school College Housewife Current student Employed Range Mean ± SD Male Female 1st 2nd 3rd 4th or more No Yes

Mother’s age Mother’s education Mother’s job Child age Child gender Child order Sibling

N=63 3(4.8%) 35(55.6%) 25(39.7%) 6(9.5%) 14(22.2%) 28(44.4%) 15(23.8%) 10(15.9%) 2(3.2%) 51(81%) (3-11) 7.1±2.3 41(65.1%) 22(34.9%) 28(44.4%) 9(14.3%) 2(3.2%) 24(38.1%) 53(84.1%) 10(15.9%)

Table (2) illustrates the mothers’ knowledge level. The results showed that the knowledge range related to typical child development was from (0–2) out of 2, and the mean was 1.1±0. 5. In relation to the knowledge about ASD, the range was from (0–14) out of 20, and the mean was 9±3.7. With regard to the total knowledge score, the range was from (0–16) out of 22, and the mean was 10.2±3.8. Table 2: Mothers’ Knowledge Score about ASD

Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD Range Mean ± SD

Typical child development Autism spectrum disorder Total knowledge score

N=63 (0-2/2) 1.1±0. 5 (0-14/20) 9±3.7 (0-16/22) 10.2±3.8

Figure 1. Mothers Degree of knowledge about ASD

Degree of knowledge Low level Medium level High level

30.2%

0% 69.8%

Figure (1) illustrates that 44 (69.8%) of all the respondents had a low or insufficient level of knowledge about ASD and 19 (30.2%) had a medium level of knowledge. None of the respondents (0%) exhibited a high level of knowledge. Table 3 presents the results of the correlations between the demographic data and total knowledge score. The results suggest that the mother's job, the child’s age, and the child order variables are generally important predictors; child age and child order are positively correlated with knowledge about ASD, and this value is statistically significant at the significance level of (α = 0.05). On the other hand, no significances differences were observed in the mothers’ age and education level when correlating with knowledge about ASD.

Ola Mousa, Fatemah M. Alkhars, Abdullah M. Alkishi, Mohammed Y. Alnazzal and Abdulwahab A. Alkhars. (2021). Evaluation of Mothers' Knowledge about Autism: Saudi Arabia. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

.‫ دراسة على املجتمع السعودي‬:‫ تقييم مدى معرفة األمهات بالتوحد‬.)2021( .‫ عبد الوهاب أحمد الخرس‬،‫ محمد يوسف النزال‬،‫ عبد هللا مصطفى الكش ى‬،‫ فاطمه مرتض ى الخرس‬،‫عال موس ى‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬ Table 3: Correlations between demographic data and total knowledge score Total knowledge score R P value Mother’s age -0.099 0.438 Mother’s education 0.111 0.385 Mother’s job -0.276 0.029* Child age 0.304 0.016* Child order -0.475 <0.001* Spearman’s rho correlation, Pearson’s correlation, *: Significant level at P value <0.05

4. Discussion ASD is certainly one of the most challenging child-development syndromes to recognise due to the wide variety of symptoms that disturbs the child’s behaviour. Children with ASD are physically healthy and have developed as their peers, but their performance profile is unequal due to a series of symptoms that may affect the child’s daily life (Cridland, 2015). The study showed that none of the participants had a high-level knowledge score. A mean score of 10.2±3.8 out of 22 was seen for all the sections. The insufficient knowledge showed by the participants was in agreement with previous studies. A research study performed in Pakistan among kindergarten teachers found that only 50% were able to recognise the physical characteristics of the disease (Liu, 2016). Another study in China found that only 17% of day-carecentre teachers could answer more than 50% of the items about autism correctly (Ayub et al., 2017). Furthermore, Anwer et al (2018) found that a mean score of 5.59 out of 14 was observed with regard to accurate information about autism. Another survey by Deeb (2016) revealed inconsistent findings related to the influence of career on the capability to distinguish signs and symptoms of autism in children. The level of education of the caregiver had no impact on their behaviours with children with autistic characteristics. Another study supports the idea that there is a lack of awareness about autism disorder and its consequences in caregivers. Many family members discussed their affected adolescent’s difficulties in recognising degrees of emotion, especially anger, expressed by others. Social isolation, as a product of a low-level of knowledge, was reported by the majority of adolescents and their families (Saccà, 2019). In another study, it was found that lack of understanding and acceptance of ASD manifestations was a common characteristic in mothers of children with ASD (Opreaa and Stanb, 2012). The results suggest that a mother's job, the child’s age and the child order variables are generally important predictors, and are correlated with knowledge about ASD. It is noteworthy that a mother's job negatively affects this knowledge, perhaps because of the time spent being employed rather than being a housewife. (Philip, 2010). Another study carried out by Koydemir (2009) reported many career problems with mothers who had a child with ASD. In a similar vein, the study of Grant and Ramcharan (2001) revealed that mothers of a child with ASD may finish or postpone their career. Parish and Cloud (2006) reported that many mothers suffered from work problems that were related to having a child with ASD; this gave the impression of the time problems of mothers with a child having ASD. Child age and child order correlated with knowledge about ASD. These factors are generally important predictors as they affect the mothers’ knowledge due to them having experience of the disorder. Also, as a result of difficulty in diagnosing autism before three years, almost all children are diagnosed when they are just before school age. Many studies have mentioned that the second child has a higher chance of having ASD than the first child (Khudhair, 2018).

5. Conclusion Childhood autism is characterised by a serious and wide deficiency in numerous areas of individual development; it requires massive care and increased dependency on the parents. The main conclusion developed from our study is that there is a lack of perception and inadequate knowledge about autism in mothers. Mothers of children with ASD lack not only knowledge about the signs and symptoms of ASD but also knowledge about the diagnosis and therapeutic approaches of this condition. Biographies

Ola Mousa Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966542960232, omosa@kfu.edu.sa, olaessam1977@yahoo.com Dr Mousa is an assistant professor of nursing. She started her career in Minia, Egypt, where she obtained her Master’s and Ph.D. degrees, and taught for 13 years. She specialises in obstetrics and gynaecology nursing. Her research areas of interest are maternity nursing, and women’s and adolescents’ health; additionally, she assists mothers of children with special needs. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003- 4163-3413

Fatemah Murtadha Alkhars Nursing Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00996539188236, fatimahalkars20@hotmail.com Miss. Alkhars is about to receive a Bachelor's degree in Nursing. Her area of interest is emergency nursing, and her future goal is to get a Master's degree in this area. She spends part of her time as a BLS trainer for the public. She works on raising awareness of chronic diseases in Saudi Arabia. She aims to enhance her potential and expertise in this research area by participation in research activities. Her future plan is to be a highly qualified lecturer in an academic nursing department. Her most prominent characteristic is her willingness to learn; she is a life-long learner.

Abdullah Mustafa Alkishi College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966536099908, a.s18@hotmail.com Mr. Alkishi’s research areas of interest are family medicine and medical specialties that are devoted to general health care for people of all ages. He has clinical experience in many areas of medicine. He aims to participate in designing strategies to improve primary health care centres’ service in Saudi Arabia. He is interested in life-long education and training. He is renowned for being a hard worker, an excellent leader, and a good team member. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-7157

Mohammed Yousef Alnazzal

College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966564346391, m.y.alnazzal@gmail.com Mr. Alnazzal was involved in a few outside activities related to community services. His research areas of interest are psychiatry and psychological fields: mental health and behavioural disorders. He has obtained clinical experience in this area under the supervision of experts. His future goals are to be an excellent psychiatrist by training in a well-known centre, and conducting informative research that may aid clinical practice. He is a member of several groups that serve public awareness. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9165-260X

Abdulwahab Ahmed Alkhars

College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966582888153, abdulwahhab20@hotmail.com Mr. Alkhars received a high school degree in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, and he is about to receive an MBBS degree in the same town. His research area of interest is internal medicine. He has multiple publications that have served clinical practice in various medical specialties. He has a long record of participation in public health and health promotion. His future goal is to enhance his potential in this research area. He is known to be very willing to learn and ambitious. ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8882-7157

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https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/facts.html. (accessed on 10/3/2020). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder. 2020. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html. (accessed on 10/3/2020). Cridland, E., Caputi, P., Jones, S. and Magee, Ch. (2015). The perceptions and experiences of adolescent boys with autism spectrum disorder: A personal construct psychology perspective. Journal of Intellectual & Developmental Disability, 40(4), 354–367. DOI: 10.3109/13668250.2015.1070814 Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282418870_The_perc eptions_and_experiences_of_adolescent_boys_with_autism_spec trum_disorder_A_personal_construct_psychology_perspective (accessed on 05/01/ 2020). de Giambattista, C., Ventura, P., Trerotoli, P., Margari, M., Palumbi, R. and Margari, L. (2019). Subtyping the autism spectrum disorder: Comparison of children with high functioning autism and asperger syndrome. J. Autism Dev Disord., 49(1), 138–50. DOI:10.1007/s10803-018-3689-4 Deeb, R.M. (2016). Knowledge of parents of children with autism spectrum disorder of behavior modification methods and their training needs accordingly. Int Educ Stud., 9(10), 141–54. DOI: 10.5539/ies. Estes, A., Munson, J., Dawson, G., Koehler, E., Zhou, X.H. and Abbott R. (2009). Parenting stress and psychological functioning among mothers of preschool children with autism and developmental delay. Autism the International Journal of Research and Practice, 13(4), 375–387. DOI: 10.1177/1362361309105658 Ganz, M.L. (2007). The lifetime distribution of the incremental societal costs of autism. Archives of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, 161(n/a), 343–9. Grant, G. and Ramcharan, P. (2001). Views and experiences of people with intellectual disabilities and their families: The family perspective. Journal of Applies Research in Intellectual Disabilities , 14(n/a),

364–80 Hallmayer, J., Cleveland, S., Torres, A., Phillips, J., Cohen, B., Torigoe, T., Miller, J., Fedele, A., Collins, J., Smith, K., Lotspeich, L., Croen, L.A., Ozonoff, S., Lajonchere, C., Grether, J.K. and Risch, N. (2011). Genetic heritability and shared environmental factors among twin pairs with autism. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 68(11), 1095–102. DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.76 Hendricks, D.R. (2007). A Descriptive Study of Special Education Teachers

Serving Students with Autism: Knowledge, Practices Employed and Training Needs. PhD Thesis, Virginia Commonwealth University,

VA., USA. Khudhair, A. and Jassim, S. (2018). The knowledge of autistic children's mothers regarding autism in Basra city. American Journal of Nursing Research, 6(5), 296–8. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327509707_The_Kno wledge_of_Autistic_Children's_Mothers_Regarding_Autism_in_Ba sra_City (accessed 26 /9/2020). Kiami, S. and Goodgold, S. (2017). Support needs and coping strategies as predictors of stress level among mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder. Autism Research and Treatment, 2017(n/a), (n/a). Article ID 8685950 https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/8685950 Koydemir, S. and Tosun, U. (2009). Impact of autistic children on the lives of mothers. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(n/a), 2534– 40. Available at www.sciencedirect.com (Accessed on 10/5/2020). Kuhn, J.C. and Carter, A.S. (2006). Maternal self-efficacy and associated parenting cognitions among mothers of children with autism. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(4), 564–75. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17209724 (Accessed on 10/5/2020). Levy, S., Giarelli, E., Lee, L., Schieve, L. and Kirby, R. (2010). Autism spectrum disorders and co-occurring developmental, psychiatric and medical conditions among children in multiple populations of The United States. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 31(n/a), 267–75. DOI: 10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181d5d03b Liu, Y., Li, J., Zheng, Q., Zaroff, C.M., Hall, B.J., Li, X. and Hao, Y. (2016). Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of autism spectrum disorder in a stratified sampling of preschool teachers in China. BMC Psychiatry, 2016(16), 142. DOI: 10.1186/s12888-016-0845-2. McAuliffe, T., Thomas, Y., Vaz, S., Falkmer, T. and Cordier, R. (2019). The experiences of mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder: Managing family routines and mothers' health and wellbeing. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 66(n/a), 68–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/1440-1630.12524 Murshid, E.Z. (2014). Diet, oral hygiene practices and dental health in autistic children in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. OHDM. Pubmed, 13(1), 91–96. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24603923. (Accessed on 10/5/2020). National Institute of Mental Health. (2011). A Parent’s Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorder. Available at: http://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/a-parents-guideto-autismspectrum-disorder/what-are-the-symptoms-ofasd.shtml (accessed on 10/5/2020). National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder Fact Sheet. 2020. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/Patient-CaregiverEducation/Fact-Sheets/Autism-Spectrum-Disorder-Fact-Sheet (accessed on 10/5/2020). Opreaa, C. and Stanb, A. (2012). Mothers of autistic children: How do they feel? Social and Behavioral Sciences, 46(n/a) 4191–4194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.06.224 Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877042812 01960X/pdf?md5=09fb395bda071965c9836cf6d73bc488&pid= 1-s2.0-S187704281201960X-main.pdf (accessed on 10/5/2020). Parish, S.L. and Cloud, J.M. (2006). Financial well-being of young children with disabilities and their families. Soc Work, PubMed, 51(3), 223– 232. Philip, J., Landrigan. (2010). What causes autism? Exploring the environmental contribution. Current Opinion in Pediatrics, 22(n/a), 219–225. Saccà, A., Cavallini, F. and Cavallini, M.C. (2019). Parents of children with autism spectrum disorder: A systematic review. Journal of Clinical and Developmental Psychology, 1(3), 30–44. Available at: http://cab.unime.it/journals/index.php/JCDP/article/view/2174 (Accessed on 10/5/2020). WHO. (2019). Autism Spectrum Disorders: Fact Sheets. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autismspectrum-disorders (accessed on 10/5/2020).

‫)‪2021, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

‫التاريخ (‪ ،)2021‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪36)1‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫أمساك املياه العذبة يف القسم السفلي لبحرية‬ ‫األسد يف سوريا‬

‫‪Fresh Water Fish in the Lower Part of Al‬‬‫‪Asaad Lake in Syria‬‬

‫ديم مالك ديب و كاترين منصورو محمد مجاهد بطل‬

‫‪Deem M. Deeb, Cathrine R. Mansour and Mohamed Mojahed Batal‬‬ ‫‪Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria‬‬

‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة تشرين‪ ،‬الالذقية‪ ،‬سوريا‬ ‫‪PUBLISHED‬‬ ‫النشر‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪17/11/2020‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫الستقبال‬

‫‪Fish, al-Assad lake, Euphrates river, family‬‬

‫‪07/09/2020‬‬

‫أسماك‪ ،‬بحيرة األسد‪ ،‬نهر الفرات‪ ،‬فصيلة‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0021‬‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫جمعت األسماك ًمن أربع محطات في الجزء السفلي من بحيرة األسد بسوريا‪ ،‬واملقامة على نهر الفرات‪،‬‬ ‫تسجيل ثمانية‬ ‫بمعدل مرة شهريا‪ ،‬وملدة ً‬ ‫عام ونصف ًمن ‪ 2018/10/25‬م ولغاية ‪ 2020/3/15‬م‪ً ،‬تم ً‬ ‫فصائل‪ ،‬ينتمي لها ‪ 19‬جنسا‪ ،‬و‪ 28‬نوعا‪ ،‬وهي كالتالي‪ :‬فصيلة ‪ Bagridae‬سجلت جنسا واحدا ينتمي لها‬ ‫وهو ‪ ، Mystus‬فصيلة ‪ Cichlidae‬سجلت الجنسين ‪ ،Tilapia ,Tristramella‬عشرة أجناس تنتمي‬ ‫لفصيلة ‪ Cyprinidae‬وهي‪Acnathobrama, Alburnus Aspius, Barbus, Chondrostoma, , :‬‬ ‫‪ ،Cyprinus, Cyprinion ,Garra, Carassius Varicorhinus‬فصيلة ‪ Heteropnneustidae‬سجلت‬ ‫الجنس ‪ ،Heteropneustes‬فصيلة ‪ Mastacembelidae‬سجلت الجنس ‪ ،Mastacembelus‬فصيلة‬ ‫‪ Mugilidae‬سجلت الجنس ‪ ،Liza‬فصيلة ‪ Siluridae‬سجلت جنسين هما جنس ‪ ،Silurus‬والجنس‬ ‫‪ ،Clarias‬فصيلة ‪ Sisoridae‬سجلت الجنس ‪.Glyptothorax‬‬

‫‪ .1‬املقدمة‬ ‫يعد الخزان املائي الذي تشكل خلف سد الثورة‪ ،‬واملقام على نهر الفرات عام‬ ‫(‪ )1968‬في محافظة الرقة‪ ،‬بحيرة اصطناعية اشتهرت ببحيرة األسد‪ ،‬وهي‬ ‫أكبر البحيرات السورية‪ ،‬إذ يبلغ أقص ى طول لها ‪80‬كم‪ ،‬وأقص ى عرض ‪ 8‬كم‪،‬‬ ‫مساحة السطح ‪ 525‬كم‪ ،2‬وبسعة تخزينية ‪ 14.1‬مليار متر مكعب‪،‬‬ ‫واحداثياتها ‪.360 00' N 380 10' E‬‬ ‫تقتض ي زيادة إنتاج األسماك النهرية واملسطحات املائية الطبيعية املختلفة‬ ‫دراسة تصنيفية مستفيضة ملكونات هذه املسطحات كنقطة انطالق إلجراء‬ ‫اسة تصنيف ً األسماك والتعرف‬ ‫الدراسات اإلنتاجية األخرى‪ ،‬لذلك تعد در ً‬ ‫عليها‪ ،‬ودراسة بيئتها من الدراسات املهمة علميا واقتصاديا (‪.)Ali, 2003‬‬ ‫قام عدد من الباحثين بالعديد من الدراسات على أسماك املياه العذبة‪،‬‬ ‫حيث قام )‪ (Al Salloum, 1998‬بدراسة التركيب النوعي‪ ،‬والتوزع الجغرافي‬ ‫لألنواع السمكية في نهر العاص ي‪ ،‬وعالقة ذلك بأهم النشاطات البشرية في‬ ‫املنطقة‪ ،‬وبالخصائص البيئية للمياه‪.‬‬ ‫تمت دراسة التركيب النوعي‪ ،‬والكمي‪ ،‬والتوزع الجغرافي الحيوي لألسماك في‬ ‫حوض نهر الخابور من قبل (‪ ،)Ali, 2003‬وفي العام نفسه تمت دراسة ‪(Al‬‬ ‫)‪Hourani, 2003‬عن التنوع الحيوي لألنواع السمكية في حوض اليرموك‬ ‫واألعوج‪ ،‬ودراسة )‪ (Ghalia and Fadel, 2004‬لألنواع السمكية املنتشرة في‬ ‫األحواض املائية العذبة في املنطقة الساحلية السورية‪ ،‬كما أجريت دراسة‬ ‫تصنيفية لألنواع السمكية‪ ،‬والتوزع الجغرافي لها في حوض الفرات األدنى ‪(Al‬‬ ‫)‪.Taha, 2005‬‬ ‫كانت هناك دراسة للتركيب النوعي‪ ،‬والكمي‪ ،‬والتغذية الطبيعية لألسماك في‬ ‫بحيرة الحمرات )‪ ،(Khalaf, 2008‬ودراسة أخرى على أسماك سبخة الجبول‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ودر َ‬ ‫س التركيب النوعي‪ ،‬والتوزع الجغرافي لألنواع السمكية في‬ ‫)‪ِ ,(Snoo, 2009‬‬ ‫حوض نهر العاص ي من قبل (‪ ، )Al Salloum, 1998‬وفي نهر عفرين كانت‬ ‫هناك دراسة )‪ ،(Gabo, 2011‬ثم قامت )‪ (Hammad, 2015‬بدراسة التركيب‬ ‫النوعي والكمي لألنواع السمكية في بحيرة سد ‪ 16‬تشرين (نهر الكبير‬ ‫‪ (Al‬الذي قام بدراسة‬ ‫الشمالي)‪ ،‬وكانت آخرها دراسة )‪ً Majid, 2019‬‬ ‫تصنيفية ألسماك بحيرة تشرين وسجل خاللها ‪ 24‬نوعا‪.‬‬ ‫ولعدم وجود أي دراسة تصنيفية ألسماك هذه البحيرة‪ ،‬كان ال بد من إجراء‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬ديم مالك ديب‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪Fresh water fish were collected from four stations in the lower part‬‬ ‫‪of al-Asaad Lake Reservoir on the Euphrates River from October‬‬ ‫‪2018 to March 2020. 8 families, 19 genus, and 28 species were‬‬ ‫‪recorded. Family Bagridae belongs to the genus Mystus, F. Cichlidae‬‬ ‫‪belongs to Tilapia, Tristramella. F. Cyprinidae belongs to the genus‬‬

‫‪Acnathobrama, Alburnus, Aspius, Barbus, Chondrostoma, Cyprinus,‬‬ ‫‪Cyprinion, Garra, Carassius, Varicorhinus. F. Heteropnneustidae‬‬ ‫‪belongs to the genus Heteropneustes, F. Mastacembelidae belongs‬‬ ‫‪to Mastacembelus, F. Mugilidae belongs to Liza, F. Siluridae belongs‬‬ ‫‪to the genus Silurus, Clarias, and F. Sisoridae belongs to‬‬ ‫‪Glyptothorax.‬‬

‫دراسة تصنيفية لألنواع السمكية فيها‪ ،‬ملا في ذلك من أهمية علمية‪،‬‬ ‫وتطبيقية لدراسة التنوع الحيوي في الجمهورية العربية السورية بشكل عام‪،‬‬ ‫والتنوع الحيوي لألسماك بشكل خاص‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬املواد وطرق العمل‬

‫‪ .2.1‬منطقة الدراسة‪:‬‬ ‫تقع بحيرة األسد بالقرب من مدينة الرقة‪ ،‬وهي أكبر بحيرة اصطناعية في‬ ‫سوريا‪ ،‬تم الجمع من أربعة مواقع هي الطبقة‪ ،‬وجعبر‪ ،‬وطويحينة‪،‬‬ ‫وشعيب الذكر‪ .‬الشكل (‪ )1‬يعرض مواقع الجمع‪.‬‬ ‫الشكل (‪ :)1‬مو اقع الجمع‬

‫قيست درجات حرارة املياه للمواقع األربعة‪ ،‬وقد أبدت درجات الحرارة‬ ‫تغيرات منطقية‪ ،‬فقد تراوحت بين ‪ 26–8‬م‪ ،‬وسجلت قيمتها الدنيا في شهر‬ ‫شباط ‪ ،2019‬وقيمتها العظمى في شهر آب ‪ ،2019‬بلغ متوسط درجة‬ ‫الحرارة ‪18.78‬م‪ ،‬وكان االنحراف املعياري ‪ 5.56‬م‪ ،‬هي ًقيم طبيعية كون‬ ‫منطقة الدراسة تتمتع بمناخ معتدل بارد شتا ًء وحار صيفا‪.‬‬ ‫يالحظ أي اختالف في درجات الحرارة ضمن املواقع األربعة حيث كانت‬ ‫لم ً‬ ‫تقريبا متساوية‪ ،‬لذلك اكتفينا بوضع الشكل (‪ )2‬الذي يوضح التغيرات في‬ ‫منطقة الطبقة فقط ‪.‬‬

‫‪dddram7@gmail.com ,00963995883616‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Deem M. Deeb‬‬

‫‪37‬‬

‫ديم مالك ديب و كاترين منصور و محمد مجاهد بطل‪ .)2021( .‬أسماك املياه العذبة في القسم السفلي لبحيرة األسد في سوريا‪.‬‬ ‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪ ،‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪)1‬‬ ‫الشكل (‪ :)2‬التغيرات الزمانية لدرجات الحرارة في منطقة الطبقة‬

‫‪ .2.2‬جمع العينات‪:‬‬

‫ُجمعت العينات السمكية من مياه املواقع األربعة‪ ،‬وذلك بوساطة قوارب‬ ‫الصيادين‪ ،‬وباستخدام شباك ‪ ً ،Gill Nets‬وشباك ‪Trammel Nets‬‬ ‫مختلفة القياسات‪ ،‬بشكل دوري‪ ،‬مرة شهريا‪ ,‬خالل الفترة الواقعة بين‬ ‫‪ 2018/10/25‬ولغاية ‪ .2020/3/25‬لحفظ العينات السمكية قمنا‬ ‫بوضعها في حاوية فلينية تحتوي على الثلج املجروش لحين العودة إلى‬ ‫املختبر‪.‬‬ ‫صنفت العينات حسب املفاتيح التصنيفية العاملية التالية‪ :‬تصنيف‬ ‫أسماك املياه العذبة السورية )‪ ،(Beckman, 1962‬وأسماك املياه العذبة‬ ‫العراقية )‪. (Coad, 2010‬‬ ‫تم عزل كل نوع على ِح َدة وأخذت القياسات الشكلية (‪)Morphometric‬‬ ‫لكل فرد‪ ،‬وهي موضحة بالشكل (‪.)3‬‬

‫‪Species‬‬

‫‪M.pelusius‬‬ ‫‪T.zilli‬‬ ‫‪T.galilaea‬‬ ‫‪T. simonis‬‬ ‫‪A.marmid‬‬ ‫‪A.sellal‬‬ ‫‪A.vorax‬‬ ‫‪B.grypus‬‬ ‫‪B .kersin‬‬ ‫‪B . luteus‬‬ ‫‪B. canis‬‬ ‫‪B.barbulus‬‬ ‫‪B.longiceps‬‬ ‫‪C.regium‬‬ ‫‪C.carpio‬‬ ‫) ‪(scaled carp‬‬ ‫‪C. carpio‬‬ ‫)‪(Mirror carp‬‬ ‫‪C.kais‬‬ ‫‪C.Macrostomum‬‬ ‫‪C. auratus‬‬ ‫‪C. gibelo‬‬ ‫‪G.rufa‬‬ ‫‪V.trutta‬‬ ‫‪H.fossilis‬‬ ‫‪M.mastacembelidae‬‬ ‫‪L.abu‬‬ ‫‪C.gariepinus‬‬ ‫‪S.triostegus‬‬ ‫‪G.cous‬‬

‫الجدول رقم (‪ :)1‬األنواع التي تم تسجيلها‬ ‫‪Genus‬‬

‫‪Mystus‬‬ ‫‪Tilapia‬‬ ‫‪Tristramella‬‬ ‫‪Acnathobrama‬‬ ‫‪Alburnus‬‬ ‫‪Aspius‬‬

‫‪Family‬‬ ‫‪BAGRIDAE‬‬ ‫‪CICHLIDAE‬‬

‫‪Barbus‬‬ ‫‪Chondrostoma‬‬

‫‪CYPRINIDAE‬‬

‫‪Cyprinus‬‬ ‫‪Cyprinion‬‬ ‫‪carassius‬‬ ‫‪Garra‬‬ ‫‪Varicorhinus‬‬ ‫‪Hetropneustes‬‬ ‫‪Mastacembelu‬‬ ‫‪Liza‬‬ ‫‪Clarias‬‬ ‫‪Silurus‬‬ ‫‪Glyptothorax‬‬ ‫الشكل (أ‪ :)4‬األنواع التي تم تسجيلها‬

‫الشكل (‪ :)3‬القياسات الشكلية لكل فرد‬

‫‪ -1‬الطول الكلي ‪ -2‬الطول القياس ي ‪ -3‬عمق الجسم ‪ -4‬طول الراس ‪-5‬‬ ‫طول ما قبل محجر العين ‪ -6‬طول ما بعد محجر العين ‪ -7‬القطر األفقي‬ ‫للعين ‪ -8‬عدد األشعة القاسية ‪ -9‬عدد األشعة اللينة ‪ -10‬عدد الحراشف‬ ‫املتوضعة على الخط الجانبي ‪ -11‬عدد صفوف الحراشف تحت الخط‬ ‫الجانبي ‪ - 12‬عدد صفوف الحراشف فوق الخط الجانبي‬ ‫كما تم تحديد املعادلة الزعنفية‪ ،‬وتكتب على الشكل التالي‪:‬‬ ‫‪DIII, 8; AIII, 5; PO, 13; VO, 10‬‬ ‫حيث أن‪ Dorsal fin = D :‬الزعنفة الظهرية‪ Anal fin = A ،‬الزعنفة‬ ‫الشرجية‪،‬‬ ‫‪ Pectoral fin = P‬الزعنفة الصدرية‪ Pelvic fin = V ،‬الزعنفة الحوضية‪.‬‬ ‫العدد الروماني‪ :‬عدد األشعة القاسية (األشواك) في الزعنفة‪.‬‬ ‫العدد العربي‪ :‬عدد األشعة الطرية في الزعنفة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬النتائج‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تم تسجيل ثمانية فصائل‪ ،‬ينتمي لها ‪ 19‬جنسا‪ ،‬و‪ 28‬نوعا‪ ،‬وهي موضحة‬ ‫بالجدول رقم (‪ )1‬والشكل (‪ 4‬أ و ب)‬

‫‪Deem M. Deeb, Cathrine R. Mansour, Mohamed Mojahed Batal. (2021). Fresh Water Fish in the Lower Part of Al-Asaad Lake in Syria.‬‬ ‫)‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

‫‪HETROPNEUSTIDAE‬‬ ‫‪MASTACEMBELIDAE‬‬ ‫‪MUGILIDAE‬‬ ‫‪SILURIDAE‬‬ ‫‪SISORIDAE‬‬

‫‪38‬‬

‫ديم مالك ديب و كاترين منصور و محمد مجاهد بطل‪ .)2021( .‬أسماك املياه العذبة في القسم السفلي لبحيرة األسد في سوريا‪.‬‬ ‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪ ،‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪)1‬‬ ‫الشكل (‪ 4‬ب)‪ :‬األنواع التي تم تسجيلها‬

‫•‬

‫النوع )‪:T.galilaea ( Gervais,1848‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫الجسم منضغط جانبيا وعميق‪ ،‬الخط الجانبي مقسوم إلى نصفين أمامي‬ ‫علوي وخلفي سفلي‪ ،‬والعيون متوسطة الحجم يعادل قطرها ‪%25.9 – 20‬‬ ‫من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم أمامي‪ ،‬والزعنفة البطنية نهايتها تمتد إلى ما بعد منشأ‬ ‫الزعنفة الذيلية‪ ،‬اللون أخضر مسود‪ ،‬يوجد بقعة سوداء عاتمة على غطاء‬ ‫‪5−7‬‬ ‫‪. 29‬‬ ‫الغالصم فقط‪ .‬معادلة الخط الجانبي‪31 :‬‬ ‫‪5−7‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.D XVI 10 -11; A III 10; VI 5; P 12 :‬‬ ‫‪ .3.2.2‬جنس ‪:Tristramella‬‬ ‫ويتبع له نوع واحد وهو )‪T.simonis (Günther,ً 1864‬؛ الجسم منضغط‬ ‫جانبيا وعميق‪ ،‬والرأس كبير نوعا ما‪ ،‬الفك السفلي بارز بشكل طفيف و‬ ‫الفك العلوي ال يمتد إلى أسفل العين‪ ،‬اللون زيتي غامق إلى بني‪ ،‬مع وجود‬ ‫أشرطة عامودية داكنة على الجانبين‪ ،‬والبطن فاتح اللون والمع‪ .‬معادلة‬ ‫الخط الجانبي‪. 28 67 31 :‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪. D XIV-XVI,10 -14; AIII,8-10 ; V,5 ; P13 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.3‬فصيلة ‪:Cyprinidae‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تعد فصيلة ‪ Cyprinidae‬من أكثر الفصائل انتشارا‪ ،‬وهي األكثر خصوبة في‬ ‫أكبر عائلة من الفقاريات (‪ ،)2010 ،Coad‬تم تسجيل‬ ‫املياه العذبة‪ ،‬وربما هي ً‬ ‫(‪)10‬أجناس‪ ،‬و (‪ )20‬نوعا وهي كالتالي‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3.1‬جنس )‪Acnathobrama (Heckel,1843‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجنس‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية‪ ,5-5‬تم تسجيل نوعا واحدا ينتمي لهذا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫وهو )‪A.marmid (Heckle,1843‬؛ الجسم منضغط من الجانبين ويرتفع قليال‬ ‫الجسم من األمام‬ ‫خلف الرأس مباشرة‪ ،‬عمق الجسم ‪ % 33-30‬من ‪ً ، SL‬‬ ‫يبدو محدب‪ ،‬البطن سمين وعريض‪ ،‬الرأس صغير نوعا ما وطوله ‪-22‬‬ ‫‪ %23‬من ‪ ,SL‬الفم أمامي وطوله يعادل ‪ %24,9‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬وقطر‬ ‫أس‪ ،‬اللون العام أبيض فض ي‪ ،‬الظهر بني محمر‪،‬‬ ‫العين ‪ %27‬من طول الر ً‬ ‫ألوان الزعانف تكون أحيانا برتقالية أو صفراء‪.‬‬ ‫وسنعرض فيما يلي األنواع التي تم تسجيلها‪:‬‬

‫‪ .3.1‬فصيلة ‪:Bagridae‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تم تسجيل جنسا واحدا هو جنس ‪Mystus‬؛ ينتمي له نوعا واحدا هو ًالنوع‬ ‫(‪ M. pelusiu )Solander in Russell, 1794‬؛ الجسم متطاول نوعا ما‪،‬‬ ‫ومقطعه شبه دائري‪ ،‬عمق الجسم يعادل ‪ %21.9 – 19.9‬من ‪( SL‬حيث‬ ‫الخط الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬والجسم عار من‬ ‫‪ SL‬الطول القياس ي)‪،‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الحراشف‪ ،‬الرأس طويل نسبيا ويعادل ‪ % 25.5– 21.9‬من‪ ،SL‬والعيون‬ ‫متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬يوجد أربعة أزواج من الزوائد حول الفم‪ ،‬اللون رمادي‬ ‫غامق‪ ،‬املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DI,7; A0,10-12 ; PI,8 ; V0,6 :‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪70 :‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪68‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII,8; AIII,16 ; Po,14 ; V0,9 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.3.2‬جنس ‪Alburnus‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية ‪ ,2,5-5,2‬يتبع له نوعا واحدا هو ‪A.sellal‬‬ ‫)‪(Heckel , 1843‬؛ الجسم متطاول وشبه ً اسطواني‪ ،‬وعمقه يعادل ‪-22.7‬‬ ‫والخط الجنبي مقعر قليال نحو األعلى والحراشف صغيرة‪،‬‬ ‫‪ %27.7‬من ‪ً ،SL‬‬ ‫الرأس صغير نوعا ما وطوله يعادل ‪ %23.9-21.8‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفم‬ ‫علوي وقطره يعادل ‪ % 26.3 – 24.8‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬لون املنطقة‬ ‫الظهرية رمادية واملنطقة الخلفية رمادية مصفرة إلى بني‪.‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫‪ .3.2‬فصيلة ‪:Cichlidae‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪75 78 :‬‬

‫تم تسجيل جنسين هما‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .3.2.1‬جنس ‪Tilapia‬‬ ‫ينتمي له نوعين هما‪:‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪T.zillii (Gervais,1848‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الخط الجانبي مقسوم إلى نصفين أمامي‬ ‫الجسم منضغط جانبيا وعميقا‪ً ،‬‬ ‫علوي وخلفي سفلي‪ ،‬الرأس كبير نوعا ما‪ ،‬والعيون متوسطة الحجم يعادل‬ ‫قطرها ‪ %27.9ً – 20.5‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم أمامي‪ ،‬والزعنفة البطنية‬ ‫نهايتها تبعد قليال عن منشأ الزعنفة الذيلية‪ ،‬اللون أخضر مسود‪ ،‬ويوجد‬ ‫بقعة سوداء عاتمة على غطاء الغالصم‪ ،‬وبقعة سوداء تحت العين‪ .‬معادلة‬ ‫‪4−6‬‬ ‫‪.22‬‬ ‫الخط الجانبي‪17:‬‬ ‫‪4−7‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪. D XIV –XVI 10 -13 ; A III 8 – 10 ; VI 5-6; P 13 :‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII,8 ; A0 ,15 ; PI,12 ; VI,8 :‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪ .3.3.3‬جنس )‪Aspius (Agassiz,1832‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية ‪ ،3,5-5,3‬تم تسجيل نوعا واحدا وهو ‪A. vorax‬‬ ‫)‪ (Heckel,1843‬؛ جسمه طويل‪ ،‬وعمقه يعادل ‪ %21-19‬من ‪ ،SL‬الرأس‬ ‫طويل ويعادل طوله ‪ %27-26‬من ‪ ،SL‬العيون صغيرة وقطرها يعادل ‪-15‬‬ ‫‪ %16‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفم علوي منحرف ويعادل قطره ‪ %29,5-28‬من‬ ‫طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفك السفلي بارز‪ ،‬هنالك حدبة خلف الرأس‪ ،‬اللون فض ي‬ ‫المع‪ ،‬الظهر رمادي غامق إلى أسود‪.‬‬ ‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪82 :‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫‪105‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII,8; AIII,16; PO,14; VO,9 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.3.4‬جنس )‪Barbus (Cuvier and Cloquet ,1816‬‬

‫‪39‬‬

‫الصيغة النسية البلعومية (‪ ،)2-3(,3,)4,5(-)5,4(,3,)3-2‬تم تسجيل ستة‬ ‫أنواع وهي‪:‬‬

‫‪B. kersin , B.longiceps , B.canis , B.luteus , B.grypus , B.barbulus‬‬ ‫وهي كالتالي‪:‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪B.barbulus (Heckle,1843‬‬ ‫الجسم متطاول وشبه اسطواني‪ ،‬وعمقه يعادل ‪ % 22.5 - 21.2‬من ‪،SL‬‬ ‫الخط الجانبي شبه مستقيم‪ ،‬والحراشف متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬الر ًأس متوسط‬ ‫الحجم ويعادل طوله ‪ %26.8-25.3‬من ‪ ،SL‬والعيون صغيرة نوعا ما ويعادل‬ ‫قطرها ‪ %11.3-10‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم أمامي وواسع ويمتلك أربع زوائد‬ ‫فموية حول الفم‪ ،‬وقطره يعادل ‪ %31-29‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬اللون رمادي إلى‬ ‫أصفر‪.‬‬ ‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪50 :‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫‪55‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪:‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪B.grypus (Heckel,1843‬‬ ‫الجسم متطاول‪ ،‬شبه اسطواني‪ ،‬عمقه يعادل ‪%17-16‬من ‪ ،SL‬وطول‬ ‫الرأس يعادل ‪ %23.7-22‬من ‪ ،SL‬الفم سفلي يشبه حدوة الحصان ويعادل‬ ‫طوله ‪ %34,5-33‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬العيون صغيرة وقطرها يعادل ‪%15-14‬‬ ‫من طول الرأس‪ ،‬تملك أربع زوائد فموية متساوية بالطول‪ ،‬اللون وردي‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫شاحب‪ .‬معادلة الخط الجانبي‪38 40 :‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII,8;AIII,5;PO,13;VO,10 :‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪B.luteus (Heckel,1843‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجسم منضغط من الجانبين وعميق نوعا ما‪ ،‬ويعادل عمقه ‪% 27.5-26‬‬ ‫من ‪ ،SL‬الخط الجانبي مستقيم‪ً ،‬والرأس متوسط الحجم‪ ،‬ويعادل طوله‬ ‫‪ %23-22‬من ‪ ،SL‬العيون صغيرة نوعا ما‪ ،‬ويعادل قطرها ‪ %16-15‬من طول‬ ‫الرأس‪ ،‬الفم طرفي أمامي مزود بزوج واحد من الزوائد الفموية على الفك‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫محمر‪.‬‬ ‫العلوي‪ ،‬ويعادل قطره ‪ %31-30‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬لون الجسم بني‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪28 30 :‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII,10-11 ; AIII,5-6 ; PO,13-14 ; VO,10-9 :‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪B.canis (Guvier and Valenciennes‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجسم منضغط قليال من الجانبين ومتطاول‪ ،‬عمقه ًيعادل ‪% 29 -27‬‬ ‫من ‪ ، SL‬الخط الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬والحراشف كبيرة نسبيا‪ ،‬الرأس متوسط‬ ‫الحجم‪ ،‬ويعادل طوله ‪ %25-24‬من ‪ ،SL‬العيون متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬ويعادل‬ ‫قطرها ‪ %18‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفم أمامي وطرفي وواسع‪ ،‬ويعادل طوله ‪-30‬‬ ‫‪ %33‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬يمتلك زوجين من الزوائد فموية الصغيرة‪ ،‬ومنشأ‬ ‫أمام منشأ الزعنفة البطنية بقليل‪ ،‬اللون أصفر وفض ي‬ ‫الزعنفة الظهرية ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫بطنيا‪ ،‬وزيتوني ظهريا‪.‬‬ ‫‪DIII,8;AIII,5;PO,15;VO,9‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪32 34 :‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‬ ‫• النوع )‪B. kersin (Heckel,1843‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجسم مضغوط جانبيا‪ ،‬والعمق يعادل ‪ %25‬من‪ ،SL‬الرأس متوسط‬ ‫الحجم‪ ،‬ويعادل ‪ %27‬من‪ ،SL‬العيون تعادل ‪ %16-15‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفم‬ ‫شبه سفلي مدبب له أربعة زوائد فموية‪ ،‬ويعادل قطره ‪ %33-31‬من طول‬ ‫الرأس‪ ،‬اللون زيتوني من الناحية الظهرية ومصفر من البطن‪.‬‬ ‫‪.DII -III,8-9 ; AII-III,5-6 ; PO,15 ; VO,5‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪:‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII,8 ; AIII,5 ; PO,8 ; VO,12 :‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪B.longiceps (Guvier and Valenciennes‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫‪49‬‬

‫الجسم متطاول‪ ،‬وشبه اسطواني‪ ،‬عمقه يعادل ‪ %25‬من ‪ ،SL‬الخط الجانبي‬ ‫مستقيم والحراشف متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬والرأس يعادل ‪ %27‬من ‪ ،SL‬قطر‬ ‫العين يعادل ‪ %20‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم سفلي وواسع‪ ،‬والشفاه غليظة‬ ‫وقطره يعادل ‪ %25‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬ويمتلك أربع زوائد فموية‪ ،‬اللون رمادي‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫فاتح‪ .‬معادلة الخط الجانبي‪54 58 :‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪. DIII,8 ; AIII,6 ; PI,15 ; VI,8 :‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3.5‬جنس )‪Cyprinion (Heckel,1843‬‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية ‪ .2,3,4-4,3,2‬تم تسجيل نوعين هما‪:‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪:C.kais (Heckel,1843‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجسم منضغط قليال من الجانبين وعمقه يعادل ‪ %26‬من ‪ ،SL‬الخط‬ ‫الجانبي شبه مستقيم‪ ،‬الرأس متوسط الحجم يعادل طوله ‪ %25-24‬من‪،SL‬‬ ‫العين قطرها يعادل ‪ %19‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفم مزود بزائدتين فمويتين‬ ‫أثريتين‪ ،‬ويعادل قطره ‪ %37‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والعصية الرابعة في الزعنفة‬ ‫الظهرية مسننة‪ ،‬اللون أخضر زيتوني ‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪:‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIV,14-15 ; A0,8-9 ; P0,13 ; V0,8 :‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪:C.macrostomum (Heckel,1843‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجسم منضغط قليال من الجانبين وعميق‪ ،‬وعمقه يعادل ‪ %26‬من ‪،SL‬‬ ‫الخط الجانبي شبه مستقيم‪ ،‬الحراشف متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬الرأس متوسط‬ ‫الحجم‪ ،‬ويعادل طوله ‪ %24‬من ‪ ،SL‬الزعنفة الذيلية ًبشكل حرف ‪،V‬‬ ‫والعصية القاسية األخيرة في الزعنفة الظهرية قوية جدا ومسننة‪ ،‬اللون‬ ‫أخضر زيتوني مع ملعات ذهبية على الظهر‪.‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬

‫‪3‬‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪40 44:‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIV,12-15 ; AIII,7 ; P0,13 ; V0,8 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.3.6‬جنس )‪:Chondrostoma (Agassiz,1832‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية ‪ .5,7 – 7,5‬تم تسجيل نوعا واحدا هو‬ ‫عمقه يعادل‬ ‫)‪C.regium (Heckel,1843‬؛ الجسم متطاول اسطواني‪ ،‬وممتلئ‪ً ،‬‬ ‫‪ %24‬من ً‪ ،SL‬والخط الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬والحراشف صغيرة نسبيا‪ ،‬الرأس‬ ‫صغير نوعا ما‪ ،‬ويعادل طوله ‪ %20‬من ‪ ،SL‬والعيون يعادل قطرها ‪%20‬‬ ‫من طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفم سفلي‪ ،‬ويعادل قطره ‪ %25‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬اللون‬ ‫رمادي فاتح‪.‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪:‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.D III,9 ; A III,10-11 ; P I,12 ; VI,8 :‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3.7‬جنس )‪: Cyprinus (Linnaeus ,1758‬‬ ‫‪60 67‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية ‪ :3,1,1-1,1,3.‬تم تسجيل نوعا واحدا هو الكارب‬ ‫(‪ .C.carpio (Linnaeus ,1758‬ويوجد منه ساللتين (طرازين) هما‪:‬‬ ‫•‬

‫الكارب الحرشفي ‪)Scaled carp ) C.carpio‬‬

‫مستقيم‪،‬‬ ‫الجسم عميق ويعادل عمقه ‪ %35-32‬من ‪ ،SL‬والخط الجانبي‬ ‫ً‬ ‫والحراشف كبيرة‪ ،‬والرأس يعادل طوله ‪ %25‬من ‪ ،SL‬والعيون صغيرة نسبيا‬ ‫ويعادل قطرها ‪ %20-18‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم طرفي أمامي ويعادل قطره‬ ‫‪ %25-24‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬ويوجد حول الفم زوجين من الزوائد الفموية‪،‬‬ ‫اللون أخضر زيتوني‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪36 40 :‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII,19-22 ; AIII,5 ; PI,14 ; VI,7 :‬‬

‫•‬

‫الكارب املرآتي ‪(Mirror carp) C.carpio‬‬

‫الجسم منضغط من الجانبين وعميق‪ ،‬عمقه ‪ %38-35‬من ‪ ،SL‬والخط‬

‫‪40‬‬

‫الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬والحراشف كبيرة وقليلة وموزعة بشكل غير منتظم‪،‬‬ ‫الرأس يعادل طوله ‪ %30-27‬من ‪ ،SL‬والعيون متوسطة الحجم ويعادل‬ ‫قطرها ‪ %20-17‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم واسع وأمامي‪ ،‬ويوجد زوجان من‬ ‫الزوائد الفموية حول الفم‪ ،‬ويعادل قطره ‪ %26-24‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬اللون‬ ‫بني غامق‪ .‬املعادلة الزعنفية‪. DIII,19-22 ; AIII,5 ; PI,14 ; VI,7 :‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3.8‬جنس )‪:Garra )Hamilton,1822‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية ‪ .2,4,5- 5,4,2‬تم تسجل نوعا واحدا هو‬ ‫) ‪G.rufa (Heckel,1843‬؛ الجسم اسطواني متطاول‪ ،‬عمق الجسم يعادل ‪-25‬‬ ‫‪ %27‬من‪ ، SL‬الحراشف كبيرة الحجم‪ ،‬طول الرأس يعادل ‪ % 27- 23‬من ‪،SL‬‬ ‫وقطر العين يعادل ‪ % 20-19‬من طول الراس‪ ،‬الفم سفلي على شكل قرص‬ ‫ماص‪ ،‬مزود بأربع زوائد أثرية‪ ،‬قطر الفم يعادل ‪ %38-36‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬اللون‬ ‫بني إلى زيتوني‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪:‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية ‪. DII,8 ; AII,4 ; PI,11 ; VI,7 :‬‬ ‫‪ .3.3.9‬جنس )‪ :Carassius (Nilsson,1832‬تم تسجيل نوعين هما‪:‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪: C.auratus (Linnaeus,1758‬‬ ‫الجسم عميق‪ ،‬مضغوط من الجانبين‪ ،‬الظهر محدب من جهة الرأس‪،‬‬ ‫الرأس كبير‪ ،‬العيون متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬الفم ال يحمل أية زوائد فموية‪،‬‬ ‫اللون ذهبي من الناحية الظهرية‪ ،‬وأبيض من الناحية البطنية‪ ،‬أما الزعانف‬ ‫‪6-5‬‬ ‫فهي بنية اللون‪ .‬معادلة الخط الجانبي‪. 25 36 :‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII-IV,12-19 ; AIII,5 ; PI,11-17 ; V0, 8 :‬‬ ‫• النوع )‪C. gibelio (Bloch, 1782‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫سمكة قوية متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬الرأس والجسم منضغط جانبيا‪ ،‬الحراشف‬ ‫ً‬ ‫نوعا ما كبيرة‪ ،‬والخط الجانبي شبه مستقيم‪ ،‬الفم علوي وعريض وبدون أية‬ ‫زوائد فموية‪ ،‬اللون فض ي‪ ،‬والزعانف فضية إلى بنية‪.‬‬ ‫‪40 36‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬

‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪31 :‬‬

‫‪6-7‬‬ ‫‪4-5‬‬

‫‪28‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪. DIII,17-18 ; AIII,5 ; PI,14 ; V1,7-9:‬‬

‫‪ .3.3.10‬جنس )‪Varicorhinus (Valenciennes,1842‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الصيغة السنية البلعومية ‪ .2,3,4-5,3,2‬تم تسجيل نوعا واحدا هو ‪V.trutta‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجانبين‪ ،‬وعمقه‬ ‫)‪(Heckel,1843‬؛ الجسم متطاول ومنضغط قليال من‬ ‫ً‬ ‫يمثل ‪ %25-23‬من‪ ،SL‬الجسم مزود بحراشف صغيرة نوعا ما‪ ،‬الخط‬ ‫الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬الرأس متوسط الحجم طوله يعادل ‪ %21-20‬من ‪،SL‬‬ ‫العيون صغيرة ويعادل قطرها ‪ %17‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم سفلي كبير‪ ،‬له‬ ‫قاسية‪،‬‬ ‫زائدتان فمويتان قصيرتان‪ ،‬العصية الثالثة في الزعنفة الظهرية‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ومسننة بوضوح‪ ،‬اللون بني أو فض ي‪ ،‬ويكون مزود ببقع سوداء صغيرة جدا‬ ‫على الرأس‪ ،‬والظهر‪ ،‬والزعانف‪.‬‬ ‫معادلة الخط الجانبي‪82 :‬‬

‫‪11−16‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬

‫‪77‬‬

‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIII, 8; AIII ,5; P0, 14; V0,8 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.5‬فصيلة ‪:Hetropneustidae‬‬ ‫‪ .3.5.1‬جنس ‪Heteropeustes‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجسم متطاول ثعباني‪ ،‬دائري املقطع‪ ،‬عمق الجسم ‪ %21.9 – 19.9‬من‬ ‫‪ ،SL‬والخط الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬والجسم عار من الحراشف‪ ،‬طول الرأس‬ ‫يعادل ‪ % 15,5-14.3‬من ‪ ،SL‬والفم أمامي وواسع‪ ،‬يوجد حول الفم أربعة‬ ‫أزواج من الزوائد الفموية الطويلة‪ ،‬اللون أسود غامق على كامل الجسم‬ ‫والزعانف‪.‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية ‪.D0,6-8 ; A0,60-79; PI,7-8 ; V0-5-6 :‬‬

‫تم تسجيل نوعا واحدا ينتمي لهذا الجنس هو )‪H.fossilis (Bloch, 1794‬؛‬

‫‪ .3.6‬فصيلة ‪:Mastacembelidae‬‬ ‫‪ .3.5.2‬جنس )‪:Mastacembelus (Gronovius‬‬

‫نوع واحد ينتمي لهذا الجنس وهو )‪M. (Banks and Solander,1794‬‬ ‫‪mastacembelus‬؛ الجسم اسطواني متطاول‪ ،‬عمق الجسم يعادل ‪%9-8‬‬ ‫من ‪ ،SL‬والخط الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬والجسم خال من الحراشف‪ ،‬الرأس‬ ‫طويل‪ ،‬ورمحي الشكل‪ ،‬ويعادل ‪ %16-17‬من ‪ ،SL‬والعين صغيرة‪ ،‬والفم طرفي‬ ‫أمامي‪ ،‬قطره يعادل ‪ % 21- 19‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬اللون بني قاتم إلى زهري‪،‬‬ ‫الزعنفة الظهرية تملك ‪ 32‬شوكة قاسية صغيرة‪ ،‬و‪ 90-74‬من األشعة‬ ‫اللينة‪.‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.D XXXII,74-90 ; AIII,72-90 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.7‬فصيلة ‪:Mugilidae‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫جنس )‪ :Liza (Jordan and swain,1884‬يندرج تحته نوعا واحدا هو ‪L.abu‬‬ ‫)‪(Heckel , 1843‬؛ الجسم متطاول شبه اسطواني‪ ،‬عمق الجسم يعادل‬ ‫‪ %19,2- 14,6‬من‪ ،SL‬والخط الجانبي غير مميز‪ ،‬الرأس متوسط الحجم‪،‬‬ ‫ويعادل ‪ %25-23‬من‪ ،SL‬والعيون متوسطة الحجم‪ ،‬وقطرها يعادل ‪-22‬‬ ‫‪ %24‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم طرفي أمامي‪ ،‬الزعنفة الظهرية مجزأة إلى‬ ‫جزأين‪ .‬اللون فض ي‪ ،‬الظهر غامق والبطن أفتح مع وجود أشرطة غامقة‬ ‫طوالنية‪.‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪.DIV-I,8 ; AIII,8 ; P0,13 ; VI,5 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.8‬فصيلة ‪:Siluridae‬‬ ‫‪ .3.8.1‬جنس ‪:Clarias‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجسم‬ ‫؛‬ ‫‪C.‬‬ ‫‪lazera‬‬ ‫‪(Cuvier‬‬ ‫‪and‬‬ ‫)‪valenciennes‬‬ ‫هو‬ ‫ا‬ ‫واحد‬ ‫تم تسجيل نوعا‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫رمحي متطاول‪ ،‬عمق الجسم يعادل ‪ % 21-19‬من ‪ ،SL‬الرأس مسطح‪،‬‬ ‫وطوله يعادل ‪ %24- 23‬من ‪ ،SL‬العيون صغيرة وقطرها يعادل ‪ %11-9‬من‬ ‫طول الرأس‪ ،‬الفم طرفي عريض وقطره يعادل ‪ %49- 46‬من طول الرأس‪،‬‬ ‫ويمتلك ‪ 8‬زوائد فموية‪ ،‬اللون أسود‪ ،‬أو أخضر فاتح‪.‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪. D0,62-82 ; A0,50-65 ; PI,11 ; V0 , 7-8 :‬‬ ‫‪ .3.8.2‬جنس )‪:Silurus (Linnaeus ,1758‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تم تسجيل نوعا واحدا هو )‪S.triostegus ( Heckel,1843‬؛ الجسم متطاول‬ ‫شبه اسطواني‪ ،‬وخال من الحراشف‪ ،‬والخط الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬الرأس‬ ‫متوسط الحجم‪ ،‬ويعادل طوله ‪ %24 – 23‬من ‪ ،SL‬والعيون صغيرة‪،‬‬ ‫وقطرها يعادل ‪ % 10-9‬من طول الرأس‪ ،‬والفم واسع وعلوي‪ً ،‬ويملك أربع‬ ‫الشوكة األولى في الزعنفة ًالصدرية قاسية جدا ومسننة‪،‬‬ ‫زوائد فموية‪،‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫اللون بني غامق ظهريا وأبيض مصفر بطنيا‪.‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية‪. D0,3-4 ; A0,94-100 ; PI, 9-10 ; V0 , 7-8 :‬‬

‫‪ .3.9‬فصيلة ‪:Sisoridae‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫جنس )‪ Glyptothorax (Blyth , 1860‬يتضمن نوعا واحدا وهو ‪G. cous‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫)‪(Linnaeus,1766‬؛ الجسم متطاول ومنضغط قليال من الجانبين‪،‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجانبي مستقيم‪ ،‬الجسم عار من الحراشف‪ ،‬والعيون صغيرة جدا‪،‬‬ ‫ومتأخرة إلى ما وراء منتصف الرأس‪ ،‬ومتوضعة ً على الجهة العلوية للرأس‪.‬‬ ‫الفم أمامي وواسع‪ ،‬والفك العلوي متقدم قليال على الفك السفلي‪ ،‬فتحة‬ ‫األنف مزدوجة ودائرية‪ ،‬ويمتلك الرأس أربع أزواج من الزوائد‪ ،‬اثنتان‬ ‫أنفيتان‪ ،‬وزوج آخر على الفك العلوي‪ ،‬زوجان متوسطا الطول والثخانة‬ ‫على الفك السفلي‪ ،‬اللون بني فاتح إلى أبيض مصفر‪.‬‬ ‫املعادلة الزعنفية ‪.DI,6; A0,8 ; PI,10 ; V0,5-6‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬املناقشة‬ ‫بمقارنة نتائج دراستنا مع الدراسات السابقة التي أجريت على أسماك املياه‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ابتداء من دراسة‬ ‫العذبة السورية (نهر الفرات‪ ،‬الخابور‪ ،‬بحيرة تشرين)‬

‫‪41‬‬

‫نشر دراسة شاملة حول ًأسماك املياه العذبة‬ ‫(‪)1962‬‬ ‫‪ Beckman‬الذي ً‬ ‫السورية وقد ً‬ ‫صنف ‪ 86‬نوعا من األسماك‪ 23 ،‬نوعا منها في نهر الفرات‪،‬‬ ‫ابتدأت هذه الدراسة منذ عام ‪ ،1959‬واستمرت حتى نهاية عام ‪ ،1962‬وقد‬ ‫شملت دراسته عينات تم جمعها بشكل فصلي وفي مناطق مختلفة من نهر‬ ‫الفرات‪ ،‬واألنواع التي ذكرها في دراسته والتي تخص نهر الفرات ولم نجدها‬ ‫في البحيرة ما يلي‬ ‫‪frenata Nemacheilus , Barbus Logicoeps , B. chantrei , Alburnu mossulensis‬‬

‫‪ Ali‬بجمع عينات شهرًية وملدة عام كامل ‪ ،‬وتم‬ ‫‪ً )2003‬‬ ‫على نهر الخابور قام ( ً‬ ‫خاللها تصنيف ‪ 30‬نوعا سمكيا تنتمي إلى ‪ 20‬جنسا و‪ 10‬فصائل‪ ،‬األجناس‬ ‫واألنواع التي لم تظهر خالل دراستنا هذه مقارنة مع دراسته هي األنواع‪:‬‬ ‫‪Oreochromis aureus, Alburnus mossulensis, A.caeruleus, Barbus esocinus‬‬ ‫‪B.Logicoeps,‬‬

‫والجنس‪:‬‬ ‫‪Aphanius‬‬

‫‪ Al Khalaf‬بجمع عينات دورية شهرية وملدة‬ ‫على بحيرة تشرين قام (‪ً )2015‬‬ ‫عام كامل سجل خاللها ‪ 12‬نوعا تنتمي لـ ‪ 10‬أجناس‪ ،‬كل األنواع التي تم‬ ‫تسجيلها في بحيرة تشرين سجلت في دراستنا هذه‪.‬‬ ‫على نهر ً الفرات كان هناك دراسة للـ (‪ FAO )2014‬تم من خاللها تسجيل‬ ‫‪ 46‬نوعا‪ ،‬كانت األنواع التالية غير موجودة بالبحيرة‪:‬‬

‫‪Acanthobrama lissner, Alburnus caeruleus, Barbus kosswigi, B.lacerta,‬‬ ‫‪B.subquincunciatus, B.schejeh, B.sharpeyi, B. xanthopterus, Barilius‬‬ ‫‪mesopotamicus, Garra variabilis‬‬

‫واألجناس‪:‬‬

‫‪Leuciscus, Aphanius, Gambusia, Oreochromis.‬‬

‫الفصائل التي سجلنا من خاللها أنواع‪،‬‬ ‫تعد فصيلة ‪ Cyprinidae‬من أكبر ً‬ ‫حيث تم تسجيل ‪ 10‬أجناس و‪ 20‬نوعا‪ ،‬وهذا يتوافق مع معظم الدراسات‬ ‫التي تمت على املياه العذبة السورية‪ ،‬ففي دراسة (‪ )2003 ،Ali‬على ًنهر‬ ‫الخابور كانت أفرادها هي السائدة‪ ،‬حيث سجل في دراسته ‪ 20‬جنسا ‪9‬‬ ‫أجناس منها تنتمي لـها‪ ،‬وفي دراسة (‪ )2015 ،Al Khalaf‬على بحيرة تشرين‬ ‫ُس ِج َل ثمانية أنواع من أصل ‪ 12‬نوع تتبع للفصيلة نفسها‪ ،‬وكذلك دراسة‬ ‫(‪ )2011 ،Gabo‬في حوض نهر عفرين سجل عشرة أجناس خمسة منها تتبع‬ ‫لفصيلة ‪.Cyprinidae‬‬ ‫ً ً‬ ‫يحتل ‪ C.carpio‬مكانا هاما في التربية في مزارع األسماك في سورية‪ ،‬وقد تم‬ ‫كل الدراسات التي تمت على املياه ًالعذبة السورية‪ ،‬وهو أكثر‬ ‫تسجيله في ً‬ ‫األنواع تواجدا خالل فترة دراستنا وأكثرها وفرة حيث ُسجلت أفراده على‬ ‫مدار فترات الجمع وبكمات كبيرة‪.‬‬ ‫تعد األنواع‪,B.longiceps , B.barbulus, M.pelusius , ً A.sellal , G.rufa :‬‬ ‫‪ G. cous‬هي أقل األنواع تواجدا في البحيرة‪ ،‬حيث أن هذه األنواع لم تظهر‬ ‫سوى مرة واحدة خالل فترة الجمع‪ ،‬وهذا يتوافق مع دراسة (‪ )2003 ،Ali‬و‬ ‫(‪.)2015 ،Al Khalaf‬‬ ‫تم تسجيل النوع ‪ C. gibelo‬ألول مرة من خالل دراسة )‪Batal et al. (2020‬‬ ‫في املجرى السفلي لبحيرة األسد‪ ،‬وتعتبر أفراد هذا النوع مدخلة‪ ،‬وربما يعود‬ ‫سبب ذلك إلى الحدود املفتوحة مع دول الجوار‪ ،‬وبدون أية عوائق جغرافية‪،‬‬ ‫وهذا يتوافق مع دراسة )‪(Özcan, 2013‬الذي ّ‬ ‫سجل هذا النوع في تركيا في‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫نهر أورانتس واعتبره نوعا مدخال‪.‬‬ ‫إن انخفاض األنواع السمكية واختفاء بعضها‪ ،‬والظهور النادر لبعض‬ ‫التنوع السمكي في البحيرة مقارنة عما كانت عليها في‬ ‫األنواع يدل على تدهور ً‬ ‫السابق‪ ً .‬كما أن ظهور أنواعا جديدة قد يؤدي إلى تغيير في تركيبة البحيرة‬ ‫مستقبال‪ ،‬وقد يؤدي إلى اختفاء أنواع كانت سائدة‪ ،‬وقد عزونا السبب في‬ ‫ذلك إلى الصيد الجائر‪ ،‬وعدم مراعاة فترات املنع‪ ،‬وذلك كون البحيرة‬ ‫نظيفة‪ ،‬وغير معرضة لعوامل التلوث املختلفة‪ ،‬إذ أنه ال يوجد أي أراض ي‬ ‫زراعية قريبة من البحيرة‪ ،‬وال منشأة صناعية تصب نفاياتها بها‪ ،‬أو صرف‬ ‫صحي‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬الستنتاجات‬ ‫‪ G. cous ,B.longiceps, M. pelusius, B.barbulus, ,G.rufa, A.sellal‬هي أقل‬ ‫األنواع‪ً :‬‬ ‫األنواع ظهورا خالل فترة الدراسة‪.‬‬ ‫األنواع‪(Mirror carp) C. carpio (Scaled carp), C.carpio ,C.regium , B. luteus :‬‬ ‫‪ ,C.gibelio‬هي أكثر األنواع وفرة‪.‬‬ ‫تعد فصيلة ‪ Cyprinidae‬هي أكبر الفصائل‪ ،‬وأنواعها هي األنواع السائدة في‬ ‫البحيرة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .6‬املقرتحات‬ ‫العمل على معالجة التغير النوعي لألسماك باختفاء األنواع السمكية‬ ‫الجيدة وظهور األنواع الرديئة وازديادها‪ ،‬وذلك بإطالة فترات منع الصيد‪،‬‬ ‫موسم التكاثر‪ ،‬باإلضافة إلى تخصيص أماكن في البحيرة يمنع‬ ‫وخاصة في‬ ‫ً‬ ‫فيها الصيد نهائيا‪ ،‬واعتبارها محميات طبيعية‪.‬‬ ‫نبذة عن املؤلفي‬

‫ديم مالك ديب‬ ‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة تشرين‪ ،‬الالذقية‪ ،‬سوريا‪،‬‬ ‫‪dddram7@gmail.com ،00963995883616‬‬

‫حيوية بيئية‪ ،‬نلت‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ديب حاصلة على إجازة في علم الحياة‪ ،‬اختصاص‬ ‫ً‬ ‫املاجستير في البيئة والتصنيف الحيواني بدرجة جيد جدا عام ‪.2012‬‬ ‫أقوم بتدريس املقررات العملية لعدة مواد في كلية العلوم‪ ،‬قسم علم‬ ‫الحياة (جامعة الفرات‪ /‬الرقة)‪ ،‬حاصلة على شهادة ‪ ، ICDL‬قمت بنشر‬ ‫مقالتين‪ ،‬اطلعت على عدد من املراجع التي تهم تصنيف االسماك‪.‬‬

‫كاترين منصور‬ ‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة تشرين‪ ،‬الالذقية‪ ،‬سوريا‪،‬‬ ‫‪arselen55@hotmail.com ،00963933664282‬‬

‫د‪ .‬منصور حاصلة على شهادة الدكتوراه من مصر‪ ،‬االختصاص الدقيق‪:‬‬ ‫بيولوجيا أسماك (استزراع األسماك)‪ .‬تمارس عملها كأستاذ مساعد في‬ ‫كلية العلوم‪ ،‬قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‪ ،‬تدرس موادها باللغتين العربية‬ ‫واإلنكليزية‪ ،‬مشاركة بتأليف عدد من الكتب التدريسية النظرية والعملية‪،‬‬ ‫العديد‬ ‫شاركت باإلشراف على عدد من طالب الدراسات العليا‪ ،‬شاركت ًفي‬ ‫ً‬ ‫من املؤتمرات‪ ،‬للدكتورة عدد من املقاالت املنشورة واملحكمة محليا وعامليا‪.‬‬

‫محمد مجاهد بطل‬ ‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة تشرين‪ ،‬الالذقية‪ ،‬سوريا‪،‬‬ ‫‪mojabat1945@gmail.com ،00963992234940‬‬

‫أ‪.‬د‪ .‬بطل حاصل على شهادة الدكتوراه من روسيا‪ ،‬اختصاص البيئة املائية‬ ‫الحيوانية والتلوث‪ ،‬يمارس عمله كأستاذ دكتور في الكلية‪ ،‬له عدد من‬ ‫املؤلفات والكتب التدريسية النظرية والعملية والتي تدرس في القسم‪،‬‬ ‫شارك في عدد من املؤتمرات املحلية والعاملية‪ ،‬أشرف على عدد كبير من‬ ‫التصنيف‬ ‫ً‬ ‫طالب الدراسات العليا‪ ،‬وله دور كبير في وضع األسس العلمية في ً‬ ‫الحيواني‪ ،‬للدكتور عدد كبير من املقاالت املنشورة واملحكمة محليا وعامليا‪.‬‬ ‫املراجع‬

‫‪Al Hourani, M. (2003). Study of the Biological Diversity of Fish Fauna in the‬‬ ‫‪Yarmouk and Awj basin (southern region of Syria). Master's Thesis,‬‬ ‫‪Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria.‬‬ ‫‪Al Khalaf, M. (2015). Study the Qualitative Composition and Assessment of‬‬ ‫‪the Relative Stock and Food Spectrum of Fish in Lake Tishreen. PhD‬‬ ‫‪Thesis, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.‬‬ ‫‪Al Majid, Z. (2019). Taxonomic study of fish fauna in tishreen lake (euphrates‬‬ ‫‪river). Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies‬‬ ‫‪- Biological Sciences Series, 14(6), 233–48.‬‬ ‫‪Al Salloum, M. (1998). Study the Qualitative Composition and Geographical‬‬

.‫ أسماك املياه العذبة في القسم السفلي لبحيرة األسد في سوريا‬.)2021( .‫ديم مالك ديب و كاترين منصور و محمد مجاهد بطل‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

Distribution of Fish Fauna in the Asi River and its Relationship with the Most Important Human Activities in the Region and the Environmental Characteristics of Water. Damascus University,

Damascus, Syria: Diploma Project Al Taha, M. (2005). A Taxonomic Study of Fish Fauna and its Geographical Distribution in the lower Euphrates basin (Deir Ezzor Governorate). Master's Thesis, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria. Ali, A. (2003). Study the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition and the Geographical Distribution of Fish in the Khabur River basin. Master's Thesis, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria. Batal, M., Mansour, C., and Deeb, D. (2020). The first record of carassius gibelio (bloch, 1782 in al assad lake (Raqqa, Syria). International Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Science, 7(2), 1–3. Beckman, W. (1962). The Freshwater Fishes of Syria and Their General Biologic and Management. Roma: FAO Fishery Biology Technical. Coad, B. (2010). Freshwater Fishes of Iraq. Canada: Canadian Museum of Nature. FAO. (2014). Report of The Expert Meeting on The Review of Fisheries And Aquaculture Activities In The Euphrates–Tigris Basin. Rome: Food And Agriculture Organization of The United Nations. Gabo, I. (2011). A Study of the Quantitative and Qualitative Composition of Fish in the Afrin River Basin and the Food Spectrum of Some Economic Species. Master's thesis, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria. Ghalia, M. and Fadel, I. (2004). Contribution to the study of the biological diversity of young freshwater fish in some aquatic media of the syrian coast. Tishreen University Journal, Basic Sciences Series , 26(1), 205–24. Hammad, B. (2015). Contribution to the Study of the Qualitative and Quantitative Composition of Fish Fauna in the 16 October Dam Lake (North Kabir River). Master's Thesis, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria. Khalaf, M. (2008). A Study of the Qualitative, Quantitative and Natural Composition of Fish in Al Hamraat Lake. Master's Thesis, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria. Özcan, G. (2013). The first occurrence of Carassius gibelio (Bloch, 1782) and carassius auratus auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the orontes rver basin (Hatay, Turkey). Water Research and Management, 3(3), 33–5. Snoo, A. (2009). The Effect of Pollutants and Abiotic Environmental Factors on Water and Fish Species in Sabkhat al-Jabbul. Master's Thesis, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria.

Deem M. Deeb, Cathrine R. Mansour, Mohamed Mojahed Batal. (2021). Fresh Water Fish in the Lower Part of Al-Asaad Lake in Syria. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

42)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،)2021( ‫التاريخ‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

Quality Assessment of Frying Oil from some Restaurants in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia Farag Ali Saleh 1 2, Mutlag Mohammad Al-Otaibi 1 and Najeeb Said Al-Zoreky 1 1 Food and Nutrition Sciences Department, College of Agriculture and Food Science, King Faisal University, Al

Ahsa, Saudi Arabia 2 Special Food and Nutrition Department, Food Technology Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt

‫تقييم جودة زيوت القلي يف بعض مطاعم‬ ‫األحساء بالسعودية‬

‫ ونجيب سعيد الزريقي‬1‫ ومطلق محمد العتيبي‬2 1‫فرج علي صالح‬

،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية العلوم الزراعية واألغذية‬،‫ قسم علوم الغذاء والتغذية‬1 ‫اململكة العربية السعودية‬ ،‫ مركزالبحوث الزراعية‬،‫ معهد بحوث تكنولوجيا األغذية‬،‫ قسم األغذية الخاصة والتغذية‬2 ‫ جمهورية مصرالعربية‬،‫الجيزة‬

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

Fresh and in-use frying oils, frying oil, oil chemical characteristics, oil physical characteristics

17/06/2020

‫ زيوت القلي‬،‫ الزيوت الطازجة واملستخدمة‬،‫الخواص الكيميائية والطبيعية للزيوت‬

ABSTRACT The oxidation and hydrolysis products in frying oil greatly affect human health. The qualities of twenty-one samples of both fresh and in-use frying oils collected from some restaurants in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia were assessed. In fresh oil, the free fatty acids (FFAs), p-anisidine value (p-AV), total polar compounds (TPCs), and value of total oxidation (TOTOX), were of an acceptable quality, while the peroxide value (PV) in some samples was above the recommended limit. For the in-use oils, 9.5% had an FFA level above 2%. Additionally, the PV of in-use oil was 38% above the suggested limit, whereas 81% of in-use oil was beyond the recommended level for TOTOX. The in-use oil contained more conjugated diene and triene than fresh oil. The refractive index, viscosity, and colour increased in all in-use oil samples compared to fresh oil. Significant correlations between most parameters were observed. Institutions responsible for food control and inspection should consider these results for consumer health.

1. Introduction Oils and fats are used as media to transfer heat from the fryer to food. Frying is a fast and inexpensive technique used at the household, restaurant, and industry levels, which create the unique sensory properties of fried foods. Frying of food at high temperatures leads to a palatable taste, attractive golden colour, and crispy food surface, which are highly favoured by many consumers. During the oil frying process, many chemical reactions occur including the hydrolysis of triglycerides due to the moisture of fried food, oxidation of oil due to exposure to oxygen and the oil’s direct contact with the mineral cooking vessel surface, and thermal destruction of oil components due to exposure to high temperatures (Lina et al., 2019; Song et al., 2017). During frying, fried food absorbs significant quantities of frying oil that contains different compounds produced by the thermal chemical reaction in used oil (Li et al., 2019; Sunisa et al., 2011). Scientific evidence suggests that many of these compounds pose serious health risks (Aladedunye and Przybylski, 2009). Scientists have identified several harmful compounds in frying oil such as volatile compounds and products of monomers, polymers and oil degradation products such as ketones, aldehydes, and oxidised triglycerides (namely epoxy, oxy, and hydroxyl-derivatives; and triglycerides in the form of dimeric, trimeric, or polymeric). Other compounds such as acrylamide, chloropropanol, and furan were also associated with frying (Li et al., 2017; Lina et al., 2019; Mesias et al., 2019). The reactions of these chemicals also cause a loss of the oil’s nutritional value through the breakdown of fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids. Furthermore, unwanted changes in sensory properties (taste, flavour, and odour) may occur due to the presence of some primary and secondary oxidation products. The frying oil Corresponding Author: Farag Ali Saleh

PUBLISHED ‫النشر‬

01/12/2020

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/2090

‫امللخص‬ ‫ تم‬.‫تعد نواتج التحلل املائي واألكسدة للزيوت من املركبات التي تؤثر على صحة اإلنسان‬ ‫تقييم جودة إحدى وعشرين عينة زيت طازج وإحدى وعشرين عينة زيت أثناء القلي تم‬ ‫ قيم األحماض‬.‫تجميعهم من بعض مطاعم مدينة األحساء في اململكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫الدهنية الحرة والبارا أنسيدين واملركبات القطبية الكلية وكذلك قيم األكسدة الكلية في‬ ‫البيروكسيد كانت في بعض العينات‬ ُ ‫ بينما قيم‬،‫عينات الزيت الطازج كانت ذات جودة مقبولة‬ ‫ منها‬%9.5 ‫ أظهرت الزيوت التي أخذت أثناء القلي أن‬.‫أعلى من الحد املسموح للزيوت الطازجة‬ %38 ‫ عالوة على ذلك سجلت‬.%2 ‫تحتوي على مستوى من األحماض الدهنية الحرة أعلى من‬ ‫ من العينات التي‬%81 ‫ في حين أن‬،‫ُمن هذه العينات قيما أعلى من الحد املقترح املسموح به‬ ‫ احتوت‬.‫أخذت أثناء ُالقلي كانت في املستوى املرض ي املسموح به من قيم األكسدة الكلية‬ .‫الزيوت الطازجة‬ ‫الزيوت التي أخذت أثناء القلي على كمية من مترافقات الدايين أكبر من‬ ُ ‫ازدادت قيم كل من معامل االنكسار واللزوجة واللون في كل عينات الزيوت التي أخذت أثناء‬ ‫ تمت مالحظة وجود ارتباط معنوي بين معظم قياسات‬.‫القلي باملقارنة بالزيوت الطازجة‬ ً .‫الزيوت املختبرة‬ ‫ فإنه من الضروري أن تأخذ املؤسسات املسؤولة‬،‫وبناء على هذه الدراسة‬ .‫عن الرقابة والتفتيش الغذائي هذه النتائج بعين االعتبار من أجل صحة املستهلك‬

quality must be studied carefully because the fried food delivers these oils to humans. The air of dining areas adjacent to cooking areas in restaurants also contains harmful products due to cooking oils (Dai et al., 2018). The quality and safety of oil are assessed by several measurements. These measurements include chemical tests (hydrolysis and oxidation products such as FFAs, p-anisidine value, peroxide value, total polar compounds, and conjugated diene) and physical tests (refractive index, viscosity, and colour) as reported by Al-Kahtani (1991), Bansal, et al. (2010a), Karimi et al. (2017), Mudawi et al. (2014), Sebastian et al. (2014), Song et al. (2017), and Urbancic et al. (2014). These chemical and physical tests are highly affected by the time of heat exposure, frying temperature, the number of frying times, and type of oil (Song et al., 2017; Sunisa et al., 2011). Bansal et al. (2010b) also detected a linear increase in water-soluble compounds, viscosity, and refractive index by increasing the frying cycles in palm oil. During frying and storing, edible oil is exposed to oxidation via photosensitised oxidation and autoxidation (Choe and Min, 2006). The method used in restaurants to evaluate frying oil depends on the human senses by observing the change in colour, foam appearance, and fumes. The oil can also be judged by the quality of the food produced by frying. However, this method cannot be trusted to assess the oil because the evaluator is usually the owner of the restaurant. The safety and quality of frying oil in restaurants was reported by many researchers around the world, including Canada (Sebastian et al., 2014), Kenya (Karimi et al., 2017), and China (Li et al., 2019). However, the most recent research paper on frying oil in Saudi Arabia was more than 26 years ago (Al-Kahtani, 1991). In Saudi Arabia, fast food restaurants are spread throughout many locations. These restaurants use frying oil to prepare many traditional foods such as

fsaleh@kfu.edu.sa, 00966553529005

‫ فرج علي صالح‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.‫ تقييم جودة زيوت القلي في بعض مطاعم األحساء بالسعودية‬.)2021( .‫فرج علي صالح ومطلق محمد العتيبي ونجيب سعيد الزريقي‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

sambousek, falafel, potato, and chicken. There were approximately 14,553 fast food restaurants established in Saudi Arabia in 2015 (Statistics Portal, 2015). Studies on the quality assessment of frying oil are lacking in Saudi Arabia. Al-Kahtani (1991) examined the quality of 62 samples of cooking oil collected from fast food restaurants in Riyadh. However, even with the increase in fast food restaurants in recent years, references from this study have not been documented in the Eastern region, especially in Al Ahsa. In addition, regulations and guidelines for the control of frying oil around the world are still not available. In Saudi Arabia, the Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization (GSO, 2008) legislated (for refined oil) the maximum limits of FFAs (0.6 mg KOH/mL) and the peroxide value (10 meq/kg), but some oil measurements have not yet been reported. Subsequently, the purpose of the present study was to assess the quality of frying oil collected from some restaurants throughout Al Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia by estimating the hydrolysis and oxidation products as well as physical characteristics to avoid the risks of these harmful compounds to consumer health. 2. Material and Methods

2.1. Oil Samples Collection: Twenty-one samples, each of fresh and in-use frying oils, were collected randomly from twenty-one national and international chain restaurants in different locations of Al Ahsa, Eastern region, Saudi Arabia. Oil samples were taken with the approval of restaurant officials. The oil samples were collected into 50 mL dark glass bottles by using a glass pipette and automatic pipette filler. The oil samples were transferred to the laboratory in an icebox. After reaching room temperature, all the samples of collected oil were filtered using filter paper (Whatman No. 1) and kept frozen (-18°C) until analysis.

2.2. Frying Practices: The description of frying oil collected from twenty-one restaurants in Al Ahsa are shown in Table (1). Frying processes varied according to the kind of restaurant and type of fried food products. Deep frying under pressure constitutes the most common frying technique for fish and chicken, while deep frying under atmospheric pressure is usually used for potatoes, falafel, sambousek, burgers, and sausage, and sometimes fish. Conventional open pan-frying is commonly used for falafel, potato, sambousek, and eggplant. Different kinds of frying oil (palm olein, soybean, and sunflower) are used to prepare fried foods (falafel, eggplant, sambousek, potato, chicken, burgers, sausage, and fish). Some oil producing companies labelled the oil additives, whereas others did not. The oil additives included antioxidants, crystallizing agents, and anti-foaming agents. All of the oil companies labelled the fatty acids composition (Table2). No. of restaurant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Table 1. Description of frying oil collected from restaurants Type of oil*

Fried food products Additives* Antioxidant (TBHQ, BHT, Ascorbyl palmitate), Crystallizing Sunflower oil + palm Fish agent (Sorbitan Tristearate) and Anti-foaming agent olein (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) Sunflower oil + palm Potato TBHQ and Anti-foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) olein Palm olein Potato TBHQ and Anti- foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) (TBHQ, BHT, Ascorbyl palmitate), Crystallizing Sunflower oil + palm Falafel** + Potato + Antioxidant agent (Sorbitan Tristearate) and Anti-foaming agent olein eggplant (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) Palm olein Burgers + Sausage Unlabelled Falafel + Palm olein Unlabelled Sambousek*** Palm olein Potato Unlabelled Palm olein Potato + Sambousek Unlabelled Sunflower oil chicken Unlabelled Sunflower oil+ palm Falafel + Potato + Anti-foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) olein + soybean oil eggplant Palm olein chicken Unlabelled Palm olein Falafel + Potato Unlabelled Palm olein Potato Unlabelled Sunflower oil + palm Potato TBHQ and Anti-foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) olein Sunflower oil+ palm Falafel + Potato TBHQ and Anti-foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) olein + soybean oil Sunflower oil + palm Falafel + Sambousek + Antioxidant (TBHQ, BHT, Ascorbyl palmitate), Crystallizing olein Potato agent (Sorbitan Tristearate) and Anti-foaming agent

No. of restaurant

Type of oil* Fried food products Additives* (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) Sunflower oil + palm 17 chicken TBHQ and Anti-foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) olein + soybean oil Antioxidant (TBHQ, BHT, Ascorbyl palmitate), Crystallizing Sunflower oil + palm Falafel + Potato+ 18 agent (Sorbitan Tristearate) and Anti-foaming agent olein eggplant (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) Sunflower oil + palm Falafel + Sambousek + TBHQ and Anti-foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) 19 olein + soybean oil Potato Falafel + Potato+ 20 Palm olein TBHQ and Anti-foaming agent (Dimethyl-polysiloxane) eggplant Falafel + Sambousek + 21 Palm olein Unlabelled Potato *As described in the label, **Falafel is a deep-fried ball or patty made from ground fava beans or chickpeas, garlic, leek, and coriander, ***Sambousek is a pastry filled with meat, cheese, or vegetables,

Table 2. Fatty acids ratio of frying oil collected from restaurants* No. of restaurant Saturated fatty acid Monounsaturated fatty acid Polyunsaturated fatty acid 1 15–29 24–60 17–55 2 30–60 10–35 3 32–46 4 15–29 24–60 17–55 5 43–49 41–44 10–14 6 43–49 41–44 10–14 7 43–49 41–44 10–14 8 43–49 41–44 10–14 9 4.22 14–67 20–75 10 10.27 20.38 40–68 11 43–49 41–44 10–14 12 43–49 41–44 10–14 13 43–49 41–44 10–14 14 30–60 10–35 15 10–27 20–38 40–68 16 15–.29 2460 17–55 17 25–45 30-60 10–35 18 15–.29 24.60 17–55 19 10–27 20–38 40–68 20 32–46 21 43–49 41–44 10–14 *As described in the label

2.3. Chemical Analysis: 2.3.1. Free fatty acids (FFAs) FFAs of oil samples were estimated depending to the method of AOCS, Ca 5a-40 (AOCS, 1997), and a 5 g of sample was mixed into 50 mL of a 95% alcohol and petroleum ether mixture in a 250 mL conical flask by using a water bath. One millilitre of phenolphthalein was dropped into the mixture as an indicator, and the mixture was neutralised by 0.1 N KOH until the endpoint (pink colour) cleared. The FFAs are expressed as g/100 g oleic acid. 2.3.2. Peroxide value (PV) Using the method of AOCS, Cd 8-53 (AOCS, 1998), the PV of frying oil samples was performed. One gram of oil was completely dissolved in 30 mL of a glacial acetic acid and chloroform mixture (3:2, v/v) in a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask with a glass stopper. Half a millilitre of saturated potassium iodide was dissolved in the contents of the flask, and the flask was stopped and swirled for exactly one minute. 30 mL of distilled water was immediately mixed in. The flask was stopped and swirled vigorously. By using sodium thiosulphate (0.01N), the contents of the flask were titrated if the colour of the solution was a deep red orange until the colour lightened. One millilitre of 1% starch solution indicator was mixed well until the blue-grey colour faded. A sample was treated following the same procedure as a blank. The PV is expressed as meq O2/kg oil. 2.3.3. p-anisidine value (p-AV) Using the method of IUPAC, 2504 (1987), the p-AV was estimated. One hundred milligrams of oil were mixed with 25 mL of isooctane, then 0.5 mL of the p-anisidine reagent was mixed with 2.5 mL of this mixture. Following a 10-minute reaction time at ambient temperature, absorbance was measured by spectrophotometer at 350 nm (UV-1601, Shimadzu, Japan). 2.3.4. Total polar compounds (TPCS) According to the method of AOCS, Cd 20-91 (1998), the TPCS was assessed. 2.5 g of oil was put into a glass column (2.1 and 36 cm of diameter and length, respectively) packed with silica gel. The mobile phase (diethyl ether: petroleum ether, 13:87, v/v) was eluted to separate the non-polar fraction. The TPC content (%) was estimated as the TPCS mass fraction in the oil sample as a percentage.

Farag Ali Saleh, Mutlag Mohammad Al-Otaibi and Najeeb Said Al-Zoraky. (2021). Quality Assessment of Frying Oil from some Restaurants in Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

2.3.5. Total oxidation value (TOTOX value) Total oxidation is expressed as the TOTOX and was accounted as TOTOX = p-AV + 2PV. 2.3.6. Conjugated diene and triene To evaluate the conjugated diene and triene in fresh and in-use oil samples, absorbance at 232 and 270 nm was measured, respectively. A 1% (w/v) solution of oil in isooctane was used to measure absorbance by a spectrophotometer, (UV-1601, Shimadzu, Japan).

2.4. Physical Analysis: 2.4.1. Refractive index To estimate the refractive index of fresh and in-use frying oil samples, an Abbe refractometer (Milton Roy- K334610, USA) was used. The temperature was set at 20°C during the measurements. 2.4.2. Viscosity The viscosity of oil samples was measured using a viscometer (Model LVDV-II+ Pro viscometer Brookfield, Middleboro, MA, USA). A circulating water bath (Thermo, Haake K10, Type-003-2859, Germany) was used to keep the temperature around 30±2°C. The spindle LV-2 (62) 20-100K was used for viscosity determination. The speed of the spindle was fixed at 50 rpm. 2.4.3. Colorimetric properties To estimate the oil colour, a Hunter Lab (MiniScan XE Plus, Model No. 45/0-L, Reston, VA, USA) was used. Colour values were donated as a*(redness), b*(yellowness), and L*(lightness). The difference of total colour was calculated as follows: ΔE = [ (at-a0)2 + (bt-b0)2 + (Lt-L0)2]1/2, at, bt and Lt represent the a*, b* and L* values respectively of in-use oil, and a0, b0 and L0 represent the, a*, b* and L* values respectively, of fresh oil. Chroma (C*) was calculated as follows: C*=(b*2+a*2)1/2 (Bansal et al., 2010b)

2.5. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using SAS Statistical Computer Package V.9.1 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC, USA). The data of duplicate oil samples was calculated as the mean ± SD. The data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA one-way) in general linear models or the t-test. The Pearson linear correlation coefficient (r2) was calculated to determine the relationships between different oil parameters. 3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Chemical Characteristics: 3.1.1. Free fatty acids (FFAs) Chen et al., (2013) mentioned that FFA content is one of the most significant parameters used to assess the quality of frying oil. The values of FFA from fresh and in-use frying oil samples are tabulated in Table 3 and 4, respectively. The values of FFAs in fresh frying oil were low in the range of 0.04 to 0.09% (Table 3). The low FFA values in fresh oil are due to the refining processes that take place during the manufacturing of oil that remove most FFAs from crude oil (Gustone, 2008). He reported that FFAs in fresh oil should be less than 0.1%. Thus, these values were within the permissible range in fresh oil. However, Gupta (2005) reported that the desired levels of FFA in fresh oil range from 0.03 to 0.05%. GSO (2008) reported that the maximum FFA of refined oil is 0.3%. Gustone (2008) and Karimi et al. (2017) reported similar FFA fresh oil values. The FFA value of in-use

oil ranged from 0.11 to 2.29% (Table 4), consistent with the findings of Karimi et al. (2017). The high FFA content in in-use oils may be due to hydrolysis of triglycerides in the presence of food moisture and high frying temperature. Aladedunye and Przybylski (2009), Bansal et al. (2010b), Chen et al. (2013), Sunisa et al. (2011), and Song et al. (2017) mentioned that the increase of FFA levels in frying oil are due to increased frying temperature, frying time, and frying cycles. The maximum accepted level of FFAs in frying oil varies between 0.5% and 1% according to Gupta (2005), whereas Tseng et al. (1996) reported that when the FFA levels are above 1%, the frying oil should be discarded. Accordingly, the results obtained from this study revealed that levels of FFA in 23.8% of in-use frying oil (Table 3) were beyond the recommended levels. Some countries have specific regulations for the maximum FFA level in frying oil. The USDA reported that if the FFA value is greater than 2%, frying oil should be discarded. The results of this study revealed that more than 9.5% of in-use frying oil had FFA values above 2%. Table 3. Chemical characteristics of fresh frying oil No. of restaurant 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Mean±SD

FFA (%) 0.08±0.01 0.04±0.01 0.05±0.00 0.05±0.00 0.08±0.00 0.07±0.00 0.06±0.01 0.05±0.01 0.08±0.02 0.05±0.00 0.04±0.02 0.05±0.01 0.08±0.10 0.05±0.00 0.09±0.01 0.09±0.02 0.05±0.00 0.06±0.00 0.05±0.00 0.05±0.01 0.07±0.01 0.06±0.02

Absorbance (nm) TOTOX PV p-AV value TPC (%) 232 270 (meq/kg) (meq/kg) (meq/kg) 2.3±.95 1.2±0.1 4.7 10.5±0.8 1.01±0.31 0.34±0.05 1.6±1.0 1.5±0.3 4.6 4.9±1.3 0.72±0.22 0.32±0.05 1.1±0.9 0.3±0.1 1.7 5.2±0.7 0.60±0.25 0.30±0.07 5.4±1.8 1.7±0.1 8.8 6.4±1.5 0.55±0.18 0.27±0.01 4.5±1.7 2.3±0.4 9.1 4.7±0.9 0.34±0.13 0.22±0.01 2.6±0.7 1.3±0.3 5.2 5.8±1.4 0.52±0.00 0.40±0.11 3.5±0.7 1.8±0.5 7.1 6.8±1.5 0.45±0.09 0.36±0.02 5.3±1.8 2.9±0.6 11.1 4.5±1.4 0.35±0.11 0.25±0.05 4.9±0.7 2.8±0.5 10.5 4.5±0.4 0.60±0.20 0.21±0.05 2.1±0.3 0.9±0.1 3.9 4.4±0.1 1.52±0.15 0.45±0.03 1.4±0.6 0.7±0.2 2.8 8.4±2.1 0.49±0.14 0.21±0.03 3.6±1.1 1.3±0.2 6.2 6.6±1.5 0.67±0.10 0.32±0.07 4.2±0.8 2.5±0.3 9.2 4.8±0.5 0.82±0.02 0.52±0.05 3.9±0.9 1.8±0.1 7.5 7.7±2.2 0.75±0.27 0.21±0.01 4.0±0.3 1.7±0.3 7.4 2.5±0.7 1.41±0.13 0.52±0.01 5.3±1.6 2.6±0.2 10.5 17.5±1.8 0.97±0.18 0.55±0.02 4.9±1.5 2.8±0.4 10.5 6.7±1.6 0.77±0.05 0.40±0.10 3.5±1.9 2.7±0.2 8.9 7.1±0.9 0.57±0.07 0.34±0.00 2.2±1.3 2.0±0.1 6.2 7.5±2.9 1.63±0.07 0.41±0.09 2.1±0.5 1.5±0.4 5.1 4.2±0.8 0.53±0.10 0.28±0.03 3.6±1.1 2.0±0.2 7.6 8.4±1.7 0.90±0.27 0.54±0.07 3.4±1.4 1.8±0.7 7.1±2.7 6.6±3.1 0.77±0.3 0.35±0.11

3.1.2. Peroxide Value (PV) PV is a very important factor used to assess the quality of frying oil. The PV of freshly refined oil should be less than 1 meq/ kg, and if the PV rises to 10 meq/ kg, the oil is considered rancid (Gustone, 2008). However, Sulieman et al. (2006) suggested that the characteristics of frying oil quality should have a PV of less than 2 meq/kg oil. The average of PVs in fresh oil samples fell within the range of 1.1 to 5.4 meq/kg, as presented in Table 3. These findings may be because the oil is exposed to oxidation via autoxidation as well as photosensitised oxidation through frying and storing (Choe and Min, 2006). Matthaus (2007) mentioned that the oil oxidation depends on temperature, light, time, the presence of moisture, and metals. The PV of the in-use oil exceedingly ranged from 3.4 to 42.5 meq/kg oil; 38% of in-use oil samples had higher than the suggested limit of 10 meq/kg (Table 4). According to GSO (2008), the maximum allowed PV of refined oil is 10 meq/kg. The appearance of hydroperoxides is associated with the capability of fatty acids to oxidise and the antioxidant level (all oil sample contained antioxidants as an additive agent, Table 1). In-use oil samples number 1, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 18 and 19 generally had the highest PV. The increase in the PV of in-use frying oil may be due to the presence of a large proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (such as linoleic acid) characteristic of sunflower oil. Choe and Min (2006) reported that edible oil is exposed to oxidation via autoxidation and photosensitised oxidation during frying and storing. Table 4. Chemical characteristics of in-use frying oil TOTOX Absorbance (nm) No. of PV p-AV value TPC (%) restaurant FFA (%) (meq/kg) (meq/kg) (meq/kg) 232 270 1 0.14±0.04 13.5±1.3 51.4±84.4 93.9 21.9±1.7 2.11±0.52 0.63±0.14 2 0.15±0.00 12.7±1.7 40.6±3.7 123.1 21.4±2.5 1.97±0.55 0.56±0.12 3 0.16±0.00 7.9±1.1 57.6±4.1 118.5 6.0±0.6 0.55±0.21 0.31±0.08

FFA (%) 1.71±0.10 0.74±0.07 0.52±0.08 0.19±0.05 2.07±0.04 0.11±0.05 0.22±0.07 0.55±0.5 0.95±0.05 2.29±0.71 0.64±0.04 1.17±0.50 1.98±0.23 0.87±0.14 0.98±0.31 0.78±0.03 0.55±0.04 0.78±0.05 0.84±0.67

TOTOX PV p-AV value TPC (%) (meq/kg) (meq/kg) (meq/kg) 21.5±1.1 48.5±5.2 131.8 15.3±3.6 20.6±3.1 55.6±2.6 109.9 10.3±2.7 15.5±2.7 47.2±4.2 103.5 17.9±2.3 12.3±0.9 45.6±2.7 12.4 19.6±2.7 3.4±0.9 4.5±1.0 198.3 5.9±0.5 42.5±3.5 77.9±7.6 137.5 33.6±5.8 16.9±1.2 60.3±5.3 93.9 13.5±0.5 3.7±0.9 13.0 7.2±1.3 5.6±0.8 11.2±2.5 25.1±3.1 61.4 7.8±2.0 12.9±1.5 33.6±5.8 80.1 10.6±1.9 16.1±4.2 36.7±4.8 89.5 15.7±3.5 20.3±1.7 29.8±6.3 79.9 7.7±1.8 17.5±2.5 33.2±3.8 83.9 7.7±1.8 7.8±2.1 10.1±0.2 28.0 5.5±1.2 12.5±2.0 25.7±5.2 63.9 11.3±2.4 15.1±2.9 35.8±3.5 86.7 10.5±2.1 3.9±1.4 7.4±1.2 18.7 5.2±1.1 4.1±1.3 6.8±0.8 17.7 5.9±0.4 13.9±8.6 35.2±20.4 83.1±47.5 13.0±7.3

Absorbance (nm) 232 270 1.72±0.78 0.45±0.01 0.89±0.46 0.41±0.06 1.76±0.11 0.55±0.02 0.98±0.23 0.66±0.19 0.78±0.05 0.63±0.11 1.45±0.40 0.73±0.05 2.02±0.95 0.71±0.05 0.55±0.23 0.35±0.04 0.91±0.21 0.66±0.06 1.34±0.17 0.77±0.15 1.50±0.65 0.87±0.14 2.97±0.59 0.92±0.05 2.97±0.59 0.92±0.05 0.71±0.34 0.37±0.12 0.91±0.24 0.48±0.05 2.95±0.71 0.61±0.14 0.52±0.20 0.27±0.12 0.87±0.05 0.50±0.01 1.38±0.73 0.58±0.18

3.1.3. p-anisidine value (p-AV) Oxidation forms successive compound groups, starting with primary oxidation compounds (fatty acid hydroperoxides) and followed by degradation to form secondary compounds (α, β unsaturated aldehydes) (Bansal et al., 2010b). The peroxide products presented during primary oxidation were declared unstable compared to the secondary oxidative products. These compounds caused a rancid smell in oil and can be detected using p-anisidine. Al-Kahtani (1991) and Sebastian et al., (2014) suggested that the p-AV is a critical and more credible parameter for the assessment of the oil oxidative state, because it measures the secondary stage of oxidation or the accumulation of secondary products. The same authors described that p-AVs are the most accurate and reliable value. In Table 3, the pAVs ranged from 0.3 to 2.9 meq/kg in fresh oil samples, which are the same results found by Sebastian et al. (2014) and Karimi et al. (2017). An accepted p-AV of fresh oil ranged from 4.0 to 6.0 meq/kg according to Gupta (2005). The p-AV of fresh oil in the current study of fresh oil was of desirable quality. The p-AV of in-use oil fell in the range of 4.6 to 77.9 meq/kg (Table 4). Only two samples (9.5%) had a p-AV less than the recommended limit and were of an acceptable oxidative status. Gupta (2005) indicated that, if the p-AV of frying oil rises above 6 meq/kg, the oil is considered highly oxidised. The p-AV of frying oil increased with the number of frying cycles (Song et al., 2017). These findings were also verified by Karimi et al. (2017), who found that none of the tested frying oil samples used in restaurants had an acceptable oxidative status. 3.1.4. Total oxidation value (TOTOX) The p-AV plus PV can be used as an indicator for the total oxidation state of frying oil (Van Der Merwe et al., 2003); this value is calculated by the TOTOX value. The TOTOX value in fresh frying oil samples ranged from 1.7 to 10.5 meq/kg (Table 3), indicating that the qualities of fresh oil samples were acceptable. As reported by Pereira De Abreu et al. (2010), the suggested standard TOTOX value is ≤ 19.5 meq/kg. For in-use oil, the results indicated that the TOTOX values in 81% of the samples were beyond the recommended level (Table 3). These results suggest that 19% of in-use oil assessed in this study had an agreeable oxidative status. 3.1.5. Total polar compounds (TPCs%) TPCs reflect the levels of oxidative breakdown and hydrolysis products, such as FFAs, ketones, aldehydes, hydroperoxides, acids, alcohols, and epoxides present during oil storing and frying. According to Uriarte and Guillen (2010), the oil must be discarded if the TPCs are between 24 to 27%. In our study, the TPCs in fresh oil ranged from 2.5 to 10.5% (Table 3), indicating acceptable quality. For in-use oil, the TPCs ranged from 5.5 to 21.9%. These values were also within the recommended levels. These results revealed that all of the oil samples are of an acceptable quality. Aladedunye and Przybylski (2009), Song et al. (2017), and Urbancic et al. (2014) mentioned that

TPCs increased significantly with prolonged frying times and temperature. Li et al. (2017) found that the formation of TPC products in French fries, as a result of the reaction between carbohydrates, is enhanced with the increase of hydrophobic properties. Sebastian et al. (2014) obtained similar results while analysing oil samples collected from restaurants and found that TPCs ranged from 1 to 3% and 4.0 to 15.5% in fresh and in-use oil, respectively. However, Karimi et al. (2017) reported that the TPCs in most fresh and in-use oil samples collected from restaurants were above the recommended range. 3.1.6. Conjugated diene and triene Absorbance at 232 nm is correlated with the conjugated diene of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while absorbance at 270 nm measures the presence of primary and secondary oxidation (Urbancic et al., 2014). The absorbance of conjugated diene and triene at 232–270 nm, respectively, is used to assess oxidative stability (Che Man and Jaswir, 2000; Urbancic et al., 2014). The absorbance of conjugated diene and triene at 232–270 nm id shown in Table 4. In this study, conjugated diene and triene were present in the fresh oil samples in small quantities ranging from 0.34 to 1.01 and from 0.21 to 0.54, respectively (Table 3). However, in the case of in-use frying oil, the values ranged from 0.52 to 2.97 and 0.27 to 0.92, respectively (Table 4). The in-use oil samples came from restaurant numbers 10, 15, and 19 with a higher content of conjugated diene compared to other oils. This is because sunflower oil contains a high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acid present in linoleic acid. The increase in the conjugated diene and triene is associated with increased frying cycle numbers, which has been mentioned in previous literatures (Che Man and Jaswir, 2000; Che Man and Tan, 1999; Song et al., 2017; Urbancic et al., 2014).

3.2. Physical Characteristics: 3.2.1. Refractive index (RI) The refractive indices of fresh and in-use oils are tabulated in Table 5. The refractive index recorded high values in all in-use tested oil samples compared to fresh oil. The increased refractive index of inuse oil samples was due to oil exposure to heat and/or light during frying. Arya et al., (1969) observed that exposure to heat and light caused an increase in the refractive indices of oil and fats significantly. They also observed a relationship between the status of peroxide expansion and the refractive index values of the autoxidised oil or fats. Bansal et al. (2010b) reported that oil degradation increases the refractive index values depending on the kind of food fried in the oil. Mudawi et al. (2014) observed that the refractive index exhibited a significant increase in both corn oil and sunflower oil from frequent frying. Table 5. The physical characteristics (refractive index, viscosity, and colour) of fresh and in-use oil Colour Refractive Viscosity (Cp) index No. of FO UO restaurant FO UO Chroma FO UO L* a* b* Chroma (C*) L* a* b* (C*) ΔE 1 1.4728 1.4731 13.7±0.5 21.7±0.3 85.05 -5.26 18.53 19.26 65.29 -4.88 51.52 51.75 38.46 2 1.4727 1.4735 17.3±0.2 22.9±0.5 78.25 -7.58 14.28 16.17 74.25 -3.52 43.09 43.23 29.37 3 1.4648 1.4650 18.8±0.3 20.1±0.4 51.29 -4.08 17.13 17.61 50.25 -3.04 44.29 44.39 27.20 4 1.4728 1.4738 17.1±0.1 29.1±0.4 63.05 -2.46 8.91 9.24 59.36 -2.33 61.41 61.45 52.63 5 1.4649 1.4657 19.6±0.5 28.7±0.3 60.21 -3.89 13.08 13.65 55.32 -3.28 63.17 63.26 50.33 6 1.4647 1.4656 19.7±0.3 28.6±0.5 67.56 -3.67 14.51 14.97 36.75 -3.26 34.11 34.30 20.00 7 1.4647 1.4658 21.1±0.6 26.6±0.6 65.25 -3.65 15.10 15.53 61.38 -2.54 32.83 32.93 18.18 8 1.4651 1.4668 19.1±0.5 31.4±0.7 51.36 -3.02 11.38 11.77 40.25 -3.56 35.97 36.15 26.99 9 1.4646 1.4659 18.7±0.3 28.7±0.3 50.78 -4.21 17.45 17.95 49.45 -3.69 71.54 71.64 54.11 10 1.4728 1.4730 14.1±0.4 19.1±0.3 66.54 -6.36 15.47 16.73 60.25 -4.78 68.52 68.69 53.44 11 1.4649 1.4651 19.4±0.3 20.7±0.3 53.62 -4.78 16.36 17.04 51.02 -4.12 39.10 39.32 22.90 12 1.4728 1.4736 17.1±0.3 25.1±0.2 61.07 -5.54 18.29 19.11 59.23 -3.32 41.27 41.40 23.16 13 1.4648 1.4656 20.4±0.5 24.9±0.5 57.56 -5.54 21.58 22.28 55.87 -3.36 37.55 37.70 16.21 14 1.4728 1.4738 14.9±0.5 29.1±0.4 62.74 -7.01 19.58 20.80 58.68 -5.55 45.62 45.96 26.40 15 1.4730 1.4740 14.2±0.4 29.9±0.7 61.47 -7.45 14.23 16.06 43.68 -4.21 67.89 68.02 56.62 16 1.4728 1.4735 17.1±0.1 22.9±0.6 60.12 -6.75 17.44 18.70 54.07 -4.25 75.84 75.96 58.77 17 1.4727 1.4733 14.1±0.2 19.9±0.5 60.37 -4.58 15.24 15.91 58.87 -2.69 35.19 35.29 20.10 18 1.4728 1.4636 13.5±0.1 24.1±0.6 65.35 -5.98 17.58 18.57 55.88 -4.52 61.57 61.74 45.02 19 1.4729 1.4738 17.1±0.4 21.1±0.3 67.43 -4.32 19.88 20.34 62.25 -2.57 70.11 70.16 50.53 20 1.4726 1.4732 17.6±0.3 19.2±0.5 77.84 -3.25 14.24 14.61 62.35 -2.41 50.88 50.94 39.79 21 1.4727 1.4733 17.3±0.4 19.6±0.4 71.09 -7.44 12.54 14.58 63.28 -1.87 38.10 38.15 27.30 Mean 1.4697 1.4700 17.2 24.4 63.71 -5.38 15.85 16.71 57.36 -3.51 50.93 51.07 36.07

4.1

9.02 1.57 3.03 3.06 7.61 0.96 14.45 14.43 14.66

3.2.2. Viscosity The viscosity of fresh and in-use frying oils are shown in Table 5. Fresh oil viscosity varied between restaurants depending on the types of oil and the composition of fatty acids (Table 5). Kim et al. (2010) reported that oil viscosity varied depending on its molecular structure and its fatty acid constituents as saturated fatty acids increased oil viscosity while unsaturated fatty acids decrease it. In the current study, the viscosity of in-use oil was higher than fresh oil in all tested samples (Table 5). These findings may be due to oxidation produced during the frying process. This behaviour was also reported in previous studies (Bansal et al., 2010b; Santos et al., 2005; Tseng et al., 1996). They reported that viscosity increases with increased frying time and frying cycle numbers. 3.2.3. Colorimetric properties The colour of frying oil is commonly used as a visual indication of its quality and validity. A change in oil colour is a result of the incorporated results of chemical changes such as oxidation and polymerization (Maskan, 2003). The colours of fresh and in-use frying oil are shown in Table 5. The results revealed that the L* value was low in in-use oils compared to fresh oils in all tested samples, which may be due to the presence of carbonised food residues and oxidised fatty acids, as reported by Belbin (1999). The a*, b* and chroma (C*) values increased from fresh oil to in-use oil, which may be due to the degradation of natural fat-soluble pigments such as carotenoids and chlorophylls. Sikorska et al. (2007) reported that degradation of carotenoids and chlorophylls during storing and frying obviously affects oil colour. The total colour difference (ΔE) ranged from 18.18 to 58.77. Most samples with higher values of oxidative breakdown and hydrolysis products (peroxide, p- anisidine, and total polar compounds) recorded higher ΔE values and an increase in ΔE in-use oil compared to fresh oil (Karimi et al., 2017). Additionally, Bansal et al. (2010b) found a linear correlation between the values of b*, C*and ΔE with the frying cycle numbers. Aladedunye and Przybylski (2009) reported that the colour of frying oil increased significantly as a function of frying time and temperature. The change in colour varied according to the type of food fried, duration of exposure to light, heat, and the oil type (Choe and Min, 2007).

3.3. Correlation Analysis: Correlation analysis was used to explain the relations among the tested oil parameters assessed in the present study (Table 6). There were relatively high correlation coefficients between most parameters (PV, p-AV, TOTOX, TPCs, viscosity, and ΔE), with significant correlations between one another. A weak correlation between RI and other parameters was observed. FFAs recorded relatively high correlation coefficients with TOTOX, viscosity, and ΔE while it showed a weak correlation with other parameters. It is noteworthy that the viscosity had significant correlations with FFAs, PV, p-AV, TOTOX and conjugated diene (A270). This result indicates that oil viscosity increases with an increase in FFAs, primary and secondary oxidation products, and conjugated diene. Due to the presence of antioxidants (synthetic: TBHQ, BHT and ascorbyl palmitate, and natural: tocopherols and carotenoids), a crystallizing agent (sorbitan and tristearate) and an anti-foaming agent (dimethyl-polysiloxane), oxidative degradation continued. This might be because antioxidants evaporate and are volatile at the frying temperatures used and because of the foam that occurs during frying (Uriarte and Guillen, 2010).

Table 6. Correlation coefficient analysis between parameter assessed in this study (n=42 per parameter) FFA PV p-AV TOTOX TPC A232 A270 Refractive index Viscosity ΔE c d a FFA 1.00 0.35 0.30 0.60 0.13d 0.28d 0.53b 0.07ns 0.62a 0.60a PV 1.00 0.87a 0.69a 0.78a 0.57b 0.63a -0.08ns 0.70a 0.73a p-AV 1.00 0.76a 0.75a 0.56b 0.58b -0.17ns 0.67a 0.70a b b b ns TOTOX 1.00 0.54 0.50 0.57 -0.10 0.78a 0.69a TPC 1.00 0.47b 0.56b -0.001ns 0.50b 0.51b a c A232 1.00 0.71 0.31 0.38c 0.52b A270 1.00 0.14d 0.62a 0.54b Refractive index 1.00 -0.26ns 0.13d Viscosity 1.00 0.67a 1.00 ΔE Values represent the squared Pearson correlation coefficient (r2) for the linear correlation analysis. a P< 0.0001, b P< 0.001, c P< 0.01, d P< 0.05, ns P< 0.05

Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Scientific Research Deanship of King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia (KFU) for financial support (Project no. 150129). Bios

Farag A. Saleh Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural & Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966553529005, fsaleh@kfu.edu.sa

Prof. Saleh has worked as a Research Head in the Special Food and Nutrition Department of the Food Technology Research Institute at the Agricultural Research Centre, Giza, Egypt. Prof. Saleh is an Ain Shams University graduate, with MS.C and Ph.D. degrees from Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt. He has published more than 38 papers in reputed journals and serves as well-respected editorial board member. He is a member of many professional societies. Prof. Saleh has also attended more than 24 national and international conferences and scientific symposia.

Mutlag M. Al-Otaibi Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural & Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, mutlag1@hotmail.com, 00966553904070

Dr Al-Otaibi is the Vice-President of King Faisal University (KFU). Dr Al-Otaibi was the Dean of the Deanship of Faculty Affairs from 2009 to 2017, and Head of the Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural and Food Sciences at KFU from 2006 to 2014. Prior to that, he held various positions as a Vice-Dean of the College of Agricultural and Food Sciences for Academic Affairs at KFU. He is a chairman of many permanent higher committees at KFU. He received his PhD in Dairy Science and Technology from Reading University. He has published more than 40 scientific articles in international journals and conferences.

Najeeb S. Al-Zoreky Department of Food and Nutrition Sciences, College of Agricultural & Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966543566629, nalzoraky@kfu.edu.sa

Prof. Al-Zoreky is a professor in the Food and Nutrition Science Department of the College of Agricultural & Food Sciences. He earned Ph.D. and M.S. degrees from Oregon State University, Oregon, USA. Prof. Al-Zoreky’s permanent affiliation is in the Department of Food science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sana'a University, Yemen. They completed undergraduate and graduate courses in Food Microbiology, Principles of Food Science and Nutrition, Food Safety, etc. Pro. Al-Zoreky’s research papers have been published in international journals ranked by Clarivate analytics and Scopus. They have also conducted consultations and trainings in related areas outside campus.

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2021, Volume (22), Issue (1)

48)1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،)2021( ‫التاريخ‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

Assessing Degree of Desertification Using Tasselled Cap Transformation and Spectral Indicators Techniques: Iraq

‫تقييم درجات التصحر باستخدام تقنيات حتويل‬ ‫ العراق‬:‫الغطاء اخلضري واملؤشرات الطيفية‬

‫ريم طعمة يوسف و ابتهال تقي حسن‬

Reem Tuama Yousuf and Ebtihal T AL-Khakani

‫ العراق‬،‫ الكوفة‬،‫ جامعة الكوفة‬،‫ كلية التربية للبنات‬،‫قسم الفيزياء‬

Department of Physics, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Remote sensing, desertification index, Landsat 8, albedo, modified soil-adjusted vegetation (MSAVI) ‫ مؤشر الغطاء النباتي املعدل للتربة املعدل‬،‫ البيدو‬،‫ مؤشر التصحر‬،8 ‫ الندسات‬،‫استشعار عن بعد‬

ABSTRACT Remote sensing technology is an advanced approach for monitoring desertification by extracting a variety of spectral indicators derived from satellite images. This research aims to monitor and assess the degree of desertification in An-Najaf City using Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) images obtained on 7 August 2019. Three tasselled cap transformation (TCT) indices were employed: tasselled cap brightness (TCB), tasselled cap greenness (TCG), and tasselled cap wetness (TCW), in addition to the modified soil adjusted vegetation index (MSAVI), topsoil grain size index (GSI), and land surface albedo (albedo). Linear regression was performed on TCB-TCG, TCB-TCW, albedo-MSAVI, and GSI-MSAVI to select the group with the highest negative correlation. The two highest negative correlations were for the TCBTCW model of coefficient r2=0.8894 and TCB-TCG of r2=0.8519. Based on these two models, the extracted degree of desertification index (DDI) showed a high overall accuracy of 88.14% for the TCB-TCW model, and 91.44% for the TCB-TCG model. The results of these two models demonstrate their effectiveness in evaluating the degree of desertification. In general, this study provides a simple, easy and effective method to monitor desertification levels in semi-arid lands.

1. Introduction The desertification phenomenon is considered the most important global environmental problem as it influences more than 250 million people worldwide (Guo et al., 2017:1). The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD: 1994) defines desertification as the degradation of soil and a biologically productive land system in arid and semiarid regions, resulting from several factors including climate change (reduced precipitation and high temperatures) and human activity (population density, erroneous land management, etc.). Desertification is described foremost by its impact on vegetation and soil (An et al., 2019:1). The causes and effects of desertification relate to many interdependent human activities that directly affect many of the Earth's resources (soil, water and vegetation) and include a variety of economic sectors, social groups and institutions (Briassoulis, 2019:2). An-Najaf City is characterised by a dry climate caused by a lack of and fluctuation in precipitation levels. High summer temperatures and a high degree of evaporation contribute to changes in land surface conditions, such as low vegetation and biomass, in addition to changes in soil properties, which lead to a degradation of the ecosystem (Lamqadem et al., 2018:2). To varying degrees, changes in the Earth's surface conditions make the spectral characteristics of desertified lands look different. This can be monitored by satellite sensors. This is necessary in order to assess desertification through spectral indicators derived from satellite data, which has proven effective for distinctive land degradation indicators (Xu et al., 2009:2). With the rapid progress of remote sensing technology in recent decades by way of integration with the Geographical Information System (GIS), the applications for remote sensing technology in desertification monitoring have also evolved (Al-khakani et al., 2018:573). Compared with field-based studies, which are the traditional methods for assessing land desertification, assessment based on remote sensing is a cost-effective and less timeCorresponding Author: Ebtihal T AL-Khakani

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

02/09/2020

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

19/11/2020

PUBLISHED ‫النشر‬

01/06/2021

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0019

‫امللخص‬ ً ‫تعد تكنولوجيا االستشعار عن بعد‬ ً ‫متقدما لرصد التصحر عن ُبعد من خالل‬ ‫نهجا‬ .‫استخراج العديد من املؤشرات الطيفية املستمدة من مرئيات األقمار الصناعية‬ ‫يهدف هذا البحث إلى مراقبة مستويات التصحر وتقييمها في محافظة النجف‬ ‫ (تصوير األراض ي التشغيلية) التي تم الحصول‬OLI 8 ‫باستعمال مرئيات الندسات‬ ‫ تم استعمال ثالث من مؤشرات تحويل‬،‫ في هذه الدراسة‬.2019 ‫ أغسطس‬7 ‫عليها في‬ ،)TCG( ‫ ومؤشر االخضرار‬،)TCB( ‫مؤشر السطوع‬ ،)TCT( ‫الغطاء الخضري‬ ً ‫ فضال عن بعض املؤشرات الطيفية كمؤشر الغطاء‬،)TCW( ‫ومؤشر الرطوبة‬ )GSI( ‫ ومؤشر حجم حبوب التربة السطحية‬،)MSAVI( ‫النباتي املعدل للتربة املعدل‬ TCB-TCG ‫ تم إجراء االنحدار الخطي على املجاميع‬.)‫وبياض سطح األرض (االلبيدو‬ ‫ الختيار مجموعة االرتباط السلبي‬albedo-MSAVI ‫ و‬GSI-MSAVI ‫ و‬TCB-TCW ‫و‬ r2 = ( ‫ بمعامل تحديد‬TCB-TCW ‫ وظهر أن أعلى ارتباطين سلبيين بين‬،‫األعلى‬ ً .)r2 = 0.8519( ‫ مع‬TCB-TCG ‫) و‬0.8894 ‫ أظهر مؤشر‬،‫بناء على هذين النموذجين‬ TCB- ‫ لنموذج‬%88.14 ‫) دقة إجمالية عالية بلغت‬DDI( ‫درجة التصحر املستخرج‬ ‫ أثبتت نتائج هذين النموذجين فعاليتهما في‬.TCB-TCG ‫ لنموذج‬%91.44 ‫ و‬TCW ‫ وفرت طريقة فعالة وبسيطة‬،‫ كما وان هذه الدراسة بعامة‬،‫تقييم درجة التصحر‬ .‫وسهلة التطبيق لرصد مستويات التصحر في األراض ي القاحلة وشبه القاحلة‬

consuming way to map land degradation risk (Lamqadem et al., b2018:2). The tasselled cap transformation (TCT) has been used in map making and to assess vegetation status and land degradation changes that are revealed by different satellites (Samarawickrama et al., 2017:13). The term ‘tasselled cap’ was given to decipher the shape developed after the graphic distribution of sketched data (Kauth and Thomas, 1976:1). The TCT tool may be used to distinguish regions where desertification appears. In general, three factors are used in TCT-based analysis: brightness, greenness, and wetness. These are usually called TCT components (Lamqadem et al., a2018:2). Sand areas and bare soil are highly reflective; therefore, these topographic features can be well-observed using a brightness component. The greenness component is used in monitoring healthy vegetation regions, and the wetness component is suitable for observing humid areas (Balcik and Ergene, 2016:254). Many researchers have studied desertification assessment using spectral indicator techniques, for example Rocio et al. (2016). They created the degree of desertification index (DDI) model based on the NDVI-α feature space in the state of Querétaro on the central Mexican plateau. However, Mfondoum et al. (2016) assessed the land degradation status in the far north of Cameroon in Central Africa using the relationship of MSAVI2 and NDBSI, NDTeI, GSI, CI, NDSDI, and SPC1R-NIR-SWIR1-SWIR2 indices. Similarly, Wei et al. (2018) applied albedoNDVI, albedo-MSAVI and albedo-TGSI feature space models to extract desertification information on the Mongolian plateau. Atman et al. (2018) used the combination of albedo-NDVI, TCG-TCB and TCWTCB to map the degree of desertification in the middle of the Draa Valley in Morocco. The results showed that the best performance was for the TCW-TCB model. Wu et al. (2019) utilised a desertification index (SASDI) model in the Shengli area of Inner Mongolia depending on albedo-MSAVI feature space to analyze the impact of desertification on the biophysical properties of the soil.

ibtihal.alkhaqani@uokufa.edu.iq , 0096407829785431

‫ ابتهال تقي حسن‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.‫ العراق‬:‫ تقييم درجات التصحر باستخدام تقنيات تحويل الغطاء الخضري واملؤشرات الطيفية‬.)2021( .‫ريم طعمة يوسف و ابتهال تقي حسن‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

In this work, spectral indicators such as TCTS, MSAVI, GSI and albedo have been used to assess the degree of desertification depending on the result of regression analyses of the GSI-MSAVI, albedo-MSAVI, TCB-TCG and TCB-TCW models. The goals of this research are: 1) invert the TCTS, MSAVI, GSI and albedo data using remote sensing images to assess the hazard of desertification by analysing the correlation of spectral indicators; and 2) map the degree of desertification in the studied area according to the results of the negative regression analysis. This research is one of only a few that have adopted remote sensing techniques to evaluate desertification in An-Najaf City. Therefore, it is expected to be a good reference for the traditional methods that have previously been utilised for dynamic observation of desertification in the studied zone. 2. Materials

2.1. Study Location: Due to the dry climate, water scarcity and soil erosion, most areas of An-Najaf City face ecological deterioration. Therefore, An-Najaf City has been chosen as the study region for this research. An-Najaf Province lies 160 km south of the capital city of Baghdad, at a height of 70 m above sea level and with an area of about 28,824 km2. The climate is hot and dry in summer with a temperature of more than 50°C, and cold and moderately rainy in winter with temperatures ranging from 1–10°C. The rainy season runs from October to April with an annual rainfall average of about 80 mm (AL-Khakani and Yousif, 2019:2). The study region represents the northeastern part of An-Najaf Province (Figure 1), with an area of nearly 1,288.9 km2 ranging between latitude 31º 45′–32º 19′ N and longitude 44º 8′–44º 45′ E. The land cover of the selected zone is represented by bare land, urbanised areas, desert and agricultural fields. Figure 1. (A) An-Najaf Province in Iraq, (B) study location in An-Najaf Province, (C) study area

do not require additional radiometric or atmospheric corrections. ArcGIS 10.5 software was utilised for pre-processing and Excel 2019 was used to achieve the correlation analysis. 3. Methodology In this paper, the proposed methodology relies on analysis of the relationship between various biophysical spectral indicators and the degree of desertification. The object of this method is to adopt the best group of spectral indicators to reveal the strongest negative correlation. The research methodology includes three major steps: (1) Pre-processing of Landsat 8 imagery followed by calculation of spectral indices and TCT bands; (2) implementation of linear regression analysis on several groups of spectral indicators; and (3) development and application of an index for distinguishing the different levels of desertification in the study area.

3.1. Calculation of Spectral Indices: Spectral indicators have shown their ability to detect land degradation. In general, the use of remote sensing to monitor and evaluate land degradation is linked to the spectral reflectance of vegetation and soil (Al-Bakri et al., 2012:1). In this work, some spectral indicators have been applied: 3.1.1. Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI) The vegetation index is a significant factor in evaluating the productivity of soil via the derived information about vegetation cover (Cui et al., 2011:110). Among these indicators, several studies have revealed that MSAVI is beneficial because it enhances the dynamic domain of the vegetation signal while reducing the effect of background soil (Guo et al., 2017:4). As a result, it is used to detect areas with low vegetation coverage according to the formula (Cui et al., 2011:112): 𝑀𝑆𝐴𝑉𝐼 =

The desertification process in the selected area was assessed utilising Landsat 8 OLI sensor images (path/row 168/38) acquired on 7 August 2019 in the midst of the dry season when there is no rain and the vitality of chlorophyll is very slow; hence, there is a decrease in agricultural activities. The image, downloaded from http://landsat.usgs.gov, was cloud-free. It has been geo-corrected to a Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate system via the World Geodetic System (WGS) 1984 datum, Zone 38. Because the research relies on spectral indicators which are linked to the biophysical aspects of desertification processes, the digital number of Landsat 8 OLI band values has been transformed to top of atmosphere (TOA) reflectance according to the methods provided by the user handbook for the Landsat 8 data. Landsat 8 surface reflectance images

…(1)

Where,𝜌𝑁𝐼𝑅 and𝜌𝑅𝐸𝐷 are the reflectance values in the nearinfrared and red bands of Landsat 8 OLI images, respectively. 3.1.2. Topsoil Grain Size Index (GSI) Topsoil texture is closely associated with land degradation. Different levels of desertification have a mixed topsoil texture; the more intense the desertification, the coarser the topsoil (Xiao et al., 2006:2412). The value of GSI is near 0 or a smaller value in cultivated zones, and it is a negative value for bodies of water, whereas higher positive values of GSI appear to be areas influenced by sands, i.e., desert. The mathematical formula for the GSI index is (Pandey et al., 2013:6): 𝐺𝑆𝐼 =

2.2 Data Sources and Pre-processing:

2𝜌𝑁𝐼𝑅+1−√(2𝜌𝑁𝐼𝑅+1)2 −8(𝜌𝑁𝐼𝑅 −𝜌𝑅𝐸𝐷)

𝜌𝑅𝐸𝐷 _ 𝜌𝐵𝐿𝑈𝐸 𝜌𝑅𝐸𝐷+𝜌𝐺𝑅𝐸𝐸𝑁 +𝜌𝐵𝐿𝑈𝐸

… (2)

3.1.3. Albedo Albedo is a spectral characteristic of the earth's surface defined as the instantaneous proportion of reflected solar radiation from the target to the flow of incident radiation through the short-wave spectral range (Wu et al., 2019:4). It is an important index for determining the alteration of surface conditions such as aridity/humidity and temperature, which can cause desertification (Lamqadem et al., a2018). Generally, replacing vegetation cover with bare soil results in an increase of land surface albedo, which implies a degradation in the quality of land (Guo et al., 2017:5). In this paper, broad-band albedo has been adopted, which is specified by the collection of narrow-band albedos for each Landsat 8 band using the formula established by Liang (2001): Albedo OLI = 0.356𝜌2 +0.130𝜌4 +0.373𝜌5 +0.085𝜌6 +0.072𝜌7 -0.0018 (3),

where albedo-OLI characterises the broad-band albedo of Landsat OLI

Reem Tuama Yousuf and Ebtihal T AL-Khakani. (2021). Assessing Degree of Desertification Using Tasselled Cap Transformation and Spectral Indicators Techniques: Iraq. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

and 𝜌 is narrow-band albedo for each band of Landsat OLI.

3.2. Tasselled Cap Transformation: TCT is a useful method to compress the spectral data into a few bands linked to physical scene characteristics. It was introduced in 1976 by Kauth and Thomas utilising Landsat-5 MSS (Huang et al., 2002:1741). The concept of TCT is the linear transformation across a group of coefficients of pixel values in original bands (usually highly correlative) to a new group of bands that are orthonormal. New bands clarify the features and have been developed to relate to different types of land cover (Zanchetta and Bitelli, 2017:4). The TCT of Landsat TM or ETM+ comprises six multispectral features, and the first three bands are used often (Li and Chen, 2014:141). The first TC band matches the total brightness of the scene. The second TC band matches greenness and is usually employed as an indicator of the density of vegetation coverage. The third TC band is used as an index for the wetness of soil (Lamqadem et al., a2018:6). TCT does not depend on the image and may be applied to different images, provided that the transactions for this type of satellite are calculated. As a result, it needs a set of coefficients which weigh the multispectral image bands, where the sum gives a new value (Li et al., 2016:2). Table 1 presents the coefficients of transformation employed in this research for Landsat 8 OLI to get the TCT indicators. The mathematical models for brightness, greenness and wetness have been calculated according to Formulas 4, 5 and 6 (Crist and Kauth 1986: 84): Brightness=0.3037𝜌2 +0.3608𝜌3 +0.3564𝜌4 +0.7084𝜌5 +0.2358𝜌6 +0.1691𝜌7 …(4) Greenness=-0.3064𝜌2 -0.3300𝜌3 -0.4325𝜌4 +0.6860𝜌5 -0.0383𝜌6 -0.2674𝜌7 …. (5) Wetness=0.2097𝜌2 +0.2038𝜌3 +0.1017𝜌4 +0.0685𝜌5 -0.7460𝜌6 -0.5548𝜌7 …. (6) Table 1. Tasseled Cap Component Coefficients for Landsat 8 OLI Images (Li et al., 2016:8) TCT Blue Green Red NIR SWIR1 SWIR2 Brightness 0.3037 0.3608 0.3564 0.7084 0.2358 0.1691 Greenness -0.3064 -0.3300 -0.4325 0.6860 -0.0383 - 0.2674 Wetness 0.2097 0.2038 0.1017 0.0685 -0.7460 - 0.5548

3.3. Determination of the Degree of Desertification (DDI): Any two indicators are deemed equivalent if it is possible to take a decision based on one indicator equally well as on the other indicator (Perry and Lautenschlager, 1984:2). Furthermore, the binary distinction between types of vegetation cover and non-vegetation is required for at least one pair of indicators to ensure that these two types of ground cover are separated in the feature area (Baraldi et al., 2006:2577). In the description of land degradation, the indicators were grouped into five pairs according to their relationship. The linear regression model has been performed to compare and choose the group offering the highest negative correlation. About 500 points were randomly chosen utilising the GIS tools for the entire study area. The values of albedo, MSAVI, GSI, TCB, TCW and TCG corresponding to each point were extracted to perform the correlation analysis for the four pairs. From albedo-MSAVI (first set), GSI-MSAVI (second set), TCB-TCW (third set) and TCB-TCG (fourth set), the groups with the highest negative correlation were chosen. Depending on these groups, the degree of desertification index equation has been applied. Based on the results presented by Verstraete and Pinty (1996), various desertification regions can be efficiently detached by segmenting the albedo-NDVI feature space in the perpendicular direction into changing orientations of desertification. The perpendicular direction position in the albedo-NDVI feature space can be well-matched using a simple linear polynomial formula as follows: DDI = K × NDVI-albedo … (7) Where DDI is the degree of desertification indicator and K is assigned by the slope of the suitable linear regression equation in the feature space (where k = -1/slope). According to the conclusions presented by

Ma et al. (2011), the values of the DDI can be segmented into five different classes of desertification: non-desertification, low, moderate, high and severe, utilising Jenks’ natural break classification, where the break points between classes are determined according to the nature of the data and its inherent groups. This algorithm maximises the difference between the classes while the internal variance for each class is at a minimum (Wei et al., 2018:6). This algorithm has been applied in many studies (Becerril-Pina et al., 2016; Lamqadem et al., a2018; Ma et al., 2011; Wei et al., 2018) to distinguish degrees of desertification depending on a variety of spectral indices, where it has offered higher precision than the training models or statistical data. In this paper, the DDI formula (Formula 7) will be applied according to the results of the strongest correlation between the different indicators used.

3.4. Accuracy Assessment: To check the precision of the models, 200 verification points were randomly chosen from the study area. Then, the verification points were visually interpreted according to sentinel-2 satellite data and a Google Earth map. The ground-truth points were collected from diverse classes of the study region (i.e., dense vegetation cover, sparse vegetation, bare soil and wetland). To evaluate the accuracy of the final desertification maps, the confusion matrix and some statistical descriptors derived from this matrix, such as user accuracy, producer accuracy, overall accuracy and Kappa coefficient, were applied. 4. Results

4.1. MSAVI, GSI, Albedo, and TCT Indicators: Figures 2 (a) and (b) show the results of applying the spectral indices of MSAVI, GSI, albedo, TCB, TCG and TCW. The high values of the MSAVI and TCG bands reached 0.672 and 0.312 respectively, representing the agricultural fields and palm orchards, while the lower values were -0.212 and -0.229, respectively, corresponding to the bodies of water and wetlands in the study area. Figure 2 (a). From left to right, MSAVI, GSI and albedo

The high values of the GSI, TCB and albedo bands indicate drylands including sand dunes and fallow lands, and the low values refer to vegetation cover and bodies of water. TCW values ranged from 1.291 to 0.284, where the high values correspond to bodies of water, dense vegetation and wetlands, while the low values represent sand dunes and bare soil that is free of vegetation cover. Figure 2 (b). Tasselled cap transformation indicators, from left to right: brightness, greenness and wetness

4.2. Results of a Linear Regression Analysis: Results of the linear regression analysis for the four sets (Figure 3) showed that the negative correlations between MSAVI and each of GSI and albedo were slight with correlation coefficients of 0.483 and 0.3516, respectively, while a high negative relationship was found between TCB and TCW with r2 =0.8894 and between TCB and TCG with r2 =0.8519 at p < 0.0001. Therefore, the two groups, TCB-TCW and TCB-TCG, were selected to map the two models of degree of desertification. The regression equation for TCB-TCW and TCB-TCG models can be formulated according to two equations: TCB = -2.8708 * TCW + 0.4065 …(8) TCB = -3.9884 * TCG + 0.6849 …(9) Based on the results of linear regression analysis, two new formulas have been suggested for extracting the DDI depending on the relationship of TCB-TCW and TCB-TCG, as follows DDI = K * TCW-TCB …(10) DDI = K * TCG-TCB …(11) K values were assigned by slope for each of the two Equations 8 and 9. In this study, they were 0.3483 (1/2.8708 Equation 8) and 0.2507 (1/3.9884 Equation 9) respectively. Table 2 shows the ranges of the DDI values, areas and percentage of coverage for several desertification categories, which differed according to the two TCWTCB and TCG-TCB models. Figure 3. Correlation analysis of variables of different feature spaces for TCB-TCW, TCB-TCG, albedoMSAVI and GSI-MSAVI

Table 2. Ranges of DDI values, areas and percentage of coverage for land at different levels of desertification for TCB-TCW and TCB-TCG models Model Degree of Desertification DDI Range Area (Km2) % of Coverage Severe desertification < - 0.33 338.809 26.29 High desertification -0.33 to -0.26 249.845 19.38 Medium desertification -0.26 to -0.18 192.839 14.96 TCB-TCW Low desertification -0.18 to -0.10 199.321 15.46 Non- desertification > -0.10 308.173 23.90 Severe desertification < -0.23 246.278 19.11 High desertification -0.23 to -0.19 285.477 22.15 Medium desertification -0.19 to -0.14 187.404 14.54 TCB-TCG Low desertification -0.14 to -0.09 184.768 14.34 Non- desertification > -0.09 384.960 29.87

It is clear that the values of K and the extent of DDI values in the different desertification regions vary for the two feature-space patterns. In the severe desertification zones, the highest brightness values correspond to the lowest wetness values, which are often free of vegetation cover, while the non-desertified region has the highest vegetation cover, highest wetness and lowest brightness values.

4.3. Accuracy Assessment of the Degree of Desertification Results: Table 3 shows the specific classification accuracy of the TCB-TCW and TCB-TCG models. The results show that the overall accuracy of classification of the TCB-TCG model attained 91.44% with a Kappa coefficient of 89.23, while the overall accuracy of the TCB-TCW model

reached 88.14% with a Kappa coefficient of 85.11. The producer and user accuracy of each class extracted by the TCBTCW model were 100% and 84.61% for severe desertification, 86.46% and 92.50% for high desertification, 88.37% and 86.36% for moderate desertification, 80.43% and 90.24% for low desertification and 89.65% and 86.66% for non-desertification, respectively. The producer and user accuracy of each class extracted by the TCBTCG model were, respectively, 93.75% and 96.77% for severe desertification, 94.28% and 91.77% for high desertification, 92.10% and 92.10% for moderate desertification, 87.87% and 82.85% for low desertification and 89.79% and 93.61% for non-desertification. Table 3 .Accuracy classification for the degree of desertification map of TCB-TCG and TCB-TCW models

It is generally noted that the two models recommended in this paper have comparatively high classification accuracy. Finally, the research results confirm that the relationship between vegetation density and soil brightness is an appropriate and effective tool in the quantitative assessment of desertification. 5. Discussion Nowadays, several methods are used to monitor desertification by remote sensing, including regression model (Jingfeng et al., 2005), supervised classification (Wang et al., 2006), spectral mixture analysis (Röder et al., 2008), visual interpretation (Guangyin et al., 2015) and vegetation index (Xu et al., 2018). In this study, the advantage of the applied feature-space models technique, which depends on various spectral indicators, further improves the accuracy of desertification information at several levels when compared with the aforementioned methods. The results of the linear regression analysis of the two models, MSAVIGSI and MSAVI-albedo, show a slight negative relationship between MSAVI and the albedo and GSI indicators. The lowest negative correlation was between MSAVI and albedo. Therefore, these two models cannot be adopted/used in mapping desertification levels. To get the relative relationship of soil brightness, vegetation and bodies of water in the process of desertification, TCT was successfully used to recuperate the indicators of TCB, TCG and TCW for brightness, vegetation coverage and soil wetness, respectively. Based on the correlation analysis of the TCT indicators, two degrees of desertification models were established in the TCW-TCB and TCG-TCB feature space to assign a map of the varying degrees of desertification for the studied area. Although the TCW indicator reveals humid areas, whether bodies of water or dense vegetation cover, the TCB-TCW model excellently reveals the extreme contrast between dry soils and wet areas. Thus, TCB-TCW analysis results show a strong negative correlation (r2=0.8894). This is consistent with the outcomes of Crist et al. (1986) and Lamqadem et al. (2018:a) who concluded that TCW can be closely related to soil and plant management. In this paper, TCB-TCW analysis confirms the efficiency of using TCW as an indicator for assessing the environment and vegetation in dry and semiarid regions.

The TCG-TCB model proposed in this study reveals a clear contrast between dry soil and vegetation areas. With aggravation from desertification, vegetation cover will decrease in addition to changing the surface energy balance and water, thereby reducing soil moisture and increasing surface whiteness (Wu et al., 2019:10). Therefore, the surface characteristics of the desertification process can directly influence the TCG-TCB feature space. Accordingly, the results also show that TCG has a high negative correlation with TCB (r2 = 0.8519), indicating that the TCG indicator can be used efficiently in environmental monitoring and land cover assessment. Figure 4 (a) shows a map of the degree of desertification based on the TCW-TCB model. According to this model, total percentage of desertification is around 76.09% of the entire area, whereas severe desertification is about 26.29%. High desertification is shown to be around 19.38%, while moderate desertification was limited to 14.96% and low desertification to 15.46%. Finally, the rate of nondesertification is 23.90% of the total area (see Table 2). Based on the TCG-TCB model, an extracted map of the degree of desertification is illustrated in Figure 4 (b). As the map shows, the percentage of desertification is slightly lower than that obtained from the TCW-TCB model. In Table 2, the percentage of the desertified zone obtained from the TCG-TCB model has decreased to 70.13% of the entire area, which increases the non-desertified area to 29.87%. The percentages of the severe and high desertification are 19.11% and 22.15% respectively, and the percentages of moderate and low desertification are 14.54% and 14.34%.

While the high sensitivity to vegetation cover of the TCB-TCG model increases the low desertification areas compared with the land cover classification map, by comparing the TCB-TCW and TCB-TCG models with the ground cover classification, it is clear that both models match the ground cover classification regardless of a slight decrease in the highly desertified area with the TCB-TCW model, while the TCB-TCG model showed a slight increase in highdesertified area and a slight decrease in low-desertified area. Figure 5. Land cover classification map

Figure 4. Degree of desertification map results of two models: (a) TCB-TCW, and (b) TCB-TCG

(a)

(b)

In general, it is noticeable that the non-desertification lands are distributed along the southeastern region (seasonal crops, palm trees and fruits) and part of the western region (bodies of water) for the studied district, while the severe desertification areas are in the western region (sand dune creep areas) and small parts of the southwest (fallow lands). Desertification studies often rely on extracting desertification information by interpreting land cover types in terms of patterns of vegetation cover and bare soil (Perry and Lautenschlager, 1984:11). Therefore, the results of the TCB-TCW and TCG-TCW models have been visually compared with the land cover classification map of the studied zone, as shown in Figure 5. According to the land cover classification map, the desertification area accounts for 70.66% of the total area, which is compatible with the research results. The poor sensitivity of the TCB-TCW model with respect to the lowquality vegetation cover leads to interference between vegetation and barren soils in some areas. Therefore, the percentage of severe and low desertification lands appears higher than their value in the land cover classification map.

6. Conclusion The observed desertification indicator was proposed according to the relationship between desertification and a combination of several indices: TCW-TCB, TCG-TCB, MSAVI-GSI and MSAVI-albedo. The proposed indices were used to evaluate desertification in a part of An-Najaf Province utilising Landsat 8 OLI imagery. The results of the study show that degrees of desertification can be inferred using the feature-space models of TCG-TCB and TCW-TCB, where results manifested the highest negative correlation giving better results compared with MSAVI-albedo and MSAVI-GSI combined with p values of accuracy less than 0.0001. According to the relationship between TCG-TCB and TCW-TCB, the DDI has been applied for mapping the degree of desertification. The obtained values were, then, classified into five grades of desertification: none, low, medium, high and severe. It was found that both models, TCW-TCB and TCG-TCB, presented a good result for assessing the degree of desertification with an overall accuracy of 88.14% and 91.44%, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that the calculation of the DDI index makes it possible to easily monitor desertification and effectively use remote sensing images from other sensors. Furthermore, the approach used is rapid and simple for quantitative evaluation of land degradation.

Biographies

Reem Tuama Yousuf Department of Physics, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq, 0096407816052719, reem94tooma@gmail.com Mrs Yousuf holds a Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Babylon. She is currently a master's student in remote sensing physics at the University of Kufa, College of Education for Girls. She has previously published an ISI/Scopus-indexed article in the field of remote sensing in the Journal of Xidian University. She is preparing to discuss her master's thesis, entitled ‘Quantitative evaluation of desertification manifestation of a part of Najaf province using remote sensing data and spectral indexes techniques’.

Ebtihal T AL-Khakani Department of Physics, College of Education for Girls, University of Kufa, Kufa, Iraq, 0096407829785431, ibtihal.alkhaqani@uokufa.edu.iq Dr AL-Khakani is an assistant professor specialising in remote sensing physics who has participated in many international scientific conferences inside Iraq, published eight research papers in refereed journals in Iraq, and has publishing in journals with an international scope such as Ecology, Environment and Conservation and Journal of Physics. Dr AL-Khakani’s main research interests are the use of remote sensing techniques in environmental monitoring, detection of change in land surface cover, soil salinity estimation, heat island measurement, and detection of surface soil minerals. ORCID: 0000-0002-4003-0154

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Earth Resources and Environmental Remote Sensing/GIS Applications III, 853810, Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 25/10/2012.

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tasselled cap transformation based on Landsat 7 at-satellite reflectance. International Journal of Remote Sensing, 23(8), 1741–8. DOI: 10.1080/01431160110106113. Kauth, R.J. and Thomas, G.S. )1976(. The tasselled cap – a graphic description of the spectral-temporal development of agricultural crops as seen by Landsat, In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Machine Processing of Remotely Sensed Data, Purdue University of West Lafayette, Indiana, 29/06–1/07/1976. Lamqadem, A.A., Saber, H. and Pradhan, B. (2018a). Quantitative assessment of desertification in an arid oasis using remote sensing data and spectral index techniques. Remote Sensing, 10(1862), 1–19. DOI:10.3390/rs10121862. Lamqadem, A.A., Pradhan. B., Saber, H. and Rahimi, A. (2018b). Desertiﬁcation sensitivity analysis using MEDALUS model and GIS: A case study of the oases of middle Draa Valley, Morocco. Sensors, 18(7), 1–19. DOI: 10.3390/s18072230. Liang, S.L. (2001). Narrowband to broadband conversions of land surface albedo I: Algorithm. Remote Sensing Environment, 76(2), 213–38. DOI: 10.1016/S0034-4257(00)00205-4. Li, B., Ti, C., Zhao, Y. and Yan, X. (2016). Estimating soil moisture with Landsat data and its application in extracting the spatial distribution of winter flooded paddies. Remote Sensing, 8(38), 1–18. DOI: 10.3390/rs8010038. Li, S. and Chen, X. (2014) A new bare-soil index for rapid mapping developing areas using Landsat 8 data. In: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Suzhou, China, 14–16/5/2014. DOI: 10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-4-1392014. Ma, Z., Xie, Y., Jiao, J., li, L. and Wang, X. (2011). The construction and application of an Albedo-NDVI based desertification monitoring model. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 10(n/a), 2029–35. Mfondoum, A.H.N., Etouna, J., Nongsi, B. K., MvogoMoto. F.A. and Deussieu, F. G. N. (2016). Assessment of land degradation status and its impact in arid and semi-arid areas by correlating spectral and principal component analysis Neo-bands. International Journal of Advanced Remote Sensing and GIS, 5(2), 1539–60. Pandey, P. Ch., Rani, M., Srivastava, P.K., Sharma, L.K. and Nathawat, M.S. (2013). Land degradation severity assessment with sand encroachment in an ecologically fragile arid environment: A geospatial perspective. QScience Connect, 43(n/a), 1–17. DOI: 10.5339/connect.2013.43. Perry, C. J. and Lautenschlager, L.F. (1984). Functional equivalence of spectral vegetation indices. Remote Sensing of Environment, 14(1-3), 169–82. Röder, A. and Hill, J. (2008). Trend analysis of Landsat-TM and -ETM+ imagery to monitor grazing impact in a rangeland ecosystem in northern Greece. Remote Sens Environ, 112(6), 2863–75. Samarawickrama, U., Piyaratne1, D. and Ranagalage, M. (2017). Relationship between NDVI with tasseled cap indices: A remote sensing-based analysis. International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, 3(12), 13–9. UNCCD. (1994). United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in

those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa. Paris, France, 19/06/1994.

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‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫حمتوى األرز احلساوي واألرز البسمتي من‬ ‫املغذيات ّومضادات األكسدة‬

Nutrient Components and Antioxidant Activity in Hassawi Rice and Basmati Rice Varieties Muneera Q Al-Mssallem and Randah M Alqurashi

‫منيرة قاسم املسلم و رندة مقبل القرش ي‬

Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia LINK ‫الرابط‬

،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية العلوم الزراعية واألغذية‬،‫قسم علوم الغذاء والتغذية‬ ‫اململكة العربية السعودية‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/2265

25/04/2020

27/05/2020

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

173

2021

27/05/2020 22

01/06/2021 1

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Antioxidant activity, Basmati rice, flavonoids, Hassawi rice, nutrients, phenolic compounds ‫ نشاط مضاد األكسدة‬،‫ مغذيات‬،‫ مركبات فينولية‬،‫ فالفونويدات‬،‫ أرز حساوي‬،‫أرز بسمتي‬

ABSTRACT Hassawi rice (Oryza Sativa L.) is an indigenous reddish-brown rice of the Indica variety grown and traditionally consumed in the Al-Ahsa oasis in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The main objectives of this study were to assess the nutrients and antioxidant activity in Hassawi rice in comparison to those in Basmati rice. The results revealed that Hassawi rice had significantly higher phenolic compound and flavonoid contents (p<0.01) and antioxidant activity (p<0.05) than those of Basmati rice. The macro- and micro-mineral and water-soluble vitamin contents were also significantly higher (p<0.05) in Hassawi rice than in Basmati rice (with the exception of niacin, selenium, and boron). This study concluded that Hassawi rice plays an important role in the human diet as a nutritional and functional food. Further study is required to evaluate the benefits of Hassawi rice on human health.

1. Introduction Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important cereal food crops worldwide (Wang and Li, 2005) and is considered a main source of both carbohydrates (CHOs) and proteins for approximately twothirds of the world’s population (Ciulu et al, 2018). In addition to the CHO and protein contents, pigmented rice can be a source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds (Ito and Lacerda, 2019; Samyor et al., 2017). Bioactive compounds from natural sources have recently attracted increasing attention from the scientific community due to their medicinal and pharmaceutical applications (Porrini and Riso, 2008; Guaadaoui et al., 2014; Biesalski et al., 2009). Bioactive compounds exert an effective role in protecting the human body from chronic degenerative diseases due to their ability to scavenge any intermediates of free radicals resulting from oxidative species (Van Horn et al., 2008; Temple, 2000). Studies have found that whole grain rice (e.g., brown, black, and purple) contained higher contents of phenolic compounds than white rice (Tian et al., 2004; Shao and Bao, 2015). In Saudi Arabia, a wide range of rice varieties are available, including Hassawi rice. Hassawi rice (Oryza sativa L.) is an indigenous, reddishbrown rice of the Indica variety. It has been cultivated in the Al-Ahsa area of the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia for hundreds of years, and it is characterized by its wide adaptability to soil salinity and drought (Bimpong et al., 2014). Several studies have been carried out on Hassawi rice in terms of its cultivation (Al-Khayri et al., 2000; AlNoaim et al., 2004; Al-Saeedi et al., 1999; Bimpong et al., 2014), nutritional composition (Al-Bahrany, 2002; Al-Mssallem et al., 2010; 2011; Hadid and Elsheikh, 2012), genomics (Zhang et al., 2012) and clinical effects on blood glucose and insulin responses (Al-Mssallem Corresponding Author: Muneera Q Al-Mssallem

‫امللخص‬ ‫) هو أرز بني محمر أصلي من صنف إنديكا‬Oryza Sativa L.( ‫األرز الحساوي‬ ً ‫تقليديا في واحة األحساء في املنطقة الشرقية باململكة العربية‬ ‫املزروع واملستهلك‬ ‫ والهدف الرئيس لهذه الدراسة هو تقييم املغذيات ونشاط مضادات‬.‫السعودية‬ ‫ وقد أظهرت النتائج أن األرز‬.‫األكسدة في األرز الحساوي مقارنة باألرز البسمتي‬ )p<0.01( ‫الحساوي يحتوي على نسبة أعلى من الفينوالت والفالفونويدات‬ ‫ كما‬.‫) مقارنة بتلك املوجودة في األرز البسمتي‬p<0.05( ‫ونشاط مضادات األكسدة‬ ‫أن محتوى الفيتامينات الذائبة في املاء واألمالح املعدنية الكبرى والصغرى كانت‬ ‫) في األرز الحساوي باملقارنة باألرز البسمتي (باستثناء‬p<0.05( ‫أعلى بشكل ملحوظ‬ ‫ وقد خلصت الدراسة إلى أن األرز الحساوي‬.)‫النياسين والسيلينيوم والبورون‬ ً ‫دورا‬ ً ‫يلعب‬ ‫ وتوص ي الدراسة بإجراء‬.‫هاما في النظام الغذائي البشري كغذاء وظيفي‬ .‫املزيد من البحث لتقييم فوائد األرز الحساوي على صحة اإلنسان‬

et al., 2011). Nutritionally, Hassawi rice has a lower total CHO content (Al-Mssallem et al., 2011) and higher total protein content

(Al-Mssallem and Al-Mssallem 1997; Hadid and Elsheikh, 2012) than white long-grain rice. Furthermore, the levels of ash, proximate fat and non-starch polysaccharides are higher in Hassawi rice than in white long grain rice (Al-Bahrany, 2002; Al-Mssallem et al., 2011; Hadid and Elsheikh, 2012). In addition, Hassawi rice had a moderate impact on blood glucose and insulin responses (AlMssallem et al., 2011). To our knowledge, data on the contents of phenolic compounds in Hassawi rice and their antioxidant activity are not available. As such, the objective of this study was to investigate and compare the nutrients and total phenolic compounds in Hassawi rice and Basmati rice. Our hypothesis was that Hassawi rice has higher nutritional and functional properties than widely consumed white Basmati rice. 2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation of the Rice: Hassawi rice and white Basmati rice were collected from a local market in Al-Ahsa, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The samples were ground to a fine powder in a mechanical blender, sieved (100 mesh) to a uniform size and then frozen at -20 °C until analysis.

2.2. Non-starch Polysaccharide, Mineral and Vitamin Analyses: Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) were determined using an ANKOM dietary fibre analyser (AOAC-991.43). The mineral content was analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Vitamin B analysis was carried out using ELISA (Biopharm

mmssallem@kfu.edu.sa, 00966555959598

ّ ‫ منيرة قاسم املسلم‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

ّ .‫ محتوى األرزالحساوي واألرزالبسمتي من املغذيات ومضادات األكسدة‬.)2021( .‫منيرة قاسم املسلم ورندة مقبل القرش ي‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

P1006, P1007, and P1004 for B1, B2, and B3, respectively), while vitamin C was analysed using HPLC-PDA (M-H079). All analyses were carried out in accordance with the AOAC procedures at the Inspection Diagnostics Analysis Consultation (IDAC) Laboratory, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

2.3. Determination of Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds: 2.3.1. Preparation of the rice extract The powdered samples (10 g) were mixed with 100 ml of 80% methanol, vortexed for 15 min and kept at room temperature for 1 h. The mixture was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm for 5 min at room temperature. This process was repeated three times, and then supernatants were collected and filtered through 0.45 µm filter paper. The solvents were evaporated by a rotary evaporator (IKA RV 10 Control, Werke GmbH and Co. KG, Germany) at 40 °C, and then the extracts were adjusted to pH 2 with 1% HCl. The extracts were protected from light by foil and immediately subjected to analysis of total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity. 2.3.2. Determination of total phenolic content The total phenolic acid content was assessed by applying the FolinCiocalteu method and using gallic acid as a standard (Sun et al., 2002). A 0.5 ml aliquot of a sample extract or standards was mixed with 0.5 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent (SOMATCO, Saudi Arabia). After incubation for 3 min at room temperature, 4 ml of saturated sodium carbonate solution was added, and the tube was placed on a shaker for 25 min at room temperature. The absorbance of the sample was measured at 650 nm using a UV-1800 spectrophotometer (Shimadzu, China). The total phenolic content was calculated using a calibration curve constructed with the standard (gallic acid), and the results are expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE) mg/g DW (mean ± SD; n = 3, triplicate analysis). 2.3.3. Total flavonoid content The total flavonoid content was measured using a spectrophotometric assay based on aluminium complex formation (Silva et al., 2015; Ostertag et al., 2010; Pękal et al., 2014;). Briefly, 1 ml of sample extract was added into a 15 ml tube containing 4 ml of distilled water. The mixture was mixed with 0.3 ml of 5% sodium nitrite and incubated for 5 min at room temperature. Then, 0.3 ml of 10% AlCl3 was added, and after an additional 6 min, 2 ml of 1 M sodium hydroxide was added, and the total volume was brought to 10 ml with distilled water. The absorbance of the reaction mixture was measured at 512 nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. Total flavonoids are expressed as catechin equivalents (CE) mg/g DW (mean ± SD; n = 3, triplicate analysis). 2.3.4. Determination of antioxidant activity The antioxidant activity of the rice extracts was determined using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) radical scavenging assay (Amarowicz et al., 2004). In this assay, 1 ml of sample extract was mixed with 1 ml of 0.1 mM DPPH in methanol. The absorbance was measured after 30 min of incubation at room temperature in a dark room at 515 nm using a UV-VIS spectrophotometer. The result was calculated as a percentage using the following equation: DPPH scavenged (%) = ((Acon -A test)/Acon)X 100 where Acon is the absorbance of the control reaction (DPPH) and A test is the absorbance of the rice extract.

2.4. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences software (SPSS software, Version 23.0). Calibration curves of total phenolic compounds and flavonoids were generated with

Microsoft Office Excel 2019. The results are expressed as percentages and means ± SD, unless stated otherwise. Differences in antioxidant activity and total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents between Hassawi rice and Basmati rice were evaluated by paired t-tests. All data were examined using a two-tailed approach, with a level of p<0.05 considered significant. 3. Results

3.1. Non-Starch Polysaccharide, Mineral and Vitamin Analyses: Table 1 illustrates the non-starch polysaccharide, macro- and micromineral, and water-soluble vitamin contents of Hassawi rice and Basmati rice. Hassawi rice had a considerable amount of non-starch polysaccharides, with a content that was 6 times that found in Basmati rice (6.22 vs 0.96% DW). It was obvious that the most abundant macro-minerals were phosphorus and potassium in both types of rice. The calcium, potassium, and phosphorus contents in Hassawi rice were almost double those observed in Basmati rice. Zinc, on the other hand, was the most abundant micro-mineral in both types of rice, followed by iron. Zinc and copper were found in Hassawi rice at a content that was double that in Basmati rice. The lead, mercury, arsenic, and cadmium contents were not detectable, with detection limits of 0.004, 0.005, 0.08, and 0.004 ppm, respectively. For thiamine and riboflavin, Hassawi rice had significantly higher contents of these water-soluble vitamins (p<0.01), the levels of which were almost double those found in Basmati rice (Table 1). However, the niacin content was higher in Basmati rice than in Hassawi rice (1.26 vs 0.73 mg/100 g). Vitamin C was not detected, and its limit of quantitation was < 0.01 mg/100 g. Table 1 Non-starch polysaccharide, macro- and micro-mineral, and water-soluble vitamin contents in Hassawi rice and Basmati rice (raw matter).

Nutrient content Hassawi rice Basmati rice Non-starch polysaccharides (g/100 g) Non-starch polysaccharides 6.22±0.14 0.96±0.03 (NSPs) Calcium, Ca Phosphorus, P Potassium, K Sodium, Na

Macro-minerals (ppm) 110.82±17.57 42.15±9.52 3326.44±28.93 1146.75±6.48 2732.65±27.84 1327.54±14.79 25.37±6.32 19.39±6.48

Zinc, Zn Iron, Fe Copper, Cu Selenium, Se Lead, Pb Mercury, Hg Arsenic, As Boron, B Cadmium, Cd

Micro-minerals (ppm) 30.67±7.24 13.69±0.38 3.38±0.06 0.16±0.01 ND ND ND 2.60±0.82 ND

Thiamine, B1 Riboflavin, B2 Niacin, B3 Vitamin, C

12.83±2.38 6.68±4.99 1.57±0.04 0.19±0.01 ND ND ND 3.76±0.22 ND

Water-soluble vitamins (mg/100 g) 0.53±0.02 0.18±0.01 0.17±0.01 0.08±0.01 0.73±0.01 1.26±0.05 ND ND

p-value 0.000 0.005 0.000 0.000 0.021 0.024 0.153 0.000 0.053

0.188

0.004 0.004 0.005

3.2. Antioxidant Activity and Phenolic Compounds in Rice Extracts: Table 2 shows the total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents of the two rice samples. The results show significant differences between Hassawi rice and Basmati rice in both total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents. The Hassawi rice had a higher total phenolic acid

Muneera Q Al-Mssallem and Randah M Alqurashi. (2021). Nutrient Components and Antioxidant Activity in Hassawi Rice and Basmati Rice Varieties. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

content (118±2.6 GAE mg/g) than Basmati rice (31±1.0 GAE mg/g) (p<0.001). In contrast, Hassawi rice exhibited a higher total flavonoid content (61.66±1.52 CE mg/g) than Basmati rice (8.66±1.52 CE mg/g) (p<0.001), as shown in Table 2.

3.3. Antioxidant Activity of Dry Rice Extracts: The rice extracts in this study were measured by the DPPH-free radical scavenging activity assay (Table 2). The Hassawi rice showed the highest free-radical scavenging activity of 76.4%, while the Basmati rice exhibited a significantly lower antioxidant activity (29.3%) (p<0.05). Table 2: Total phenolic acid and flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Hassawi rice and white Basmati rice extracts (meanSD).

Variable Total phenolic acids (GAE mg/g) Total flavonoids (CE mg/g) Antioxidant activities (%)

Hassawi rice 1182.64

Basmati rice 311.00

p-value 0.000

61.661.52 76.43  3.76

8.661.52 29.35 5.54

0.001 0.013

4. Discussion Hassawi rice is a variety of rice commonly consumed in the eastern part of Saudi Arabia, and it is considered to have a better nutritional quality than that of other types of white rice. In this study, the bioactive compounds in Hassawi rice included nutritive and non-nutritive bioactive components. The nutritive bioactive components in Hassawi rice included NSPs and selenium. It was obvious that NSPs in Hassawi rice were approximately 548% higher than those in Basmati rice. However, when NSPs in Hassawi rice were compared with those found in the literature for brown rice, the NSP content was approximately 53% higher in Hassawi rice than in brown rice (USDA, 2016). This considerable level of NSPs in Hassawi rice indicates the importance of this type of rice as a source of dietary NSPs. Similarly, Al-Mssallem et al. found that the NSP content in Hassawi rice was almost double that found in Uncle Ben’s rice (Al-Mssallem et al., 2011). The high content of NSPs in Hassawi rice could be explained by the fact that Hassawi rice is an unprocessed rice that retains its outer bran layer prior to consumption. Thus, Hassawi rice contains higher levels of NSPs and nutrients than Basmati rice, which is typically bleached and stripped of its bran prior to consumption. Selenium was also detected in Hassawi rice and is considered the second most abundant nutritive bioactive compound in Hassawi rice after NSPs. In addition to its nutritional value, selenium possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and protects the human body from oxidative stress (Rayman, 2012). In terms of non-nutritive bioactive compounds, our results revealed that the contents of phenolic acids and flavonoids and the antioxidant activity in Hassawi rice were higher than those found in white Basmati rice. The higher content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in Hassawi rice were partially attributed to its reddish-brown colour. Similar findings have been reported for pigmented rice, which has been shown to possess more phenolic compounds than white rice (Deng et al., 2013). This feature of Hassawi rice confirmed its functional properties in addition to its nutritional value. Studies have reported that the high consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains plays an essential role in preventing damage to the human body from oxidative stress (Miller and Engel, 2006; Miller et al, 2000; Panala et al, 2009; Stratil et al, 2007). Thus, regular consumption of such pigmented rice can contribute to improving human health and protecting the human body against chronic degenerative diseases (Gao et al., 2018; Muntana and Prasong, 2010; Samyor et al., 2017). Although Hassawi rice is used in its natural form and is not fortified

with nutrients, its contents of some minerals and vitamins were higher than those of white Basmati rice. In this study, phosphorus was the most abundant mineral in Hassawi rice, followed by potassium, and these findings were consistent with those previously reported in the literature (Al-Bahrany, 2002). The results showed that the most abundant water-soluble vitamin in both types of rice was niacin, the content of which was higher in Basmati rice than in Hassawi rice. This could be explained by the fact that most processed rice is fortified by the addition of some vitamins and minerals. However, the contents of both thiamine and riboflavin were higher in Hassawi rice than in Basmati rice. These two watersoluble vitamins were also higher in Hassawi rice than in long-grain white rice according to the literature (USDA, 2016). In conclusion, Hassawi rice has been shown to possess higher nutrient and total phenolic compound contents and antioxidant activity than Basmati rice, so we could fully accept our hypothesis that Hassawi rice would have higher nutritional and functional properties than Basmati rice. To our knowledge, this study is the first to investigate the antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds in Hassawi rice. Further studies are needed to investigate the prebiotic activity of Hassawi rice NSPs and phenolic compounds in promoting the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, which may be considered important in preventing some degenerative diseases and improving general human health. Acknowledgments The authors extend their appreciation to the Deputyship for Research & Innovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number IFT20004. Bios

Muneera Qassim Al-Mssallem Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, mmssallem@kfu.edu.sa, mmssallem@gmail.com, 00966555959598

Dr Al-Mssallem received her PhD in clinical nutrition from the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences at Surrey University, UK, in 2011. Her research interests are in the glycaemic and insulinaemic indices of traditional foods, their content of bioactive compounds and the role of these foods in improving the health of patients with diabetes and obesity and protecting public health. She has published approximately 14 scientific papers in her main field, co-authored 2 chapters in a book and translated 6 chapters that were published in Springer.

Randah Miqbil AlQurashi Department of Food Sciences and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, ralqurashi@kfu.edu.sa, dr.randah.alqurashi@gmail.com, 00966559223608

Dr AlQurashi received her PhD in human nutrition from Reading University, UK, in 2016. Her research interests are in clinical nutrition and the effect of antioxidants on human health. She is a member in the Nutrition Society, UK, and has participated in organizing conferences inside and outside Saudi Arabia, including the Saudi Conference for Saudi Students in the United Kingdom. She has published 3 scientific papers in her field and co-authored two chapters in a newly published book by Springer. She has received various distinction awards from Saudi cultural attachés in the UK.

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Miller, H.E., Rigelhof, F., Marquart, L., Prakash, A. and Kanter, M. (2000). Antioxidant content of whole grain breakfast cereals, fruits and vegetables. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 19(3Suppl), 312S–9S. DOI:10.1080/07315724.2000.10718966 Muntana, N. and Prasong, S. (2010). Study on total phenolic contents and their antioxidant activities of Thai white, red and black rice bran extracts. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 13(4), 170–4. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2010.170.174 Ostertag, L.M., O’Kennedy, N., Kroon, P.A., Duthie, G.G. and de Roos, B. (2010). Impact of dietary polyphenols on human platelet function-a critical review of controlled dietary intervention studies. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 54(1), 60–81. DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900172 Panala, V., Verghese, M., Boateng, J.O., Field, R., Shackelford, L. and Walker, L.T. (2009). A comparison of rice bran, corn oil and soybean oil against azoxymethane induced colon cancer in a Fisher 344 rat model. International Journal of Cancer Research, 5(1), 25–35. DOI: 10.3923/ijcr.2009.25.35 Pękal, A. and Pyrzynska, K. (2014). Evaluation of aluminium complexation reaction for flavonoid content assay. Food Analytical Methods, 7(9), 1776–82. DOI: 10.1007/s12161-014-9814-x Porrini, M. and Riso, P. (2008). Factors influencing the bioavailability of antioxidants in foods: a critical appraisal. Nutrition, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases, 18(10), 647–50. DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2008.08.004 Rayman, M.P. (2012). Selenium and human health. Lancet, 379(9822), 1256–68. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61452-9. Samyor, D., Das, A.B. and Deka, S.C. (2017). Pigmented rice a potential source of bioactive compounds: A review. International Journal of Food Science + Technology, 52(5), 1073–81. do DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13378 Shao, Y. and Bao, J. (2015). Polyphenols in whole rice grain: genetic diversity and health benefits. Food Chemistry, 180(n/a), 86–97. DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.02.027 Silva, L.A., Pezzini, B.R., Soares, L. (2015). Spectrophotometric determination of the total flavonoid content in Ocimum basilicum L. (Lamiaceae) leaves. Pharmacognosy Magazine, 11(41), 96–101. Stratil, P., Klejdus, B. and Kuban, V. (2007). Determination of phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in fruits and cereals. Talanta, 71(4), 1741–51. DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2006.08.012Get rights and content Sun, J., Chu, Y.F., Wu, X. and Liu, R.H. (2002). Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of common fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 50(25), 7449–54. DOI: 10.1021/jf0207530 Temple, N.J. (2000). Antioxidants and disease: More questions than answers. Nutrition Research, 20(3), 449–459. DOI: 10.1016/S0271-5317(00)00138-X Tian, S., Nakamura, K. and Kayahara, H. (2004). Analysis of phenolic compounds in white rice, brown rice, and germinated brown rice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52(15), 4808–13. DOI: 10.1021/jf049446f USDA (2016) National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. Available at: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdcapp.html#/?query=white%20rice (accessed on 23/12/2019) Van Horn, L., Mc Coin, M., Kris-Etherton, P., Burke, F., Carson, J., Champagne, C., Karmally, W. and Sikand, G. (2008). The evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 108(2), 287–331. DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.10.050 Wang, Y. and Li, J. (2005). The plant architecture of rice (Oryza sativa). Plant Molecular Biology, 59(1), 75–84. DOI: 10.1007/s11103-0044038-x Zhang, T., Hu, S., Zhang, G., Pan, L., Zhang, X. and Al-Mssallem, I.S. (2012). The organelle genomes of Hassawi rice (Oryza sativa L.) and its hybrid in Saudi Arabia: Genome variation, rearrangement, and origins. PLoS ONE. 7(7), e42041. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042041

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫ السودان‬:‫األمهات والوقاية من املالريا‬

Malaria Prevention and Mothers: Sudan Yousif M. Elmosaad1, Ahmed M Al Rajeh2, Asif khan3, Elfatih M. Malik4 and Ilias Mahmud3

‫ و الفاتح محمد‬3‫ و آصف خان يوسف خان‬2‫ و أحمد منصورالراجح‬1‫يوسف محمد املساعد‬ 3‫ و الياس محمود امداد الحق‬4‫مالك‬

1 Department of Public Health and 2Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied

،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية العلوم الطبية التطبيقية‬،‫قسم العالج التنفس ي‬2 ‫قسم الصحة العامة و‬1 ‫السعودية‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ البكيرية‬،‫ جامعة القصيم‬،‫ كلية الصحة العامة واملعلوماتية الصحية‬،‫قسم الصحة العامة‬3 ‫ السودان‬،‫ الخرطوم‬،‫ جامعة الخرطوم‬،‫ كلية الطب‬،‫قسم طب املجتمع‬4

Medical Sciences, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia 3 Department of Public Health, College of Public Health & Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia 4 Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/med/2384

22/05/2020

05/12/2020

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

7606

2021

05/12/2020 22

01/06/2021 1

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Perceptions, practices, control, treatment, under-five children ‫ العالج‬،‫ السيطرة‬،‫ املمارسات‬،‫ املعتقدات‬،‫األطفال دون سن الخامسة‬

ABSTRACT This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in malaria prevention using insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) among mothers of children under five years of age in White Nile State, Sudan. Multistage cluster sampling was used to select 761 mothers for this cross-sectional survey. There were gaps in the KAP in malaria prevention. Only 46.3% of the mothers stated personal protective measures (PPMs) as the best malaria prevention strategy; 54.9% considered ITNs as an effective means; and only 18.7% reported sleeping under an ITN every day. Older mothers were less likely to have good knowledge (OR=0.96), attitudes (OR=0.98) and practices (OR=0.98). Having a Government employee as the head of the household was positively associated with knowledge (OR=2.16) and attitudes (OR=1.96). The mother having a formal education was also positively associated with good knowledge (OR=1.55) and positive attitudes (OR=1.69). Mothers with a monthly household income of <491 Sudanese Pound were more likely to have good knowledge (OR=1.43). Mothers who had good knowledge (OR=4.99) and positive attitudes towards PPMs (OR=2.60) in malaria prevention were found to be more likely to practice preventive measures. Therefore, we recommend focusing on raising mothers’ awareness of the different preventive activities to protect them and their family from malaria.

1. Introduction Malaria is the most prevalent vector-borne disease worldwide and is endemic in 97 countries (WHO 2014). The burden of malaria is greatest in Africa, where 91% of global malaria deaths occur. Women and children under five years of age are at a greater risk of infection and adverse outcomes (Singh et al., 2013), (WHO 2011,Schumacher et al., 2012). In Sudan, malaria is endemic, and children of under five years of age and pregnant women are particularly vulnerable (Elmosaad et al., 2016). Malaria prevention and control activities developed by Sudan’s National Malaria Control Programme (NMCP) are mainly focused on vector control, distribution of long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) and early diagnosis along with prompt treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of insecticidetreated nets (ITNs), in particular LLINs, which have been shown to reduce malarial episodes and mortality among children under five years by 50% and overall mortality by 17% (Lengeler, 2004). The Abuja Declaration made by African leaders in 2000 aimed to provide at least 80% of pregnant women with ITNs by the year 2005. However, only 54% of the high-risk population presently make use of an ITN in Sudan (Elmosaad et al., 2016). Meanwhile, the overall parasite prevalence had almost doubled by 2016 compared to 2012, from 3.3% to 5.9% (FMOH 2016). The number of malaria cases in Corresponding Author: Yousif M. Elmosaad

‫امللخص‬ ‫) نحو الوقاية من‬KAP( ‫هدفت الدراسة الحالية إلى تقييم املعرفة واملواقف واملمارسات‬ ‫) بين أمهات األطفال‬ITNs( ‫املالريا باستخدام الناموسيات املعالجة باملبيدات الحشرية‬ ،‫) أما‬761( ‫ وبلغ حجم عينة الدراسة‬.‫ السودان‬،‫دون سن الخامسة بوالية النيل األبيض‬ ‫ حيث أوضحت نتائج‬.‫تم اختيارهن عشوائيا من خالل العينة العنقودية متعددة املراحل‬ ‫ وضعف مستوى ممارسة‬،‫ وسلبية بعض املواقف‬،‫الدراسة انخفاض مستوى املعرفة‬ ‫ من األمهات يعرفن وسائل الحماية‬٪46.3 ‫ كما وجد أن‬،‫بعض التدابير الوقائية ضد املالريا‬ ‫) من األمهات يعتبرن‬%54.9( ‫ و‬،‫الشخصية أفضل الطرق للوقاية من اإلصابة باملالريا‬ ‫ وعلى الرغم من ذلك فإن‬،‫الناموسيات املعالجة باملبيد وسيلة فعالة للوقاية من املالريا‬ ‫ أثبتت النتائج أن عمر‬.‫ فقط من األمهات يستخدمن الناموسيات املعالجة يوميا‬٪ 18.7 ‫) وممارسة‬OR=0 .98( ‫ واملواقف‬،)OR=0 .96( ‫األمهات له تأثير سلبي على مستوى املعرفة‬ ‫ وأن الوظيفة الحكومية لرب األسرة لها ارتباط إيجابي‬.‫التدابير الوقائية ضد املالريا‬ ،‫) لدى األمهات نحو املالريا‬OR=1.96( ‫) واملواقف اإليجابية‬OR=2.16(‫بمستوى املعرفة‬ ‫باإلضافة إلى أن تعلم األمهات في املدارس الحكومية كان له تأثير إيجابي على مستوى‬ ‫ وأن متوسط الدخل الشهري‬،)OR=1.96( ‫) وعلى مستوى املواقف‬OR=1.55( ‫املعرفة‬ ‫) لدى‬OR=1.43(‫) جنيه كان له أيضا تأثير إيجابي على مستوى املعرفة‬491( ‫أكثر من‬ )OR=4.99( ‫ ونخلص إلى أن األمهات الالتي لديهن مستوى جيد من املعرفة‬.‫األمهات‬ ‫) نحو الوقاية من املالريا أكثر ممارسة للتدابير الوقائية ضد‬OR=2.60( ‫ومواقف إيجابية‬ ‫ وعليه نوص ي بالتركيز على رفع مستوى الوعي لدى األمهات حول األنشطة الوقائية‬.‫املالريا‬ .‫املختلفة لحمايتهن ضد املالريا‬

Sudan has continued to increase, as is evident in the world malaria reports. In 2018, there were 1.48 million cases, an increase from 1.4 million in 2017(WHO 2017 and WHO 2018). In 2019, there was a sharp increase in the number of cases, exceeding the epidemic threshold of 1.8 million (WHO 2019). This accounted for 12.4% of all diseases in Sudan, with the White Nile State being one of the worst affected (OCHA 2020). Knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) regarding Malaria influence the effectiveness of any prevention and control programme (Singh et al., 2014). Studies have indicated that in order to develop a successful malaria control programme, it is necessary to evaluate the level of KAP of people living in communities located in malaria endemic areas (Musoke et al., 2016). Since the effectiveness of any malaria control programme is associated with KAP, failure to consider mothers’ KAP regarding malaria may contribute to the inability of the programmes to achieve sustainable control (Singh et al., 2014). People's behaviour may contribute to an increase or decrease in malaria prevalence; nevertheless, behavioural change is not easy. In this context, this study assessed the KAP regarding malaria of the mothers of children under five years of age in Kosti rural villages in the White Nile State, Sudan. Our findings are expected to contribute immensely to the sustainable control of malaria in Sudan.

00966590949221, yelmosaad@kfu.edu.sa, yousifm_34@hotmail.com

‫ يوسف محمد املساعد‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.‫ السودان‬:‫ األمهات والوقاية من املالريا‬.)2021( .‫يوسف محمد املساعد و أحمد بن منصورالراجح وآصف خان يوسف خان والفاتح محمد مالك والياس محمود امداد الحق‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

This cross-sectional survey was conducted in the Kosti locality, which is one of six districts in the White Nile State, which lies to the west of the White Nile River, covering a total area of 1,220 km2 with a total population of 180,000 (SMOH 2012). This area is located in the malaria hyper-endemic zone. Malaria transmission occurs throughout the year with seasonal peaks following heavy rains from January through March and September through November. The predominant malaria vector is Anopheles Arabiensis (Plasmodium falciparum) (SMOH 2012). Over the years, the area has undertaken various malaria control interventions, including ITNs distribution, due to its susceptibility to malaria epidemics.

continuous variables. The odds ratio (OR) was calculated to check the statistical associations between the dependent and independent variables using multivariable logistic regression analysis. The total KAP regarding malaria and its prevention and control measure scores were computed separately by adding up the scores for each question. One point was given to each correct answer, positive attitude or good practice, while zero was given to each wrong answer, negative attitude or bad practice. The mean score was used to dichotomise the KAP. Those whose total scores were equal to or above the mean were considered as having good knowledge, good practices and positive attitudes. Those whose total scores were less than the mean were considered as having poor knowledge, negative attitudes and poor practices regarding malaria and its prevention and control measures.

2.2. Study Design:

3. Results

2. Participants and Methods

2.1. Study Area:

A cross-sectional study of mothers of children under five years of age was conducted using a multistage cluster sampling technique in rural villages of the Kosti district, White Nile State, Sudan.

2.3. Sampling: The Kosti district is divided into four geographical areas. Two areas near the White Nile riverbank – one in the north-east and one in the south-west – were purposively selected. These areas are surrounded by farms and have a mosquito density of approximately four mosquitoes per room all year round; they are also targeted by the NMCP for the free distribution of ITNs. Six villages were selected from each area by simple random sampling. There were 3,181 eligible mothers in the 12 selected Kosti rural villages. Of these, 54.1% of the mothers lived in villages located in the north-east and 45.9% lived in villages located in the south-west of the study area. Overall, 23.9% of these mothers were selected to be surveyed using a systematic random sampling technique. This resulted in a total of 761 mothers of children under five years of age from the 12 villages. This sample size was determined using the Israel formula (Israel 1999).

2.4. Data Collection: The data was collected using a pre-tested structured questionnaire through face-to-face interviews in Arabic. Twelve interviewers administered the questionnaire. They were fully familiar with the local language, were sensitive to the cultural context of the study areas and were trained to conduct face-to-face interviews. The first part of the questionnaire included variables regarding the socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers. The second part contained questions on KAP regarding malaria – vector, clinical features, exposure to malaria infection and malaria preventive measures. To ensure that the data collection tool could collect the intended data correctly and covered all dimensions or aspects targeted by the researchers, it was validated by public health physicians and specialists. The necessary corrections were made to the tool based on their inputs to ascertain content validity. The internal consistency of the KAP measures was tested using a reliability test, Cronbach's alpha. The validated questionnaire was pre-tested among 35 randomly selected mothers with children of under five years of age. The internal consistency reliability analysis showed that Cronbach’s alpha for knowledge was 0.72, 0.60 for attitudes, 0.70 for practices and 0.77 for the overall KAP measures.

2.5. Data Analysis: The data was analysed using the SPSS version 20. Frequency and percentages were calculated for the categorical variables, while the means and standard deviations (SD) were calculated for the

Table 1. Socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers of children under five years of age, rural White Nile State, Sudan Socio-demographic variables Count Percent Age in year 18 - 45 years 742 97.5 >45 years 19 2.5 Household occupation Government employee 57 7.5 Private employee/ Self employed 704 92.5 Number of children under-five years of age in the household 1-2 children 683 90.2 3 or more children 74 9.8 Educational level of the mother Informal 216 28.4 Formal 545 71.6 Monthly household income up to 491 SP 414 57.2 >491 SP 310 42.8

Regarding the socio-demographic characteristics of the mothers (Table 1), their mean age was 29.8, with a SD of 7.3. The mothers were aged between 18–65 with the majority (97.5%) in the 18–45 age range. Most of the mothers (71.6%) had a formal education and a few heads of household were Government employees (7.5%). The average household monthly income was 491±466 Sudanese Pound (SP). The majority of the households (90.2%) had up to two children under five years of age. Table 2. Knowledge of the mothers of children under five years of age of malaria, rural White Nile State, Sudan Variables Categories Count Per cent Yes 703 92.4 Ever heard of malaria No 58 7.6 Mosquitoes 667 87.6 Fly 21 2.8 Cockroach 15 2.0 Vector can transmit malaria parasite to Mosquito and cockroach 13 1.8 humans Mosquito and fly 5 0.7 Others 39 5.2 By biting 605 79.5 By contact 75 9.9 Mode of malaria transmission By biting and contact 34 4.5 Others 34 4.5 Do not know 13 1.6 Fever 619 81.3 Joints pains 326 42.8 Signs and symptoms of malaria Vomiting and diarrhoea 340 44.7 All the above 89 11.7 Medicine (Drugs) 537 82.4 Traditional drugs 27 4.1 Malaria treatment Medicine and traditional drugs 49 7.5 Do not know 39 6.0 Never used ITNs 27 14.2 Possible reasons for malaria infection in Low immunity 47 24.7 household Irregular use of ITNs 56 29.5 More contact with mosquito 60 31.6

An assessment of the mothers’ knowledge regarding malaria based on their responses was conducted (Table 2). It was found that 92.2% mothers had heard about malaria, while 87.6% of them knew that mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites to humans. Additionally, 79.5% of them correctly associated malaria with mosquito bites. Fever, joint pains and vomiting and diarrhoea were the most frequently mentioned signs and symptoms of malaria, reported by 81.3%, 42.8% and 44.7% of the mothers, respectively. Furthermore, 82.4% of the mothers knew that biomedicines were important for treating and preventing malaria. Additionally, the results revealed that 25% of the households had at least one family member who had

Yousif M. Elmosaad, Ahmed M Al Rajeh, Asif khan, Elfatih M. Malik and Ilias Mahmud. (2021). Malaria Prevention and Mothers: Sudan. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

been infected with malaria in the previous two weeks. The main causes of malaria, as cited by the mothers, was increased contact with mosquitos (31.6%) and not using ITNs daily or continuously (29.5%), followed by never using ITNs (14.2%). Table 3. Knowledge of mothers of children under five years of age on malaria prevention and control, rural White Nile State, Sudan Variables Categories Count % ITNs 305 86.6 Personal methods to prevent malaria Mosquito repellents 21 6.0 infection Both mentioned 26 7.4 Yes 452 59.4 ITN is effective in malaria prevention No 236 31.0 Do not know 73 9.6 Yes 325 58.2 ITN differ from non-impregnated net No 159 28.5 Do not know 74 13.3 Yes 297 39.1 Know the proper way of using ITN No 382 50.2 To some extent 80 10.5 Makes barrier between man and 115 25.4 mosquito Drives mosquito away from man 80 17.7 Mechanism of ITN to prevent malaria Kills mosquito 105 23.2 All mentioned 152 33.6 *Multiple responses were allowed

With regard to knowledge on the methods of malaria prevention (Table 3), 46.3% of mothers stated that the best way to prevent malaria was by PPMs. Of this group, 86.6% identified ITNs as the main PPM against malaria. While 58.2% of the mothers reported that they knew that ITNs differed between impregnated and nonimpregnated and only 39.1% of mothers knew the proper way to use an ITN. It was evident that most mothers correctly identified the mechanism of how ITNs prevent malaria, stating that they create a barrier between human and mosquitoes (25.4%) and that mosquitoes are killed by ITNs (23.2%). Meanwhile, 33.6% of the mothers mentioned both responses (Table 3). Table 4. Perception of mothers of children under five years of age towards malaria and ITNs as a preventive measure against malaria, rural White Nile State, Sudan Variables Categories Count Per cent Malaria is a serious disease Yes 574 75.4 No 187 24.8 Yes 617 81.1 Malaria is a preventable disease No 107 14.1 Do not know 37 4.9 I do not need ITN 3 9.4 Reasons for not owning ITN ITNs are very expensive 7 21.9 Unavailable in the area 17 53.1 Bad odor 5 15.6 Yes Even ITN with large holes can protect from 251 33.0 No malaria 510 67.0 Yes 418 54.9 ITN is an effective means against mosquito biting No 343 45.1 Mothers encourage their family members to use Yes 400 52.6 ITN No 361 47.4 ITNs sticks are not available 75 20.8 Reasons for not encouraging other family Small area of my house 48 13.3 members to use ITN Difficulty in collecting ITNs 140 38.8 Harmful to the health 42 11.6 Uncomfortable 56 15.5 Yes 595 78.2 ITN is effective as a preventive measure against No 58 7.6 malaria Some extent 108 14.2 Yes 445 58.5 Citizens have a role in malaria prevention No 316 41.5

With regard to the perception of the mothers towards malaria (Table 4), the study revealed that 75.4% mothers considered malaria as a serious disease, while 81.1% of them perceived it as a preventable disease. Those who did not own an ITN (4.2%) reported multiple reasons, including that they were unavailable in their area (53.1%), that they were very expensive (21.9%), that they had a bad odour (15.6%) and that they were not necessary (9.4%). More than half of the mothers (54.9%) perceived ITNs as an effective means against being bitten by mosquitoes. Of these, 78.2% believed in the effectiveness of ITNs in preventing malaria. Unfortunately, a considerable proportion of the mothers (47.4%) did not encourage their family members to use an ITN. The justifications given for this were difficulties in hanging and collecting the ITNs leading to delaying their children going to school (38.8%), unavailability for all household members (20.8%), being uncomfortable (15.5%), small space inside their homes (13.3%) and being harmful to their health (11.6%). Moreover, 41.5% mothers believed that citizens do not have a role to play in malaria prevention (Table 4).

Table 5. Practices of preventive measures against malaria among mothers of children under five years of age, rural White Nile State, Sudan Variables Categories Count Per cent Yes 729 95.8 Own ITNs No 32 4.2 One net 133 18.2 Number of ITNs in household Two nets 224 30.7 Three or more nets 372 51.0 Yes 142 18.7 Using ITNs No 619 81.3 All the year 44 5.8 Only in autumn 462 60.7 Seasonal use of ITNs Only in winter 222 29.2 Only in summer 33 4.3 Put it very well under the mattress 280 74.1 Put it partially under the mattress 36 9.5 Methods of storing ITNs when not in use Do not put it under the mattress 19 5.0 Keep hanging on the sticks 43 11.4 79 If you need to come outside of the ITN Put it under the mattress 51.0 29 while you sleep inside an ITN, how do Leave it free 18.7 47 you keep your ITN? Let some holes 30.3 When you keep ITNs without folding Yes 43 56.6 under the mattress, do you expel No 33 43.4 mosquito away before sleeping 258 35.4 At the house yard under the sun light 375 51.4 Storing ITNs during the day Inside the food store 54 7.4 In the kitchen or toilet 42 5.8 By washing 59.5 434 Avoidance to be contacted with the 24.6 Methods of keeping ITNs clean 179 dusts 9.2 67 All above 6.7 49 Leave it without using Once every month 285 60.6 How often do you wash your ITNs Once every 6 months 101 21.5 Four times every year 84 17.9 Under the sun 276 58.7 Methods of drying ITNs after washing Under the shadow 194 41.3 Children <5 years 534 70.1 Pregnant women 139 18.2 Priority for sleeping under ITNs Elders 69 9.1 All family member 39 5.1

In Table 5, the results revealed that 95.8% households owned an ITN. Of this group, more than half (51%) owned at least two ITNs. Despite a high ownership rate, only 18.7% of them reported sleeping under it every day, while only 5.8% used one throughout the year. With regard to the proper way of using and storing the ITNs, the results revealed that the majority of the mothers (74.1%) were aware of the proper method of storing them under the mattress. Meanwhile, only approximately a quarter (23.5%) hung their net before sunset. Furthermore, 35.4% of the mothers with ITNs reported that they dried their net in their yard under the sunlight, while 51.4% stored their nets correctly inside their rooms. Almost all of the mothers (93.3 %) who owned an ITN kept it clean by washing it and avoiding contact with dust. Unfortunately, most of the mothers (60.0%) washed it once a month and dried it under the sun (58.7%). However, most of the mothers correctly identified children under five years of age (70.1%) and pregnant women (18.2%) as the high-risk or vulnerable groups for malaria and who were given priority to sleep under an ITN (Table 5). Table 6. Socio-demographic predictors of KAP regarding malaria among mothers of children under five years of age, rural White Nile State, Sudan Good Knowledge Positive Attitudes Good Practice Socio-demographic characteristics OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P OR (95% CI) P Age in years .96 (.94 – .98) .000 .98 (.96 – .99) .023 .98 (.96 – .99) 0.034 Household head’s occupation Private employee/self1 1 1 employed 2.16 (1.15 – 0.017 1.96 (1.1-3.51) 0.023 1.35 (0.76 – 0.310 Government employee 4.06) 2.39) Monthly household income >491 SP 1 1 1 1.43 (1.05 – 0.025 1.21 (0.90 – 0.214 1.44 (1.07 – 0.018 Up to 491 SP 1.94) 1.64) 1.95) Number of children <5yrs Below the mean (1.67) 1 1 1 1.13 (.68 – 0.649 .98 (.60 – 1.62) 0.95 .88 (.54 – 1.45) 0.619 Mean or above 1.87) Mothers’ education Informal 1 1 1 1.55 (1.10 – 0.011 1.69 (1.20 – 0.003 1.45 (1.03 – 0.031 Formal 2.18) 2.38) 2.03) *1: reference category

A multivariate logistic regression model highlighted three statistically significantly socio-demographic variables associated with the mother’s knowledge of malaria (Table 6). In this regard, the younger mothers were likely to have more knowledge than the older ones (OR=0.96; 95% CI: 0.94–0.98). The mothers who had a formal education were 1.55 times more likely to have good knowledge

compared to those with an informal education. It was also found that income was negatively associated with good knowledge. The mothers from households with a monthly income of up to 491 SP were 1.43 times more likely to have good knowledge compared to those in the >491 SP group. It was also found that having a Government employee as the head of the household was associated with a good knowledge of malaria. Compared to those whose head of the household was employed in the private sector or self-employed. The mothers from households where the head had a Government job were 2.16 times more likely to have a good knowledge of malaria and its prevention measures. Meanwhile, the number of children under five years of age in the household was not associated with the mothers’ knowledge score regarding malaria. Regarding the mothers’ attitudes towards malaria, Table 6 demonstrates that mothers’ age, education and having a Government employee as the head of household were associated with their positive attitudes towards malaria prevention and control measures. The older mothers were less likely to have positive attitudes compared to the younger mothers (OR=0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–0.99). Mothers who had a formal education were more likely to have positive attitudes than those with an informal education (OR=1.69; 95% CI: 1.20–2.38). Mothers with a Government employee as the head of the household were more likely to have positive attitudes compared to those where the head was a private sector employee or self-employed (OR=1.96; 95% CI: 1.1–3.51). However, no significant association was observed between household income and number of children under five years of age in the household and mothers’ attitudes towards malaria prevention and control measures. Additionally, the results showed that mothers’ age, monthly household income and education level were statistically significantly associated with mothers’ practice scores regarding malaria prevention. Consequently, the older mothers were less likely to practice good preventive measures (OR= 0.98; 95% CI: 0.96–0.99). Mothers who had a formal education were more likely to have good practices (OR=1.45; 95% CI: 1.03–2.03). Surprisingly, mothers in the lower income group – <491 SP/month – were more likely to practice good malaria prevention measures (OR=1.44; 95% CI: 1.07–1.95). However, no significant association was observed between mothers’ practices of malaria prevention measures and household heads’ employment status or the number of children under five years of age in the household. Table 7: The effect of knowledge and attitudes on practices regarding malaria prevention among mothers of children under five years of age in the rural White Nile State, Sudan, multivariate logistic regression analysis Variables AOR (95% CI) P-value Knowledge Poor knowledge 1 Good knowledge 4.99 (3.56 – 7.00) 0.000 Attitude Negative attitude 1 Positive attitude 2.60 (1.87-3.63) 0.000 Age in years 1.00 (.97 – 1.02) Household head’s occupation Private employee/self-employed 1 Government Employee .89 (.46 – 1.69) 0.711 Monthly household income >491 SP 1 Up to 491 SP 1.29 (0.92 – 1.80) 0.140 Number children less <5yrs Below the mean (1.67) 1 Mean or above the mean 0.82 (0.48 – 1.42) 0.484 Mothers’ education Informal 1 Formal 1.15 (0.79 – 1.67) 0.469

*AOR: Adjusted Odds Ratio; SP: Sudanese Pound; 1: Reference category

The multivariate logistic regression analysis model explained the effect of both knowledge and attitudes on practicing preventive measures against malaria by the mothers after adjusting for the sociodemographic variables (Table 7). The mothers who had good knowledge regarding malaria and its preventive measures were found to be approximately five times more likely to practice good preventive measures than those who had poorer knowledge. This

association was statistically significant after adjusting for the effect of attitudes and socio-demographic variables (OR= 4.99; 95% CI: 3.56– 7.00). In the same way that mothers who had positive attitudes towards malaria prevention were found to be 2.6 times more likely to have good practices than those who had negative attitudes, the association was statistically significant after adjusting for the effect of knowledge and socio-demographic variables (OR=2.60; 95% CI: 1.87–3.63). 4. Discussion A community based cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the KAP of mothers of children under five years of age towards malaria and its preventive and control measures using ITNs. The findings are expected to inform strategies to prevent, control, eliminate and eradicate malaria in the study area, as well as other similar areas. It was found that most of the mothers had a good knowledge of malaria and its treatment and preventive measures. The majority of the mothers (94.2%) had heard about malaria before. This was congruent with the findings of previous studies conducted in South Africa (Manana et al., 2018) and Sudan (Elfaki et al., 2017). This result was expected as the people living in malaria endemic areas are more frequently exposed to malaria infections and would therefore have at least some knowledge of the disease. However, only 87.6% of the mothers knew that the mosquito was the vector that transmits malaria. These results were slightly lower than those reported by a study conducted in Cameroon (99%) (Kimbi et al., 2014), but higher than those reported in Ethiopia (85.2%) (Fuge et al., 2015), Iran (77.8%) (Soleimani et al., 2014) and Indonesia (69.0%) (Sanjana et al., 2006). In addition, 79.5% of the mothers knew that mosquito bites are associated with malaria transmission. This finding was lower than a study conducted in Swaziland, where it was reported that 99.7% of the participants associated malaria with mosquito bites (Hlongwana et al., 2009) and (Forero et al., 2014). Furthermore, 81.3% of mothers identified fever as the most common symptom of malaria, while only 50.4% of the participants in a study conducted in Saudi Arabia reported that fever was the most common symptom of malaria (Khairy et al., 2017). Additionally, our findings were lower than those in studies conducted by both Abate et al. (94.4%) (Abate et al., 2013) and Oyekale (85.0%) in other African countries (Oyekale 2015). In this study, 82.4% of the respondents felt that biomedicine was important for treating malaria; this was supported by some previous studies (Sanjana et al., 2006), (Habimana et al., 2016) and (Atulomah et al., 2014). In contrast, a study conducted in Nepal revealed that respondents preferred to consult traditional healers (Joshi et al., 2008). Similarly, other studies conducted in Sudan (El-Rayah et al., 2009) and Bangladesh (Ahmed et al., 2009) reported that the respondents claimed to have used traditional medicines. Regarding knowledge on malaria prevention and control, most mothers (86.6%) correctly identified ITNs as the main PPM against malaria due to its capabilities of creating a barrier between people and mosquitoes and for killing mosquitoes. These results were higher than those from studies conducted in Kenya (75%) (Ndwiga et al., 2014) Guinea (56%) (Ruberto et al., 2014) and Cameroon (57%) (Kimbi et al., 2014). Nevertheless, the rate from this study was slightly lower than a study conducted by Habimana et al. in Rwanda, who reported it to be 100% (Habimana et al., 2016). Despite a good knowledge about the fact that ITNs are an effective PPM against malaria, most mothers were unaware of the proper way of using them; this deficiency in practice has been found to be one of the main challenges in the effective utilisation of ITNs in Sudan.

The attitudes of the mothers towards malaria prevention and control was reported to be positive, 75.4% believed that malaria was a serious disease, 81.8% believed that it was preventable and 78.2% mothers viewed ITNs as an effective preventive measure against malaria. This pattern was also reported in neighbouring malaria endemic countries, including Southern Ethiopia (Fuge et al., 2015), Nigeria (Chukwurah et al., 2016), (Dawaki et al., 2016), Rwanda (Habimana et al., 2016) and Cameroon (Kimbi et al., 2014), as well as East Asian countries such as Indonesia (Sanjana et al., 2006). However, the current study also revealed that negative attitudes towards malaria prevention exist in the community. In total, 33% of the mothers perceived that ITNs with large holes protected from malaria, while 47.4% did not encourage their family members to use ITNs for unconvincing reasons, such as -hanging and collecting ITNs delayed their children from going to school, they were uncomfortable, made their houses seem small and that they were harmful to their health. Moreover, 41.5% mothers perceived that citizens did not have a role to in the prevention of malaria. This negative attitude among many of the mothers may negatively influence malaria prevention and control strategies, in particular the main intervention strategy – ITNs – approved by the Federal Ministry of Health to scale up the malaria control intervention in Sudan (FMOH, 2016). Therefore, an effective health education programme can improve the attitudes of women in general and children, who constitute the most vulnerable group. With regard to ownership and utilisation, the results showed that 95.8% of mothers owned ITNs, which were freely provided by the NMCP. Despite a high ownership rate, only 18.7% of them reported to sleep under an ITN every day. This proportion was lower than the those of previous studies conducted in African countries, such as Southern Ethiopia (21.4%) (Fuge et al., 2015), Nigeria (29.9%) (Kimbi et al., 2014) and 61.5% in Zambia (Sanjana et al., 2006) and (Shimaponda et al., 2017). When compared with the National utilisation rate (15.7%), it was found to be slightly higher (FMOH 2016). Similarly, high rates of utilisation were reported in Asian countries, such as Saudi Arabia (13.2%) (Khairy et al., 2017), Myanmar (15.3%) (Aung et al., 2016) and Iran (18.5%) (Soleimani et al., 2014). It is evident from these studies that the ITN utilisation rate in almost all countries where malaria is reported to be endemic is lower than the targeted coverage of 80%, which has been recommended by the WHO. Furthermore, our findings showed that only 5.8% of the mothers used ITNs throughout the year. This indicated their usage of ITNs was not consistent and might negatively affect the rate of malaria transmission, as was postulated by Fegan et al., who found that consistent use of ITNs can reduce malaria transmission by up to 90% (Fegan et al., 2007). In the current study, we found that the mothers’ overall knowledge scores regarding malaria were statistically significantly associated with their age and level of education. In this regard, the younger mothers were more likely to have a higher knowledge of malaria than the older mothers. Another study in Sudan showed that younger mothers were more likely to have a better knowledge of malaria than their older counterparts (Tayseir et al., 2017). Likewise, mothers who had a formal education were associated with having a good knowledge of malaria. Some other studies have reported findings similar to the present study (Dawaki et al., 2016,Hanafi et al., 2011 and Yaya et al., 2017). Regarding the mothers’ attitudes towards malaria, the results showed that having a Government employee as the head of the household and mothers having a formal education were both associated with positive attitudes. This might be due to the fact that their formal

education contributed to an increased knowledge, as their education had lessons on malaria included in their curriculum. Household monthly income and number of children under the age of five years did not have an effect on mothers’ attitudes. Regarding the age of the mothers, our results were consistent with the findings of a study in Southern Ethiopia, which reported that younger women had better attitudes than others (Fuge et al., 2015 and Tayseir et al.,2017). In addition, the results of our study indicated that age, monthly income and education level were statistically significantly associated with the mothers’ practice scores regarding malaria prevention. Consequently, younger mothers, mothers who had a formal education and mothers with lower monthly incomes were more likely to practice preventive measures against malaria. Several studies have found a correlation between age and household family income and the level of practicing preventive measures (Dawaki et al., 2016). Similarly, many studies in different countries have demonstrated that the level of education has a significant impact on practicing preventive measures against malaria (Kimbi et al., 2014), (Forero et al., 2014) and (Hanafi et al., 2011). The current study highlighted that a good knowledge and positive attitudes towards malaria were the determining factors for good practices of preventive measures against malaria. This concurred with a study conducted by David et al., who reported that a significant association exists between attitudes and practices of malaria prevention. However, a study in Uganda found that there was no significant association between attitudes and preventive practices for malaria (Habimana et al., 2016). With regard to the effect of knowledge, a study in Northern Nigeria reported that knowledge does not necessarily translate into improvement in practices (Singh et al., 2014). 5. Conclusion This study revealed gaps in mothers’ KAP regarding the methods of malaria prevention. More than half of the mothers did not encourage their family members to use ITNs, while more than one third perceived that ITNs with large holes protected against malaria. Only 18.7% of them reported to sleep under an ITN every day. Additionally, the study highlighted that good knowledge and positive attitudes towards malaria prevention measures were the determining factors for good practices of preventive measures against malaria. Therefore, we recommend health promotion activities targeting raising mothers’ awareness in the methods of malaria prevention, as well as the development of positive attitudes toward malaria prevention measures. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the National Malaria Control Programme, Sudan for their assistance and support. We also thank the staff of the White Nile Malaria Control Programme for their support to implement the study. In addition, we are grateful to the mothers and household heads for investing time in this study. Biographies

Yousif Elmosaad Department of Public Health, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966590949221, yelmosaad@kfu.edu.sa

Dr Elmosaad has a PhD in Public Health from the University of Khartoum and an MPH from the University of Malaya, Malaysia. He has over 18 years of teaching and research experience in public health in Sudan, Malaysia, and the KSA. He also brings with him

nearly a decade of experience in designing and implementing many public health intervention programs, research, health education and promotion, and community engagement programs at local and national level. Dr. Elmosaad has 17 publications in ISI/Scopusindexed journals. ORCID: 0000-0002-5219-0059

Ahmed Mansour Alrajeh Department of Respiratory Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Faisal University Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966500559997

amalrajeh@kfu.edu.sa

Dr. Alrajeh is a Respiratory Therapist with a PhD in Respiratory Medicine from University College London. He is certified by the American Board (CRT) and American Board (RRT) as a Respiratory Therapist and is a COPD Educator by the American Association for Respiratory Care (AARC). He is Co-Founder and Chairman of the Scientific Committee of the University College London Saudi Society. He also served in different academic positions. He has published ten articles on respiratory medicine and related disciplines in ISI/Scopusindexed journals published, mostly, by BMC/Elsevier. ORCID: 00000003-2559-416X

Asif Khan Department of Public Health in Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia, 00966530566240, drasifk@gmail.com

Dr Khan is a medical doctor with an MBBS and an MD in Community Medicine. He graduated from the esteemed Government Medical College, Mysore, India. He has been teaching Community Medicine and Public Health in various capacities for the past 16 years. As an avid researcher, he has more than a dozen publications, both books and journals, to his name. He is also an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Health Sciences.

Elfatih Mohamed Malik Department of Community Medicine, The Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, Sudan, 00249122165202, fatihmmalik@hotmail.com

Dr Malik is a medical doctor (MBBS, MD, FPH_UK) and specialist in public health with a particular interest in research methods and control of communicable and non-communicable diseases. He is recognized as a disease control specialist and as a malariologist. He is involved in teaching and training at both undergraduate and postgraduate levels. He was appointed as a rapporteur and as head of the Community Medicine Council at the Sudan medical specialization board. He has over 60 publications with a considerable citation index.

Ilias Mahmud Department of Public Health in Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia, 00966594190118, imahmudot@gmail.com

Dr. Mahmud has a PhD in Epidemiology and Population Health from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London. He has over 16 years of teaching and research experience in public health in Bangladesh, the UK, Australia, and the KSA. Dr. Mahmud is the Editor-in-Chief of the Bangladesh Journal of Occupational Therapy and Rehabilitation and is an Associate Editor of the International Journal of Health Sciences. He has authored 17 publications on different public health issues in ISI/Scopus-indexed journals. ORCID: 0000-0003-1330-7813 References Abate, A., Degarege, A. and Erko, B. (2013). Community knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria in a low endemic setting of Shewa Robit Town, northeastern Ethiopia. BMC public health, 13(1), 312–20. Ahmed, S.M., Haque, R., Haque, U. and Hossain, A., (2009). Knowledge on the transmission, prevention and treatment of malaria among two endemic populations of Bangladesh and their health-seeking

behaviour. Malaria journal, 8(1), 173–174. Atulomah, E.T., Farotimi, A.A. and Atulomah, N.O. (2014). Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Malaria Prevention among Expectant Mothers attending Ante-Natal Clinic at OOUTH Sagamu, Ogun State. ActaSATECH, 5(1), 9–25. Aung, T., Wei, C., McFarland, W., Aung, Y.K. and Khin, H.S.S. (2016). Ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets among people living in malaria endemic areas of Eastern Myanmar. PLoS One, 11(9), p.e0162292. Chukwurah, J.N., Idowu, E.T., Adeneye, A.K., Aina, O.O., Agomo, P.U. and Otubanjo, A.O. (2016). Knowledge, attitude and practice on malaria prevention and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine utilisation among pregnant women in Badagry, Lagos State, Nigeria. Studies, 7(3), 9–10. Dawaki, S., Al-Mekhlafi, H.M., Ithoi, I., Ibrahim, J., Atroosh, W.M., Abdulsalam, A.M., Sady, H., Elyana, F.N., Adamu, A.U., Yelwa, S.I. and Ahmed, A. (2016). Is Nigeria winning the battle against malaria? Prevalence, risk factors and KAP assessment among Hausa communities in Kano State. Malaria journal, 15(1), 351–65. Elfaki, A.E.M., Elnimeiri, M.K.M. and Elfakey, W.E.M. (2017), Attitude Towards Malaria in Under-Five Years Children: A Study From Blue Nile State, Sudan. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 16(11), 71–5. Elmosaad, Y.M., Elhadi, M., Khan, A., Malik, E.M. and Mahmud, I. (2016). Communication for behavioural impact in enhancing utilization of insecticide-treated bed nets among mothers of under-five children in rural North Sudan: an experimental study. Malaria Journal, 15(1), 509–15. El-Rayah, E.A., Giha, H.A. and El-Feki, A.E.K.A. (2009). Knowledge, practices and perceptions which affect acquiring malaria in man-made malarious area in Khartoum State, Sudan. Sudan. Sudanese J Public Health, 4(1), 199–209. Federal Ministry of Health. (2016). Malaria indicator survey, Northern states of the Sudan. Khartoum: Baseline results at household level. Malaria journal, 13(1), 45. Fegan, G.W., Noor, A.M., Akhwale, W.S., Cousens, S. and Snow, R.W. (2007). Effect of expanded insecticide-treated bed net coverage on child survival in rural Kenya: A longitudinal study. The Lancet, 370(9592), 1035–9. Forero, D.A., Chaparro, P.E., Vallejo, A.F., Benavides, Y., Gutiérrez, J.B., Arévalo-Herrera, M. and Herrera, S. (2014). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of malaria in Colombia. Malaria Journal, 13(1), 165– 175. Fuge, T.G., Ayanto, S.Y. and Gurmamo, F.L. (2015). Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria and ITNs utilization among pregnant women in Shashogo District, Southern Ethiopia. Malaria Journal, 14(1), 235–44. Habimana, A., Harerimana, A., Asingizwe, D., Nyandwi, T. and Njunwa, K.J. (2016). Community Health Workers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices about malaria prevention in Gicumbi District, Rwanda. Rwanda Journal, 3(1), 27–35. Hanafi-Bojd, A.A., Vatandoost, H., Oshaghi, M.A., Eshraghian, M.R., Haghdoost, A.A., Abedi, F., Zamani, G., Sedaghat, M.M., Rashidian, A., Madani, A.H. and Raeisi, A. (2011). Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding malaria control in an endemic area of southern Iran. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 42(3), 491–501. Hlongwana, K.W., Mabaso, M.L., Kunene, S., Govender, D. and Maharaj, R. (2009). Community knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on malaria in Swaziland: a country earmarked for malaria elimination. Malaria journal, 8(1), 29–36. Israel, G.D. (1992). Sampling the Evidence of Extension Program Impact. Gainesville, FL: University of Florida Cooperative Extension Service, Institute of Food and Agriculture Sciences, EDIS. Joshi, A.B. and Banjara, M.R. (2008). Malaria related knowledge, practices and behaviour of people in Nepal. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 45(1), 44–52. Khairy, S., Al-Surimi, K., Ali, A., Shubily, H.M., Al Walaan, N., Househ, M. and El-Metwally, A. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and practice about malaria in South-Western Saudi Arabia: A household-based crosssectional survey. Journal of Infection and Public Health, 10(5), 499–506. Kimbi, H.K., Nkesa, S.B., Ndamukong-Nyanga, J.L., Sumbele, I.U., Atashili, J. and Atanga, M.B. (2014). Knowledge and perceptions towards malaria prevention among vulnerable groups in the Buea Health District, Cameroon. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 883–92. Lengeler, C., 2004. Insecticide‐treated bed nets and curtains for preventing

malaria. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2(n/a), n/a, CD000363. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000363.pub2. Manana, P.N., Kuonza, L., Musekiwa, A., Mpangane, H.D. and Koekemoer, L.L. (2018). Knowledge, attitudes and practices on malaria transmission in Mamfene, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa 2015. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1–7. Musoke, D., Karani, G., Ndejjo, R., Okui, P. and Musoke, M.B. (2016). Experiences of households using integrated malaria prevention in two rural communities in Wakiso district, Uganda: a qualitative study. Malaria Journal, 15(1), 1-9. Ndwiga, T., Kei, R.M. and Dancan, O.W., 2014. Utilization of insecticide treated bed nets among mothers attending MCH/FP in Webuye District Hospital, Bungoma County, Kenya. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(n/a), 470–80. OCHA (2020). Sudan Situation Report 12 December 2019. Geneva; 2019. Available at: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Situation (accessed on 23/03/2020). Oyekale, A.S. (2015). Assessment of Malawian mothers’ malaria knowledge, healthcare preferences and timeliness of seeking fever treatments for children under five years. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 12(1), 521–40. Ruberto, I., Camara, S., Banek, K. and Loua, M.K. (2014). Knowledge, attitudes and practices of malaria control among communities from the health district of Forécariah in the Republic of Guinea, West Africa. Journal of Vector Borne Diseases, 51(2), 119–27. Sanjana, P., Barcus, M.J., Bangs, M.J., Ompusunggu, S., Elyazar, I., Marwoto, H., Tuti, S., Sururi, M., Tjokrosonto, S. and Baird, J.K. (2006). Survey of community knowledge, attitudes and practices during a malaria epidemic in central Java, Indonesia. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 75(5), 783–89. Schumacher, R.F. and Spinelli, E. (2012). Malaria in children. Mediterranean journal of hematology and infectious diseases, 4(1), n/a, e2012073, DOI: 10.4084/MJHID.2012.073. Shimaponda-Mataa, N.M., Tembo-Mwase, E., Gebreslasie, M. and Mukaratirwa, S. (2017). Knowledge, attitudes and practices in the control and prevention of malaria in four endemic provinces of Zambia. Southern African Journal of Infectious Diseases, 32(1), 2939. Singh, M., Brown, G. and Rogerson, S.J. (2013). Ownership and use of insecticide-treated nets during pregnancy in sub-Saharan Africa: a review. Malaria Journal, 12(1), 268–78. Singh, R., Musa, J., Singh, S. and Ebere, U.V. (2014). Knowledge, attitude and practices on malaria among the rural communities in Aliero, Northern Nigeria. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 3(1), 39–49. SMOH. White Nile state Ministry of Health Kosti. (2012). Available at: https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-report-health (accessed on 25/03/2019) Soleimani-Ahmadi, M., Vatandoost, H., Zare, M., Alizadeh, A. and Salehi, M. (2014). Community knowledge and practices regarding malaria and long-lasting insecticidal nets during malaria elimination programme in an endemic area in Iran. Malaria Journal, 13(1), 1– 7. Tayseir T. M. Masaad, Yousif M. Elmosaad, Mohammed AEE, Elmanssury AE, Jaber M, M.Mustafa and Edrees, H., M. (2017). Knowledge, attitude and practices among mothers towards insecticide-treated nets in Abuharira Village -UmRemta Locality- the White Nile State -2015. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 6(2), 24–31. World Health Organization. (2011). World Malaria Report 2011. Geneva: World Health Organization. World Health Organization. (2015). World Malaria Report 2014: Summary (No. WHO/HTM/GMP/2015.2). World Health Organization World Health Organization. (2017). World Malaria Report 2015. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2015. Fecha De Consulta, 23(n/a), 238–39. World Health Organization. (2018). World Malaria Report 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA, 3. World Health Organization. (2019). The Selection And Use Of Essential

practices of malaria among women in Burkina Faso. PLoS One, 12(7), p.e0180508.

Medicines: Report Of The WHO Expert Committee On Selection And Use Of Essential Medicines, 2019 (Including The 21st WHO Model List Of Essential Medicines And The 7th WHO Model List Of Essential Medicines For Children). Geneva: World Health

Organization Yaya, S., Bishwajit, G., Ekholuenetale, M., Shah, V., Kadio, B. and Udenigwe, O. (2017). Knowledge of prevention, cause, symptom and Yousif M. Elmosaad, Ahmed M Al Rajeh, Asif khan, Elfatih M. Malik and Ilias Mahmud. (2021). Malaria Prevention and Mothers: Sudan. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫حتسني ظروف إنتاج اإلنزيم امللل للتانينات من البكرتيا‬ ‫العصوية عن طريق التخمري املغمور لثفل الشاي‬

Improvement of Tannase Production from Bacillus Bacteria by Submerged Fermentation of Spent Tea

‫ و لينة األمير‬2‫ و محمد خيرطحلة‬1‫رشا الحداد‬

Rasha Al Haddad1, Mohamad Khair Tahla2 and Lina Al Amir1

‫ سوريا‬،‫ دمشق‬،‫ الهيئة العامة للتقانة الحيوية‬،‫ قسم التقانات الحيوية الغذائية والصناعية‬1 ‫ سوريا‬،‫ دمشق‬،‫ جامعة دمشق‬،‫ كلية الزراعة‬،‫ قسم علوم األغذية‬2

1 Department of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, National Commission of Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria 2

Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/0041

13/10/2020

03/12/2020

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

5423

03/12/2020

2021

01/06/2021 1

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Bacteria, plant waste, enzyme production, culture conditions, optimization, RSM ، ‫ أمثلة‬، ‫ شروط الزرع‬،‫ إنتاج اإلنزيمات‬،‫ مخلفات نباتية‬، ‫بكتريا‬RSM

ABSTRACT Tannase is an enzyme that causes hydrolysis of a group of tannins (gallo-tannins) to gallic acid and glucose. This enzyme is of importance due to its numerous applications in many fields, such as in the food industry by enhancing tea and coffee flavor and improving the quality of fruit juices rich in tannins. Tannase is also of importance in improving the quality of animal feed. Gallic acid is applied in the drug industry, and the production of antioxidants is used in the oil industry. This study was carried out to improve production of tannase from genus Bacillus using spent tea as a substrate by submerged fermentation and applying the statistical design Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Five parameters were considered, and each parameter was studied at five levels. They were temperature range (25 to 45˚C), pH (3–8), incubation period (24–120 hours), spent tea (0.5–2.5%) and rotation speed (100–300rpm). Results obtained revealed that optimum conditions for maximum production of tannase were: temperature at 35˚C, pH at 5, incubation time of 48 hours, spent tea concentration 1.5%, and rotation speed of 150 rpm. We recommend that further studies be carried out to clarify and determine the properties of crude and purified enzymes.

1. Introduction Tannases (tannin acyl hydrolase EC 3.1.1.20) are hydrolytic enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds in hydrolysable tannins, such as tannic acid, and the release of glucose and gallic acid (3,4,5trihydroxy benzoic acid) (Van de Lagemaat and Pyle, 2005). Tannase is used in the manufacturing of instant tea and coffee flavoring (Aguilar et al., 2007), and it is used in producing gallic acid, a substrate for propyl gallate production and trimethoprim synthesis (Bajpai and Patil, 2008). Tannase is also applied in beer and wine industries to remove chill haze formation (Vaquero et al., 2004; Aithal and Belur, 2013), and it is also used to reduce the anti-nutritional effects of poultry and animal feed along with food de-tanification (Xu., 2009) and industrial tannery effluent treatment (Orlita, 2004). Many studies indicated plants and animals as sources for production of tannase in addition to microorganisms like bacteria, fungi, and yeasts (Chavez -Gonzalez et al., 2011; Aguilar-Z´arate et al., 2014). Species of Aspergillus, Penicillium, Rhizopus, Paecilomyces, Lactobacillus and Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii (Kumar et al., 1999) have been reported to produce the enzyme through fermentation (Mondal et al., 2001). Some species of Bacillus have also been found to produce considerable amounts of tannase in broth culture, such as B. cereus and B. licheniformis, and it was reported to be an inducible enzyme (Mondal et al., 2001; Maity et al., 2009). Microbial tannase enzymes are the most preferred source of commercial enzymes because they are more stable than those extracted from other sources (Jana et al., 2014), in addition to their Corresponding Author: Rasha Al haddad

‫امللخص‬ ‫ على تحليل التانينات من مجموعة‬Tannase ‫يعمل اإلنزيم املحلل للتانينات‬ ‫ وتعود أهمية هذا اإلنزيم‬،‫ إلى حمض الغاليك وغلوكوز‬gallo-tannins ‫للتطبيقات الواسعة في عدة مجاالت منها الصناعات الغذائية كتحسين نكهة‬ ‫ تحسين جودة عصائر الفاكهة الغنية بالتانينات إضافة إلى‬، ‫الشاي والقهوة‬ ‫ كما يستخدم حمض الغاليك‬،‫أهميته في تحسين نوعية أعالف الحيوانات‬ ،‫الصناعات الدوائية وإنتاج مضادات األكسدة املستخدمة في صناعة الزيوت‬ ‫ باستخدام ثفل‬Bacillus ‫لذا تمت دراسة إنتاج إنزيم التاناز من جنس بكتريا‬ (RSM) Response Surface ‫الشاي كركيزة باستخدام التصميم اإلحصائي‬ .‫ لتحسين ظروف إنتاج إنزيم التاناز بطريقة التخمير املغمور‬،Methodology ‫درست خمسة متغيرات بخمسة مستويات لكل منها كالتالي لدرجات الحرارة‬ ) ‫ ساعة‬120-24(‫) ومدة التحضين‬8-3 ( pH ‫˚م) ودرجة الحموضة‬45-25( ‫) كانت الشروط املثالية لتحسين إنتاج اإلنزيم‬%2.5-0.5( ‫وتركيز تفل الشاي‬ %1.5 ‫ وثفل الشاي‬، ‫ ساعة‬48 ‫ ومدة تحضين‬،pH 5‫ و‬،‫˚م‬35 ‫عند درجة الحرارة‬ ‫ نوص ي بالقيام بدراسات الحقة لتنقية اإلنزيم‬.‫د‬/‫د‬150 ‫ و سرعة دوران‬، .‫وتحديد خصائص كل من اإلنزيم الخام واملنقى‬

economic value by utilizing renewable resources and the ability to improve enzyme production by controlling production conditions (Vikas et al., 2013; Belur and Mugeraya, 2011). Microbial production of tannase is carried out through solid, liquid surface, and submerged fermentation, as the enzyme is extracellular and is secreted directly into the medium (Lekha and Lonsane, 1997). Production of tannase from a bacterial source usually requires submerged fermentation for enhancing yield due to the ease of its application and the simplicity in enzyme extraction and separation from the biomass in addition to the reduced period of time needed for the fermentation process (Prasad et al., 2012). Optimization of cultural conditions during fermentation results in a considerable increase in the production of tannase by microorganisms (Belmares et al., 2004). A factor affecting tannase production positively is the use of various tannin-rich substrates like sugarcane baggase and wheat bran, plus Jamun leaves (Syzygium cumini) and Creosote bush leaves have also been applied (Kumar et al., 2007; Trevino-Cueto et al., 2007). Methods for optimization of medium and fermentation conditions are time consuming and expensive since each experiment involves varying one parameter and keeping the others constant. Other factors that need to be addressed are the interactions among various physicochemical parameters. To overcome these difficulties, a statistical method was applied known as Response Surface Methodology (RSM). This method helped to evaluate and understand the interactions between different physiological and nutritional parameters (Saxena and Saxena, 2004; Naidu et al., 2008; Belur and Mugeraya, 2011). RSM has an advantage over traditional methods by optimizing the parameters that influence maximum yield and higher enzyme activity at a lower

rassha-haddad@hotmail.com ,- 00963932730980

‫ رشا الحداد‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.‫ تحسين ظروف إنتاج اإلنزيم املحلل للتانينات من البكتريا العصوية عن طريق التخمير املغمور لثفل الشاي‬.)2021( .‫رشا الحداد و محمد خير طحلة و لينة األمير‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

cost (Belur and Mugeraya, 2011). A major factor that limits application of tannase enzyme in industry is its high cost and the small number of studies carried out concerning the physical and chemical properties of this enzyme. Production of tannase in laboratories was accomplished by methods of small-scale fermentation using flasks and shaker incubators from which optimal conditions for production were determined. Production methods were developed to obtain a higher yield of enzyme at the lowest cost (Sharma et al., 2014). Pure tannic acid was previously used in tannase production as a sole carbon source, but it was of high cost and did not suit enzyme production at an economical level. The best solution was the use of crude tannins in tannase production (Selwal et al., 2011). Their main sources were agricultural wastes, forest wastes, and factory wastes (olive pomace, grape pomace, pomegranate peels, coffee pulp, tea residue, etc.), which are considered to be the best sources of tannin-rich substrates (Sharma et al., 2014; Bhoite and Murthy, 2015). Nandini et al. (2014) produced tannase using several substrates among which was spent tea by Bacillus sp. Selvaraj and Murty (2017) produced tannase by Bacillus gottheilii using tea leaves. In a recent study, Unban et al. (2020) produced tannase from a tannase producing strain of Bacillus using fermented tea leaves. The aim of this study was to optimize conditions for tannase production from Bacillus sp using spent tea as substrate by applying an RSM statistical program. 2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Microorganism Culture and Maintenance Bacillus sp was used in the current study. This isolate was isolated

from soil samples of an olive field in Latakia, Syria in 2017. Bacteria was classified to the genus level according to Bergey’s Manual (Vos et al., 2009). The bacterial isolate used in this study was selected from among 30 isolates that produced tannase. The selected isolate was grown and maintained on nutrient agar (HiMedia, India) plates containing 0.5% tannic acid (Sigma Aldrich, China) filter sterilized as a substrate and sole source of carbon, plates were incubated at 30˚C for 48 hours (Brahmbhatt and Modi, 2015).

2.2. Tannase Production Tannase production was carried out in 250 ml Erlenmeyer flasks with 50 ml of fermentation medium consisting of (g/l): 3 NH4NO3, 0.5 KH2PO4, 0.5 K2HPO4, 1 CaCl2, 0.5 MgSO4 (Aftab et al., 2016). And spent tea as a substrate and sole source of carbon was added according to the approved statistical design in the following concentrations: 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5%. The medium was then autoclaved at 121˚C for 15 minutes, then it was cooled and inoculated with 2 ml of overnight inoculum that was prepared in nutrient broth with 0.5% tannic acid and incubated at 30˚C (Aftab et al., 2016). Individual fermentation experiments were carried out under different fermentation conditions of incubation temperature, incubation time, pH, and aeration speed. Parameters were then chosen according to Table (1).

2.3. Determination of Tannase Activity The fermentation product was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes at 15˚C, then it was filtered, and an estimation of tannase activity was assayed (Brahmbhatt and Modi, 2015). Tannase was assayed by the method based on chromogen formation between gallic acid and rhodanine (2-thio-4-ketothiazolidine). An enzyme sample (0.25 ml) of culture filtrate and a substrate solution of methyl gallate 0.05M (0.25 ml) were pre-incubated at 30˚C for 5

minutes, then 300 μL of 0.667% methanolic rhodanine (Sigma Aldrich, Germany) was added to the mixture and incubated for 5 minutes at 30˚C. This was followed by the addition of 200 μL of KOH (0.5M). The mixture was then diluted to 5 ml by adding distilled water. After an incubation of another 10 minutes at room temperature, absorbance at 520 nm was measured by spectrophotometer. One unit of tannase activity is defined as the amount of enzyme required to release 1 μmol of gallic acid per minute under standard assay conditions (Sharma et al., 2000; Fang et al., 2019).

2.4. Optimization of Fermentation Conditions Using RSM Determination of optimal conditions for tannase production using spent tea as substrate was investigated by studying the effect of five variable factors (incubation temperature, pH, incubation period, aeration speed, and substrate concentration) on tannase activity, where production is determined in terms of enzyme activity. The statistical design for the experiments performed was Response Surface Methodology (RSM) (Raghuwanshi et al., 2011; Tripathi and Lakshmi., 2018) using a Minitab optimization method in order to study the main factor effect and the effect of interaction among factors. Each variable was studied at five levels (+2, +1, 0, -1, -2) as follows in Table (1). The design included 32 experimental plots as shown in Table (2). Table (1): Levels of the five independent variables (factors) used in RSM Variables Unit -2 -1 0 +1 incubation temperature ˚C 25 30 35 40 pH 4 5 6 7 incubation period Hours 24 48 72 96 aeration speed rpm 100 150 200 250 substrate concentration % 0.5 1 1.5 2

+2 45 8 120 300 2.5

The relationship between the enzyme activity, (Y):Response, and the five studied variables, (X):Independent variables, was expressed by a quadratic equation as follows: Y=a+bX1+cX2+dX3+eX4+fX5+gX12+hX22+iX32+jX42+kX52+lX1X2+mX1 X3+nX1 X4+ oX1X5 +pX2X3 +qX2X4 +rX2X5 +sX3X4 +tX3X5 +uX4 X5 Where a is constant, b,c,d,e,f are linear coefficients, g,h,i,j,k are square coefficients, and l,m,n,o,p,q,r,s,t,u are interaction coefficients. 3. Results and Discussion According to the statistical design, thirty-two experiments were carried out in duplicate, and tannase activity was determined as shown in Table (2), which represents the results of tannase activity produced from Bacillus sp using spent tea as a substrate. Table (2): Enzymatic activity using parameters in accordance to the approved statistical design activity Temperature pH Incubation Aeration speed Substrate Tannase U/ml time ˚C rpm % hours 1 2 1 30 5 48 150 2 0.315 0.315 2 40 5 48 150 1 0.120 0.123 3 30 7 48 150 1 0.240 0.222 4 40 7 48 150 2 0.039 0.054 5 30 5 96 150 1 0.273 0.285 6 40 5 96 150 2 0.120 0.135 7 30 7 96 150 2 0.216 0.213 8 40 7 96 150 1 0.045 0.051 9 30 5 48 250 1 0.270 0.276 10 40 5 48 250 2 0.138 0.126 11 30 7 48 250 2 0.234 0.237 12 40 7 48 250 1 0.099 0.102 13 30 5 96 250 2 0.252 0.258 14 40 5 96 250 1 0.126 0.129 15 30 7 96 250 1 0.213 0.249 16 40 7 96 250 2 0.033 0.030 17 25 6 72 200 1.5 0.114 0.108 18 45 6 72 200 1.5 0.063 0.072 19 35 4 72 200 1.5 0.336 0.336 20 35 8 72 200 1.5 0.222 0.222 21 35 6 24 200 1.5 0.198 0.201 22 35 6 120 200 1.5 0.063 0.066 23 35 6 72 100 1.5 0.318 0.321 24 35 6 72 300 1.5 0.306 0.312 25 35 6 72 200 0.5 0.300 0.300 26 35 6 72 200 2.5 0.255 0.249 27 35 6 72 200 1.5 0.327 0.321 28 35 6 72 200 1.5 0.321 0.324 29 35 6 72 200 1.5 0.321 0.315 30 35 6 72 200 1.5 0.324 0.327 31 35 6 72 200 1.5 0.318 0.321 32 35 6 72 200 1.5 0.324 0.27

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Rasha Al Haddad, Mohamad Khair Tahla and Lina Al Amir. (2021). Improvement of Tannase Production from Bacillus Bacteria by Submerged Fermentation of Spent Tea. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

Table (3) shows the effect of the studied factors (individual factors, the square of factors, and the interaction of factors) on the activity of tannase. Statistical analysis of the effect of the five studied variables (temperature, pH, incubation time, aeration speed, and substrate concentration) separately on the activity of tannase is shown in Table (3). It was noted that the P values for temperature, pH, substrate concentration, and incubation time were lower than 0.05 (P<0.05) indicating there was a significant linear effect for each of these variables on the production of the tannase enzyme; conversely, the P value for the aeration speed was greater than 0.05 (P>0.05), and this indicated that this factor had no significant effect on tannase production. Studying the quadratic relations of the variable factors on tannase production showed the following results as observed in Table (3) where the P value for temperature, pH, incubation time, and substrate concentration were lower than 0.05 (P<0.05). These results indicate the presence of significant effects of these factors on the enzymatic activity; hence, the relationship between these variables and enzyme activity could be plotted as Parabola. The interaction effect among variables, as shown in Table (3) and Figure (1), showed that the interaction relationships between temperature with both pH and incubation time were significant in influencing enzyme activity because the P values were lower than 0.05 (P<0.05). With the rest of the relationships, P was greater than 0.05 (P>0.05); therefore, its effect was not significant on enzyme activity and, hence, production. The determination coefficient R2 was 89.50% indicating that the regression equation for the variable factors affected 89.50% of change in enzyme activity. Table (3): Statistical analysis of the variation of studied variables that affected tannase activity Term Coef SE Coef T P Constant 0.180909 0.046485 3.892 0.000 Temperature -0.071042 0.022064 -3.22 0.002 pH -0.05375 0.022064 -2.436 0.019 Incubation time -0.030208 0.022064 -1.369 0.008 Aeration speed -0.021458 0.022064 -0.973 0.336 Substrate -0.175303 0.063951 -2.741 0.009 Temperature*Temperature -0.061136 0.005241 -11.665 0.000 pH*PH -0.013011 0.005241 -2.483 0.017 Incubation time*Incubation time -0.049886 0.00524 -9.518 0.000 Aeration speed*Aeration speed -0.004261 0.00524 -0.813 0.421 Substrate*Substrate -0.054545 0.020964 -2.602 0.013 Temperature*pH -0.004375 0.007096 -0.617 0.041 Temperature*Incubation time 0.00125 0.007096 0.176 0.011 Temperature*Aeration speed 0.00625 0.007096 0.881 0.383 Temperature*Substrate -0.00875 0.014193 -0.617 0.541 pH*Incubation time -0.001875 0.007096 -0.264 0.793 pH*Aeration speed 0.006875 0.007096 0.969 0.338 pH*Substrate -0.015 0.014193 -1.057 0.297 Incubation time*Aeration speed -0.00375 0.0071 -0.528 0.600 Incubation time*Substrate -0.00875 0.014193 -0.617 0.541 Aeration speed*Substrate -0.01375 0.014193 -0.969 0.338 Coef: coefficients, SE Coef: standard error of the coefficient, P: probability R2 = 89.50% Figure (1): Surface plot of tannase activity vs. (a) incubation time and temperature (b) pH and temperature

According to Table (3), the equation could be written as follows:

Y=0.180909-0.071042X1-0.05375X2-0.030208X3-0.021458X40.175303X5-0.004375X1X2+0.00125X1X3+0.00625X1X40.00875X1X50.001875X2X3 +0.006875X2X4-0.015X2X5-0.00375X3X4-0.00875X3X50.01375X4X5-0.061136X12 -0.013011X22 -0.049886X32 0.004261X42 -0.054545X52 X1: Temperature, X2: pH, X3: Incubation time, X4: Aeration speed, X5: Substrate concentration. Table (4): Analysis of variance for tannase activity Source DF Seq SS Adj SS Adj MS F P Regression 20 0.574 0.574 0.029 17.810 0.000 Linear 5 0.224 0.043 0.009 5.330 0.001 Square 5 0.342 0.342 0.068 42.420 0.000 Interaction 10 0.009 0.009 0.001 0.530 0.045 Residual Error 42 0.068 0.068 0.002 Lack-of-Fit 32 0.065 0.065 0.002 8.440 0.121 Pure Error 10 0.002 0.002 0.000 Total 63 0.642 DF: degrees of freedom, Seq SS: sequential sums of squares; Adj SS: adjusted sums of squares, Adj MS: adjusted mean squares; F: frequency, P: probability

Table (4) shows the statistical analysis of the variance of the studied variables that affected the production of the enzyme. The presence of at least one linear variable within the five single variables indicates significant effect because (P<0.05). There was also at least one square variable of the five square variables showing significant effect (P<0.05), and among the ten correlations, there was at least one significant single interaction where (P<0.05). Figure (2) shows the optimal conditions for tannase production from Bacillus sp using spent tea as a substrate, which were as follows according to the statistical results: temperature at 35˚C, pH at 5, incubation time at 48 hours, aeration at 150 rpm, and substrate concentration 1.5%. When these conditions were applied, the enzymatic activity was 0.299 units/ml, which was close to the theoretical enzyme activity (y=0.304) value estimated by RSM. Figure (2): Optimal conditions for the production of tannase enzyme from Bacillus sp using spent tea as a substrate by the RSM statistical test.

Results shown in Figure (2) indicate a continuous increase in enzyme activity with temperature until it reaches 35˚C, which proved to be the optimum temperature for enzyme production when using spent tea as substrate. An increase in incubation temperature above 35˚C revealed a gradual decrease in enzyme activity (production) due to the negative effect of higher temperature on bacterial growth, which affects enzyme production. The obtained results are in agreement with those obtained by Das Mohapatra et al. (2006), in that optimal temperature for tannase production from Bacillus licheniformis KBR6 using barks of different forest plants as substrate was 35˚C. This also agrees with results obtained by Jana et al. (2013), who mentioned that optimal temperature for tannase production from B. subtilis PAB2 was 35˚C using tannic acid as substrate . The optimum pH for tannase production from Bacillus sp under optimal experimental conditions using spent tea as substrate was pH 5. These results coincide with results obtained by Mondal and Pati (2000) when producing tannase from Bacillus licheniformis KBR6. Determining incubation time is an important and critical factor that affects reaching optimal enzyme production. Its importance comes from the effect of time on bacterial growth and, hence, enzyme production. In Figure (2), an increase in enzyme activity is observed along with the increase in incubation time until a maximum value of

enzyme activity is reached after 48 hours of incubation, after which, a decline in enzyme activity is noticed as incubation hours increased. Enzyme activity reaches its lowest level after 120 hours of incubation, where growth declines due to depletion of nutrients and formation of inhibitors by bacteria as well as accumulation of glucose and gallic acid in the medium. These results agree with those obtained by Selvaraj and Murty (2017) when producing tannase from Bacillus gottheilii M2S2 using Triphala plants as substrate. When producing tannase by Bacillus sphaericus with tannic acid as substrate, optimal incubation time was 48 hours (Raghuwanshi et al., 2011). In another study carried out by Tripathi et al. (2016) on the production of tannase from tannic acid as substrate by Bacillus megaterium, optimum incubation time was 72 hours. The variation in results concerning optimum incubation time may be due to the difference in the chemical composition of the different substrates applied, especially those related to tannin ratio and other differences among bacterial species and temperatures and pHs applied. All these factors affect optimal incubation time in enzyme production. Different rotation speeds were applied using a shaker incubator when incubating fermentation flasks to determine the optimal speed for aeration in tannase production. It was observed that highest enzyme activity was obtained when applying a speed of 150 rpm. A number of results from several studies were comparable with our result even though different bacteria were applied, such as S.ficaria and Enterobacter cloacae, when optimizing conditions for tannase production (Belur et al., 2010; Beniwal et al., 2010). Many studies indicated that using an aeration speed lower than 100 rpm does not provide convenient mixing of fermentation medium constituents during the fermentation process. Results shown in Figure (2) also indicate that using spent tea at a concentration of 1.5% (w/v) in fermentation medium was the best to reach optimum conditions in tannase production. Determination of optimal concentration of tannic acid in tannase production from Bacillus sp varied among studies conducted for this purpose, where Banerjee et al. (2001) mentioned that tannic acid had to be in a concentration range between 0.25–1.25% in medium because it has a role in inducing enzyme production. In another study by Mondal et al. (2000), it was found that optimal concentration of commercial tannic acid when producing tannase by Bacillus licheniformis was 1.5% (w/v) in fermentation medium. Raghuwanshi et al. (2011) also mentioned that the optimal concentration of tannic acid was 1.5% (w/v) in fermentation medium when producing tannase from Bacillus sphaericus. In another study conducted by Aissam et al. (2005), results showed that an increase in tannic acid concentration above 3.5% (w/v) in fermentation medium resulted in the formation of irreversible bonds between cell surface proteins, which affected food metabolism and bacteria growth, and, hence, reduced tannase production. Seth and Chand (2000) also mentioned that utilization of a high concentration of gallic acid caused a decrease in tannase production due to accumulation of gallic acid on the bacterial cell surface. 4. Conclusion We were able to optimize conditions for tannase production from Bacillus sp using spent tea as substrate to describe the effect of different parameters as designed by the statistical analysis program (RSM). From results obtained, optimum conditions for production of tannase were found to be at an incubation temperature of 35˚C, pH 5, incubation time at 48 hours, aeration speed at 150 rpm, and spent tea concentration of 1.5% in fermentation medium.

Acknowledgments We would like to thank Damascus University’s College of Agriculture and the National Commission of Biotechnology for their financial support. Biographies

Rasha Mousa Al Haddad Department of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, National Commission of Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria, 00963932730980, rasshahaddad@hotmail.com

Miss Al Haddad obtained her MSc. in Food Sciences from Damascus University and is currently a PhD student. She has held the position of research assistant at the National Commission for Biotechnology, Damascus, Syria, in the Department of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, since 2010. Her main field in research is production of enzymes, such as naringinase and cellulose, using microorganisms (mostly fungi and bacteria). She published three papers in Syrian scientific journals and one paper in the Journal of Chemistry, Biology and Environmental Sciences, Egypt.

Mohamad Khair Abdo Tahla The Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University and Dean Assistant in the Faculty of Agriculture, 00963955694670, motahla10@gmail.com

Dr. Tahla obtained his PhD in Food Technology from Kiev University, Ukraine. Currently he holds the position of professor in food industry in the Department of Food Sciences. He lectures in oil technology and industrial food engineering, including dairy plant engineering. He has had two books published as well as more than 30 scientific papers in local and international scientific journals. He supervised 20 master's and PhD dissertations, some of which were related to enzyme production, such as Pectinase from fungi using agricultural wastes.

Lina Abdul-Karim Al-Amir Department of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, National Commission of Biotechnology (NCBT), Damascus, Syria, 0096392025516, alamirlina9@gmail.com

Dr. Al-Amir obtained her PhD in Molecular Biology/Microbiology from Baghdad University’s College of Sciences, Iraq. Currently she is an assistant professor at the International University for Science and Technology in Ghabaghib, Syria, and serves as a consultant researcher and a post-graduate supervisor at NCBT. She was a member of several editorial boards and the editor in chief for the Journal of Biotechnology Research, issued by the Federation of Arab Scientific Research Councils papers. Twenty-nine of her publications are in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology. References Aftab, M.N., Mukhtar, H., and Ul-Haq, I. (2016). Production and characterization of tannase from a newly isolated Bacillus subtilis. Pak. J. Bot, 48(3), 1263–71. Aguilar, C.N., Rodr´ıguez, R., Gutierrez-Sanchez, G., Augur, C., Favela-Torres, E., Prado-Barragán, L.A., Ram´ırez-Coronel, A.Y. and ContrerasEsquivel, J.C. (2007). Microbial tannases: Advances and perspectives. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology 76(n/a), 47–59. Aguilar-Zárate1, P., Cruz-Herná. nde, M.A., Montañez1, J.C., BelmaresCerda1, R.E., and Aguilar1, C.N. (2014). Bacterial tannase: Production, properties and application. Revista Mexicana de Ingeniería Química, 13(n/a), 63–74. Aissam, H., Errachidi, F., Penninckx, M.J., Merzouki, M. and Benlemlih, M. (2005). Production of tannase by Aspergillus niger HA37 growing on tannic acid and olive oil mill waste waters. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 21(n/a), 609–14. Aithal, M. and Belur, P. (2013). Enhancement of propyl gallate yield in

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producing industrially important tannase and gallic acid through microbial fermentation. International Journal of Agriculture and Food Science Technology, 4(10), 999–1010. Orlita, A. (2004). A review: Microbial biodeterioration of leather and its control. Int. Biodet. Biodegd, 53(n/a), 157–63. Prasad, D., Gupta, R.K., Mathangi, G., Kamini, N.R. and Gowthaman, M.K. (2012). Advances in production and characteristic features of microbial tannases: An overview. Curr. Trends Biotechnol. Pharm., 6(n/a), 119–44. Raghuwanshi, S., Dutt, K., Gupta, P., Misra, S. and Saxena, R.K. (2011). Bacillus sphaericus: The highest bacterial tannase producer with potential for gallic acid synthesis. Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering, 111(6), 635–40. Saxena, S. and Saxena, R.K. (2004). Statistical optimization of tannase production from Penicillium variable using fruits (chebulic myrobalan) of Terminalia chebula Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem., 39(n/a), 99–106. Selvaraj, S. and Murty, V.R. (2017). Semi-solid state fermentation: A promising method for production and optimization of tannase from Bacillus gottheilii M2S2. Res. J. Biotech, 12 (4), 39–48. Selwal, M.K., Yadav, A., Selwal, K.K., Aggarwal, N.K., Gupta, R. and Gautam, S. K. (2011). Tannase production by Penicillium atramentosum kM under SSF and its application in wine clarification and tea cream solubilization. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 42(n/a), 374–87. Seth, M. and Chand, S. (2000). Biosynthesis of tannase and 349 hydrolysis of tannins to gallic acid by Aspergillus awamori-optimization of process parameters. Process Biochem, 36(n/a), 39–44. Sharma, N.K., Beniwal, V., Kumar, N., Kumar, S., Pathera, A.K. and Ray, A. (2014). Production of tannase under solid-state fermentation and its application in detannification of guava jucie. Preparative Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 44(n/a), 281–90. Sharma, S., Bhat, T. and Dawra, R. (2000). A spectrophotometric method for assay of tannase using rhodanine. Analytical Biochemistry, 279(1), 85–9. Treviño-Cueto, B., Luis, M., Contreras-Esquivel, J.C., Rodríguez, R., Aguilera, A. and Aguilar, C.N. (2007). Gallic acid and Tannase Accumulation during fungal solid state culture of a tannin-rich desert plant (Larrea tridentata Cov.). Bioresource Technol, 98,(n/a) 721–4. Tripathi, A.D. and Lakshmi, B. (2018). Statistical optimization of extracellular tannase production by Streptomyces sp. AT 13 using response surface methodology and Plackett-Burmen design. Biosci. Biotech. Res. Comm., 11(4), 691–8. Tripathi, A.D., Sharma, K. and Lakshmi, B. (2016). Study on tannase producing Bacillus megaterium isolated from tannery effluent. International Journal of Advanced Research in Biological Sciences , 3(7), 28–35. Unban, K., Kodchasee, P., Shetty, K. and Khanongnuch, C. (2020). Tannintolerant and extracellular tannase producing Bacillus isolated from traditional fermented tea leaves and their probiotic functional properties. Food, 9(n/a), 1–14. Van de-Lagemaat, J. and Pyle, D.L. (2005). Modelling the uptake and growth kinetics of Penicillium glabrum in a tannic acid-containing solidstate fermentation for tannase production. Proc Biochem. , 40(n/a), 1773–82. Vaquero, I., Marcobal, A. and Mun˜oz, R. (2004). Tannase activity by lactic acid bacteria isolated from grape must and wine. International Journal of Food Microbiology 96(n/a), 199–204. Vikas, B., Anil, K., Gunjan, G. and Vinod, C. (2013). A novel low molecular weight acido-thermophilic tannase from Enterobacter cloacae MTCC 9125. . Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2(n/a), 132-137. Vos, P., Garrity, G., Jones, D., Krieg, N.R., Ludwig, W., Rainey, F.A., Schleifer, K.-H. and Whitman, W. (2009). Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology. 2nd edition. New York, NY: Springer. Xu, F. (2009). Methods of Reducing the Inhibitory Effect of Tannin of the

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‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫تشخيص األمراض باالعتماد على ختطيط القزحية‬ ‫باستخدام املنطق الغامض‬

‫زكريا مهروسة ‪ 1‬و عماركيالي ‪ 2‬و لونا حمامي‬

‫‪Diagnosis of Diseases Based on Iridology‬‬ ‫‪Using Fuzzy Logic‬‬ ‫‪Zakaria Madhouse 1, Ammar Kayli 2 and Luna Himmami 1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫‪1 Department of Computers Engineering, Faculty of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, University of‬‬

‫‪1‬قسم هندسة الحواسيب‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة الكهربائية واإللكترونية‪ ،‬جامعة حلب‪ ،‬حلب‪ ،‬سوريا‬ ‫‪ 2‬قسم أمراض العين وجراحتها‪ ،‬كلية الطب البشري‪ ،‬جامعة حلب‪ ،‬حلب‪ ،‬سوريا‬ ‫‪ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE‬‬ ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

‫‪PUBLISHED ONLINE‬‬ ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪ISSUE‬‬ ‫رقم العدد‬

‫‪VOLUME‬‬ ‫رقم اجمللد‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪06/12/2020‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria‬‬ ‫‪2 Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Aleppo, Aleppo, Syria‬‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫االستقبال‬

‫‪LINK‬‬ ‫الرابط‬

‫‪06/12/2020‬‬

‫‪11/09/2020‬‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/med/0023‬‬

‫‪YEAR‬‬ ‫سنة العدد‬

‫‪NO. OF PAGES‬‬ ‫عدد الصفحات‬

‫‪NO. OF WORDS‬‬ ‫عدد الكلمات‬

‫‪2021‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫‪6300‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪Abdominal, back, brain, chest, fuzzification, pelvic‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التغميض‪ ،‬الحوض‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫البطن‪َّ ،‬‬ ‫الدماغ‪ ،‬الصدر‪ ،‬الظهر‬

‫امللخص‪:‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ظهرت العديد من الطرق اآللية إلجراء التشخيص القزحي والتنبؤ باألمراض باالعتماد على‬ ‫فيهدف‬ ‫إمكانية الوقاية من األمراض ّقبل تطورها‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫تخطيط القزحية‪ ،‬ملا لها من أهمية في َّ‬ ‫الدماغ ‪Brain‬؛ والظهر‬ ‫نموذج حاسوبي إلجراء التشخيص املبكر ألمراض‪:‬‬ ‫البحث إلى إيجاد‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫والصدر ‪ Chest‬عن طريق تخطيط القزحية‬ ‫‪Back‬؛ والحوض ‪Pelvic‬؛ والبطن ‪Abdominal‬؛‬ ‫باالعتماد على املنطق الغامض‪ ،‬حيث َّ‬ ‫تم إجراء معالجة أولية لصور القزحية؛ بغية إيجاد‪:‬‬ ‫شريط القزحية‪ ،‬وشيفرتها‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫والسمات الخاصة بها‪َّ ،‬‬ ‫ثم بناء خمسة نماذج غامضة إلجراء‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التشخيص‪ ،‬وتحديد نسبة املرض لدى األشخاص باالعتماد على السمات الخاصة‬ ‫املستخلصة من القزحية كمتحوالت دخل‪ ،‬فيحتوي كل نموذج على أربع مجموعات انتماء‬ ‫التغميض وفك َّ‬ ‫لكل متحول دخل أو خرج‪ ،‬وعلى (‪ )64‬قاعدة غموض إلجراء َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪ ،‬وقد‬ ‫تجاوزت ‪ ،98%‬ومتوسط دقتها‬ ‫أعطت النماذج الخمسة املبنية للتشخيص َّالقزحي دقة ً‬ ‫كل نموذج مؤهال لجعله وسيلة طبية مساعدة‬ ‫باملجمل قدره (‪ ،)98.6223‬األمر الذي يجعل‬ ‫في عملية تشخيص مرض محدد لدى األطباء أو أداة برمجية لالطمئنان على صحة‬ ‫األشخاص‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬مقدمة‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫تأسس ُ‬ ‫َ‬ ‫علم التشخيص القزحي ‪ Iridology‬في أوائل القرن العشرين على يد‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫الدكتور‬ ‫هنر إدوارد لين ‪ ،)Lane, 2021( Henry Edward Lane‬ويعتمد على‬ ‫تحليل األنماط اللونية ألنسجة القزحية ملعرفة الحالة الصحية للمريض‬ ‫األبحاث أهمية‬ ‫(‪ ،)Bansal et al, 2018; Pujari et al, 2019‬حيث بينت هذه‬ ‫ً‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫من‬ ‫وانطالقا‬ ‫الحالة الصحية‪،‬‬ ‫األنسجة اللونية للقزحية للداللة على‬ ‫ً‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫األهمية‪ ،‬انتشرت وتعددت طرق إجراء التشخيص القزحي حاسوبيا‪،‬‬ ‫فبعضهم استخدم تحويالت املويجات املتقطعة ‪Discrete Wavelet‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Transforms (DWT‬في حين استخدمت أبحاث أخرى الشبكات العصبونية‬ ‫إلجراء ذلك (‪ .)Bansal et al, 2018‬أجرى الباحث )‪ Hernández et al (2019‬دراسة‬ ‫للكشف املبكر عن مرض الزهايمر باالعتماد علم القزحية ‪ ،Iridology‬وذلك‬ ‫من خالل املعالجة الرقمية لصور القزحية‪ ،‬حيث َّ‬ ‫تم استخراج ست سمات‪:‬‬ ‫متوسط الكثافة ‪ ،Average intensity‬ومتوسط تباين االنحراف املعياري‬ ‫‪ ،Average contrast of standard deviation‬ودرجة النوعمة ‪ ،Softness‬والعزم‬ ‫الثالث ‪ :Third moment‬وهي عبارة عن االنزياح أو عدم َّ‬ ‫التناظر لألدوار‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املركزية في مخطط التسوية لتوزع البكسالت وانتظام مخطط توزع‬ ‫ومقياس العشوائية في بكسالت‬ ‫البكسالت ‪َّ Uniformity of the histogram‬‬ ‫الصورة ‪ ،Entropy‬واستخدموها إلجراء التشخيص باالعتماد على ثالثة‬ ‫مصنفات‪ ZeroR :‬و‪ Multilayer Perceptron‬و ‪ Naive Bayes‬حيث كانت نتائج‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التشخيص لكل مصنف (‪ )45.4%,44.9%,63.2%‬على الترتيب‪ ،‬ولذلك‬ ‫عمدت الدراسة على تحسين نتائج املصنف ‪ Naiveً Bayes‬حتى وصل النظام‬ ‫املقترح لدقة تشخيصية قدرها ‪ 92.4%‬تقريبا‪ ،‬وقيمة خطأ إجمالي‬ ‫(‪ ،)0.075019‬كما أجرى الباحثان )‪ Samant and Agarwal (2018‬دراسة‬ ‫لتشخيص مرض السكري من خالل علم (‪)Iridology‬؛ وذلك َّ‬ ‫ألن مرض‬ ‫السكري يزيد من عامل الخطر لسرطان الخاليا الكبدية ‪Hepatocellular‬‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬لونا حمامي‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪Many automatic methods have been introduced in iridology to predict‬‬ ‫‪diseases according to the iridology chart. This is important to prevent‬‬ ‫‪diseases before they develop. This research aims to find a computer model‬‬ ‫‪for the early diagnosis of diseases in the brain, back, pelvis, abdomen, and‬‬ ‫‪chest using the iridology chart based on fuzzy logic. Image preprocessing for‬‬ ‫‪the iris aims to find the ring, code, and features of the iris. Five fuzzy models‬‬ ‫‪have been built for diagnosis and to determine a person's disease rate based‬‬ ‫‪on specific features that were extracted from the iris as the input variables.‬‬ ‫‪Each model contains four membership functions for each input or output‬‬ ‫‪variables and 64 fuzzy rules for fuzzification and defuzzification. The five‬‬ ‫‪models that were built to diagnose the five diseases of iridology have an‬‬ ‫‪accuracy rate of over 98%, with an average accuracy of 98.6223%. The‬‬ ‫‪results mean that the models are qualified for use by doctors as medical‬‬ ‫‪tools to diagnose specific diseases or as a tool for the public to reassure them‬‬ ‫‪about their health.‬‬

‫)‪َّ ،Carcinoma (HCC‬‬ ‫وتم استخالص سمات القزحية بوساطة تحويل املويجات‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫‪ ،)Discrete‬كما تم التحقق من الدراسة‬ ‫املتقطع ()‪Wavelet Transforms (DWT‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫على مجموعة أشخاص حوالي (‪ )338‬شخصا‪ ،‬فأعطت نتائج تصنيفية بدقة‬ ‫‪ ٪89.63‬وفق مصنف )‪ ،Random Forest (RF‬وأجرى الباحث ‪Bansal et al‬‬ ‫لتشخيص مرض الرئة باالعتماد على قزحية العين‪ ،‬حيث‬ ‫(‪ )2018‬دراسة ّ‬ ‫يؤدي ضعف التنفس إلى اإلصابة بمرض االنسداد الرئوي )‪(OLD‬‬ ‫‪َّ ،Obstructive Lung Disease‬‬ ‫وتم التنبؤ بمرض ‪ OLD‬باالعتماد على تحليل صور‬ ‫القزحية‪ ،‬من خالل اقتراح نموذجين مختلفين الستخراج سمات القزحية‪:‬‬ ‫األول‪ :‬باستخدام تحويل املويجات (‪ ،)wavelet transform‬حيث كانت الدقة‬ ‫‪ .89%‬والثاني‪ :‬باستخدام مرشح غابور (‪ ،)Gabor‬وكانت الدقة ‪َّ 88%‬‬ ‫وتم‬ ‫تنفيذ مصنف مبني على أساس ‪ SVM‬للنموذجين؛ وذلك من أجل تشخيص‬ ‫الحالة الصحية بحجم عينة (‪ )100‬صورة‪ ،‬وأجرى الباحث ‪Amerifar et al‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫(‪ )2015‬دراسة لتشخيص مرض الفشل الكلوي من خالل علم التشخيص‬ ‫القزحية بوساطة ً تحليل هسيان‬ ‫القزحي ‪ ،Iridology‬باستخالص سمات‬ ‫ً‬ ‫(‪ ،)Hessian analysis‬وأظهرت النتائج تصنيفا صحيحا بنسبة ‪82%‬‬ ‫بمرض في الكلى‪ ،‬وذلك بحجم عينة (‪ )56‬صورة‪،‬‬ ‫لألشخاص املصابين‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫وأجرى الباحث ‪ )2012( Sivasankar et al‬دراسة لتشخيص األمراض الرئوية‪:‬‬ ‫(البرد‪ ،‬والصفير‪ ،‬والربو‪ ،‬وسرطان الرئة) باالعتماد على تخطيط قزحية‬ ‫العين‪ ،‬وذلك باستخدام تقنيات عدة ملعالجة الصور‪ ،‬أبرزها‪ :‬تحويل هوف‬ ‫نسبته‬ ‫الدائر‪ ،‬وتحليل مستوى الرمادية‪ ،‬ثم يتم تحديد املرض الرئوي مع‬ ‫ً‬ ‫باالعتماد على مصنف مبني وفق املنطق الغامض‪ ،‬وأظهرت النتائج تصنيفا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫صحيحا بنسبة ‪ 84.38%‬لألشخاص املصابين‪ ،‬وذلك بحجم عينة (‪)32‬‬ ‫صورة‪ .‬تبرز أهمية هذه األبحاث بإمكانية الوقاية َّمن األمراض قبل تطورها‪،‬‬ ‫الكشف املبكر عنها عن طريق التشخيص القزحي‪ ،‬ويهدف‬ ‫وذلك من خالل‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫هذا البحث إلى إجراء التشخيص القزحي باستخدام املنطق الغامض للتنبؤ‬ ‫باالعتالل الصحي لألشخاص قبل ظهور األعراض املباشرة للعلة املرضية‬

‫‪e.lunahim@gmail.com ,00963988334181‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Luna Himmami‬‬

‫‪71‬‬

‫زكريا مهروسة‪ ،‬عمار كيالي‪ ،‬لونا حمامي‪ .)2021( .‬تشخيص األمراض باالعتماد على تخطيط القزحية باستخدام املنطق الغامض‪.‬‬ ‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪ ،‬املجلد (‪ ،)22‬العدد (‪)1‬‬

‫نموذج تشخيص ي مبني على املنطق الغامض أو العائم أو‬ ‫من خالل اقتراح‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ما يطلق عليه أحيانا بــ‪" :‬املنطق الضبابي"‪ ،‬وذلك بتحديد مجموعات‬ ‫التغميض‪ ،‬وفك َّ‬ ‫االنتماء ملتحوالت‪ :‬الدخل‪ ،‬والخرج‪ ،‬وقواعد َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪،‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫وإيجاد نسب التشخيص لهذا ّ النموذج؛ ملعرفة مدى فعاليته في التشخيص‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫القزحي ألمراض‪ :‬الدماغ‪ ،‬والظهر‪ ،‬والحوض‪ ،‬والبطن‪ ،‬والصدر‪.‬‬

‫(‪َّ .)Sivasankar et al, 2012; Jensen and Bodeen, 1991‬‬ ‫وتم استخدام خوارزمية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫دوغمان (‪ )Daugman‬إلجراء عملية التسوية؛ من أجل االنتقال من الصورة‬ ‫الدائرية للقزحية إلى املستوية‪ ،‬وتعتمد على بارامترين األول (‪ )r‬الفرق بين‬ ‫نصف قطر القزحية ونصف قطر البؤبؤ (الفرق بين نصف قطر الدائرة‬ ‫الخارجية للقزحية ونصف قطر الدائرة الداخلية للقزحية) والبارامتر الثاني‬ ‫زاوية التدوير (‪ ،)θ‬حيث يتم تحويل اإلحداثيات الديكارتية للبيانات املحددة‬ ‫بنصف القطر (‪ )r‬والزاوية (‪ )θ‬وفق املعادالت اآلتية (‪:)Arvacheh, 2006‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬ ‫) ‪I{ x(r, ) , y(r, )} → I(r,‬‬ ‫)‪(2‬‬ ‫) ‪r xl ( ‬‏ ‪x(r, ) = (1 - r) x p (  ) +‬‬ ‫)‪(3‬‬ ‫) ‪r yl ( ‬‏ ‪y(r,  ) = (1 - r ) y p (  ) +‬‬ ‫األساسية‪،‬‬ ‫حيث )‪ :I(x,y‬صورة منطقة‬ ‫القزحية‪ :)x,y( ،‬اإلحداثيات الديكارتية ّ‬ ‫(‪ :)r,θ‬اإلحداثيات القطبية التي َّ‬ ‫تم االعتماد عليها إلجراء عملية التسوية‪،‬‬ ‫(‪ )xp,yp‬و(‪ :)xl,yl‬إحداثيات البؤبؤ وحواف القزحية على طول اتجاه زاوية‬ ‫التدوير ‪.θ‬‬

‫•‬

‫‪ .2.2‬استخالص السمات من شيفرة قزحية العين‪:‬‬

‫‪ .2‬املواد وطرق العمل‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫تم إجراء هذا البحث كما هو مبين في الشكل (‪ )1‬وفق الخطوات اآلتية‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫إجراء معالجة صورة أولية لقاعدة البيانات العاملية "‪ "phoenix‬تضمنت‪ :‬تخطيط‬ ‫القزحية‪ ،‬وتحديدها‪ ،‬وتسويتها‪.‬‬ ‫استخالص سمات شيفرة القزحية املتمثلة بــ‪ :‬متوسطات أسطر وأعمدة وتوضعات‬ ‫القيم الواحدية‪.‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫تعريف املنطق ود َّراسة مدى ارتباطه بالتشخيص الطبي‪ ،‬وتوضيح أسباب‬ ‫القزحي‪.‬‬ ‫استخدامه إلجراء التشخيص َّ‬ ‫التشخيص القزحي باالعتماد على ّ‬ ‫السمات السابقة؛‬ ‫بناء النموذج الغامض إلجراء‬ ‫بغية تحديد املرض ونسبته‪.‬‬ ‫برمجة الخطوات السابقة ضمن بيئة ‪ ،Matlab‬واستخالص النتائج ومقارنتها مع‬ ‫طرق أخرى‪.‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ )1‬املخطط الصندوقي املقترح إلجراء التشخيص القزحي باستخدام املنطق الغامض (إعداد الباحثين)‬

‫َّ‬ ‫تم الحصول على شيفرة قزحية العين باستخدام مرشح غابور باملعادلة‬ ‫اآلتية (‪:)2018 ،Ray et al‬‬ ‫) ‪h(x, y) = h' (x, y) exp (j2‬‬

‫)‪(4‬‬

‫حيث )‪ :h(x,y‬ناتج مرشح غابور‪ : h'(x,y)،‬مطال غابور ويعطى بالعالقة اآلتية‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(5‬‬

‫‪ .2.1‬املعالجة األولية لصور القزحية‪:‬‬ ‫ترتبط حالة أجزاء الجسم الصحية مع مناطق محددة في القزحية ( ‪Jogi and‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫الدراسة على مناطق التشخيص القزحي‬ ‫‪ ،)2014 ،Sharma‬ستقتصر هذه ّ‬

‫لخمسة أمراض‪ ،‬وهي‪ّ :‬‬ ‫الدماغ‪ ،‬والظهر‪ ،‬والحوض‪ ،‬والبطن‪ ،‬والصدر‪ ،‬كما‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫تم اعتماد قاعدة البيانات "‪ "phoenix‬أو ‪ UPOL‬إلجراء البحث الذي نحن‬ ‫بصدده‪ ،‬حيث تمتاز قاعدة البيانات املعتمدة باحتوائها على َّعدد كبير‬ ‫ً‬ ‫نسبيا من العينات‪ ،‬حيث يبلغ عدد عيناتها (‪ )384‬عينة‪ ،‬وتشمل التشخيص‬ ‫الطبي في العيادات ملختلف األمراض الخمسة املدروسة‪ ،‬وقد أتاح الباحث‬ ‫‪ Dobes‬ورفاقه استخدام هذه القاعدة لألغراض البحثية مشترطين تضمين‬ ‫املراجع العلمية الخاصة بها (‪،)2006 ،Dobes et al( ،)2006 ،Dobesُ et al‬‬ ‫(‪ .)2004 ،Dobes and Machala‬وقد أجريت دراسة حول عدد من قواعد‬ ‫البيانات القزحية العاملية املستخدمة في مجاالت تمييز القزحية ومجاالت‬ ‫أخرى؛ من أجل معرفة األجدى منها‪ ،‬حيث حوت الدراسة قواعد بيانات‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ،WVU ،UBIRIS ،UPOL ،MMU ،ICE ،CASIA ،BATH‬وتمت املقارنة بين هذه‬ ‫القواعد‪ ،‬وذلك من أجل عوامل ضجيج مختلفة‪ ،‬وهي‪ :‬تداخل الجفون‬ ‫(‪ ،)Eyelids obstruction‬وتداخل األهداب (‪ ،)Eyelash obstruction‬واالنعكاسات‬ ‫الضوئية (‪ ،)Lighting reflections‬واالرتجاج الحركي (‪،)Motion blurred‬‬ ‫واالنحراف الزاوي (‪ ،)Off-angle‬وانغالق األجفان (‪ ،)Out-of-iris‬وضعف‬ ‫التركيز (‪ ،)Poor focused‬والتقاط جزئي لقزحية (‪ ،)Partial iris‬واالنعكاس‬ ‫‪ ،)specular reflections‬حيث كانت قاعدة البيانات "‪ "phoenix‬املسماة‬ ‫الطيفي (‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تماما من جميع عوامل الضجيج السابقة؛ لذلك َّ‬ ‫تم اعتمادها‬ ‫‪ UPOL‬خالية‬ ‫(‪ ،)2012 ،Parashar and Joshi‬وقد َّتمت معالجة صورها بتحديد منطقة‬ ‫القزحية في الصورة باالعتماد على إيجاد أصغر وأكبر دائرة بيكسالت بيضاء‬ ‫وسوداء على الترتيب‪َّ .‬إن طريقة تحديد املناطق الخاصة باألمراض تعتمد‬ ‫على مخطط ‪ Jensen‬الذي يقوم بتشبيه القزحية للساعة‪ ،‬حيث تتوضع‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )1:00‬بالنسبة للقزحية عند تشبيهها‬ ‫منطقة الدماغ من (‪ )11:00‬إلى ( ّ‬ ‫للساعة‪ ،‬في حين تتوضع منطقة الظهر من (‪ )3:00‬إلى (‪ )4:30‬بالنسبة‬ ‫لقزحية اليمين‪ ،‬ومن (‪ )7:30‬إلى (‪ )9:00‬بالنسبة لقزحية اليسار‪ ،‬ويتوضع‬ ‫الحوض من (‪ )4:30‬إلى (‪ )5:50‬بالنسبة لقزحية اليمين‪ ،‬ومن (‪ )6:10‬إلى‬ ‫(‪ )7:30‬بالنسبة لقزحية اليسار‪ ،‬وتتوضع البطن من (‪ )6:15‬إلى (‪)7:40‬‬ ‫بالنسبة لقزحية اليمين‪ ،‬ومن (‪ )4:15‬إلى (‪ )5:40‬بالنسبة لقزحية اليسار‪،‬‬ ‫ويتوضع جهاز الصدر من (‪ )8:00‬إلى (‪ )9:00‬بالنسبة للقزحية اليمنى‪ ،‬ومن‬ ‫(‪ )3:00‬إلى (‪ )4:00‬بالنسبة للقزحية اليسرى‪ ،‬وعليه يتم تحديد املناطق‬ ‫لتشخيص االعتالل الصحي بعد استخالص ّ‬ ‫السمات من هذه املناطق‬

‫‪ 2 +Υ 2‬‬ ‫)‬ ‫‪2 2‬‬

‫‪ :ω‬السرعة الزاوية للمرشح‪ ،‬وتعطى بالعالقة‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(6‬‬ ‫)‪ :(x,y‬هي القيم الناتجة من املعادلتين )‪ (2‬و )‪.(3‬‬

‫𝞂‪:‬االنحراف املعياري ويعطى بالعالقة‪:‬‬ ‫‪)2‬‬

‫‪2 2‬‬

‫‪ = x.cos + y.sin ‬‬

‫)‪(7‬‬ ‫‪M‬‬

‫‪m‬‬

‫‪exp (-‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫= )‪h' (x, y‬‬

‫‪N‬‬

‫‪ ( f ( x , y ) − f‬‬ ‫‪x =1 y =1‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪N .M‬‬

‫=𝞂‬

‫ّ‬ ‫حيث‪ :N.M :‬أبعاد القزحية بعد إجراء عملية التسوية‪ : f m .‬املتوسط‬ ‫ويعطى بالعالقة‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(8‬‬

‫‪1 N M‬‬ ‫) ‪ f ( x , y‬‬ ‫‪N .M x = 1 y = 1‬‬

‫ونميز الحاالت اآلتية عند عمل الخوارزمية‪:‬‬ ‫فنحصل على بيكسل أسود‬ ‫فنحصل على بيكسل أبيض‬

‫= ‪fm‬‬

‫‪ h(x,y)< h'(x,y) Then h(x,y) = 0‬‬ ‫‪  h(x,y)> h'(x,y) Then h(x,y) = 1‬‬

‫‪ω <0‬‬ ‫‪ω‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬

‫وبالنتيجة نحصل على صورة ثنائية مكونة من أصفار وواحدات تمثل شيفرة‬ ‫القزحية‪.‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫تم اعتماد ثالث سمات‪ ،‬وهي‪ -1 :‬متوسط أسطر القيم الواحدية ‪-2 MR‬‬ ‫الواحدية ‪ -3 MC‬متوسط توضع القيم الواحدية‬ ‫ً‬ ‫متوسط أعمدة القيم ً‬ ‫‪ ،MP‬التي تعطي مؤشرا واضحا لتوضع الواحدات في مناطق األمراض‬ ‫الخمسة املطلوب تشخيصها‪ ،‬وذلك للتعليل اآلتي‪:‬‬ ‫بما َّأن الشيفرة الثنائية للقزحية هي عبارة عن أصفار وواحدات (صورة‬ ‫‪)Black-White‬؛ لذلك قد تكون قيمة متوسط الشيفرة متساوية كما هو مبين‬ ‫في املثال اآلتي‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫نموذج (‪)1‬‬ ‫‪1+1‬‬ ‫= ‪m1‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫نموذج (‪)2‬‬ ‫‪1+1‬‬ ‫= ‪m2‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫نموذج (‪)3‬‬ ‫‪1+1‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫= ‪m3‬‬

‫نالحظ من املثال السابق َّأن قيم املتوسطات متساوية‪ ،‬بالرغم من اختالف‬

‫‪Zakaria Madhouse, Ammar Kayli and Luna Himmami. (2021). Diagnosis of Diseases Based on Iridology Using Fuzzy Logic.‬‬ ‫)‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1‬‬

‫‪72‬‬

‫تم اعتماد ّ‬ ‫الشيفرات الثنائية الثالثة للنماذج‪ ،‬لذلك َّ‬ ‫السمات الثالثة‬ ‫القيم‬ ‫أعمدة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫السابقة‪ ،‬وهي‪ -1 :‬متوسط أسطر القيم الواحدية ‪ -2‬متوسط ً‬ ‫الواحدية ‪ -3‬متوسط توضع القيم الواحدية‪ ،‬ألنها تعطي ًمؤشرا ًواضحا‬ ‫الختالف موضع الواحدات من شيفرة ألخرى‪ ،‬وتعطي تمايزا واضحا‪ ،‬فمن‬ ‫املثال السابق تكون ّ‬ ‫السمات كاآلتي‪:‬‬ ‫سمات النموذج األول‬ ‫متوسط أسطر القيم الواحدية‬ ‫متوسط أعمدة القيم الواحدية‬ ‫متوسط توضع القيم الواحدية‬

‫‪1+ 2‬‬ ‫‪= 1.5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫= ‪mr‬‬

‫‪1+1‬‬ ‫= ‪mc‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1+1+ 2 +1‬‬ ‫= ‪mp‬‬ ‫‪= 1.25‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫سمات النموذج الثاني‬ ‫‪1+1‬‬ ‫‪=1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1+ 2‬‬ ‫= ‪mc‬‬ ‫‪= 1.5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1+1+1+ 2‬‬ ‫= ‪mp‬‬ ‫‪= 1.25‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫= ‪mr‬‬

‫‪2+2‬‬ ‫‪=2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫= ‪mr‬‬

‫‪1+ 2‬‬ ‫= ‪mc‬‬ ‫‪= 1.5‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪2 +1+ 2 + 2‬‬ ‫‪= 1.75‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬

‫= ‪mp‬‬

‫ُيعد املنطق الغامض نقلة نوعية من الرياضيات التقليدية إلى ًالرياضيات‬ ‫الفلسفية واللغوية‪ ،‬ويمثل توصيف الخبرة البشرية‪ ،‬ويقدم حلوال للمشاكل‬ ‫الواقعية‪َّ ،‬‬ ‫وطبق البرفسور لطفي زاده هذا املنطق َّأول مرة من خالل وضعه‬ ‫عنصر ما‬ ‫مصطلح املجموعات الضبابية التي تحدد مدى درجة انتماء‬ ‫ًٍ‬ ‫ونسبته (‪ ،)1992 ،Dubois, Prade‬وتقوم فكرة املنطق الغامض عموما على‬ ‫بستان ما‬ ‫تحديد درجة ونسبة مقدار ما‪ ،‬فعلى سبيل املثال‪ :‬إذا ُو ِجد في‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫العديد من األزهار الصفراء‪ ،‬وأخرى ليست صفراء‪ ،‬ففي منطق الرياضيات‬ ‫التقليدية يتم التعبير عن األزهار الصفراء بـ (‪ )1‬وغير الصفراء بـ (‪ ،)0‬ولكن‬ ‫الفلسفي املطروح هنا‪ :‬هل جميع الزهور الصفراء متماثلة أم أن‬ ‫السؤال ً‬ ‫هناك أزهارا أشد صفرة من األخرى؟ وهنا يأتي مفهوم التدرج ومجموعات‬ ‫االنتماء‪ ،‬حيث تأخذ األزهار األكثر صفرة قيمة (‪ ،)1‬وتأخذ األزهار غير‬ ‫الصفراء قيمة (‪ ،)0‬في حين َّأن هناك الكثير والكثير من األزهار الصفراء التي‬ ‫تتفاوت فيها درجة الصفرة‪ ،‬وبالتالي‪ ،‬تكون لها نسبة تتراوح ضمن (‪ ،)0,1‬أما‬ ‫تحديد نسبة الصفرة‪ ،‬فيجب أن يتم على سمات محددة تمتلكها الزهرة‪،‬‬ ‫ومن خالل تحليل هذه ّ‬ ‫السمات يتم إعطاء القرار النهائي لدرجة صفرة‬ ‫الزهرة؛ ومنه يمكن تعريف املنطق الغامض على أنه أحد فروع الذكاء‬ ‫الصنعي‪ ،‬ويعد من األنظمة الخبيرة القادرة على معالجة املسائل العلمية‬ ‫بشكل كمي التخاذ القرار املناسب‪ ،‬ويتكون من ثالثة مراحل أساسية‪ ،‬وهي‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -1‬مرحلة َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪ :‬ويتم فيها‪ :‬تعريف متحوالت الدخل‪ ،‬وتحديد درجة‬ ‫انتماء كل متحول ملجموعات االنتماء ‪ -2‬محرك الغموض‪ :‬يحتوي على‪:‬‬ ‫قواعد غموض ملطابقة وتحديد درجة انتماء الخرج ً‬ ‫بناء على مقدار درجة‬ ‫انتماء متحوالت الدخل ‪ -3‬فك َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪ :‬يتم في هذه املرحلة تحديد قيمة‬ ‫الخرج ً‬ ‫بناء على درجة انتمائه في املجموعة (‪.)Inan et al, 2011‬‬ ‫في هذا البحث يتم استخدام ّ‬ ‫السمات املستخلصة من شريط القزحية‬ ‫كمتحوالت دخل‪ ،‬ويتم تقسيمها إلى مجموعات انتماء‪ ،‬حيث يكون لكل‬ ‫متحول دخل أربع مجموعات انتماء‪ ،‬وتمثل هذه العملية عملية َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪،‬‬ ‫وبما أنه لدينا ثالث متحوالت دخل يكون لدينا ‪ 43=64‬قاعدة تستخدم في‬ ‫محرك الغموض‪َّ ،‬‬ ‫وألن املطلوب من النظام الغامض تحديد نسبة مرض‬ ‫محدد يكون لدينا خرج وحيد يوزع على أربع مجموعات انتماء إلجراء فك‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪ ،‬فتستخدم الطريقة السابقة في هذا البحث لتحديد نسبة كل‬ ‫مرض من األمراض الخمسة‪ ،‬وبالتالي‪ ،‬يتم تطبيقها خمس مرات في كل مرة‬ ‫توافق املرض‬ ‫على منطقة جزئية محددة َّمن القزحية‪ ،‬وهي املنطقة التي َّ‬ ‫تم اختيار املنطق الغامض إلجراء التشخيص‬ ‫املطلوب تشخيصه‪ ،‬وقد‬ ‫القزحي لألسباب واملزايا اآلتية (‪:)Hassanzad et al, 2017‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬

‫سمات النموذج الثالث‬

‫‪ .2.3‬املنطق الغامض والتشخيص الطبي‪:‬‬

‫•‬

‫َّإن توزع قيم ّ‬ ‫السمات املستخلصة من صور القزحية ذو تدرج نسبي‪ ،‬كما هو مبين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫في الشكل (‪ ،)2‬وه ذا األمر يتناسب مع استخدام املنطق الغامض؛ ألنه يحتاج إلى‬ ‫وجود مجموعات انتماء تعتمد على توزع َّمجالي بنسب محددة‪.‬‬ ‫َّإن الغاية من النظام املقترح هو إجراء التشخيص وإعطاء نسبة املرض‪ ،‬ويتوافق‬ ‫هذا األمر مع استخدام املنطق الغامض الذي يعطي داللة نسبية في خرجه‪.‬‬ ‫بشكل فجائي‪ ،‬وإنما تتدرج‪ ،‬وتسبقها أعراض وتغييرات في‬ ‫َّإن اإلصابة باملرض ال تأتي‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫قزحية العين‪ ،‬وهذا يتطابق مع املنطق الغامض الذي يعتمد على التدرج في النسب‪،‬‬ ‫ويمكن للمنطق الغامض التعبير بشكل دقيق عن هذه املسألة وتحليلها بدقة؛ ألنه‬ ‫يصف نسبة التدرج في املرض بقيم عددية كمية‪ ،‬فكما يتدرج املرض‪ ،‬فإن املنطق‬ ‫الغامض يتدرج بوصفه للقيمة الكمية املكافئة له‪.‬‬ ‫انتماء العنصر في املجموعة‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫يمتلك املنطق الغامض قدرة على‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫استخالص َّ‬ ‫وإن عملية التشخيص القزحي تتطلب‬ ‫الجزئية املوجودة ضمن املجموعة الكلية‪،‬‬ ‫قدرة على تحديد درجة السمة في منطقة جزئية محددة من منطقة شريط القزحية‬ ‫الكلي في صورة العين‪.‬‬

‫•‬

‫ً‬ ‫يمتلك املنطق الغامض قدرة على تحديد نسبة خرج النظام في االتجاهين‪ ،‬أي‪ :‬يمكن‬ ‫له تحديد نسبة اإلصابة ونسبة الشفاء‪ ،‬وبالتالي‪ ،‬يمكن للمنطق الغامض إجراء‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التشخيصات الطبية اآللية‪ ،‬حيث يحدد في بداية املرض مدى درجة اإلصابة‪ ،‬وعند‬ ‫التماثل إلى الشفاء يحدد مدى درجة الشفاء‪.‬‬ ‫َّإن إيجاد ّ‬ ‫املرض يتطلب من الطبيب قدرة‬ ‫ارتباطها‬ ‫السمات الطبية وتحديد‬ ‫مع ّ‬ ‫املرض ً‬ ‫السمات واملعطيات املقدمة له‪،‬‬ ‫بناء على‬ ‫عالية على َّتحديد احتمالية‬ ‫وبالتالي‪ ،‬فإن الطبيب املشخص للمرض هو عبارة عن ّإنسان خبير يقوم بمطابقة‬ ‫درجة سمات املرض في دماغه مع أقرب مرض له السمات ذاتها‪ ،‬وهذه العملية‬ ‫الفكرية للطبيب تماثل عملية فك الغموض في املنطق الغامض ً‬ ‫بناء على الخبرة التي‬ ‫يتمتع بها الطبيب‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫كمي‪ ،‬فكلما‬ ‫َّإن ارتباط األمراض املشخصة قزحيا مع شريط القزحية هو ارتباط‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ازدادت نسبة املرض‪ ،‬ازدادت التغيرات في القزحية بشكل كمي‪ ،‬وبما أن املنطق‬ ‫األساليب الكمية لتحليل املسألة العلمية وإصدار القرارات‪،‬‬ ‫الغامض يعتمد على‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫فهو يناسب عملية إجراء التشخيص القزحي‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.4‬بناء النموذج الغامض إلجراء التشخيص القزحي‪:‬‬ ‫لم يقتصر املنطق الغامض على عمليات التحكم التي أوجدها العالم لطفي‬ ‫زاده ‪ ،1965‬بل َّ‬ ‫تم استخدامه في العديد من املجاالت‪ ،‬ومنها‪ :‬تشخيص‬ ‫األمراض‪ ،‬حيث يعتمد على ربط متحوالت الدخل بمتحوالت الخرج من‬ ‫خالل ثالث عمليات ‪َّ -1‬‬ ‫الت ًغميض ‪ -2‬قواعد محرك الغموض ‪ -3‬فك‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التغميض ‪ ،‬كما َّ‬ ‫تم ذكره سابقا‪ ،‬وتقوم كل مرحلة بوظيفة محددة؛ من أجل‬ ‫ً‬ ‫استخالص املزايا الالزمة بناء على قيم الدخل للحصول على الخرج املناسب‬ ‫للمسألة العلمية التي يعالجها املنطق الغامض‪ ،‬حيث يتم في عملية‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التغميض توزيع متحوالت الدخل على مجموعات انتماء تحدد درجة‬ ‫املتحول ونسبته في مجموعة االنتماء التي ينتمي إليها‪ ،‬ثم يقوم محرك‬ ‫الغموض باستخالص مجموعات انتماء متحول الخرج ً‬ ‫بناء على قيم نسب‬ ‫َ‬ ‫االنتماء ملتحوالت الدخل باالعتماد على مجموعة قواعد ُتبنى من ِقبل خبير‬ ‫باملسألة العلمية‪ ،‬ثم يأتي دور املرحلة األخيرة‪ ،‬وهي‪ :‬عملية فك َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪،‬‬ ‫بناء على مجموعة انتمائه التي َّ‬ ‫حيث نحصل على قيمة الخرج ً‬ ‫تم تحديدها‬ ‫في مرحلة محرك الغموض (‪ ،)1999 ،Novak et al‬وقد استخدم في العديد من‬ ‫قياس الكوليسترول باالعتماد على املنطق الغامض‬ ‫املسائل الطبية كمسألة ً‬ ‫(‪ )2019 ،Andana et al‬وأيضا اقترح شانكار نموذج لتشخيص مرض السكري‬ ‫‪ ،)2019,Shankar‬وهكذا يعد املنطق الغامض أحد أهم‬ ‫(‪and Manikandan‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التشخيص الطبي أو القزحي‪ ،‬وفي هذا البحث َّ‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫تم‬ ‫اء‬ ‫ر‬ ‫إلج‬ ‫املستخدمة‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫بناء نماذج عدة غامضة إلجراء التشخيص القزحي‪ ،‬حيث يختص كل نموذج‬ ‫بتشخيص مرض محدد من األمراض الخمسة املدروسة‪ ،‬وفي سبيل بناء‬ ‫هذه النماذج َّ‬ ‫تم االنطالق من قاعدة البيانات املعتمدة ")‪،phoenix" (UPOL‬‬ ‫التي تحتوي (‪ )384‬صورة تتوزع وفق الجدول اآلتي‪:‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪26‬‬

‫الجدول (‪ )1‬توزع األمراض وفق عدد الصورفي قاعدة البيانات "‪"phoenix‬‬ ‫املرض‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الد ّماغ‬ ‫الظهر‬ ‫الحوض‬ ‫البطن‬ ‫ّ الصدر ّ‬ ‫الدماغ ‪ -‬الظهر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الد ّماغ ‪ -‬الحوض‬ ‫الدماغ ‪ -‬البطن‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الدماغ ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الظ ّهر ‪ -‬الحوض‬ ‫الظهر ‪ -‬البطن‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الظهر ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫الحوض ‪ -‬البطن‬ ‫الحوض ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫ّ البطن ّ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫الدماغ ‪ -‬الظهر ‪ -‬الحوض‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الدماغ ‪ -‬الحوض ‪ -‬البطن‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الدماغ ‪ -‬البطن ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الظ ّهر ‪ -‬الحوض ‪ -‬البطن‬ ‫الظهر ‪ -‬البطن ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫ّ الحوض ّ ‪ -‬البطن ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫الدّماغ ‪ -‬الظهر ‪ -‬الحوض ‪ -‬البطن‬ ‫الظهر ‪ -‬الحوض ‪ -‬البطن ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الدماغ ّ‪ -‬الحوض ‪ -‬البطن ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الدماغ ‪ -‬الظهر ‪ -‬الحوض ‪ -‬البطن ‪ -‬الصدر‬ ‫أصحاء‬

‫العدد‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬

‫وبالتالي‪ ،‬ستكون لدينا (‪ )384‬قيمة لكل سمة من ّ‬ ‫السمات الخمسة عشر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫من أجل صور قاعدة البيانات كلها‪ ،‬وقد َّ‬ ‫تم إيجاد قيم هذه السمات؛ من‬ ‫أجل ّصور قاعدة البيانات كلها لألمراض املطلوب تشخيصها كما هو مبين‬ ‫في الشكل (‪ )2‬الذي يوضح توزع هذه القيم‪ ،‬حيث نجد لكل منطقة من‬ ‫مناطق األمراض الخمسة ثالث سمات‪ ،‬وألنه مطلوب تشخيص هذه‬ ‫األمراض الخمسة‪ ،‬فعدد ّ‬ ‫السمات الكلي (‪.)15‬‬

‫‪73‬‬

‫املنحنيات (‪ )Feature Value1, Feature Value2, Feature Value3‬كما‬ ‫حيث توضح ّ‬ ‫السمات الثالث الخاصة بمرض ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ )2‬توزع قيم ّ‬ ‫الدماغ‪،‬‬ ‫هو مبين في‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫أما ّ‬ ‫السمات الخاصة بمرض الظهر‪ ،‬فهي‪Feature Value4, Feature Value5, ( :‬‬ ‫‪ ،)Feature Value6‬وهكذا لباقي األمراض‪ :‬الحوض‪ ،‬والبطن‪ ،‬والصدر‪،‬‬ ‫فسماتها (‪ )Feature Value7, Feature Value8, Feature Value9‬و( ‪Feature Value10,‬‬ ‫‪ )Feature Value11, Feature Value12‬و( ‪Feature Value13, Feature Value14,‬‬ ‫‪ )Feature Value15‬على الترتيب‪.‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫بمرض محدد‪ ،‬فقد تم تصميم نموذج غامض‬ ‫وبما أن كل منطقة تختص َّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫البحث‬ ‫لكل منطقة مرضية إلجراء التشخيص القزحي‪،‬‬ ‫الغاية من ً‬ ‫وبما أن ً‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫تحديد نسب األمراض‪َّ ،‬‬ ‫يعتمد اعتمادا أساسيا على‬ ‫وألن املنطق الغامض‬ ‫معرفة النسب ودرجات االنتماء‪َّ ،‬ويعطي في خرجه نسبة انتماء محددة‪،‬‬ ‫بإمكانه ‪-‬املنطق الغامض ‪-‬إجراء التشخيص القزحي‪ ،‬وإعطاء نسب املرض‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫الغامض ‪ -‬واعتماده في البحث إلجراء‬ ‫مباشرة؛ َّ لذلك تم اختياره ‪ً -‬املنطق ّ‬ ‫عملية التشخيص القزحي ّ آليا‪ .‬يبين الشكل (‪.3‬أ) النموذج الغامض إلجراء‬ ‫تشخيص نسبة مرض الدماغ ‪ IBR‬املبرمج بوساطة بيئة ‪ ،Matlab‬وقد َّ‬ ‫تم‬ ‫استخدام مامداني األصغري (‪)smallest mamdani‬؛ إلجراء فك َّ‬ ‫التغميض‪،‬‬ ‫وقد َّ‬ ‫وذج الغامض‪ ،‬حيث‬ ‫تم‬ ‫استخدام صور قاعدة البيانات كافة لبناء النم ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ ،)2‬وقد تمَّ‬ ‫استخلصت السمات كافة لهذه الصور‪ ،‬كما هو مبين في‬ ‫اعتماد ّ‬ ‫السمات الثالث‪)Feature Value1, Feature Value2, Feature Value3( :‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الخاص بتشخيص مرض الدماغ‪،‬‬ ‫للصور كلها؛ من أجل النموذج الغامض ً‬ ‫النموذج‪،‬‬ ‫بناء‬ ‫من‬ ‫االنتهاء‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫الحقا‬ ‫كما َّأن هذه الصور ذاتها سيتم اختبارها‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫وباملثل يكون النموذج الثاني ‪ IBkR‬لتشخيص نسبة مرض ّالظهر قزحيا مع‬ ‫االنتباه إلى أن ّ‬ ‫السمات املعتمدة لتشخيص نسبة مرض الظهر هي‪Feature ( :‬‬ ‫‪ ، )Value4, Feature Value5, Feature Value6‬أما خرج النموذج الثالث‪ ،‬فهو ‪IPR‬‬ ‫نسبة مرض الحوض‪ ،‬و‪ IAbR‬خرج النموذج الرابع‪ ،‬وهو نسبة مرض البطن‪،‬‬ ‫و‪ ICR‬خرج النموذج الخامس‪ ،‬وهو نسبة مرض الصدر مع مراعاة توزع‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ثالث سمات خاصة به‪ ،‬كما‬ ‫السمات على األمر ّاض‪ ،‬بحيث يكون َّلكل مرض َّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫تم توضيحه في الشكل(‪)2‬؛ وذلك ألن عملية التشخيص لكل مرض تتم‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫باآللية ذاتها‪ ،‬حيث إن النماذج الغامضة الخمسة املستخدمة في‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التشخيص تتوافق فيما بينها في‪ :‬عدد مجموعات االنتماء‪ ،‬ومتحوالت‬ ‫الدخل‪ ،‬ومتحول الخرج‪ ،‬وفي عدد قواعد الغموض‪ ،‬وتختلف في مجاالت‬ ‫انتماء متحوالت الدخل التي تختلف حسب منطقة تخطيط القزحية‬ ‫للمرض املطلوب تشخيصه‪.‬‬

‫األعظمية للسمة املستخلصة لكل حالة مرضية‪.‬‬ ‫‪ :c‬القيمة األصغرية للسمة املستخلصة للحالة املرضية اآلتية‪ .‬يتم تحديد‬ ‫القيم ‪ a,b,c‬من خالل توزيع مجال كل سمة على أربع مجموعات‪ ،‬ويتم تحديد‬ ‫مجال كل سمة بأخذ القيمة األصغرية ملجموعة قيم السمة الواحدة‬ ‫لنحصل على بداية املجال‪ ،‬وأخذ القيمة األعظمية ملجموعة قيم السمة‬ ‫الواحدة لنصل إلى نهاية املجال‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة األولى‪ :‬سليم )‪ .Health (H‬واملجموعة الثانية‪ :‬بوادر إصابة باملرض‬ ‫)‪ Not Bad (NB‬واملجموعة الثالثة‪ :‬مريض )‪ ،Sick (S‬واملجموعة الرابعة‪ :‬مرض‬ ‫متفاقم )‪ .Very Bad (VS‬وبما أنه لدينا ثالث سمات لكل منطقة‪ ،‬وكل سمة‬ ‫وزعت على أربع مجموعات انتماء‪ ،‬سيكون عدد القواعد ‪ ، 4^3 = 64‬وتم‬ ‫مجموعات (‪ )H,NB,S,VS‬وفق تابع‬ ‫توزيع خرج املنطق الضبابي على أربع‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫االنتماء املثلثي املبين بالعالقة (‪ ،)7‬ويبين الشكل (‪.3‬ب) توزع مجموعات‬ ‫االنتماء للسمات الثالث الخاصة بمنطقة مرض ّ‬ ‫الدماغ املطلوب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تشخيصها‪ ،‬ويبين الشكل ( ّ‪.3‬ت) توزع مجموعات انتماء ًخرج النموذج‬ ‫الغامض ملنطقة مرض الدماغ املطلوب تشخيصها أيضا‪ .‬الشكل(‪)3‬‬ ‫النموذج الغامض املقترح إلجراء التشخيص القزحي ومجموعات انتماء‬ ‫دخله وخرجه‪.‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ومجموعات انتماء دخله وخرجه‪.‬‬ ‫الشكل(‪ )3‬النموذج الغامض املقترح إلجراء التشخيص القزحي‬ ‫مرض ّ‬ ‫الدماغ ‪IBR‬‬ ‫(‪.3‬أ) النموذج الغامض إلجراء تشخيص‬

‫(‪.3‬ب) توزع مجموعات االنتماء للسمات الثالث الخاصة بمنطقة مرض ّ‬ ‫الدماغ‬

‫ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ )2‬توزع قيم ّ‬ ‫السمات الخمسة عشر لصور قاعدة البيانات كلها (إعداد الباحثين)‬

‫يتم تحديد أربع مجموعات انتماء لكل سمة في كل منطقة وفق تابع االنتماء‬ ‫املثلثي (‪ )Triangular-shaped membership function‬املحدد بالعالقة اآلتية‬ ‫(‪:)2015 ،Narayanan et al‬‬ ‫) ‪(7‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪xa‬‬ ‫‪a xb‬‬ ‫‪b xc‬‬ ‫‪c x‬‬

‫(‪.3‬ت) توزع مجموعات انتماء خرج النموذج الغامض لتشخيص مرض ّ‬ ‫الدماغ‬

‫‪ 0,‬‬ ‫‪x−a‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪f ( x ,a ,b,c ) =  b − a‬‬ ‫‪c− x‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪c−b‬‬ ‫‪ 0 ,‬‬

‫‪ :x‬قيمة السمة املستخلصة من إحدى صور قاعدة البيانات "‪."phoenix‬‬ ‫‪ :a‬القيمة األصغرية للسمة املستخلصة لكل حالة مرضية‪ : :b .‬القيمة‬

‫يبين الجدول (‪ )2‬قواعد محركات الغموض الخمسة املستخدمة في بناء‬

‫‪74‬‬

‫َّ‬ ‫النماذج الغامضة إلجراء التشخيص القزحي لكل مرض‪ ،‬حيث يرتبط كل‬ ‫نموذج مع املنطقة القزحية الخاصة بتشخيص مرض محدد‪ ،‬ولكل محرك‬ ‫(‪ )64‬قاعدة انتماء يمكن كتابتها وفق الجدول اآلتي‪:‬‬ ‫األمراض الخمسة قزحيا‬ ‫جدول(‪ )2‬قواعد محركات الغموض‬ ‫لتشخيص مرض ّ‬ ‫الدماغ‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض لتشخيص‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ H‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ NB‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS MC MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ S‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ VS‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS MC MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض لتشخيص مرض الظهر‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ H‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ NB‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ S‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ VS‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض لتشخيص مرض الحوض‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ H‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ NB‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ S‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ VS‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض لتشخيص مرض البطن‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ H‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ NB‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ S‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ VS‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض لتشخيص مرض الصدر‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ H‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ S‬‬ ‫قواعد محرك الغموض من أجل ‪MP ϵ VS‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪MR‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪MC‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪H‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪NB‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬ ‫‪VS‬‬

‫‪ .3‬النتائج واملناقشة‬ ‫َّتمت عملية إيجاد النتائج من خالل إدخال جميع صور قاعدة البيانات‬ ‫البالغ عددها (‪ )384‬صورة إلى النماذج الغامضة املبنية‪ ،‬وتحديد نسبة كل‬ ‫مرض موجود في كل صورة‪ ،‬ومقارنة هذه النسب مع النسب املحددة في‬ ‫العيادات الطبية ألصحاب صور قاعدة البيانات نفسهم‪ ،‬وبعد إجراء‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التشخيص القزحي باالعتماد على النموذج الغامض َّ‬ ‫تم الحصول على نسب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تشخيص َّمرض الدماغ ألصحاب صور قاعدة البيانات "‪ "phoenix‬ومقارنتها‬ ‫مع نتائج التشخيص الطبي التي َّ‬ ‫تم تشخيصها في العيادة الطبية من ِقبل‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫االختصاصيين كما يبينه الشكل (‪.4‬أ)‪ ،‬وباآللية ّذاتها تم إيجاد النتائج‬ ‫الخاصة ّبتشخيص األمراض األربعة األخرى‪ ،‬فالشكل (‪.4‬ب)ً يبين نسب‬ ‫مرض الظهر ألصحاب صور َّقاعدة البيانات املشخصة قزحيا باستخدام‬ ‫املنطق الغامض مع نسب التشخيص الطبي العادي (في العيادة)‪ ،‬وتبين‬ ‫األشكال (‪.4‬ت‪.4 ،‬ث‪.4 ،‬ج) نسب تشخيص مرض‪ :‬الحوض‪ ،‬والبطن‪،‬‬ ‫والصدر على الترتيب‪.‬‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ )4‬نتائج تشخيص األمراض الخمسة املدروسة قزحيا بوساطة املنطق الغامض ونتائج التشخيص الطبي‬ ‫(‪.4‬أ) نسب تشخيص مرض ّ‬ ‫الدماغ لصور قاعدة البيانات البيانات "‪"phoenix‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫(‪.4‬ب) نسب تشخيص مرض الظهر لصور قاعدة البيانات "‪"phoenix‬‬

‫(‪.4‬ت) نسب تشخيص مرض الحوض لصور قاعدة البيانات "‪"phoenix‬‬

‫على سبيل املثال‪ :‬إذا كان متوسط توضع الواحدات ينتمي إلى مجموعة‬ ‫االنتماء ‪ H‬أي ‪ MP ϵ H‬وكان متوسط أسطر الواحدات ومتوسط أعمدة‬ ‫الواحدات تنتمي للمجموعة ذاتها‪ ،‬سيكون ناتج عملية فك َّ‬ ‫التغميض ينتمي‬ ‫إلى مجموعة األصحاء ‪ ،H‬وتكتب القاعدة الغامضة وفق اآلتي‪:‬‬ ‫)‪If (MR is H) and (MC is H) and (MP is H) then (IBR is H‬‬

‫حيث ‪ :IBR‬نسبة مرض ّ‬ ‫الدماغ (‪ ،)ill brain rate‬بالطريقة ذاتها تكتب (‪)64‬‬ ‫قاعدة غموض لكل نموذج خاص بتشخيص كل مرض مع ًمراعاة توزع‬ ‫توضع الواحدات واألسطر واألعمدة تبعا ملجال توزع‬ ‫مجاالت قيم متوسط‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ )2‬ومراعاة فك َّ‬ ‫قيم ّ‬ ‫التغميض‪ ،‬حيث يكون‬ ‫في‬ ‫السمات املبينة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫متوافقا مع املرض املطلوب تشخيصه قزحيا‪.‬‬

‫‪75‬‬

‫‪384‬‬

‫)‪(8‬‬ ‫حيث ‪ SEi‬مربع الخطأ للعينة ‪ i‬ويعطى بالعالقة‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(9‬‬

‫(‪.4‬ج) نسب تشخيص مرض الصدر لصور قاعدة البيانات "‪"phoenix‬‬

‫‪i‬‬

‫‪ SE‬‬ ‫‪i =1‬‬

‫‪384‬‬

‫= ‪MSE‬‬

‫‪SEi = ( RFi − RC i )2‬‬

‫حيث (‪ :RFi )Rate in Fuzzy‬هي نسبة املرض الذي حصلنا عليه من النموذج‬ ‫الغامض للعينة ‪.i‬‬ ‫و(‪ :RCi )Rate in Clinic‬هي نسبة املرض املشخص في العيادة الطبية للعينة ‪.i‬‬ ‫الدقة املتوسطة للنماذج الخمسة ‪ ،98.6223%‬وهي نسبة عالية‬ ‫ومنه تكون ً‬ ‫طبيا‪ُ .‬أجريت مقارنة ً‬ ‫بناء على ّنتائج َّتم استخراجها من قاعدة‬ ‫ومقبولة‬ ‫البيانات ذاتها لألمراض ذاتها‪ّ :‬‬ ‫(الدماغ‪ ،‬والظهر‪ ،‬والحوض‪ ،‬والبطن‪ ،‬والصدر)‬ ‫بعد تطبيق تقنيتي )‪ Support vector machine (SVM‬والشبكات العصبونية‬ ‫متعددة الطبقات ‪ Multi-Layer Neural Network‬كما هو مبين في الجدول (‪،)4‬‬ ‫حيث َّتم تطبيق هاتين التقنيتين؛ بغية املقارنة من حيث فعالية الطريقة‬ ‫املستخدمة؛ وذلك لندرة األبحاث األخرى التي قامت باستخدام قاعدة‬ ‫البيانات ذاتها لألمراض ذاتها‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ )5‬قيم مربع الخطأ لكل مرض َّتم تشخيصه حدقيا باالعتماد على املنطق الغامض‬

‫َّ‬ ‫يقوم على‬ ‫َّإن نظام التشخيص القزحي باالعتماد على املنطق الغامض‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫محاكاة الخبرة التي يتمتع بها الطبيب‪ ،‬لذلك من أجل تقييم النظام امل َّ‬ ‫صمم‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫نتائج التشخيص القزحي التي حصلنا عليها‬ ‫كان البد من معرفة مدى تقارب َّ‬ ‫بوساطة املنطق الغامض من نتائج التشخيص الطبي‪ ،‬وبالتالي‪ ،‬تجب معرفة‬ ‫الخطأ‪ ،‬لكن هذا الخطأ قد يكون بالزيادة أو‬ ‫الفرق بينهما ً‬ ‫الذي يمثل َّ‬ ‫النقصان‪ ،‬فمثال‪ :‬قد يكون الت َّشخيص الطبي أعطى نسبة تشخيص قدرها‬ ‫بوساطة املنطق الغامض قدرها‬ ‫‪ ،78%‬في حين تكون نسبة التشخيص‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫‪ ،76%‬عندها يكون الخطأ هو (‪ ،)-2‬وقد يعطي ‪ -‬التشخيص الغامض ‪ -‬نسبة‬ ‫وبالتالي‪ ،‬عند إيجاد الفر ًق‬ ‫الخطأ قدره (‪ً ،)+1‬‬ ‫مرض قدرها ‪ ،79%‬ومنه يكون ً‬ ‫بين جميع النسب املشخصة قزحيا (سواء أكانت طبيا من قبل طبيب أم آليا‬ ‫باملنطق الغامض) سنحصل على مجموعة من القيم السالبة واملوجبة‪،‬‬ ‫ومنه ملعرفة مدى صحة ودقة النتائج وقياسها‪ ،‬وال يمكن جمع هذه القيم‬ ‫بشكل مباشر أو أخذ متوسطاتها؛ َّ‬ ‫ألن القيم السالبة سوف تلغي القيم‬ ‫املوجبة‪ ،‬للتخلص من هذه املشكلة‪ ،‬فتم تربيع قيمة الخطأ‪ ،‬ثم أخذ‬ ‫املتوسط‪ ،‬لذلك َّ‬ ‫تم اختيار معيار متوسط مربع الخطأ وليس متوسط‬ ‫الخطأ؛ ملعرفة دقة وصحة النتائج؛ ألنها تعطي داللة واضحة على مدى‬ ‫تقارب القيم املشخصة باملنطق الغامض من القيم املشخصة في العيادة‪،‬‬ ‫أما نطاق أو مجال القيم التي تنتج عن حسابه‪ ،‬فهي تتراوح من (‪ ،)0‬وهي‬ ‫حالة عدم وجود أي خطأ‪ ،‬والقيمة األعظمية (‪ )1002‬في حال وجود خطأ‬ ‫أعظمي قدره (‪ )100‬لجميع القيم‪ ،‬وفي النهاية َّ‬ ‫تم تحليل نتائج النماذج‬ ‫الغامضة وفق معيار مربع الخطأ )‪ SE (Square Error‬بينها وبين نسب‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫التشخيص الطبي من ِقبل االختصاصيين (في العيادة)؛ َّوذلك بغية معرفة‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫مدى دقة النماذج الغامضة التي تم بناؤها إلجراء التشخيص القزحي‬ ‫لألمراض الخمسة املدروسة‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الشكل (‪ )5‬قيم مربع الخطأ (‪ )SE‬لكل مرض َّ‬ ‫تم تشخيصه قزحيا‬ ‫يبين‬ ‫باالعتماد على املنطق الغامض‪ ،‬في حين يبين الجدول (‪ )3‬قيم متوسط مربع‬ ‫الخطأ ‪ (MSE) Mean Square Error‬للنماذج الخمسة ودقة تشخيص كل نموذج‬ ‫لصور قاعدة البيانات كافة "‪ ،"phoenix‬حيث يعد معيار متوسط مربع‬ ‫الخطأ َّطريقة لقياس مدى تقارب نتائج تشخيص النموذج الغامض من‬ ‫نتائج التشخيص في العيادة الطبية‪ ،‬وكلما كانت قيمة ‪ MSE‬أقل (أصغر)‪،‬‬ ‫كانت النتائج أدق‪ ،‬ويتم حساب متوسط مربع الخطأ (‪ )MSE‬وفق املعادلة‬ ‫اآلتية (‪:)2016 ،Nasrolahzadeh et al‬‬

‫الجدول (‪ )3‬قيم متوسط مربع الخطأ (‪ )MSE‬ودقة تشخيص لصور قاعدة البيانات "‪"phoenix‬‬ ‫الدقة‬ ‫‪MSE‬‬ ‫نموذج التشخيص ّالقزحي الغامض‬ ‫‪98.599‬‬ ‫‪1.4070‬‬ ‫مرض الد ّماغ‬ ‫‪98.667‬‬ ‫‪1.3324‬‬ ‫مرض الظهر‬ ‫‪98.6170‬‬ ‫‪1.3830‬‬ ‫مرض الحوض‬ ‫‪98.6176‬‬ ‫‪13824‬‬ ‫مرض البطن‬ ‫‪98.6162‬‬ ‫‪1.3838‬‬ ‫مرض الصدر‬ ‫الجدول (‪ )4‬مقارنة نتائج الطريقة املقترحة مع الطرق أخرى‬ ‫التقنية املستخدمة‬ ‫)‪Support vector machine (SVM‬‬ ‫شبكة عصبونية متعددة الطبقات ‪Multi-Layer Neural Network‬‬ ‫املنطق الغامض ‪Fuzzy Logic‬‬

‫الدقة‬ ‫‪%88.16‬‬ ‫‪91.2%‬‬ ‫‪%98.6‬‬

‫‪ .4‬اخلامتة‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫تم في هذا البحث تحليل قاعدة البيانات "‪ ،"phoenix‬وتطبيق عمليات تسوية‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫الصورة‪ ،‬واستخالص ًشريط القزحية وخصائصها‪ ،‬ثم بناء خمسة نماذج‪،‬‬ ‫فكل نموذج يلعب دورا في تشخيص مرض محدد‪ ،‬وقد أعطت النماذج‬ ‫الخمسة دقة تشخيص تجاوزت ‪ 98%‬بمتوسط دقة تشخيص قدره‬ ‫‪ ،98.6223%‬وقد تفوق املنطق الغامض على تقنيتي ‪ SVM‬والشبكات‬ ‫العصبونية متعددة الطبقات‪ ،‬وأثبت فعالية أعلى في تحديد نسب األمراض‪،‬‬ ‫الغامض يقوم على معرفة النسب‬ ‫ويرجع سبب ذلك إلى َّأن مبدأ املنطق‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫مختصين في املجال‬ ‫وتحديدها عن طريق قواعد الغموض التي تبنى على خبرة َّ‬ ‫العلمي ذاته الذي يعالجه املنطق الغامض‪ ،‬وترجع نسبة التشخيص العالية‬ ‫اعتماد قاعدة بيانات خالية من عوامل‬ ‫للطرق الثالث التي تجاوزت ‪ 85%‬إلى َّ‬ ‫الضجيج والتشويه التي تؤثر في دقة التشخيص‪.‬‬ ‫نبذة عن املؤلفي‬

‫زكريا مهروسة‬ ‫قسم هندسة الحواسيب‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة الكهربائية واإللكترونية‪ ،‬جامعة حلب‪،‬‬ ‫حلب‪ ،‬سوريا‪00963932338637 ،rmahrousa@hotmail.com ،‬‬

.‫ تشخيص األمراض باالعتماد على تخطيط القزحية باستخدام املنطق الغامض‬.)2021( .‫ لونا حمامي‬،‫ عمار كيالي‬،‫زكريا مهروسة‬ )1( ‫ العدد‬،)22( ‫ املجلد‬،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

based expert system for diagnosing cystic fibrosis. Electron Physician, 9(12), 5974–84, doi: 10.19082/5974. Hernández, F., Vega, R., Tapia1, F., Morocho, D. and Fuertes, W. (2019). Early detection of Alzheimer's using digital image processing through iridology: An alternative method. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 4(3), 126–37. Inan. O., Arslan, D., Tasdemir, S. and Ozcan, M.M. (2011). Application of fuzzy expert system approach on prediction of some quality characteristics of grape juice concentrate (Pekmez) after different heat treatments. J. Food Sci Technol, 48(4), 423–31. Jensen, B. and Bodeen, D.V. (1991). Visions of Health: Understanding Iridiology. New York, NY: Penguin Publishing Group Jogi, S.P. and Sharma, B.B. (2014). Methodology of Iris Image analysis for clinical diagnosis. In: International Conference on Medical Imaging, m-Health and Emerging Communication Systems (MedCom), Greater Noida, India, 7–8/11/2014. DOI: 10.1109/MedCom.2014.7006010. Kusumaningtyas, E.M., Barakbah, A. and Hermawan, A.A. (2017). Feature extraction for application of heart abnormalities detection through iris based on mobile devices. EMITTER International Journal of Engineering Technology, 5(2), 312–27. Lane, H.E. (2012). Diagnosis from the Eye, a New Art of Diagnosing with Perfect

Certainty from the Iris of the Eye the Normal and Abnormal Conditions of the Organism in General and of the Different Organs in Particular. A Scientific Essay for the Public and Medical Professi,

Rarebooksclub.com. Narayanan, S.J., Paramasivam, I., Bhatt, R.B. and Khalid, M. (2015). A study on the approximation of clustered data to parameterized family of fuzzy membership functions for the induction of fuzzy decision trees. Cybernetics and Information Technologies, 15(2), 75–96, DOI: 10.1515/cait-2015-0030. Nasrolahzadeh, M., Mohammadpoori, Z. and Haddadnia, J. (2016). Analysis of mean square error surface and its corresponding contour plots of spontaneous speech signals in Alzheimer's disease with adaptive wiener filter. Computers in Human Behavior, 61(n/a), 364–71, doi: 10.1016 j.chb.2016.03.031. Novák, V., Perfilieva, I., and Močkoř, J. (1999). Mathematical Principles of Fuzzy Logic. Boston, MA: Springer. Pujari, V., Surve, R., Thanekar, K. and Panchal, K. (2019). Iris analysis for health diagnosis. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 4(4), 303–07. Parashar, R. and Joshi, S. (2012). Comparative study of iris databases and UBIRIS database for iris recognition methods for non-cooperative environment. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 1(5), n/a. Ray, A., Mahapatra, N., Das, S.S. and Mishra, A. (2018). Iris recognition using gabor filter and SURF feature detection technique. The IUP Journal of Information Technology, 14(2), 53–61. Samant, P., and Agarwal, R. (2018). Machine learning techniques for medical diagnosis of diabetes using iris images. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 157(n/a), 121–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb. Sivasankar, K., Sujaritha, M., Pasupathi, P. and Muthukumar, S. (2012). FCM based iris image analysis for tissue imbalance stage identification. In:

International Conference on Emerging Trends in Science, Engineering and Technology (INCOSET), Tiruchirappalli, India, 13–14/12/2012.

DOI: 10.1109/INCOSET.2012.6513907. Shankar, S.G. and Manikandan, K. (2019). Diagnosis of diabetes diseases using optimized fuzzy rule set by Grey Wolf optimization. Elsevier Pattern Recognition Letters, 125(n/a), 432–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2019.06.005. Wibawa, A.D, Sitorus, M. A. R. and Purnomo, M. H. (2016). Classification of iris image of patient chronic renal failure (CRF) using watershed algorithm and support vector machine (SVM). Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, 91(2),390–6.

‫ مهروسة حصل على اإلجازة في الهندسة الكهربائية وااللكترونية جامعة‬.‫د‬ ‫ ونال درجة الدكتوراه في تكنولوجيا الحاسب جامعة‬،1989 ‫حلب عام‬ ‫ عضو هيئة‬،2005 ‫ اململكة املتحدة‬Cardiff School of Engineering ‫كارديف‬ ‫ أستاذ مساعد في كلية الهندسة‬،2006 ‫تدريسية في جامعة حلب منذ عام‬ ‫ ورئيس‬،‫ نشر العديد من األبحاث في مجالت علمية محكمة‬،2016 ‫منذ عام‬ ‫ مشرف على مخبر‬،‫قسم هندسة الحواسيب في كلية الهندسة لعدة سنوات‬ ‫ مشرف على العديد من‬،‫النظم املنطقية ومخبر البرمجة في كلية الهندسة‬ .‫طالب دراسات العليا ماجستير ودكتوراه‬

‫عماركيالي‬ ‫ سوريا‬،‫ حلب‬،‫ جامعة حلب‬،‫ كلية الطب البشري‬،‫قسم أمراض العين وجراحتها‬ ammarkayyali@hotmail.com،00963933300678 ‫ ونال‬،1985 ‫ كيالي حصل على اإلجازة في الطب البشري جامعة حلب عام‬.‫د‬ ،1994 ‫درجة الدكتوراه في أمراض العين وجراحتها جامعة كليرمونت فرنسا‬ ‫عنوان أطروحة الدكتوراه "الزرق الوعائي التجددي في سياق اعتالل‬ ،2003 ‫ عضو هيئة تدريسية في جامعة حلب منذ عام‬،"‫الشبكية السكري‬ ‫ أستاذ في كلية الطب منذ عام‬،2011 ‫أستاذ مساعد في كلية الطب منذ عام‬ ‫ ورئيس قسم‬،‫أبحاث في مجالت علمية محكمة‬ ً ‫ نشر العديد من‬،2017 ‫ مشرف على العديد من طالب دراسات العليا‬،‫أمراض العين وجراحتها حاليا‬ .‫ماجستير ودكتوراه‬

‫لونا حمامي‬ ،‫ جامعة حلب‬،‫ كلية الهندسة الكهربائية واإللكترونية‬،‫قسم هندسة الحواسيب‬ e.lunahim@gmail.com،00963988334181 ،‫ سوريا‬،‫حلب‬ ‫ حمامي حصلت على اإلجازة في الهندسة الكهربائية وااللكترونية قسم‬.‫أ‬ ‫ مشرف على‬،‫ مدرسة في جامعة حلب‬،‫هندسة الحواسيب جامعة حلب‬ ‫ حصلت على درجة املاجستير في‬،2009 ‫األعمال في كلية الطب منذ عام‬ ،2016 ‫ مدير أعمال في كلية الطب منذ عام‬،2013 ‫هندسة الحواسيب عام‬ ‫ نشرت أبحاث عدة في‬،2019 ‫طالبة دكتوراه في قسم هندسة حواسيب عام‬ ‫ رئيسة العديد من اللجان املهنية وعضو فعال في‬،‫مجالت علمية محكمة‬ .‫ مهندس مستشار‬،‫قسم ومركز ضمان الجودة في جامعة حلب‬

‫املراجع‬

Amerifar, S., Targhi. A.T. and Dehshibi., M.M. (2015). Iris the picture of health: towards medical diagnosis of diseases based on iris pattern. In: The

Tenth International Conference on Digital Information Management (ICDIM), Jeju, South Korea, 21–23/10/2015, DOI:

10.1109/ICDIM.2015.7381861. Andana, S.N., Novamizanti, L. and Ramatryana, A. (2019). Measurement of cholesterol conditions of eye image using fuzzy local binary pattern (flbp) and linear regression. In: IEEE International Conference on Signals and Systems (ICSigSys), Bandung, Indonesia, Indonesia, 16– 18/07/2019. Arvacheh, E. M. (2006). A Study of Segmentation and Normalization for Iris Recognition Systems. Master’s Dissertation, Waterloo University, Ontario, Canada. Bansal, A., Agarwal, R. and Sharma, R.K. (2018). Iris images based prediagnostic tool to predict obstructive lung diseases, Biomedical Research, Special Section: Medical Diagnosis and Study of Biomedical Imaging Systems and Applications, n/a(Special Issue ), 517–22. DOI: 10.4066/biomedicalresearch.29-17-1998. Dobes, M., Martinek, J., Skoupil, D., Dobešová, Z. and Pospíšil, J. (2006). Human eye localization using the modified hough transform. Elsevier Optik, 117(10), 468–73. Dobes, M., Machala, L., Tichavský, P., and Pospíšil, J. (2004). Human Eye Iris Recognition Using the Mutual Information. Elsevier Optik, 115(9), 399–405. Dobes, M. and Machala,L. (2004), UPOL Iris Image Database. Available at: http://phoenix.inf.upol.cz/iris/ (accessed on 10/10/2020). Dubois, D. and Prade, H. (1992). Fuzzy rules in knowledge-based systems. In: R. Ronald, R. Yager, and L.A. Zadeh (eds.) An Introduction to Fuzzy Logic Applications in Intelligent Systems. Boston, MA: Springer. Hassanzad, M., Orooji, A., Valinejadi, A. and Velayati, A. (2017). A fuzzy rule-

Zakaria Madhouse, Ammar Kayli and Luna Himmami. (2021). Diagnosis of Diseases Based on Iridology Using Fuzzy Logic. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, Volume (22), Issue (1)

‫‪77‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫حتليل قياسي للعالقة التكاملية بني‬ ‫اإلنفاق االستهالكي لألرز وعوامل االقتصاد‬ ‫الكلي املختارة‪ :‬السعودية كحالة‬ ‫دعاء العبداللطيف ‪ 1‬و عابده إمام‬

‫‪An Econometric Analysis of the Integrative‬‬ ‫‪Relationship between Rice Consumption‬‬ ‫‪Expenditure and Macroeconomics Factors:‬‬ ‫‪Saudi Arabia‬‬

‫‪21‬‬

‫‪Duaa Al Abdullatif 1 and Abda Emam 1 2‬‬

‫‪ 1‬قسم األعمال الزراعية وعلوم املستهلك‪ ،‬كلية العلوم الزراعية واألغذية‪ ،‬جامعة امللك‬ ‫فيصل‪ ،‬األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫‪ 2‬قسم االقتصاد الزراعي‪ ،‬كلية الدراسات الزراعية‪ ،‬جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا‪،‬‬ ‫الخرطوم‪ ،‬السودان‬ ‫‪ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE‬‬ ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

‫‪PUBLISHED ONLINE‬‬ ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪ISSUE‬‬ ‫رقم العدد‬

‫‪VOLUME‬‬ ‫رقم اجمللد‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪08/12/2020‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪1 Department of Agribusiness and Consumer Sciences, College of Agricultural Science and Food, King Faisal‬‬

‫‪University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia‬‬ ‫‪2 Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Science and‬‬ ‫‪Technology, Khartoum, Sudan‬‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫االستقبال‬

‫‪LINK‬‬ ‫الرابط‬

‫‪08/12/2020‬‬

‫‪01/06/2020‬‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/2266‬‬

‫‪YEAR‬‬ ‫سنة العدد‬

‫‪NO. OF PAGES‬‬ ‫عدد الصفحات‬

‫‪NO. OF WORDS‬‬ ‫عدد الكلمات‬

‫‪2021‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫‪5705‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪Co-integration, dickey-fuller test, granger causality test, Johanson test, national income, rice‬‬ ‫التكامل‪ ،‬اختبار جوهانسن‪ ،‬اختبار ديكي‪ -‬فولر‪ ،‬اختبار سببية جرانجر‪ ،‬األرز‪ ،‬الدخل القومي‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫يعتبر اإلنفاق الستهالكي العائلي (الغذائي وغير الغذائي) من مكونات القتصاد الكلي‪،‬‬ ‫فوجود العالقة التوازنية التكاملية بين مكونات القتصاد الكلي ضرورية للنمو‬ ‫القتصادي؛ لذا هدف البحث إلى معرفة مدى تكامل وتأثر اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز مع‬ ‫بعض عوامل القتصاد الكلي‪ ،‬املتمثلة بالدخل القومي ونصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي‬ ‫والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك في اململكة العربية السعودية خالل الفترة من ‪ 1990‬إلى‬ ‫‪ ،2018‬واعتمد البحث على البيانات الثانوية التي جمعت من مصادر مختلفة‪ ،‬مثل هيئة‬ ‫اإلحصاء السعودية والبنك الدولي‪ ،‬وغيرهما من املصادر التي لها عالقة بموضوع البحث‪.‬‬ ‫واستخدم اختبار جوهانسون للتكامل املشترك واختبار سببية جرانجر لتحقيق األهداف‬ ‫املحددة‪ ،‬وأظهرت النتائج وجود عالقة تكاملية توازنيه في املدى البعيد بين متغيرات‬ ‫البحث‪ ،‬كما أوضحت النتائج وجود العالقة السببية‪ ،‬حيث وجد أن اإلنفاق الستهالكي‬ ‫لألرز يتأثر بكل من الدخل القومي ونصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي كل على حده‪ .‬كما‬ ‫أشارت االنتائج الي أن الرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك يتأثر باإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز‬ ‫مستقبال‪ ،‬ومن هذه النتائج أوص ي البحث بإعطاء األرز أهمية كبري عند إعداد الخطط‬ ‫القتصادية والجتماعية‪.‬‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪Household consumption expenditure, of food and non-food items, is a‬‬ ‫‪component of macroeconomic factors in Saudi Arabia. The presence of the‬‬ ‫‪equilibrium relationship between the components of the macroeconomic factors‬‬ ‫‪is essential for economic growth. This research aimed to measure the extent to‬‬ ‫‪which the consumption expenditure of rice was affected by some of the‬‬ ‫‪macroeconomic factors, namely national income, per capita national income, and‬‬ ‫‪the consumer price index in Saudi Arabia from 1990 to 2018. This research relied‬‬ ‫‪on secondary data collected from various sources such as the Saudi Statistics‬‬ ‫‪Authority and the World Bank. Johanson’s cointegration test and Granger's causal‬‬ ‫‪test were used to achieve the specific goals (knowing the equilibrium relationship‬‬ ‫‪and the existence of causality between study variables). The results showed that‬‬ ‫‪there was a long-run relationship between the study variables. Also, the results‬‬ ‫‪reflected the existence of causality: It was found that the consumption spending‬‬ ‫‪on rice is affected by both the national income and the per capita national income‬‬ ‫‪separately. From these results, this study recommends that during papering‬‬ ‫‪socioeconomic planning, rice should be given more attention.‬‬

‫‪CITATION‬‬ ‫اإلحالة‬

‫‪Al Abdullatif, D. and Emam, A. (2021). Tahlil qiasiun lilealaqat altkamlyt bayn al'iinfaq alaistihlakii lil'arz waeawamil alaiqtisad alkuliyi almkhtart: Alsewdyt kahala ‘An‬‬ ‫‪econometric analysis of the integrative relationship between rice consumption expenditure and macroeconomics factors: Saudi Arabia’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal‬‬ ‫‪University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 77–82. DOI: 10.37575/b/agr/2266‬‬ ‫العبداللطيف‪ ،‬دعاء و إمام‪ ،‬عابده‪ .)2021( .‬تحليل قياس ي للعالقة التكاملية بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز وعوامل القتصاد الكلي املختارة‪ :‬السعودية كحالة‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم‬ ‫األساسية والتطبيقية‪.77-82 ،)1(22 ،‬‬

‫‪ .1‬املقدمة‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ومؤشرا على رفاهية املجتمع‪،‬‬ ‫يمثل الستهالك أحد مكونات الدخل القومي‪،‬‬ ‫ويقسم الدخل الي استهالك وادخار‪ ،‬حيث يعتبر األخير استهالكا مستقبل ًّيا‪.‬‬ ‫يستوجب التخطيط القتصادي معرفة تقدير معامالت الستهالك العائلي‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مؤشرا على توجيه القطاعات اإلنتاجية األخرى‪ ،‬وبالتالي يؤثر‬ ‫وذلك باعتباره‬ ‫على القتصاد ككل (علي‪ .)2014 ،‬يعتبر الستهالك الدافع الرئيس ي‬ ‫لألنشطة القتصادية التي بدورها تسعي إلشباع الرغبات الستهالكية‪،‬‬ ‫ويعتبر ‪ -‬ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ودافعا لالستثمار والنتاج‪ ،‬فتحفيز اإلنتاج الناتج عن‬ ‫أيضا‪ -‬محفزا‬ ‫الستهالك يقود بدوره الي زيادة العمالة في العملية اإلنتاجية (علي‪.)2014 ،‬‬ ‫ويعد الغذاء من ضروريات الحياة التي تهتم الدول بتوفيره لكافة السكان‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫نظرا ملا له من دور كبير في الحفاظ على الفرد وصحته وقدرته على اإلنتاج‬ ‫والعمل )‪ .(Marchetti and Secondi, 2017‬إن دراسة ومعرفة اإلنفاق الستهالكي‬ ‫لألسر من األهمية بمكان حيث يتم استخدام نتائجه لتقييم الظروف‬ ‫املعيشية املادية لألفراد ورفاههم‪ .‬إن تحليل ظروف األسرة يمكن أن يوفر‬ ‫صورة واضحة لصانعي السياسات عن الوضع القتصادي والجتماعي‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬عابده إمام‬

‫للمنطقة التي يعملون فيها‪ .‬كما تعتبر هذه الدراسات من الدراسات‬ ‫القتصادية الهامة التي يعتمد عليها صناع القرار القتصادي بشكل عام‪،‬‬ ‫والسياسات الزراعية والغذائية بشكل خاص‪ ،‬وبالتالي تحقيق أهداف‬ ‫التنمية القتصادية والجتماعية‪.‬‬ ‫يعرف الستهالك الخاص من الناحية القتصادية بأنه استخدام السلع‬ ‫ا‬ ‫إشباعا‬ ‫والخدمات القتصادية بقصد إشباع حاجات ورغبات اإلنسان‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مباشرا )‪ .(Alosh and Abas, 2013‬بينما يعرف اإلنفاق الستهالكي العام بأنه‬ ‫مصروفات الحكومة على السلع والخدمات املستخدمة ألغراض الستهالك‬ ‫الجاري‪ .‬يتكون الستهالك الخاص من اإلنفاق الستهالكي العائلي واإلنفاق‬ ‫الستهالكي النهائي للقطاع العائلي والهيئات‪ .‬حيث برهنت النظرية‬ ‫القتصادية على وجود عالقة كمية بين اإلنفاق ومتوسط نصيب الفرد من‬ ‫الدخل‪ ،‬كما بينت أ ا‬ ‫يضا وجود عالقة بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي والدخل‪ ،‬وفي‬ ‫نفس السياق فقد أوضحت النظرية القتصادية وجود عالقة بين املستوى‬ ‫العام لألسعار واإلنفاق الستهالكي )‪ .(Alosh and Abas, 2013‬يسعى هذا‬ ‫البحث إلى إجراء تحليل قياس ي لإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز وبعض عوامل‬ ‫القتصاد الكلي املختارة في اململكة العربية السعودية‪.‬‬

‫‪aaeali@kfu.edu.sa ,00966537358953‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Abda Emam‬‬

‫‪78‬‬

‫العبداللطيف‪ ،‬دعاء و إمام‪ ،‬عابده‪ .)2021( .‬تحليل قياس ي للعالقة التكاملية بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز وعوامل القتصاد الكلي املختارة‪ :‬السعودية كحالة‪.‬‬ ‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪.82-77 ،)1(22 ،‬‬

‫‪ .1.1‬الدراسات السابقة‪:‬‬ ‫وضح ‪ )2007(Kirkpatrick and Tarasuk‬في دراسته العالقة بين نسبة الدخل‬ ‫الذي ينفق في السكن وكفاية نفقات الغذاء األسري عبر السكان الكنديين‬ ‫وداخل الشرائح الخمسية للدخل‪ ،‬ووضح أثر تلقي إعانة اإلسكان على‬ ‫كفاية النفقات الغذائية بين األسر ذات الدخل املنخفض‪ ،‬باستخدام مسح‬ ‫اإلنفاق األسري لعام ‪ ،2001‬الذي أجرته هيئة اإلحصاء الكندية‪ ،‬وتوصل‬ ‫البحث إلى أنه مع زيادة نسبة الدخل املخصص لإلسكان انخفضت كفاية‬ ‫اإلنفاق اعلى الغذاء بشكل ملحوظ بين األسر في الشرائح الخمسية الثالثة‬ ‫األقل دخال‪ .‬بعد احتساب دخل وتكوين األسرة‪ ،‬ارتبط تلقي دعم اإلسكان‬ ‫بتحسن في كفاية اإلنفاق على الغذاء بين األسر ذات الدخل املنخفض‪.‬‬ ‫وأوص ي البحث بإعادة فحص السياسات املتعلقة بالقدرة على تحمل‬ ‫تكاليف السكن وكفاية الدخل‪.‬‬ ‫قام العلي (‪ )2008‬بدراسة تهدف إلى إجراء تحليل اقتصادي قياس ي ألنماط‬ ‫استهالك الغذاء لألسر الريفية من خالل تقدير متوسطاإلنفاق على‬ ‫استهالك املواد الغذائية الرئيسية في ميزانية األسرة الريفية ا‬ ‫وفقا لخصائص‬ ‫اجتماعية معينة‪ ،‬وتقدير وتحليل معامالت دالة الستهالك‪ ،‬وتقدير مرونة‬ ‫الدخل والنفقات والجودة وحجم العائلة للسلع املدروسة ملحافظة األحساء‬ ‫بشرق اململكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬تم استخدام تحليل النحدار لتحديد‬ ‫الكمية املستهلكة والنفقات على السلع الغذائية بشكل عام‪ ،‬وكذلك‬ ‫لتحديد الكمية املستهلكة والنفقات ملجموعات الغذاء الرئيسة‪ .‬كما‬ ‫استخدم تحليل النحدار املتعدد في طريقة املربعات الصغرى لتقدير‬ ‫الدوال الخطية‪ ،‬واستخدمت قيمة اإلنفاق كمتغير تابع لوظيفة اإلنفاق‬ ‫والكمية املستهلكة كمتغير تابع في دالة الستهالك‪ .‬ومن خالل تحليل النتائج‬ ‫التي تم الحصول عليها أصبح من الواضح أن متوسط دخل األسرة الشهري‬ ‫ا‬ ‫شهريا‪ ،‬وكان متوسط حجم األسرة ‪ 6‬أشخاص‪ ،‬ووجد أن‬ ‫كان ‪ 7054‬ريال‬ ‫متوسط مستوى التعليم لرب األسرة هو الثانوية العامة‪ ،‬ومتوسط عمر رب‬ ‫األسرة ‪ 39.6‬سنة‪ ،‬وعدد األسر التي لديها عاملة منزلية ‪ 26‬أسرة بنسبة ‪،21%‬‬ ‫وعدد أفراد العائالت التي تعيش في فيال ‪ 41‬عائلة بنسبة ‪ .32.5%‬بلغ متوسط‬ ‫إنفاق الستهالك الغذائي لألسرة ‪ 449.9‬ريال سعودي في األسبوع‪ .‬بينما بلغ‬ ‫متوسط استهالك الطعام لألسرة ‪58.87‬كجم‪ ،‬كما أوص ي البحث صناع‬ ‫القرار بوضع السياسات الستيرادية في اململكة لتخاذ الخطوات الالزمة‬ ‫لتوريد الحبوب بالكميات واألسعار املطلوبة‪ .‬بما في ذلك سياسة التخزين في‬ ‫بلد املنشأ‪ ،‬وإعادة تأهيل األراض ي الزراعية في البلدان الصديقة مثل‬ ‫السودان؛ إلنتاج املحاصيل الغذائية اإلستراتيجية‪.‬‬ ‫توصل ياسين (‪ )2008‬في بحثه الذي يهدف إلى تقدير مرونة اإلنفاق على‬ ‫الطلب على الغذاء التي تعتبر بمثابة مؤشر في عملية التخطيط لالستهالك‪.‬‬ ‫ولتحقيق هذا الهدف تم استخدام بيانات املسح لألسرة لعام ‪ 1993‬لتقدير‬ ‫مرونة اإلنفاق لحوالي ‪12‬مجموعة فرعية من األغذية في البيئات الحضرية‬ ‫والريفية‪ .‬أظهرت النتائج أن مرونة إجمالي اإلنفاق الغذائي في املناطق‬ ‫الحضرية تساوي (‪ ،)0.868‬وفي املناطق الريفية (‪ .)0.845‬أوص ي البحث‬ ‫بضرورة دراسة أنماط الستهالك‪ ،‬وقياس مرونة اإلنفاق بشكل دوري‬ ‫ومنتظم للطلب‪ ،‬واستعمال هذه املؤشرات في التخطيط لالستهالك‬ ‫والترشيد من قبل الجهة املعنية برفاهية املستهلك‪.‬‬ ‫رأى )‪ Fornell, et al. (2010‬أن توقع إجمالي اإلنفاق الستهالكي أمر بالغ األهمية‬ ‫لتخطيط التسويق‪ ،‬ولكن النظرية القتصادية التقليدية ترى أن التنبؤ‬ ‫بالتغيرات في إجمالي اإلنفاق الستهالكي غير ممكن‪ .‬إن املحاولت السابقة‬ ‫للتنبؤ بنمو اإلنفاق الستهالكي باستخدام متغيرات تنبؤ القتصاد الكلي‬ ‫القياسية لم تحقق ا‬ ‫نجاحا يذكر‪ .‬أظهرت النتائج أن التغيير املتأخر في رضا‬ ‫العمالء‪ ،‬الذي يساهم في الطلب في املستقبل له تأثير كبير على نمو اإلنفاق‪،‬‬ ‫ومع ذلك يتم تعديل هذا التأثير من خالل الزيادات في نسبة خدمة ديون‬ ‫املستهلكين‪ ،‬وهو قيد رئيس ي على امليزانية يؤثر على قدرة املستهلكين على‬ ‫اإلنفاق باستخدام نموذج نمو غير متماثل‪ ،‬تم شرح اأكثر من ا‪ 23%‬من‬ ‫تحسنا ملحوظا مقارنة‬ ‫التباين في نمو اإلنفاق ربع السنوي‪ ،‬وهو ما يمثل‬ ‫باملواصفات السابقة‪.‬‬ ‫ومن جهة أخري هدف عثمان (‪ )2013‬في بحثه إلى تقدير مرونة اإلنفاق وتوقع‬

‫الطلب على الغذاء‪ .‬تم استخدام مسح اإلنفاق األسري في محافظة أربيل في‬ ‫عام ‪2007‬م لتقدير منحنيات إنجل باستخدام طريقة ‪ OLS‬لـ (‪ )21‬و (‪ )11‬من‬ ‫املواد العامة واملواد الغذائية على التوالي‪ .‬تم استخدام متغيرين وهميين‬ ‫كمتغيرات توضيحية‪ ،‬األول يمثل املناطق الجغرافية‪ ،‬والخر يمثل‬ ‫مجموعات اإلنفاق األربعة‪ ،‬وكانت أهم الستنتاجات التي تم التوصل إليها‬ ‫هي‪ :‬استجابة املواد الغذائية إلجمالي اإلنفاق الغذائي أكبر من تجاوبها مع‬ ‫إجمالي النفقات وقيم مرونة اإلنفاق لـ (‪ )82%‬من املواد الغذائية أقل من (‪،)1‬‬ ‫مما يدل على إنها ضرورية‪.‬‬ ‫أشار محمود وعباس (‪ )2013‬في دراسة تحليل التغيرات في أنواع الستهالك‬ ‫في القتصاد العراقي وتحديد العوامل التي أثرت عليه على مدى ثالثة عقود‪.‬‬ ‫تم إيجاد دوال الستهالك من خالل وصف مجموعة من النماذج التي تحدد‬ ‫عالقاتها من خالل التحليل القياس ي‪ .‬وتوصل البحث إلى أن إجمالي اإلنفاق‬ ‫الستهالكي وكذلك الحكومي يتحدد بمستوى الدخل القومي ومتوسط‬ ‫نصيب الفرد منه‪ .‬أما اإلنفاق الستهالكي األسري فإنه يختلف ألن تأثير‬ ‫الدخل القومي ضئيل ًّ‬ ‫جدا‪.‬‬ ‫هدفت دراسة حمزة (‪ )2013‬إلى استخدام أساليب التحليل العنقودي‬ ‫لتصنيف اإلنفاق على السلع والخدمات األساسية حسب املستوى البيئي‬ ‫(ريفي ‪-‬حضري) في ولية الجزيرة‪ -‬السودان‪ .‬لغرض تصنيف إنفاق الدولة‬ ‫الجتماعي في املناطق الحضرية والريفية‪ ،‬تم استخدام مجموعة املنتجات‬ ‫ا‬ ‫وفقا للنشرة اإلحصائية في الولية خالل الفترة من ‪2007‬م إلى ‪2010‬م‪ .‬أوص ي‬ ‫البحث ببذل الجهود لسد الفجوة بين التفاوتات الحضرية والريفية ‪2010‬م‪.‬‬ ‫وتوصل البحث إلى أن سلوك املستهلك الحضري يهدف إلى اشباع امليول‬ ‫الترفيهية والخدمية‪.‬‬ ‫بينما درس ‪ )2013( Burke and Ozdagli‬العالقة بين توقعات تضخم األسرة‬ ‫وإنفاقها الحالي مع مراعاة عوامل أخرى‪ ،‬مثل توقعات نمو أجر األسرة‪،‬‬ ‫وعدم اليقين املحيط بتوقعات التضخم‪ .‬تم فحص سلوك اإلنفاق األسري‬ ‫على السلع الستهالكية املعمرة الكبيرة‪ ،‬وكذلك السلع غير املعمرة‪.‬‬ ‫باستخدام بيانات لوحة الستقصاء للفترة من أبريل ‪2009‬م إلى نوفمبر‬ ‫‪2012‬م‪ ،‬لم يتم العثور على أي دليل على أن املستهلكين يزيدون إنفاقهم على‬ ‫األجهزة املنزلية واإللكترونيات الكبيرة استجابة لزيادة توقعاتهم بشأن‬ ‫التضخم‪ .‬أظهرت النتائج أن التأثيرات املقدرة صغيرة اوسلبية وغير مهمة‬ ‫ًّ‬ ‫إحصائيا‪ .‬ومع ذلك قد يكون املستهلكون أكثر احتمال لشراء سيارة مع‬ ‫ارتفاع توقعات التضخم على املدي القصير‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫هدف ‪ )2014( Claro, et al‬إلى وصف اتجاهات استهالك الغذاء بعيدا عن‬ ‫املنزل في البرازيل من )‪ (2003- 2002‬إلى )‪ ،(2009 -2008‬وتحليل تأثير الدخل‬ ‫على هذا السلوك‪ .‬استخدم املؤلفون البيانات التي جمعتها مسوحات ميزانية‬ ‫األسرة التي أجراها املعهد البرازيلي للجغرافيا واإلحصاء (‪ )IBGE‬في ‪-2002‬‬ ‫‪2003‬م و‪2009-2008‬م‪ .‬تتضمن املعلومات التي تم تحليلها في هذ البحث‬ ‫سجالت شراء املواد الغذائية واملشروبات لالستهالك ا‬ ‫بعيدا عن املنز ال‪.‬‬ ‫وقدرت اتجاهات تناول الطعام خارج املنزل بالنسبة ملجموع السكان ووفقا‬ ‫للطبقات السكانية والقتصادية‪ .‬تمت دراسة العالقة بين حصة الطعام‬ ‫املستهلكة ا‬ ‫بعيدا عن املنزل والدخل باستخدام نماذج النحدار لتقدير‬ ‫معامالت مرونة الدخل‪ .‬ارتفعت نسبة تناول الطعام خارج املنزل بنسبة ‪25%‬‬ ‫خالل هذه الفترة‪ ،‬لتصل إلى ‪ 28%‬من إجمالي اإلنفاق على الطعام‪ .‬عندما‬ ‫يزيد متوسط دخل الفرد بنسبة ‪ 10%‬فإنه يؤدي إلي زيادة بنسبة ‪ 3.5%‬في‬ ‫حصة الطعام املستهلك ا‬ ‫بعيدا عن املنزل‪ .‬هذا يشير إلى أن نمو الدخل‬ ‫سيؤدي إلى زيادات مستقبلية في حصة تناول األكل خارج املنزل‪.‬‬ ‫هدفت الزهراء (‪ )2015‬في دراسة اإلنفاق الستهالكي الي معرفة العالقة بين‬ ‫أنماط الدخل والستهالك من حيث الكمية والنوعية‪ .‬استخدم البحث‬ ‫املنهج الوصفي كمنهج لتحيل البيانات‪ .‬وجد أن هناك عالقة قوية بين‬ ‫أنماط الدخل والستهالك من حيث الكمية والنوعية‪ ،‬وأن زيادة الدخل أدت‬ ‫إلى زيادة في اإلنفاق الستهالكي الذي تأثر بالتوزيع البيئي والجغرافي للسكان‪.‬‬ ‫وأوصت الدراسة بالعتماد على املرونة الداخلية لتحديد املنتجات املدعومة‬ ‫ووضع سياسة وإستراتيجية لترشيد الستهالك‪.‬‬ ‫هدفت هذه الدراسة الي تسليط الضوء على العوامل املؤثرة على اإلنفاق‬

‫‪79‬‬

‫اململكة العربية السعودية خالل الفترة من ‪1990‬م إلى‬ ‫الستهالكي لألرز في ا‬ ‫‪2018‬م‪ ،‬مستخدمة طرقا تحليلية ديناميكية‪ ،‬تتمثل في منهجية التكامل‬ ‫املشترك (اختبار جوهانسن) واختبار السببية‪ ،‬وهذا ما أكسبتها ميزة عن‬ ‫الدراسات السابقة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.1‬مشكلة البحث‪:‬‬ ‫تسعي الخطط القتصادية والجتماعية في الدول عامة الي زيادة مستويات‬ ‫الرفاهية ألفراد املجتمع‪ ،‬وذلك عن طريق توفير جميع السلع الغذائية أو‬ ‫غير الغذائية‪ ،‬وبالتالي فإن وضع وتنفيذ الخطط هي السبيل لتحقيق الرفاء‬ ‫القتصادي‪ .‬ومن هنا تكتسب الدراسة أهميتها بكونها تتناول اإلنفاق‬ ‫الستهالكي‪ .‬وقد أولت اململكة العربية السعودية من خالل رؤيتها ‪2030‬م‬ ‫اهتماما ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫خاصا‪ ،‬فقد وضعت من أجل ذلك العديد من‬ ‫تحقيق األمن الغذائي‬ ‫السياسات‪ ،‬ورصدت املبالغ الطائلة‪ .‬حيث إن األرز يعتبر من السلع‬ ‫اإلستراتيجية الهامة للمملكة‪ ،‬ملا له من أهمية كبيرة لألفراد على اختالف‬ ‫مستويات دخولهم القتصادية ومكانتهم الجتماعية‪ ،‬ويعتمدون عليه‬ ‫بشكل رئيس ي في الغذاء‪ ،‬كما يتم تناوله بشكل يومي في الوجبات واملناسبات‪.‬‬ ‫مما انعكس ذلك على تضاعف الستهالك املحلي له في اململكة بأكثر من‬ ‫الضعف‪ ،‬فقد زاد الستهالك لألرز من‪ 547‬ألف طن عام ‪ 1990‬م إلى ‪1380‬‬ ‫ألف طن عام ‪2019‬م‪ ،‬أي أكثر من الضعف (الجدول‪ ،)1‬وقد يعزى ذلك‬ ‫لسهولة تحضيره‪ .‬وتتوفر أنواع عديدة منه يستطيع املستهلك املفاضلة بينها‬ ‫بجودتها وأسعارها‪ ،‬لذا تبرز أهمية دراسته من بين السلع الستهالكية‬ ‫األخرى‪.‬‬ ‫يصنف اإلنفاق الستهالكي العائلي (الغذائي وغير الغذائي) والدخل القومي‬ ‫ونصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك من‬ ‫مكونات القتصاد الكلي‪ .‬تعتبر وجود العالقة التوازنية التكاملية بين‬ ‫مكونات القتصاد الكلي ضرورية لتحقيق النمو القتصادي‪ .‬لذا يسعي‬ ‫البحث إلى معرفة مدى تكامل اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز مع الدخل القومي‬ ‫ونصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك في‬ ‫اململكة العربية السعودية خالل الفترة من ‪1990‬م إلى ‪2018‬م‪.‬‬ ‫السنة‬ ‫‪1990‬‬ ‫‪1991‬‬ ‫‪1992‬‬ ‫‪1993‬‬ ‫‪1994‬‬ ‫‪1995‬‬ ‫‪1996‬‬ ‫‪1997‬‬ ‫‪1998‬‬ ‫‪1999‬‬

‫الجدول (‪ :)1‬الكميات املستهلكة من األرزفي اململكة العربية السعودية خالل الفترة (‪)1990-2019‬‬ ‫االستهالك املحلي لألرز)ألف السنة االستهالك املحلي لألرز )ألف السنة االستهالك املحلي لألرز)ألف‬ ‫طن)‬ ‫طن)‬ ‫طن)‬ ‫‪1100‬‬ ‫‪2010‬‬ ‫‪875‬‬ ‫‪2000‬‬ ‫‪547‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪2011‬‬ ‫‪950‬‬ ‫‪2001‬‬ ‫‪559‬‬ ‫‪1320‬‬ ‫‪2012‬‬ ‫‪975‬‬ ‫‪2002‬‬ ‫‪783‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪2013‬‬ ‫‪1025‬‬ ‫‪2003‬‬ ‫‪822‬‬ ‫‪1400‬‬ ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫‪1075‬‬ ‫‪2004‬‬ ‫‪721‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬ ‫‪2015‬‬ ‫‪1150‬‬ ‫‪2005‬‬ ‫‪640‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬ ‫‪2016‬‬ ‫‪1193‬‬ ‫‪2006‬‬ ‫‪700‬‬ ‫‪1350‬‬ ‫‪2017‬‬ ‫‪1157‬‬ ‫‪2007‬‬ ‫‪715‬‬ ‫‪1370‬‬ ‫‪2018‬‬ ‫‪1100‬‬ ‫‪2008‬‬ ‫‪735‬‬ ‫‪1380‬‬ ‫‪2019‬‬ ‫‪1085‬‬ ‫‪2009‬‬ ‫‪750‬‬ ‫املصدر‪.(indexmundi.):‬‬

‫‪ .3.1‬أهداف البحث‪:‬‬ ‫الهدف الرئيس ي للبحث هو معرفة مدى تكامل متغيرات البحث املتمثلة‬ ‫باإلنفاق الكلي لألرز (دولر‪/‬طن) وإجمالي الدخل القومي (دولر) ومتوسط‬ ‫نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي (دولر) والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‬ ‫للفترة من‪ 1990‬إلي ‪ 2018‬في اململكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬وتنحصر األهداف‬ ‫الفرعية بالتي‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫معرفة مدى تشابه منحنيات التجاه العام لإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز وإجمالي‬ ‫الدخل القومي (دولر) ومتوسط نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي (دولر)‬ ‫والرقم القياس ي ألسعار خالل الفترة من ‪ 1990‬إلى ‪.2018‬‬ ‫معرفة مدي طبيعة العالقة التكاملية بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي اإلجمالي لألرز‬ ‫في اململكة العربية السعودية وكل من إجمالي الدخل القومي (دولر)‬ ‫ومتوسط نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي (دولر) والرقم القياس ي ألسعار‬ ‫املستهلك‪.‬‬ ‫دراسة اتجاه العالقة السببية بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي وكل واحد من‬ ‫املتغيرات املستقلة املختارة للدراسة على حدة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4.1‬فروض البحث‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫توجد عالقة توازنية بين كافة املتغيرات املختارة للدراسة في املدى الطويل‪.‬‬ ‫توجد عالقة سببية ثنائية التجاه بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي وكل واحد من‬ ‫املتغيرات املستقلة املختارة للدراسة على حدة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬املواد وطرق العمل‬

‫‪ .1.2‬البيانات وطريقة جمعها‪:‬‬ ‫اعتمد البحث على البيانات الثانوية التي جمعت من مصادر مختلفة‪ ،‬مثل‬ ‫هيئة اإلحصاء السعودية والبنك الدولي وموقع )‪ .(indexmundi‬وتمثلت هذه‬ ‫البيانات في أسعار األرز (دولر ‪/‬طن)‪ ،‬وإجمالي الدخل القومي (دولر)‬ ‫باألسعار الجارية‪ ،‬ومتوسط نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي (دولر)‪،‬‬ ‫والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‪ ،‬والستهالك املحلي لألرز (طن)‪ ،‬وعدد‬ ‫السكان للفترة من ‪ 1990‬إلى‪ 2018‬في اململكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬تم العتماد‬ ‫على نوعين من األرز‪ ،‬هما األرز البسمتي واملزة‪ ،‬وذلك لوجود بياناتهما خالل‬ ‫فترة البحث‪ ،‬وأخذ متوسط أسعارهما‪ .‬تم حساب اإلنفاق الكلي لألرز من‬ ‫حاصل ضرب الستهالك املحلي الكلي لألرز بالطن في سعره بالدولر األمريكي‬ ‫للسنة املقابلة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.2‬طريقة تحليل البيانات‪:‬‬ ‫تم استخدام بعض الطرق والوسائل التحليلية لختبار فروض البحث وهي‪:‬‬ ‫اختبار ديكي فولر واختبار جونسون وأساليب سببية جرانجر‪ .‬تم تحليل‬ ‫البيانات باستخدام برنامج ‪.EViews 9‬‬ ‫‪ .1.2.2‬اختبار التحليل اإلحصائي الوصفي‬ ‫استخدم التحليل اإلحصائي الوصفي ملعرفة طبيعة توزيع البيانات‪ ،‬اعتمد‬ ‫البحث على قياس مؤشر ‪ .Jarque-Bera‬وتعتبر السالسل الزمنية ذات توزيع‬ ‫طبيعي إذا كانت احتمالية معامل ‪ Jarque-Bera‬أكبر من ‪ .0.05‬كما تم رسم‬ ‫منحنيات للمؤشر العام للسالسل الزمنية للدراسة؛ لتسليط الضوء‬ ‫بصورة مبدئية على معرفة إمكانية العالقة التوازنية بين هذه السالسل‬ ‫الزمنية في املدى البعيد‪ .‬التي تعتبر من الطرق التحليلية البسيطة ملعرفة‬ ‫هذه العالقة‪ ،‬كما أنها تفسح املجال للمض ي ا‬ ‫قدما في إجراء اختبار التكامل‬ ‫املشترك‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2.2.2‬اختبار جوهانسن للتكامل املشترك‬ ‫يقوم تحليل التكامل املشترك بتحديد العالقة الحقيقية بين املتغيرات في‬ ‫املدى الطويل‪ ،‬على عكس النماذج اإلحصائية التقليدية‪ ،‬ومفهوم التكامل‬ ‫املشترك يقوم على أنه في املدى القصير قد تكون السلستان الزمنيتان ‪ X‬و‪Y‬‬ ‫غير مستقرتين؛ لكنها تتكامالن في املدى الطويل‪ ،‬أي توجد عالقة ثابتة في‬ ‫امن)‪،‬‬ ‫املدى الطويل بينهما‪ ،‬هذه العالقة تسمى عالقة التكامل املشترك (املتز ا‬ ‫وللتعبير عن العالقات بين مختلف هذه املتغيرات غير املستقرة ل بد أول‬ ‫من إزالة عدم الستقرار‪ ،‬وذلك باختبارات جذور الوحدة‪.‬‬ ‫اختبار‪ )ADF( Augmented Dickey-Fuller‬يجرى لختبار جذر الوحدة ( ‪Unit‬‬ ‫‪ )Roots test‬وملعرفة ما مدى سكون أو استقرار السالسل الزمنية في البحث‪،‬‬ ‫حتى يتم تجنب النتائج املزيفة نتيجة لعدم استقرارها‪ .‬والصيغة الرياضية‬ ‫كالتي‪:‬‬ ‫)‪𝑋𝑡 = 𝛼 + +𝑍𝑋𝑡−1 + 𝑒𝑡 … … … … … … … … … … … … (1‬‬ ‫)‪∆𝑋𝑡 = 𝛼 + 𝛽𝑡 + 𝑍𝑋𝑡−1 + 𝑒𝑡 … … … … … … … … . . … (2‬‬

‫حيث إن‪ Z :‬تمثل معامل )‪ (ADF‬املطلوب تقديره‪ t ،‬الزمن‪ α ،‬تمثل الثابت‬ ‫𝛽 تمثل التجاه العام‪ ،‬اختبار‪X:H0‬غير مستقرة (غير ساكنة) (وجود جزر‬ ‫الوحدة)‬ ‫‪ :H1 X‬مستقرة (عدم وجود جزر الوحدة)‬ ‫يتم مقارنة (‪ )t‬املحسوبة ملعامل (‪ (ADF‬مع (‪ )t‬الجدولية‪ ،‬يقبل‪ H1‬الفرض‬ ‫البديل عندما تكون (‪ )t‬املحسوبة ملعامل (‪ (ADF‬أكبر من (‪)t‬الجدولية مفسرة‬ ‫بذلك سكون السلسلة الزمنية واستقرارها عند مستوي معنوية ‪.5% and 1%‬‬ ‫من خالل اختبار (‪ )ADF‬السابق يتم التحقق من استقرار السالسل الزمنية‬ ‫ًّ‬ ‫حصائيا‪ ،‬ومن ثم يجري تحليل اختبار‬ ‫لنفس الرتبة‪ ،‬يتم اختيار ‪ Lag‬إ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫معتمدا على ‪ Lag‬التي تم تحديدها‪.‬‬ ‫جوهانسن‬ ‫ا‬ ‫مستخدما اختبار األثر ( ‪Trace‬‬ ‫اعتمد جوهانسن على دالة اإلمكان األعظم‪،‬‬

‫‪80‬‬

‫‪ )test‬واختبار القيمة العظمى)‪ (Value Eigen Maximum‬لتحديد عدد متجهات‬ ‫التكامل‪.‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أول‪ ،‬اختبار األثر (‪)Trace test‬ـ ويتم إجراء الختبار طبقا للمعادلة التية‪:‬‬ ‫)‪or λ𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝑟) − T ∑𝑛𝑖=𝑟+1 𝐼𝑛(1 − 𝜆𝑟+1 ) … … … … … … (3‬‬ ‫𝑛‬

‫)‪λ𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑒(𝑟) − T ∑ 𝑙𝑜𝑔(𝜆𝑖 ) … … … … … … … … … … (4‬‬

‫‪11259.49‬‬ ‫‪6761.61‬‬ ‫‪3.39‬‬ ‫‪0.18‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

‫‪874936.8‬‬ ‫‪872148.80‬‬ ‫‪3.77‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

‫‪8909772.‬‬ ‫‪4454170.‬‬ ‫‪2.99‬‬ ‫‪0.22‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬

‫‪78.86‬‬ ‫‪17.50‬‬ ‫‪4.25‬‬ ‫‪0.12‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

‫‪Median‬‬ ‫‪Std. Dev.‬‬ ‫‪Jarque-Bera‬‬ ‫‪Probability‬‬ ‫‪Observations‬‬

‫أظهر الشكل (‪ (1‬أن العالقة بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز والدخل القومي‬ ‫ونصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي قد تحوي عالقة توازنية طويلة املدى‪ ،‬مما‬ ‫يسمح باستكمال خطوات اختبار جوهانسن للتكامل املشترك‪.‬‬ ‫الشكل(‪ :)1‬العالقة بين متغيرات البحث خالل الفترة (‪.)2013-2018‬‬

‫‪𝑖=𝑟+1‬‬

‫حيث إن‪ : T:‬حجم العينة‪r : ،‬عدد متجهات التكامل املشترك (……‪.)r=0,1,2,3,‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ثانيا‪ ،‬اختبار ا القيمة العظمى(‪ ،(Value Eigen Maximum‬ويتم حساب املؤشر‬ ‫لالختبار طبقا للمعادلة التية‪:‬‬ ‫)‪or λ max(𝑟, 𝑟 + 1) = 𝑇𝑙𝑛 (1 − λ𝑟+1 ) … … … … . … … … … (5‬‬ ‫)‪λ max −𝑇𝑙𝑜𝑔 (1 − λ𝑖 ) … … … … … … … … … … … … … … (6‬‬

‫تفسر النتيجة في حالة اختبار األثر واختبار القيمة العظمى كالتي‪:‬‬ ‫يتم مقارنة معامل األثر بالقيمة الجدولية‪ :‬عندما يكون معامل األثر أكبر‬ ‫من القيمة الجدولية فهذا مؤشر لوجود التكامل‪ .‬وأ ا‬ ‫يضا تتم مقارنة معامل‬ ‫القيمة العظمى مع القيمة الجدولية املقابلة‪ :‬عندما يكون معامل القيمة‬ ‫العظمى أكبر من القيمة الجدولية املقابلة يدل هذا على وجود التكامل‬ ‫املشترك عند مستوي املعنوية ‪ 1%‬أو‪.5%‬‬ ‫يستخدم اختبار السببية ملعرفة العالقة بين املتغيرات واتجاهها‪ ،‬حيث يبني‬ ‫الختبار على أن التغير في القيم الحالية واملاضية ملتغير ما يسبب التغير في‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ستنادا لهذا املفهوم يمكن اعتبار أن التغير‬ ‫متغير آخر)‪. (Granger, 1969‬وا‬ ‫في قيم 𝑡𝑋 يتسبب بواسطة قيمتها الحالية واملاضية لها ( 𝑡𝑋)‪ ،‬باإلضافة إلى‬ ‫القيم الحالية واملاضية لـ 𝑌‪ .‬أ ا‬ ‫يضا يتم التغير في قيم 𝑡𝑌 يتسبب بواسطة‬ ‫𝑡‬ ‫قيمتها الحالية واملاضية لها ( 𝑡𝑌) باإلضافة إلى القيم الحالية واملاضية لـ 𝑡𝑋‪.‬‬ ‫ويتم تطبيق املعادلت التية (الرشيد واخرون‪:)2019 ،‬‬ ‫𝑚‬

‫𝑛‬

‫)‪𝑌𝑡 = 𝛽0 + 𝛼0𝑋𝑡 + ∑ 𝛼𝑖 𝑋𝑡−𝑖 + ∑ 𝛽𝑗 𝑌𝑡−𝑗 + 𝑈𝑡 … … (7‬‬ ‫‪𝑗=1‬‬

‫‪𝑖=1‬‬

‫𝑛‬

‫𝑚‬

‫)‪𝑌𝑡 = 𝑌0 + 𝛿0 𝑌𝑡 + ∑ 𝑌𝑖 𝑋𝑡−𝑖 + ∑ 𝛿𝑗 𝑌𝑡−𝑗 + 𝑉𝑡 … … … (8‬‬ ‫‪𝑗=1‬‬

‫‪𝑖=1‬‬

‫حيث𝑚 و 𝑛 هي عدد املتباطئات‬ ‫فرض العدم (‪ :)H0‬عدم وجود سببية يرفض فرض العدم عندما تكون‬ ‫إحصائية (‪ )F‬عند احتمالية (‪ ،)0.05‬مفسرة وجود عالقة سببية بين‬ ‫املتغيرين‪.‬‬ ‫احتمالت اتجاهات السببية كالتي‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫)‪)X Y‬‬ ‫اتجاه أحادي السببية من‪ X‬إلى‪Y‬‬ ‫اتجاه أحادي السببية من ‪ Y‬إلى ‪(Y X) :X‬‬ ‫‪)X‬‬ ‫سببية ثنائية التجاه‪Y( :‬‬ ‫الستقاللية (‪)X Y‬‬

‫‪ .2.3‬نتائج اختبار‪:ADF‬‬ ‫جدول (‪ )3‬يوضح نتائج اختبار‪ ADF‬بالحد الثابت (‪ )intercept‬والحد الثابت‬ ‫والنحدار (‪ .)intercept and trend‬حيث أظهرت النتائج عدم استقرار‬ ‫السالسل الزمنية واملتمثلة في اإلنفاق على األرز ونصيب الفرد من الدخل‬ ‫القومي والدخل القومي والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك عند املستوى‪،‬‬ ‫حيث كانت قيمة اختبار ت أصغر من قيمة ت الجدولية‪ ،‬وبناء على النتائج‬ ‫تم قبول فرض العدم (عدم استقرار السالسل الزمنية= ‪.(H0‬‬ ‫أثبت نتائج اختبار‪ADF‬أن السالسل الزمنية متكاملة عند املتباطئة األولى‬ ‫)جدول‪ ،)4‬مشيرة إلى إمكانية توجه السالسل الزمنية إلى التوازن في املدى‬ ‫البعيد‪ ،‬حيث تعتبر هذه من الشروط الواجب توفرها إلجراء اختبار‬ ‫جوهانسن (أن تكون السالسل الزمنية مستقرة عند درجة وأحدة) ( ‪Dickey‬‬ ‫‪.)and Fuller, 1979‬‬ ‫الجدول)‪ :) 3‬نتائج اختبار ديكي فولر الستقرارالسالسل الزمنية (عند املستوي)‬ ‫قيمة (ت)‬ ‫االختبار‬ ‫القرار‬ ‫قيمة (ت)‬ ‫االختبار‬ ‫السلسلة‬ ‫الجدولية‬ ‫(ت)‬ ‫الجدولية‬ ‫(ت)‬ ‫(‪)P< 0.05‬‬ ‫(‪)P< 0.05‬‬ ‫الثابت والقاطع‬ ‫الثابت‬ ‫اإلنفاق على األرز‬ ‫‪-3.59‬‬ ‫غير مستقرة ‪-2.28‬‬ ‫‪-2.97‬‬ ‫‪-0.11‬‬ ‫‪3.58‬‬ ‫غير مستقرة ‪-1.99‬‬ ‫‪-2.97‬‬ ‫نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي ‪-0.42‬‬ ‫‪-3.58‬‬ ‫غير مستقرة ‪-0.84‬‬ ‫‪-2.97‬‬ ‫‪2.15‬‬ ‫الدخل القومي‬ ‫‪-3.60‬‬ ‫غير مستقرة ‪-2.32‬‬ ‫‪-2.98‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫الرقم القياس ي لألسعار‬ ‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬

‫القرار‬ ‫غير مستقرة‬ ‫غير مستقرة‬ ‫غير مستقرة‬ ‫غير مستقرة‬

‫الجدول)‪ :) 4‬نتائج اختبار ديكي فولر الستقرارالسالسل الزمنية (عند املتباطئة األولى)‬ ‫قيمة (ت)‬ ‫االختبار‬ ‫القرار‬ ‫قيمة (ت)‬ ‫االختبار‬ ‫السلسلة‬ ‫الجدولية‬ ‫(ت)‬ ‫الجدولية‬ ‫(ت)‬ ‫(‪)P<0.05‬‬ ‫(‪)P< 0.05‬‬ ‫الثابت والقاطع‬ ‫الثابت‬ ‫اإلنفاق على األرز‬ ‫‪-3.63‬‬ ‫‪-4.28‬‬ ‫مستقرة‬ ‫‪-3.00‬‬ ‫‪-5.49‬‬ ‫‪-3.60‬‬ ‫‪-7.31‬‬ ‫مستقرة‬ ‫‪-2.98‬‬ ‫نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي ‪-7.46‬‬ ‫‪-3.60‬‬ ‫‪-6.35‬‬ ‫مستقرة‬ ‫‪-2.99‬‬ ‫‪-6.49‬‬ ‫الدخل القومي‬ ‫‪-3.60‬‬ ‫‪-7.24‬‬ ‫مستقرة‬ ‫‪-2.98‬‬ ‫‪-7.39‬‬ ‫الرقم القياس ي لألسعار‬ ‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬

‫القرار‬ ‫مستقرة‬ ‫مستقرة‬ ‫مستقرة‬ ‫مستقرة‬

‫‪ .3.3‬نتائج تحديد ‪:Lag Specification‬‬ ‫من شروط إجراء اختبار جوهانسن تحديد‪ .lag‬تم اختيار‪ lag 1‬حسب‬ ‫مؤشرات‪ LR‬و‪FPE‬و‪SC‬و‪HQ‬‬ ‫لحتوائها على أكبر عدد من املؤشرات املعنوية (جدول‪.)5‬‬

‫‪ .3‬النتائج والنقاش‬

‫‪ .1.3‬نتائج التحليل الحصائي الوصفي‪:‬‬ ‫جدول (‪ )2‬يوضح نتائج التحليل اإلحصائي الوصفي‪ .‬أظهرت النتائج أن‬ ‫جميع املتغيرات الداخلة في التحليل‪ ،‬وهي الدخل القومي‪ ،‬ونصيب الفرد من‬ ‫الدخل القومي‪ ،‬والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‪ ،‬واإلنفاق األسري على‬ ‫األرز؛ ذات توزيع طبيعي‪ ،‬حيث تبين أن احتمالية معامل ‪ Jarque-Bera‬أكبر‬ ‫من‪ .0.05‬ا‬ ‫وبناء على هذه النتيجة سوف تستخدم بيانات املتغيرات كما هي‬ ‫دون تحويلها إلى صيغة اللوغاريتم‪.‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)2‬التوصيف الحصائي للمتغيرات‬ ‫النفاق األسري على األرز نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي الدخل القومي الرقم القياس ي لألسعار‬ ‫‪88.92‬‬ ‫‪10167773‬‬ ‫‪14321.56‬‬ ‫‪1442557.‬‬

‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬

‫‪Mean‬‬

‫‪LogL‬‬ ‫‪-1018.82‬‬ ‫‪-883.45‬‬ ‫‪-867.28‬‬

‫‪Lag‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫الجدول)‪ :)5‬نتائج تحديد ‪lag specification‬‬ ‫‪AIC‬‬ ‫‪FPE‬‬ ‫‪LR‬‬ ‫‪75.76‬‬ ‫‪9.42e+27‬‬ ‫‪NA‬‬ ‫‪66.92‬‬ ‫*‪1.38e+24‬‬ ‫*‪220.61‬‬ ‫*‪66.91‬‬ ‫‪1.49e+24‬‬ ‫‪21.56‬‬ ‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬

‫‪SC‬‬ ‫‪75.96‬‬ ‫*‪67.88‬‬ ‫‪68.64‬‬

‫‪HQ‬‬ ‫‪75.82‬‬ ‫*‪67.21‬‬ ‫‪67.42‬‬

‫حيث إن‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫‪ : LR‬إحصاء اختبار ‪ LR‬املعدل املتسلسل‪ : FPE،‬خطأ التوقع النهائي‬ ‫‪ :AIC‬معيار املعلومات ألكايكا‪ :SC ،‬معيار املعلومات لشوارز‬ ‫‪ :HQ‬معيار املعلومات لهنين – كوين‬

‫‪81‬‬

‫‪ .4.3‬نتائج اختبارجوهانسن للتكامل املشترك‪:‬‬ ‫يجري اختبار جوهانسن باعتبار فرضية العدم هي عدم وجود تكامل بين‬ ‫املتغيرات (عدم وجود تكامل= ‪ .)H0‬ويتم قبول فرض العدم إذا كانت القيم‬ ‫اإلحصائية لختبار األثر (‪ )trace tests‬واختبار إيجين العظمي ( ‪maximal‬‬ ‫‪ )eigenvalue‬أقل من القيمة الحرجة عند مستوى معنوية (‪ )0.05‬لجميع‬ ‫املستويات تحت البحث‪ .‬أظهرت نتائج اختبار جوهانسن العالقة التكاملية‬ ‫التوازنية بين املتغيرات في املدى البعيد‪ ،‬حيث وجد أن قيم إحصائية األثر‬ ‫(‪ )trace tests‬أكبر من القيمة الحرجة عند مستوي معنوية (‪)0.05‬‬ ‫للمستويات ‪ 0‬و‪ ، 1‬مما يعني وجود معادلتين للتكامل (جدول‪ .)6‬بينما أشارت‬ ‫نتائج اختبار إيجين العظمى (‪ )maximal eigenvalue‬وجود عالقة توازنية‬ ‫طويلة املدى بين متغيرات البحث‪ ،‬التي استنتجت من النتائج (جدول‪.)7‬‬ ‫حيث وجد أن قيم إيجين العظمى أكبر من القيمة الحرجة عند مستوي‬ ‫معنوية (‪ )0.05‬للمستويات ‪ 0‬و‪ 1‬و‪ ،2‬مما يعني وجود ثالث معادلت للتكامل‪.‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)6‬نتائج اختبار جوهانسن (قيمة األثر)‬ ‫القرار‬ ‫الحصائيات الحصائية القيمة الحرجة **‪Prob.‬‬ ‫(عدم وجود تكامل= ‪)H0‬‬ ‫)‪(P=<0.05‬‬ ‫الفرضيات‬ ‫‪ 0.0001‬رفض فرض العدم‬ ‫‪47.86‬‬ ‫‪70.71‬‬ ‫عدم تكامل املتغيرات مع بعضها البعض (الفرض‬ ‫الصفري)‬ ‫رفض فرض العدم‬ ‫‪0.002‬‬ ‫‪29.80‬‬ ‫‪40.37‬‬ ‫وجود تكامل بين أكثر من متغير وأحد (‪)1‬‬ ‫قبول فرض العدم‬ ‫‪0.06‬‬ ‫‪15.49‬‬ ‫‪14.71‬‬ ‫وجود تكامل بين أكثر من متغيرين (‪)2‬‬ ‫قبول فرض العدم‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪3.84‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫وجود تكامل بين أكثر من ثالث متغيرات (‪)3‬‬ ‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬ ‫الجدول )‪ :)7‬نتائج اختبار جوهانسن (إيجن العظمى)‬ ‫القرار‬ ‫القيمة الحرجة **‪Prob.‬‬ ‫الحصائية‬ ‫االحصائيات‬ ‫(عدم وجود تكامل=‪)H0‬‬ ‫(القيمة املحسوبة) )‪(P=<0.05‬‬ ‫الفرضيات‬ ‫رفض فرض العدم‬ ‫‪0.022‬‬ ‫‪27.58‬‬ ‫‪30.34‬‬ ‫عدم تكامل املتغيرات مع بعضها البعض‬ ‫(الفرض الصفري)‬ ‫رفض فرض العدم‬ ‫‪0.011‬‬ ‫‪21.13‬‬ ‫‪25.66‬‬ ‫وجود تكامل بين أكثر من متغير وأحد (‪)1‬‬ ‫رفض فرض العدم‬ ‫‪0.046‬‬ ‫‪14.27‬‬ ‫‪14.51‬‬ ‫وجود تكامل بين أكثر من متغيرين (‪)2‬‬ ‫قبول فرض العدم‬ ‫‪0.654‬‬ ‫‪3.84‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫وجود تكامل بين أكثر من ثالث متغيرات (‪)3‬‬ ‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5.3‬نتائج اختبارالسببية‪:‬‬ ‫يجري اختبار السببية جرانجر ملعرفة اتجاه انتقال األثر بين سلسلتين‬ ‫زمنيتين ملتغيرات معينة‪ .‬يوضح جدول (‪ )8‬نتائج اختبار السببية جرانجر‪.‬‬ ‫حيث أشارت النتائج إلى أن نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي والدخل القومي‬ ‫كان لهما تأثير وذوا دللة إحصائية عالية في تفسير اإلنفاق على األرز‬ ‫باحتمالية (‪ )2.E-07‬و(‪ )0.0442‬على التوالي‪ .‬كما أظهرت النتائج أن اإلنفاق‬ ‫على األرز له تأثير ذو دللة إحصائية على الرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‬ ‫باحتمالية (‪ .)0.0044‬إضافة إلى ذلك أوضحت النتائج أن نصيب الفرد من‬ ‫الدخل القومي له تأثير ذو دللة إحصائية على الرقم القياس ي ألسعار‬ ‫املستهلك باحتمالية (‪ .)0.0004‬ووجود العالقة بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي على‬ ‫األرز من جهة والدخل القومي ومتوسط نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي‬ ‫والرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك من جهة أخري (كل على حده) تتماش ي مع‬ ‫النظرية القتصادية)‪.(Alosh and Abas, 2013‬‬ ‫الجدول )‪ :)8‬نتائج اختبارالسببية‬ ‫فرضية العدم‬ ‫نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر لإلنفاق على األرز‬ ‫اإلنفاق على األرز ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر لنصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي‬ ‫الدخل القومي ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر لإلنفاق على األرز‬ ‫اإلنفاق على األرز ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر للدخل القومي‬ ‫الرقم القياس ي لألسعار املستهلك ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر لإلنفاق على األرز‬ ‫اإلنفاق على األرز ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر للرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‬ ‫الدخل القومي ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر لنصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي‬ ‫نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر الدخل القومي‬ ‫الرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر لنصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي‬ ‫نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر للرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‬ ‫الرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك ل يؤدي لسببية جرانجر للدخل القومي‬ ‫املصدر‪ :‬بيانات جمعت وحسبت‪.‬‬

‫‪F-Statistic‬‬ ‫‪50.01‬‬ ‫‪0.94‬‬ ‫‪4.49‬‬ ‫‪0.034‬‬ ‫‪0.20‬‬ ‫‪9.81‬‬ ‫‪0.63‬‬ ‫‪2.01‬‬ ‫‪0.03‬‬ ‫‪6.82‬‬ ‫‪0.11‬‬

‫‪Prob.‬‬ ‫‪2.E-07‬‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪0.66‬‬ ‫‪0.004‬‬ ‫‪0.43‬‬ ‫‪0.17‬‬ ‫‪0.86‬‬ ‫‪0.0004‬‬ ‫‪0.74‬‬

‫كما يشير الجدول إلى اتجاه األثر بين املتغيرات‪ .‬تظهر النتائج أن هنالك‬ ‫عالقة سببية باتجاه واحد من نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي إلى اإلنفاق‬ ‫على األرز‪ ،‬وهذا ما تطابق مع النظرية القتصادية‪ .‬أ ا‬ ‫يضا توضح النتائج‬ ‫وجود اتجاه واحد من الدخل القومي إلى اإلنفاق على األرز‪ .‬كما تظهر النتائج‬ ‫وجود اتجاه واحد لكل من اإلنفاق على األرز ونصيب الفرد من الدخل‬ ‫القومي إلى الرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬االستنتاجات‬ ‫أجري البحث ملعرفة العالقة بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز والدخل القومي‬ ‫ومتوسط نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي (دولر) والرقم القياس ي ألسعار‬

‫املستهلك للفترة من ‪1990‬إلى ‪ 2018‬في اململكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬تم تحليل‬ ‫البيانات ًّ‬ ‫كميا باستخدام اختبار جوهانسن للتكامل املشترك‪ .‬أظهرت‬ ‫النتائج أن قيم إحصائية األثر (‪ )trace tests‬أكبر من القيمة الحرجة عند‬ ‫مستوي معنوية (‪ )0.05‬للمستويات ‪ 0‬و‪ .1‬كما أشارت نتائج اختبار إيجين‬ ‫العظمى (‪ )maximal eigenvalue‬الي أن قيم إيجين العظمى أكبر من القيمة‬ ‫الحرجة عند مستوي معنوية (‪ .)0.05‬استنتج من نتائج اختبار جوهانسن‬ ‫وجود عالقة توازنية طويلة املدى بين متغيرات البحث‪ .‬أظهرت النتائج أن‬ ‫هنالك عالقة سببية باتجاه واحد من نصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي إلى‬ ‫اإلنفاق على األرز‪ ،‬وهذا ما أكدته النظرية القتصادية‪ .‬أ ا‬ ‫يضا توضح النتائج‬ ‫وجود اتجاه واحد من الدخل القومي إلى اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز‪ .‬كذلك‬ ‫أشارت النتائج إلى وجود اتجاه واحد لكل من اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز‬ ‫ونصيب الفرد من الدخل القومي إلى الرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك كل‬ ‫على حده‪ .‬تفسر هذه النتائج وجود العالقة السببية والتي يستنتج منها أن‬ ‫اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز يتأثر بكل من الدخل القومي ونصيب الفرد امن‬ ‫الدخل القومي‪ ،‬كما أن اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز يسهم في التنبؤ مستقبال‬ ‫بالرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‪ .‬أوص ي البحث بإعطاء األرز أهمية كبري‬ ‫عند وضع الخطط القتصادية والجتماعية؛ ملا له وعليه من تأثير في عوامل‬ ‫القتصاد الكلي املختارة‪.‬‬ ‫نبذة عن املؤلفات‬

‫دعاء عبدهللا محمد العبداللطيف‬ ‫قسم األعمال الزراعية وعلوم املستهلك‪ ،‬كلية العلوم الزراعية واألغذية‪ ،‬جامعة امللك فيصل‪،‬‬ ‫األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‪218007986@student.kfu.edu.sa ،00966539407770 ،‬‬

‫طالبة دراسات عليا بقسم األعمال الزراعية وعلوم املستهلك‪ ،‬جامعة امللك‬ ‫فيصل‪ .‬حاصلة على درجة البكالوريوس في القتصاد الزراعي التطبيقي عام‬ ‫‪ 2015‬في جامعة امللك فيصل‪ ،‬األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬إضافة‬ ‫إلى حصولها على درجة املاجستير في القتصاد التطبيقي في جامعة امللك‬ ‫فيصل‪ ،‬األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية عام ‪ ،2020‬عنوان رسالة‬ ‫املاجستير‪ :‬تحليل قياس ي للعالقة التكاملية بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز‬ ‫وبعض عوامل القتصاد الكلي املختارة باململكة العربية السعودية‪ ،‬لها‬ ‫اهتمامات بحثية في مجال األمن الغذائي‪ ،‬والتسويق الزراعي‪ ،‬والتجارة‬ ‫الدولية‪ ،‬والتعاون الزراعي‪.‬‬ ‫عابده عبدهللا إمام‬ ‫قسم األعمال الزراعية وعلوم املستهلك‪ ،‬كلية العلوم الزراعية واألغذية‪ ،‬جامعة امللك فيصل‪،‬‬ ‫األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫قسم القتصاد الزراعي‪ ،‬كلية الدراسات الزراعية‪ ،‬جامعة السودان للعلوم والتكنولوجيا‪،‬‬ ‫الخرطوم‪ ،‬السودان‬ ‫‪abdemam@hotmail.com ،aaeali@kfu.edu.sa ،00249912945646 ،00966537358953‬‬

‫أستاذة‪ :‬قسم األعمال الزراعية وعلوم املستهلك‪ ،‬كلية العلوم الزراعية‬ ‫جامعة امللك فيصل‪ ،‬األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‪ .‬نشرت‬ ‫واألغذية‪،‬‬ ‫ا‬ ‫بحثا ًّ‬ ‫علميا في مجالت علمية محكمة‪ ،‬مؤلفة كتاب بعنوان‬ ‫أكثر من ‪31‬‬ ‫التسويق الزراعي‪ ،‬وتعكف الن على تأليف كتاب عن اقتصاديات التعاون‬ ‫الزراعي‪ ،‬وهو في مراحله األخيرة‪ ،‬حكمت العديد من األبحاث والدرجات‬ ‫العلمية بما فيها درجة األستاذية‪ ،‬أشرفت على العديد من طالب املاجستير‬ ‫والدكتوراه (أكثر من ‪ .)28‬ممتحن داخلي وخارجي ألكثر من ‪ 14‬و‪ 17‬ا‬ ‫طالبا‬ ‫على التوالي‪ .‬كما حكمت العديد من األبحاث العلمية لعدد من املجالت‬ ‫العلمية‪ .‬تتمثل الهتمامات البحثية في مجالت األمن الغذائي‪ ،‬والتجارة‬ ‫الدولية‪ ،‬والتسويق الزراعي‪ ،‬وتحليل األسعار‪.‬‬ ‫املراجع‬

‫البنك الدولي‪ .(2019-1991).‬إجمالي الدخل القومي‪ ،‬وفقا لتعادل القوة الشرائية‬ ‫(باألسعار الجارية للدولر الدولي)‪ .‬متوفر بموقع‪:‬‬

‫‪( https://data.albankaldawli.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.PP.CD‬تاريخ‬ ‫السترجاع ‪.(2020/03/15‬‬ ‫البنك الدولي‪.(2019-1991).‬الرقم القياس ي ألسعار املستهلك‪ .‬متوفر بموقع‪:‬‬ ‫‪https://data.albankaldawli.org/indicator/FP.CPI.TOTL.‬تاريخ السترجاع‬ ‫‪.2020/03/15‬‬ ‫البنك الدولي‪ .)2019-1991).‬نصيب الفرد من إجمالي الدخل القومي (باألسعار الجارية‬

.‫ السعودية كحالة‬:‫ تحليل قياس ي للعالقة التكاملية بين اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألرز وعوامل القتصاد الكلي املختارة‬.)2021( .‫ عابده‬،‫ دعاء و إمام‬،‫العبداللطيف‬ .82-77 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬

Methods To Classify Spending on Basic Goods And Services According to Rural And Urban in the State of Gezira (2007-2010)’. Master’s Dissertation, Faculty of Economics and Rural Development, University of Gezira, Wad Madani,Sudan. [in Arabic] Kirkpatrick, S. I. and Tarasuk, V. (2007). Adequacy of food spending is related to housing expenditures among lower-income Canadian households. Public Health Nutrition, 10(12), 1464–73. Mahmoud, J. B. and Abbas, I. K. (2013).Ainmat al'iistihlak fi alaiqtisad aleiraqii watahlil dawal al'iistihlak biastikhdam manhajiat altakamul almushtarak ‘Consumption patterns in the Iraqi economy and analysis of consumption functions using the joint integration methodology’. Al-Koot Journal of Economic and Management Sciences, 11(1), 105– 44. [in Arabic] Marchetti, S. and Secondi, L. (2017). Estimates of household consumption expenditure at Provincial Level in Italy by using small area estimation methods: “Real” comparisons using purchasing power parities. Social Indicators Research, 131(1), 215–34. Mundi Index website.(1990-2019).Al'iusthlak Almahaliy Lil'arz Fi Alsaeawdiat 'Domestic Consumption of Rice in Saudi Arabia'.Available at: Https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=sa&commodity= milled-rice&graph=domestic-consumption. (Accessed on 15/3/2020). [in Arabic] Othman, S. B. (2013). Tahlil 'anmat al'iinfaq al'iistihlakii alghadhayiyi lil'usar fi muhafazat 'arbil lieam2007.‘Analysis of household food consumption spending patterns in Erbil Governorate for 2007’.Iraqi Journal of Economic Sciences, 11(37), n/a. [in Arabic] Yassin, F. J. (2008). taqdir almurunat al'iinfaqiat ealaa almawadi alghidhayiyat fi albayyatayn alhadriat walriyfiat fi alqitr alearaqii ‘Estimating the spending elasticities on foodstuffs in urban and rural environments in the Iraqi country’. Anbar University Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 1(2),n/a.[ in Arabic] Zahraa, B. F. ( 2015). taqdir diwal al'iinfaq al'iistihlakii lil'usar aljazayiriat hsb masahi aldiywan alwatanii lil'iihsayiyaat sanat 2011 ‘Estimating the consumer spending functions of Algerian families, according to the National Bureau of Statistics survey in 2011’. Master’s Dissertation, Faculty of Economic Sciences, Business Sciences and Management Sciences, University of Oum El Bouaghi,Oum El Bouaghi, Algeria. [ in Arabic]

:‫ متوفر بموقع‬.)‫للدولر األمريكي‬ ‫ (تاريخ‬https://data.albankaldawli.org/indicator/NY.GNP.PCAP.CD. .)2020/03/15 ‫السترجاع‬ ،‫ واملعيلي‬،‫ عابده عبدهللا‬،‫ عبدالعزيز محمد وإمام‬،‫ معتصم مكي والشعيبي‬،‫الرشيد‬ ‫ تكامل أسواق التجزئة ألسماك الهامور الطازجة بمدن مختارة‬.)2019( .‫محمد‬ ‫ للعلوم‬،‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫من اململكة العربية السعودية‬ .11–1 ،)2(20 ،‫األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫ تقدير دوال اإلنفاق الستهالكي لألسر الجزائرية حسب‬.)2015( .‫ برقال فاطمة‬،‫الزهراء‬ ‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫ رسالة ماجستير‬.2011 ‫مسح الديوان الوطني لإلحصائيات سنة‬ ‫ أم البواقي‬،‫ جامعة أم البواقي‬،‫القتصادية والعلوم التجارية وعلوم التسيير‬ .‫الجزائر‬ ‫ تقدير دوال استهالك السلع الغذائية الرئيسية‬.)2008( .‫ عبداملنعم عبداملحسن‬،‫العلى‬ ،‫ رسالة ماجستير‬.‫لألسر الريفية بمحافظة الحساء باململكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫ اململكة العربية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫كلية العلوم الزراعية واألغذية‬ .‫السعودية‬ ‫أساليب التحليل العنقودي لتصنيف‬ ‫استخدام‬ .) 2013 ( .‫عبدالرحمن‬ ‫ آلء‬،‫حمزة‬ ‫ا‬

‫اإلنفاق على السلع والخدمات األساسية وفقا للريف والحضر بولية الجزيرة‬ ‫ جامعة‬،‫ كلية القتصاد والتنمية الريفية‬،‫ رسالة ماجستير‬.)‫ م‬2010 ‫ ـ‬2007(

.‫ السودان‬،‫الجزيرة‬ ‫ تحليل أنماط اإلنفاق الستهالكي الغذائي لألسر في‬.)2013( .‫ صابر بيرداود‬،‫عثمان‬ ،)37(11 ،‫ املجلة العراقية للعلوم القتصادية‬.)2007( ‫محافظة أربيل لعام‬ .‫بدون أرقام صفحات‬ –‫م‬1972 ‫ محددات اإلنفاق الستهالكي الخاص في السودان في الفترة‬.)2014( .‫ إ‬.‫ ه‬,‫علي‬ ،‫ الخرطوم‬،‫ جامعة السودان العلوم والتكنولوجيا‬،‫رسالة ماجستير‬.‫م م‬2011 .‫السودان‬ ‫ أنماط الستهالك في القتصاد العراقي‬.)2013( .‫ إيمان كاظم‬،‫ جعفر باقر وعباس‬،‫محمود‬ ‫ مجلة الكوت‬.‫وتحليل دوال الستهالك باستخدام منهجية التكامل املشترك‬ .44–105،)1(11،‫للعلوم القتصادية واإلدارية‬ .‫ الكتاب اإلحصائي السنوي‬.)2018-1990( .‫مصلحة اإلحصاءات العامة واملعلومات‬ ‫ متوفر بموقع‬.‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ الرياض‬.)54-26( ‫العدد‬ .(2020/03/17 ‫ (تاريخ السترجاع‬https://www.stats.gov.sa/ar/46 .‫ الستهالك املحلي لألرز في السعودية‬.)2019-1990( .‫موقع مؤشر موندي‬ https://www.indexmundi.com/agriculture/?country=sa&co:‫متوفربموقع‬ ‫ (تاريخ السترجاع‬mmodity=milled-rice&graph=domestic-consumption .(2020/03/15 ‫ تقدير املرونات اإلنفاقية على املواد الغذائية في البيئتين‬.)2008( .‫ فايق جزاع‬،‫ياسين‬ ‫ مجلة جامعة األنبار للعلوم القتصادية‬.‫الحضرية والريفية في القطر العراقي‬ .13–1 ،)2(1 ،‫واإلدارية‬ Ali, A. A. (2008). Taqdir Dawal Aistihlak Alsilae Alghidhayiyat Alrayiysiat Lil'usar

Alriyfiat Bimuhafazat Alaihsa' Bialmamlakat Alearabiat Alsaeudiati‘Estimating the Functions of Consumption of the Main

Food Commodities For Rural Families in Al-Ahsa Governorate, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’. Master’s Dissertation, College of Agricultural Sciences and Food, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. [in Arabic] Ali, H. E. (2014). Muhadidat Al'iinfaq Alaistihlakii Alkhasi Fi Alsuwdan Fi Alfatrat 1972ma–2011m ‘Determinants of Private Consumption Spendingin the Sudan in the Period 1972–2011’. Master’s Dissertation, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Khartoum,Sudan [in Arabic] Al-Rasheed, M. M., Al-Shuaibi, A. M., Emam, A. A. and Al-Mu'ayli, M. (2019). takamul 'aswaq altajziat li'asmak alhamur altaazijat bimadn mukhtarat min almamlakat alearabiat alsaeudiati ‘Integration of retail markets for fresh grouper fish in selected cities of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University:Basic and Applied Sciences, 20(2), 1–11. [in Arabic] Alosh, J. B. and Abas, E. K. (2013). Consumption patterns in the Iraqi economy and consumption analysis functions using a common integration methodology. Al Kut Journal of Economic and Administrative Sciences, 1(11), 105–44. Burke, M. A. and Ozdagli, A. (2013). Household Inflation Expectations and Consumer Spending: Evidence from Panel Data.Boston:The Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Claro, R. M., Baraldi, L. G., Martins, A. P. B., Bandoni, D. H. and Levy, R. B. (2014). Trends in spending on eating away from home in Brazil, 2002-2003 to 2008-2009. Cadernos de Saudepublica, 30(7), 1418–26. Dickey, D.A., and Fuller, W.A. (1979).Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root.Journal of American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427-31. Fornell, C., Rust, R. T. and Dekimpe, M. G. (2010).The effect of customer satisfaction on consumer spending growth. Journal of Marketing Research, 47(1), 28–35 Granger, C.W.J. (1969).Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods.Econometrica, 37(3), 424–38. Hamza, A.A. (2013).Aistikhdam 'Asalib Altahlil Aleunqudii Litasnif Al'iinfaq

Ealaa Alsilae Walkhadamat Al'asasiat Wfqaan Lilriyf Walhudar Biwilayat Aljazira (2007 - 2010 Ma) ‘The Use of Cluster Analysis

Al Abdullatif, D. and Emam, A. (2021). Tahlil qiasiun lilealaqat altkamlyt bayn al'iinfaq alaistihlakii lil'arz waeawamil alaiqtisad alkuliyi almkhtart: Alsewdyt kahala ‘An econometric analysis of the integrative relationship between rice consumption expenditure and macroeconomics factors: Saudi Arabia’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences , 22(1), 77–82. DOI: 10.37575/b/agr/2266

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

Trypauchen ‫البكترييا االنتهازية املعزولة من أمساك‬ ‫ املصابة بالطفيليات األولية يف املياه البحرية‬vagina ‫العراقية‬

Opportunistic Bacteria Isolated from Trypauchen Vagina Fish that Infected with Protozoan from Iraq Marine Water Nadia Ali Al-Shammari

‫نادية علي الشمري‬

Biological Development Department, Marine Sciences Centre, University of Basra, Basra, Iraq LINK ‫الرابط‬

‫ العراق‬،‫ البصرة‬،‫ جامعة البصرة‬،‫ مركزعلوم البحار‬،‫قسم التطوراإلحيائي‬ RECEIVED ‫االستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/vet/0036

04/10/2020

15/12/2020

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

3110

15/12/2020

2021

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ ‫البكتيريا االنتهازية هي كائنات دقيقة تم عزلها عن مضيف يعاني من اإلجهاد نتيجة اإلصابة‬ ‫ و‬Aeromonas hydrophila ‫ تم عزل نوعين من البكتيريا‬،‫ وفي هذه الدراسة الحالية‬.‫الطفيلية‬ ‫ املصابة بخراجات طفيلية‬Trypauchen vagina ‫ عن أسماك القوبيون‬Rhizobium radiobacter ‫ لوحظ العديد من أعراض اإلصابة البكتيرية على‬.‫ في املياه البحرية العراقية‬، Microsporidian ّ ،‫ منها انتفاخ البطن املصاحب للسوائل النزفية‬،‫األسماك‬ ‫ من حيث اسوداد‬،‫وتغير لون الجلد‬ ً ‫ لهذا حصل عزل األنواع‬.‫ وكذا تشوهات ًفي املنطقة أيضا‬،‫ وانفصال القشور عن مكانها‬،‫املنطقة‬ ّ ُ ‫ وباستخدام‬،‫ تبعا لكل من الصفات املظهرية‬،‫البكتيرية عن األسماك التي شخصت البكتيريا فيها‬ َ ّ ‫ تبيت اإلصابة الطفيلية في عضالت الهيكل العظمي الداخلية‬.)Vitek II( ‫جهاز تشخيص البكتيريا‬ ‫ ومعرفة كيفية استجابة البكتيريا‬،‫ وللسيطرة على العدوى‬.‫ وتحت غطاء ّ الخياشيم‬،‫والخارجية‬ ْ ‫ ُوظ‬،‫للمضادات الحيوية‬ ،‫فت ستة أنواع من املضادات الحيوية هي حمض الناليديكسيك‬ ‫ التي أظهرت‬،‫ التتراسيكلين واألموكسيسيلين‬،‫ الستربتومايسين‬،‫ الجنتاميسين‬،‫نتروفورانتوين‬ ‫ إن تحديد البكتيريا االنتهازية له أهمية في‬.‫سالالت بكتيرية مقاومة ُ أقوى للمضادات الحيوية‬ ّ ‫الوقاية من العوامل التي ت‬ ‫ وتقليل تأثيرها على األحياء‬،‫ والعمل على معالجتها‬،‫سبب إجهاد األسماك‬ َُ .‫املائية األخر‬

ABSTRACT Opportunistic bacteria are microorganisms that have been isolated from a host suffering from stress as a result of parasitic infestation. In this study, two bacterial species, namely Aeromonas hydrophila and Rhizobium radiobacter, were isolated from Trypauchen vagina fish that were infected with Microsporidian parasite cysts from Iraqi marine waters. The infection were mass implanted in the internal and external skeletal muscles and under the gill cover. Many symptoms of bacterial infection were observed in the fish, including flatulence with haemorrhagic fluids, skin disscolouration blackening, separation of crusts, and deformities in the area. The two bacterial species were characterised morphologically and identified using Vitek II system (Biomerieux - USA). To control infection, antibiotic susceptibility was performed using six antibiotics: nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline and amoxicillin, both bacteria showed high antibiotic resistance. Identification of opportunistic bacteria has a pivotal role in preventing stress factors in fish, treating infections and alleviating their impact on other aquatic organisms.

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Aeromonas hydrophila, microsporidian parasite, rhizobium radiobacter ‫ الطفيليات األولية‬،‫ رايزوبيوم بكتيريا‬،‫ايروموناس هيدروفيال‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Al-Shammari, N.A. (2021). Albiktiria alaintihaziat almaezulat min 'asmak Trypauchen vagina almusabat bialtafiliat al'awaliat fi almiah albahriat aleiraqia ‘Opportunistic bacteria isolated from Trypauchen vagina fish that infected with protozoan from Iraq marine water’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 83– 6. DOI: 10.37575/b/vet/0036 ‫ العلوم األساسية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ املصابة بالطفيليات األولية في املياه البحرية العراقية‬Trypauchen vagina ‫ البكتيريا االنتهازية املعزولة من أسماك‬.)2021( .‫ نادية علي‬،‫الشمري‬ .86-83 ،)1(22 ،‫والتطبيقية‬

1. Introduction Opportunistic bacteria are characterised by virulent factors, that attack the host's defences and, thus, reduces its immunity (Derome et al., 2016). Disturbances in the host occur for many reasons (immunodeficiency, pathological infection and wound), and atypical environmental factors constitute an ideal environment for opportunistic bacteria to grow (Austin and Austin, 2007). Protozoa is one of the most important parasites that cause infections in fish in the form of tumours or cystic masses, and they cause deformities in the external appearance of the fish (Lom and Dykova, 2005). Trypauchen vagina has eyes that are completely covered with skin and the front part of its head is protected by dense flesh. In a natural environment, it lives in marine and brackish water (Bhagirathan at el., 2012). The bacteria in fish only become pathogens when fish are physiologically unbalanced, nutritionally deficient, or there are other stresses (Donia et al., 2018). Aeromonas spp. and Pseudomonas spp. organisms that cause the death and disease of many fish are widely distributed in water (Al-Shemmari, 2017). Rhizobium radiobacter is originally characterised as an endo fungal bacterium, an uncommon Corresponding Author: Nadia Ali Al-Shammari

opportunistic pathogen present in soil as an aerobic gram-negative belonging the Agrobacterium genus (Guo et al., 2017; Marta et al., 2011). Furthermore, A. hydrophila has been recorded in three marine fish species from the North West Arabian Gulf, Iraq (AlMaleky and Hanafi ,2013 ). A. hydrophila can be isolated from estuarine waters, marine, brackish and freshwaters and freshwater environments that have an especially high organic load. Recent evidence from Japan and the USA suggests that it may also be a part of the resident gut ﬂora of ﬁsh (Sreedharan and Philip, 2012; Dias et al., 2016). Most of the studies in Iraq focus on infecting fish with bacterial strains in fresh water and few studies focus on fish in Arabian Gulf waters. This study focuses on opportunistic bacteria and their characteristion due to their association with parasitic infections. 2. Materials and methods

2.1. Fish Samples Collection: A total of 28 live Trypauchen vagina fish were collected from Iraq marine water, during July 2018. The fish samples were stored

nadia.ali.alshmeri@gmail.com, 009647722740914

‫ نادية علي الشمري‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.86-83 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ املصابة بالطفيليات األولية في املياه البحرية العراقية‬Trypauchen vagina ‫ البكتيريا االنتهازية املعزولة من أسماك‬.)2021( .‫ نادية علي‬،‫الشمري‬

individually in sterile bags placed in sterile bags and placed in a cold box at the Department of Biological Development. Fish were identified according to ( Carpenter et al., 1997).

Fig 3. Cell morphology, Gram staining of isolated bacterial strains A.hydrophila (A), R radiobacter (B). Gram stained negative rods from asheep blood culture bottle were observed (magnification ×1000)

2.2. Bacteria Isolation: Bacterial swabs were taken from skin lesions of infected fish, cultured on general media with nutrient agar (Hi-Media , India) and incubated at 37 °C for 48 hours. Pure bacterial cultures on the 5% sheep blood agar (Hi-Media, India) were enriched, using the spread plate method and the plates were incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours. The bacterial colonies underwent phenotypic identification morphologically by colony size along with hemolytic and Gram staining (Fig.3) reactions (Cheesbrough, 2000). Two strains of bacterial colonies appeared; Rhizobium radiobacter appeared as anon-haemolytic colony(Fig.2. A) and A. hydrophila appeared as a beta-hemolytic colony (Fig.2.B). They were identified by the VITEK II system (Biomerieux- USA).

2.3. Antibiotic Susceptibility Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out using the disc diffusion method, according to CLSI (2006). The six different discs of antibiotic were: nalidixic acid (NA) 30 mg, nitrofurantoin (F) 300 mg, gentamicin (CN) 10 mg, streptomycin( S) 10 mg, tetracycline 30 mg, amoxicillin (AX) 25 mg (Fig. 3). Six antibiotics were tested in sterile distilled water and spread over the surface of the Mueller-Hinton agar (Hi-Media, India) plate. After drying, the antibiotic discs were placed over the plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. The degree of sensitivity of the isolates to six antibiotics was determined by measuring the zone of clearance around the antibiotic discs. 3. Results and discussion

3.1. Bacterial Diagnosis: The isolated bacteria obtained from the skin and gill covers were identified as Rhizobium radiobacter and Aeromoans hydrophila. They were recorded with a parasitic infection, with symptoms occuring as a result of clinical abnormalities. The fish were infected with the Microsporidian cysts, and the infection appeared as a mass embedded in the internal and external skeletal muscles and gill. The infection took the form of whitish cylindrical tumour-like masses up to 2–4 cm in diameter (Fig. 1). The pathological observations were of a parasitic mass filled with mature spores encapsulated by a fibrous layer. To find out the extent to which bacteria suppressed antibiotics, a bacterial allergy sensitivity test was performed as shown in Table 1. Fig 1. Trypauchen vagina infected with Microsporidian sp. (a, b) (Lom and Dykova, 1992)

Fig 2. (A) R. radiobacter colony appears as anon-haemolytic colony and (B) A. hydrophila appears as beta-hemolytic colonies on enriched blood agar

Table 1. Antibiotic resistance of R. radiobacter and A. hydrophila. R. radiobacter Type A.hydrophila Type Antibiotics Concentration Symbol diameter of zone of Diameter of zone of (mcg/g) inhibition in(mm) Resistance inhibition in(mm) Resistance Nalidixic acid 30 NA 18 S 25 S Nitrofurantoin 300 F 8 R ------R Gentamicin 10 CN 30 S 18 R Streptomycin 10 S 7 R 11 R Tetracycline 30 TE 30 S 4 R Amoxicn 25 AX 7 R 29 S Antibiotics: nalidixic acid (NA) 30 mcg, nitrofuratoin (F) 300 mcg, gentamicin (CN) 10 mcg, streptomycin (S) 10, tetracycline (TE) 30 mcg, Amoxicn (AX) 25 mcg. R: resistance (mm), S: sensitive (mm). CLSI (2006).

3.2. Clinical Pathologic Examination: Pathologic examination showed extensive damage to the host tissue, including epithelial necrosis, haemorrhage and the presence of encrusted spores in the skeletal muscles of the fish. These caused lesions, including mild hyperplasia of fibrous connective tissue around the parasite, and observations showed that the parasitic foci were encapsulated by fibrous layers and were filled with spores. With the parasitic infection, the initial observations showed symptoms of bacterial infection, such as changing the colour of the skin, the presence of haemorrhagic fluids, necrosis in the affected area, and the shedding of crusts as the host was a congregation area for several microscopic organisms in a close relationship without killing the host. A. hydrophila and R. radiobacter were opportunistically infected with Microsporidian parasite cysts embedded in the peritoneal cavity and gills which appeared as whitish cylindrical tumour-like masses up to 2–4 cm, in diameter. The pathological observations found a parasitic mass filled with mature spores encapsulated by a fibrous layer that was spread in adult Trypauchen vagina fish, but the intensity of infection was very low (1.22%). Numerous studies have discussed the role of pathogenic bacteria and the ability of pathogens to exacerbate symptoms (Darby et al., 2002). The coexistence of the bacteria and parasite in the same host without causing damage to the host and without the affected area dying, is called endocytosis (Fehrenbacher et al., 2011). In fish farms in the Basra Governorate, Iraq, Al-Shemmari (2017) infected the gills of cyprinus carpio fish with the Ascocotyle parasite, which was accompanied by a bacterial infection with bacteria Escherichia coli. The eyes of Planiliza subviridis fish were also infected with the Diplostomiat spathaceum parasite and were diagnosed with a parasitic infection. A. hydrophila is an opportunistic pathogenic bacteria, that causes many diseases, such as haemorrhagic septicemia, ulcerous dermatitis and epizootic ulcerative syndrome in numerous fresh water and marine species (Hung et al., 2009) Symptoms includedarkening of the skin, necrosis and erosion; furthermore, when the injury develops, bleeding and occur. Bacteria are isolated from the aquatic environment and from the surface of the body and intestine (Noga, 2010 ; Al-Shemmari, 2017); symptoms were similar to this study where the opportunistic bacteria were isolated. Donia et al. (2018) infected tilapia fish with Rhizobium radiobacter,

which is symbiotic and widespread the El Salam Canal, Northern Sinai, Egypt. A host can have many symbionts with different individuals or the same individual, and symbiotic societies may influence the host phenotype (Oliver et al., 2003). Antibiotics have treated many common bacterial infections. However, the massive use of antibiotics since their introduction as medications has increased the incidence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (Romero and Navarrete, 2012). A. hydrophila spreads everywhere in the aquatic environment and causes infection in many aquatic organisms. Its resistance to antibiotics may develop due to its own resistance to β-lactam antibiotics, such as ampicillin, which affects the permeability of the outer membrane and its ability to obtain antibiotic-resistant genetic elements (Manuel et al., 2019; Knochel, 1989). Various antibiotics have been studied, and results indicate that A. hydrophila isolates when resistant to tetracycline, amoxicn, gentamicin, streptomycin sensitive to nitrofurantoin and is intermediately resistant to nalidixic acid (Stratav and Olumide, 2015). Some bacteria appears to be resistant to antibiotics, even with maximum doses, according to Janda and Abbot (2010). The resistance of microorganisms to antibiotics develops as resistance to them occurs (Putra et al., 2019). The results showed that A. hydrophila is resistant to gentamicin, streptomycin, tetracycline and amoxicn, which is similar to the results observed by Hazen et al. (1978). Olumide and Ahmad (2015) studied different geographic areas and suggested that selective pressures can affect local antibiotic resistance; this was also observed in A. hydrophila isolates that were resistant to nitrofurantoin. This is why bacteria poses a threat to public health, animals and the aquatic environment (Hazen et al., 1978). R. radiobacter was also resistant to nalidixic acid, tetracycline, and amoxicillin. It was intermediately resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin and streptomycin; its resistance to tetracycline was higher, which agrees with Jaafar (2019). Fish health and treatment services must be coordinated with fishery engineers, aquaculture specialists or aquacologists because fish health is a necessity in our country and should be taken into consideration. 4. Conclusions Two species of bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila and Rhizobium radiobacter, were isolated from Trypauchen vagina fish that were infected with Microsporidian parasite cysts. Thepresence of opportunistic bacterial pathogens is unhealthy for fish and exposes them to the risk of infection, especially when immunocompromised. 5. Acknowledgments Thanks to the Biotechnology Laboratory of the Marine Sciences Centre at the University of Basra for facilitating the research work and Prof. Dr. Bannai , M.A., for the identication of parasites. Biography

Nadia Ali Al-Shammari Biological Development Department, Marine Sciences Centre, University of Basra, Basra, Iraq, 009647722740914, nadia.ali.alshmeri@gmail.com

Miss Al-Shammari is an Assistant Lecturer at the Marine Sciences Centre Basra University, Basra, Iraq. She has written several research papers that have been published in English locally and internationally. She has published seven papers on Scope containers, specialising in fish diseases (bacterial), She has participated in several conferences, workshops and training seminars and is an ambassador and member of the research and academic platform IFAD. ORCID: 0000-0001-7295-9155.

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‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫ السودان‬:‫تعرية األسنان لدى طالب املرحلة الثانوية‬

Dental Erosion Among Secondary Schoolchildren: Sudan

Elwalid Fadul Nasir 1 2 and Abeer Isam Altayeb 2

‫ و عبيرعصام الطيب‬2 1‫الوليد فضل ناصر‬

‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية طب االسنان‬،‫ قسم طب األسنان الوقائي‬1 ‫ السودان‬،‫ أم درمان‬،‫ جامعة العلوم والتقانة‬،‫ كلية طب االسنان‬،‫ قسم طب األسنان الوقائي‬2

1 Preventive Department, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

2 Department of General Dental Health, College of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology,

Omdurman, Sudan

LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/med/0025

10/09/2020

15/12/2020

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

5028

2021

15/12/2020 22

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ ً ً ُ ُّ ‫ُت‬ ‫ هذا التآكل يحدث نتيجة لفقدان‬.‫عد التعرية نوعا من أنواع تآكل األسنان‬ ‫هدفت هذه الدراسة‬ ‫األنسجة الصلبة‬ َّ .‫لألسنان بسبب أحماض ال تنتجها البكتيريا‬ ‫بين‬ ‫إلى تحديد مدى انتشار‬ ْ ُ ْ ُ ‫ وتحديد عالقاته السببية‬،‫تعرية األسنان‬ ْ‫املرتبطةد َمت‬ َّ ‫تالميذ ُاملدارس الثانوية‬ ِ ‫ استخ‬.‫بمحلية أم درمان بوالية الخرطوم بالسودان‬ َّ َّ ‫ تم إجراء الدراسة‬.‫اختيار ْعشر مدارس ابتدائية‬ ‫الطبقية في‬ ‫العشوائية‬ ‫العينات‬ َ ُ ‫ ج ِمعت ًالبيانات عن طريق االستبانة والفحص‬.‫جميع تالميذ هذه املدارس‬ ّ ‫على‬ ‫) باملدارس‬%72.5( ‫ التحق معظمهم‬،‫) تلميذا‬483( ‫ شارك في الدراسة‬.‫السريري‬ َّ ‫ من خالل استخدام اإلحصاء‬.)0.76 ±( ‫ سنة‬12.4 ‫وكان متوسط العمر‬ ُ ،‫العامة‬ ‫ وكذلك إجراء االرتباط واالنحدار‬،‫)) َّ على املترابطات‬T ‫الوصفي أ ْج ِري اختبار‬ )%35( ‫ أظهرت النتائج أن أكثر من ثلث التالميذ املشاركين في الدراسة‬.‫اللوجستي‬ َّ ‫قد‬ ‫ وقد كانت درجات التآكل أعلى عند املستهلكين‬.‫تعرض لتعرية األسنان‬ ،-0.61( ‫للمشروبات الغازية والكركدي بالنسبة ملن لم يستهلكها بمتوسط فروق‬ ‫ جاء متوسط الدرجات‬.‫) على التوالي‬2.4‫ و‬2.7( ‫ واحتماالت تآكل أعلى‬،)-0.31‫و‬ ‫لدى املصابين بتآكل األسنان أعلى في تنظيف (تفريش) األسنان واستهالك‬ ‫) على‬-0.28ً ،-0.36ً ،-0.127( ‫املشروبات الغازية والكركدي مع فروق متوسطة‬ ‫حيث ارتبطت ارتباطا إيجابيا باستهالك‬ ً ‫؛‬%35 ً ‫ وكانت نسبة انتشار التعرية‬.‫التوالي‬ .‫ وارتباطا سالبا بتكرار تفريش األسنان‬،‫املشروبات الغازية والكركدي‬

ABSTRACT Dental erosion is a type of dental wear defined as loss of hard dental tissue caused by acids not produced by bacteria. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of dental erosion and its correlates among secondary schoolchildren in Omdurman, Sudan. A cross-sectional study was undertaken using stratified random sampling to select 10 secondary schools, from which all students were included. Data were collected via a self-administered questionnaire and clinical examination. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and associations were tested using a t-test, correlation, and logistic regression. Four hundred and eighty-three students participated in the study, most of whom (72.5%) attended public schools. The mean age was 12.4 years (SD: ±0.76). More than one-third (35%) of the students presented erosion. Those who reported the consumption of soft drinks or hibiscus had higher mean scores of erosion than those who did not, with mean differences of –0.61 and –0.31, respectively. These also had higher odds of erosion by an OR of 2.7 and 2.4, respectively. Those who had erosion had higher mean scores in tooth brushing, soft drink consumption, and hibiscus drink consumption, with mean differences –0.127, –0.36, and 0.28, respectively. The prevalence of erosion was thus positively associated with soft drink and hibiscus drink consumption, while being negatively associated with tooth brushing frequency. KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Hibiscus, soft drinks, Omdurman, cross sectional ‫ دراسة مستعرضة‬، ‫ أم درمان‬،‫ املشروبات الغازية‬،‫الكركدي‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Nasir, E.F. and Altayeb, A.I. (2021). Taeriat al'asnan ladaa tullab almarhalat alththanwyt: Alsuwdan ‘Dental erosion among secondary schoolchildren: Sudan’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 87–91. DOI: 10.37575/b/med/0025 .91–87 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ السودان‬:‫ تعرية األسنان لدى طالب املرحلة الثانوية‬.)2021( .‫ عبير عصام‬،‫ الوليد فضل و الطيب‬،‫ناصر‬

1. Introduction Dental erosion is the most common type of serious dental wear (Jaeggi and Lussi, 2006). It is defined by the loss of hard dental tissue caused by acids that are not produced by bacteria (Arnadottir et al., 2010). The chemical process of dental erosion is similar to that of dental caries, being based on the dissolution of hydroxyapatite by acids. However, the clinical manifestations and management of erosion are fundamentally different from those of dental caries due to the fact that the erosive process does not begin as a subsurface enamel lesion, which is conductive to remineralization, but rather as a surface-softening lesion that is susceptible to wear and resistant to remineralization by conventional therapies. Dental erosion is widely spread and may involve the entire dentition (Dugmore and Rock, 2004). Other tooth wear forms, such as attrition, usually complicate hard dental tissue loss when associated with erosion and abrasion (Salas et al., 2017; Taji and Seow, 2010). It is clear that dental erosion is growing rapidly due to a lack of knowledge and the adoption of new industrial food products, such as hard candies, sport and vinegar diet drinks, and artificial citrus drinks (Salas et al., 2015b; Caglar et al., 2011; Salas et al., 2017; Taji and Seow, 2010; Kumar et al.; 2013; Hou et al., 2009). Soft drinks and traditional hibiscus juice have low pH Corresponding Author: Elwalid Fadul Nasir

levels beyond the critical pH level of 5.5 for enamel dissolution (Lussi and Schaffner, 2000). Significant physiological, psychological, aesthetic, and functional problems caused by dental erosion can have a negative impact on quality of life, especially among children (Mafla et al., 2017; Murakami et al., 2016). The prevention and prognosis of eroded teeth depends on early detection, diet assessment, preventive measurements, and appropriate treatment; the responsibility for this is often placed on laypeople, such as the pupils’ parents and schoolteachers (Salas et al., 2015a; Huew et al., 2012; Basha et al., 2020). Topical fluoride application also prevents both dental caries and erosion (Johansson et al., 1997). Fluoride enhances the remineralization and inhibits the demineralization of tooth enamel by changing its crystalline structure to make it less soluble (Lussi and Schaffner, 2000). Effective management of dental erosion is largely dependent on an understanding of its etiology and early recognition of its signs and symptoms (Millward et al., 1994). Severe erosive dental wear can also be managed restoratively. Composite resins and ceramics can be used for partial- and full- coverage restoration to restore tooth function and aesthetics (Johansson et al., 1997). Many studies have investigated the prevalence of dental erosion. Huwe et al. (2012) measured the prevalence of dental erosion among 12-year-old schoolchildren in Libya and found that over one-third

enasir@kfu.edu.sa, 00966553574655

‫ الوليد فضل ناصر‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.91–87 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ السودان‬:‫ تعرية األسنان لدى طالب املرحلة الثانوية‬.)2021( .‫ عبير عصام‬،‫ الوليد فضل و الطيب‬،‫ناصر‬

(35%) were affected. In Brazil, the prevalence of dental erosion among 12-year-old schoolchildren was found to be 15%, and more common among boys (Alves et al., 2015). El Karim et al. (2007) were the first to investigate the risk factors of dental erosion among Sudanese schoolchildren (12–14 years old). They reported that the overall prevalence of erosion in this group was 66.9%. Almost half (45.2%) had mild erosion, and 21.7% presented moderate erosion. Due to a lack of recent data regarding the prevalence of erosion among schoolchildren in Sudan, the main objective of this study was to determine its prevalence among secondary schoolchildren in Sudan. In addition, we aimed to investigate possible correlations between dental erosion and socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge regarding dental erosion, consumption of soft drinks and hibiscus drinks, and tooth brushing behavior. 2. Materials and Methods Study design, population, and area: Omdurman is the largest city in Khartoum state and Sudan, with a population of 2,395,013 (World Population Review, 2020). It is known for its multi-ethnic population and is therefore considered as representative of the entire population of the country. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Omdurman, Khartoum state, Sudan. There are 382 (179 private and 203 public) schools in the Omdurman locality. The sample size was calculated using the following formula: n = z2pq/d2, where n is the sample size, p is the prevalence, z is the standard deviation, and d is the degree of precision. In this study, n = 34,166, p = 0.5, z = 1.96, q = 0.5, d = 0.5, and n = 384 + 5% = 400 (adding 5% non-response rate). Ten schools (five girls’ and five boys’ schools) were considered suitable for the calculated sample size. Schools were contacted based on a list provided by the locality’s education authority, and all the listed schools agreed to participate. Stratified random sampling (by gender and public/private school) was used. All schoolchildren attending the ten schools were invited to participate via the list of students provided by the schools’ authority. All of the guardians of the schoolchildren from the selected schools agreed to participate except for those of one female student. Data collection: Data were collected by a predesigned (by the principal investigator and supervisor), pre-coded, and pre-tested selfadministered questionnaire. The questionnaire was composed of three sections. The first section addressed socio-demographic variables (age, gender, grade, and type of school), while the second assessed oral health-related behaviors (types of drinking water, brushing tools and frequency, topical fluoride application, consumption of hibiscus and soft drinks). Finally, the third section investigated knowledge regarding non-bacterial acids, soft drinks, and topical fluoride as related to erosion. For the dental examination, the students were examined in their schools. They were seated in chairs, and the examination was carried out under natural daylight. The examiner used a dental mirror and probe. A cotton roll was used to dry the teeth before the examination. A visual evaluation was used to detect the presence of erosion. The principal investigator (A. I. Altayeb) conducted the clinical examinations using the Smith and Knight Tooth Wear Index (SKTWI). The index provides scores on a scale from 0 to 4 as follows: 0 = normal, no loss of enamel surface characteristics; 1 = enamel loss, only loss of enamel surface (mild erosion); 2 = enamel and dentine loss (moderate erosion); 3 = enamel, dentine, and pulp loss (severe erosion), and 4 = assessment cannot be made (due to tooth or crown loss). Ethical considerations: Ethical approval was obtained from the Sudanese Medical Specializations Board, the State Ministry of Education, the Omdurman locality education authority, and the participating schools, while individual informed consent was obtained from the participants’ guardians. After having received a cover letter to explain the study objectives and ensure confidentially, all guardians consented in writing, agreeing that their children could participate in the study. Statistical

analyses: The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 23, IBM) was used for data analyses. The frequency distributions and means (±SD) of the descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables. The association of dental erosion with knowledge, behavior, and drinking habits was tested using student’s t-test, correlation coefficients, and logistic regression. p values of ≤0.05 (95% confidence interval) were considered to indicate statistical significance. 3. Results

3.1. Sample Profile: Four hundred and eighty-three schoolchildren from 10 different secondary schools in the Omdurman locality participated in the study. Most of the schoolchildren (72.5%) attended public schools, and just over half (53.4%) were in the seventh grade. The mean age was 12.4 years (SD: ±0.76). The study sample was almost equally distributed regarding gender, with 50.5% of the participants being male and 49.5% female (Figure 1). Figure 1. Frequency and percentage distribution of personal characteristics and oral health-related behaviors.

3.2. Oral Health Behaviors: The majority of the schoolchildren (86.3%) reported drinking tap water, compared with a few (13.7%) who drank bottled water. A small portion of the schoolchildren (14.4%) reported having had topical fluoride application, with almost all of these (98.4%) having received it within the past two years. All of the schoolchildren used a toothbrush and toothpaste, though a number of different brushing frequencies were reported. Approximately one-third (30.4%) reported brushing once per day, while most (61.7%) reported brushing twice per day, and a few (7.9%) reported brushing more frequently than twice per day. Almost half (48%) of the schoolchildren reported consuming soft drinks, with a mean frequency of 2.4 times per day (SD: ±0.80). Most (60.3%) of the schoolchildren reported consuming hibiscus drinks, with a mean frequency 2.3 times per day (SD: ±0.64).

3.3 Oral Health Knowledge: Approximately one-third (27.4%) of the schoolchildren knew that non-bacterial acids could cause dental erosion, while most (72.6%) did not possess this knowledge. At the same time, almost half (48.2%) of the schoolchildren knew that soft drinks could cause dental erosion. Less than one-third of the schoolchildren (26.5%) knew that topical fluoride application could prevent dental erosion (Table 1). Table 1. Frequency and percentage distribution of knowledge responses. Statement % (no.) Non-bacterial acids Yes 27.4 (132) No 72.6 (350) Soft drinks cause erosion Yes 48.2 (233) No 51.8 (250) Fluoride Application prevent erosion Yes 26.5 (128) No 73.5 (355)

3.4. Erosion and its Relation to Knowledge and Dietary

Habits: The prevalence of dental erosion among the schoolchildren was 35%, with a mean of 0.72 teeth (SD: ±1.23). There was a slight correlation between the distribution of erosion and the socio-demographic characteristics of the schoolchildren. In particular, 39.8% of the private schoolchildren versus 33.1% of the public schoolchildren had erosion. At the same time, 34.5% of those attending the seventh grade had erosion compared with 35.6% of those attending the eighth grade. Regarding gender, 35.7% of the boys and 34.3% of the girls presented erosion. Table 2. Erosion severity (mean) by soft drink and hibiscus drink consumption (No/Yes). Variable Erosion Mean M. Difference (S. E). CI p value Soft Drink No/Yes 0.43/1.04 –0.61 (0.11) –0.82/–0.39 0.000*** Hibiscus Drink No/Yes 0.53/0.84 –0.31 (0.11) –0.54/–0.09 0.006**

* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.001

As shown in Table 2, there was a statistically significant correlation between erosion severity and oral health-related habits, with those who reported the consumption of soft drinks having a higher mean erosion score than those who did not, with a mean difference of –.61 (p = 0.000). In addition, those who reported the consumption of hibiscus drinks had higher erosion severity than those who did not, with a mean difference of –0.31 (p = 0.006). Overall, those with erosion compared with those with no erosion had a higher mean frequency of tooth brushing (mean difference: –0.13; p = 0.02), soft drink consumption (–0.28; p = 0.001), and hibiscus consumption (– 0.36; p = 0.001) compared with their counterparts (Table 3). Table 3. Mean difference (S.E.) and CI (p value) of tooth brushing, soft drink consumption, and hibiscus drink consumption by erosion status (No/Yes). Variable Erosion No/Yes M. Difference (S. E.) CI p value Tooth Brushing Frequency 1.73/1.86 –0.13 (0.06) –0.024/–0.02 0.02* Soft Drink Frequency 2.17/2.45 –0.28 (0.08) –0.57–0.14 0.001** Hibiscus Drink Frequency 2.27/2.63 –0.36 (0.11) –0.45/–0.12 0.001**

* p≤ 0.05, ** p ≤0.001

Table 4. Logistic regression: erosion status regressed by socio-demographic, knowledge, and behavioral variables. Variable B OR (S.E.) C.I. p value Gender Male 1 Female 3 0.64 (0.26) 0.38, 1.07 0.08 Class Seventh grade 1 Eighth grade -0.2 0.82 (0.26) 0.5, 1.4 0.49 Type of water Tap 1 Bottled -0.6 0.60 (0.4) 0.26, 1.2 0.19 Topical fluoride No 1 Yes -0.31 0.73 (0.4) 0.3, 1.6 0.42 Non-bacterial acids No 1 Yes 0.45 1.6 (0.31) 0.9, 2.8 0.14 Soft drinks cause erosion No 1 Yes 0.62 1. 9 (0.28) 1.08, 3.2 0.03* Fluoride App. prevents erosion No 1 Yes -0.36 0.70 (0.31) 0.4, 1.3 0.30 Hibiscus No 1 Yes 1.00 2.7 (0.3) 1.5, 5.0 0.001** Soft drink No 1 Yes 0.9 2.4 (0.27) 1.4, 4.0 0.001** Constant -0.9 0.42 (0.31) 0.005

* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.001

When erosion score was correlated with dietary and oral hygiene habits, a number of statistically significant correlations were found. The highest was with soft drink consumption (r = 0.37, p = 0.000), followed by hibiscus consumption (r = 0.22, p = 0.006) and tooth brushing frequency (r = 0.17, p = 0.03). Table 4 shows erosion status regressed against personal and dietary habit variables. Three variables were found to be statistically associated with erosion status. Those who knew that soft drinks caused erosion were almost twice as likely to have erosion compared with their counterparts (OR: 1.9, p = 0.03). Those with a high frequency of hibiscus drink consumption were almost three times more likely to have erosion compared with their counterparts (OR: 2.7, p = 0.001). Those who reported a high frequency of soft drink

consumption were also more than twice as likely to develop erosion compared with those who had a low frequency of consumption (OR: 2.4, p = 0.001). 4. Discussion This study assessed the prevalence of dental erosion and its possible risk factors (socio-demographics, knowledge, and dietary habits) among schoolchildren in the Omdurman locality in Khartoum state, Sudan. Schoolchildren from 10 different secondary schools (private and public) of both genders participated in the study. The overall prevalence of dental erosion among schoolchildren was found to be 35%. This is lower than the 66.9% reported in a study conducted in the Khartoum locality of Sudan in 2007 (El Karim et al., 2007). This might be due to change over time between the two studies or socioeconomic differences between the two localities and study samples. The participant age difference between the two studies might be the most significant factor, as the Khartoum study included Sudanese adults aged ≥16 years, while this study considered a random sample of 12–14-year-old schoolchildren. The number measured here was also higher than that found among children aged 13–14 years in Yemen (3.0%; Al-Ashtal et al., 2017) and Sweden (11.9%; Hasselkvist et al., 2010). At the same time, a study in Libya reported a prevalence of 40.8% among 12-year-olds, which is higher than that discovered here (Huew et al., 2011). In Saudi Arabia, one study found a prevalence of 26% of among 12–14-year-olds (AlMajed et al., 2002). In Istanbul, it was reported that 28% of the 11year-old children attending public school exhibited dental erosion (Caglar et al., 2005), and it was later found that 52.6% of those among the Greek minority in Istanbul exhibited dental erosion (Caglar et al., 2011). Nevertheless, the result here was higher than the prevalence in Southern Brazil, which was 15% for the same age group (Alves et al., 2015). The Brazilian authors explain that the low prevalence might be due to the fact that the children were not exposed to cola/pop culture. Overall, it should be noted that it is not always straightforward to compare the prevalence of erosion between studies with different scoring systems, samples, and examiners (Jaeggi and Lussi, 2014). In previous studies, the prevalence of dental erosion among schoolchildren has been shown to be related to the type of the school, socioeconomic status, parent education, and geographic area (Shahbaz et al., 2016; Arnadottir et al., 2010; Habib et al. 2013; Zhang et al., 2014). In contrast, the results of our study revealed no significant differences associated with these factors. This may have been because the schoolchildren who participated in this study all had almost the same education level and socioeconomic status. The age of the schoolchildren in this study ranged between 12 and 14 years. At this stage, children are developing their own eating habits and mostly decide their food consumption. Further, they are exploring eating styles outside of home from school canteens and grocery stores (Kirthiga et al., 2015; Marques Martinez et al., 2019; Mafla et al., 2017). Regarding oral hygiene practice, all of the schoolchildren, without any exceptions, reported using a toothbrush and toothpaste for tooth brushing routinely at least once a day. There was a statistically significantly correlation between erosion and tooth brushing (r = 0.167, p = 0.03). Those with erosion tended to have a higher frequency of brushing, with a mean difference of –0.127 (p = 0.02). This can potentially be explained by the results of a study by Sovik et al. (2015), who reported that manual tooth brushing causes the abrasion of sound and eroded dentin. However, in another study conducted in Sudan, no such association was detected (El Karim et al.,

2007). The majority of the schoolchildren in the present study were not aware of dental erosion, and less than half knew that dental erosion could be caused by soft drinks, indicating that the term erosion was not fully understood. This might also indicate that there is a knowledge gap regarding aspects of erosion and prevention (Salas et al., 2017). In Brazil, only dental professionals were found to know about dental erosion and its factors and prevention methods (Alves et al., 2015). Almost half (48%) of the schoolchildren reported consuming soft drinks. This was lower than in the previous study from Sudan, in which it was reported 94% of the participants consumed soft drinks (El Karim et al., 2007). Here, an association was found between erosion status and soft drink consumption. This is in agreement with a study from Istanbul, in which 40% of participants who consumed carbonated beverages showed erosion, compared with 36% of those who consumed fruit yogurt and 32% of those who consumed orange juice (Caglar et al., 2011). Likewise, in Saudi Arabia an association was found between the prevalence of dental erosion and the frequency of citrus and carbonated juice consumption in preschool children (Al-Dlaigan et al., 2017). An association has also been found between erosion in palatal surfaces and the consumption of carbonated soft drinks at night (Al-Majed et al., 2002; Vargas-Ferreira et al., 2011). In India, traditional lemon juice was found to be a cause of dental erosion (Kumar et al., 2013). Most (63%) of the school schoolchildren in this study consumed hibiscus drinks, which is a lower percentage than that (78%) reported in the 2007 study (El Karim et al., 2007). Logistic regression analyses showed that hibiscus and soft drink consumption frequency was significantly associated with erosion. Our study is in agreement with the previous study from Sudan (El Karim et al., 2007) that hibiscus drink is a significant factor associated with dental erosion. Soft drinks and traditional hibiscus juice have low pH levels beyond the critical pH level of 5.5 for enamel dissolution (Lussi and Schaffner, 2000). This association might also be due to the major organic acids (citric and malic acids) in the flowers of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. (Owoade et al., 2019). 5. Conclusions In conclusion, it was found that the prevalence of dental erosion was high among the study population, and the level of awareness regarding dental erosion and preventive measures was inadequate. The frequent consumption of acidic drinks seemed to be associated with the erosion. Limitations: Selection and information biases due to voluntary participation and self-reporting might have affected the representativeness and the reliability of the information gathered. The limited study sample from the Omdurman locality also limits the generalizability of the results beyond the study population. There may also be unknown systematic and logistical errors or unmeasured confounding factors associated with the results. Accordingly, the results of this study should be interpreted and generalized cautiously. Biographies

Elwalid Fadul Nasir Preventive Department, College of Dentistry, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan 00966553574655, enasir@kfu.edu.sa

Dr. Nasir has a multinational education, including a basic degree in dentistry (BDS) from Romania, an MSc from South Africa, and a PhD from Norway. He also has multicultural experience working in Sudan,

the Comoros Islands, Lesotho, Norway, and Saudi Arabia. Currently, he works as an associate professor at KFU and as a director of clinical training. Previously, he worked as an associate professor at the University of Bergen in community dentistry and heading the preventive department. Dr. Nasir has various academic interests and his research areas concern the use of health services as well as behavioral and health promotion studies. He has published 23 papers in open-access and peer-reviewed journals. ORCID: 0000-00015909-7423

Abeer Isam Altayeb Department of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Science and Technology, Omdurman, Sudan 00966545115018, keywe38@gmail.com

Dr. Altayeb is a Sudanese dentist who graduated from the University of Khartoum in 2010. She first worked as a dentist at the Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital and then at the Ministry of Health in Sudan. She has pursued higher education, obtaining her medical doctorate in dental public health from the Sudan Medical Specialization Board. During her studies, she trained in research methods, health policy, health promotion, and prevention. She is interested in epidemiological studies in the area of health needs assessment and is also concerned with special needs groups. References Al-Ashtal, A., Johansson, A., Omar, R. and Johansson, A.K. (2017). Dental erosion in groups of Yemeni children and adolescents and the modification of an erosion partial recording system. Int J Paediatr Dent, 27(4), 283–92. Al-Dlaigan, Y.H., Al–Meedania, L.A. and Anil, S. (2017). The influence of frequently consumed beverages and snacks on dental erosion among preschool children in Saudi Arabia. Nutr J, 16(1), 80. DOI: 10.1186/s12937-017-0307-9. Al-Majed, I., Maguire, A. and Murray, J.J. (2002). Risk factors for dental erosion in 5-6 year old and 12-14 year old boys in Saudi Arabia. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 30(1), 38–46. Alves, L.S., Brusius, C.D., Dame-Teixeira, N., Maltz, M. and Susin, C. (2015). Dental erosion among 12-year-old schoolchildren: a populationbased cross-sectional study in South Brazil. Int Dent J, 65(6), 322– 30. Arnadottir, I.B., Holbrook, W.P., Eggertsson, H., Gudmundsdottir, H., Jonsson, S.H., Gudlaugsson, J.O., Saemundsson, S.R., Eliasson, S.T. and Agustsdottir, H. (2010). Prevalence of dental erosion in children: a national survey. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol, 38(6), 521–6. Basha, S., Enan, E.T., Mohamed, R.N., Ashour, A.A., Alzahrani, F.S. and Almutairi, N.E. (2020). Association between soft drink consumption, gastric reflux, dental erosion, and obesity among special care children. Spec Care Dentist, 40(1), 97–105. Caglar, E., Kargul, B., Tanboga, I. and Lussi, A. (2005). Dental erosion among children in an Istanbul public school. J Dent Child (Chic), 72(1), 5–9. Caglar, E., Sandalli, N., Panagiotou, N., Tonguc, K. and Kuscu, O.O. (2011). Prevalence of dental erosion in Greek minority school children in Istanbul. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 12(5), 267–71. Dugmore, C.R. and Rock, W.P. (2004). The prevalence of tooth erosion in 12year-old children. Br Dent J, 196(5), 279–82. El Karim, I.A., Sanhouri, N.M., Hashim, N.T. and Ziada, H.M. (2007). Dental erosion among 12-14 year old school children in Khartoum: a pilot study. Community Dent Health, 24(3), 176–80. Habib, M., Hottel, T.L. and Hong, L. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of dental erosion in American children. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 38(2), 143–8. Hasselkvist, A., Johansson, A. and Johansson, A.K. (2010). Dental erosion and soft drink consumption in Swedish children and adolescents and the development of a simplified erosion partial recording system. Swed Dent J, 34(4), 187–95. Hou, X.M., Zhang, Q., Chen, X.C. and Wang, J.D. (2009). Prevalence of dental erosion and associated drinks in 12-year-old population of Beijing. Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi, 44(4), 208–11. Sudan Population. (2020). Available at: Https://Worldpopulationreview.Com/Countries/ (Accessed 13.06.20 2020). Huew, R., Waterhouse, P.J., Moynihan, P.J., Kometa, S. and Maguire, A.

(2011). Dental erosion and its association with diet in Libyan schoolchildren. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent, 12(5), 234–40. Huew, R., Waterhouse, P.J., Moynihan, P.J. and Maguire, A. (2012). Dental erosion among 12 year-old Libyan schoolchildren. Community Dent Health, 29(4), 279–83. Jaeggi, T. and Lussi, A. (2006). Prevalence, incidence and distribution of erosion. Monogr Oral Sci, 20(n/a), 44–65. Jaeggi, T. and Lussi, A. (2014). Prevalence, incidence and distribution of erosion. Monogr Oral Sci, 25(n/a), 55–73. Johansson, A.K., Johansson, A., Birkhed, D., Omar, R., Baghdadi, S., Khan, N. and Carlsson, G.E. (1997). Dental erosion associated with softdrink consumption in young Saudi men. Acta Odontol Scand, 55(6), 390–7. Kirthiga, M., Poornima, P., Praveen, R., Sakeena, B. and Disha, P. (2015). Dental Erosion and its Associated Factors In 11-16-Year Old School Children. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 39(4), 336–42. Kumar, S., Acharya, S., Mishra, P., Debnath, N. and Vasthare, R. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors for dental erosion among 11- to 14year-old school children in South India. J Oral Sci, 55(4), 329–36. Lussi, A. , and Schaffner, M. 2000. Progression of and risk factors for dental erosion and wedge-shaped defects over a 6-year period. Caries Res, 34(n/a), 182–187. Mafla, A.C., Ceron-Bastidas, X.A., Munoz-Ceballos, M.E., Vallejo-Bravo, D.C. and Fajardo-Santacruz, M.C. (2017). Prevalence and Extrinsic Risk Factors for Dental Erosion in Adolescents. The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 41(2), 102–11. Marques Martinez, L., Leyda Menendez, A.M., Ribelles Llop, M., Segarra Ortells, C., Aiuto, R. and Garcovich, D. (2019). Dental erosion. Etiologic factors in a sample of Valencian children and adolescents. Cross-sectional study. Eur J Paediatr Dent, 20(3), 189–93. Millward, A., Shaw, L., Smith, A.J., Rippin, J.W. and Harrington, E. (1994). The distribution and severity of tooth wear and the relationship between erosion and dietary constituents in a group of children. Int J Paediatr Dent, 4(3), 151–7. Murakami, C., Tello, G., Abanto, J., Oliveira, L.B., Bonini, G.C. and Bonecker, M. (2016). Trends in the prevalence of erosive tooth wear in Brazilian preschool children. Int J Paediatr Dent, 26(1), 60–5. Owoade, O., Adetutu, A. and Olorunnisola, O. (2019). A review of chemical constituents and pharmacological properties of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. Int. J. Curr. Res. Biosci. Plant Biol., 6(4), 42–51. Salas, M. M., Nascimento, G.G., Huysmans, M.C. and Demarco, F.F. (2015a). Estimated prevalence of erosive tooth wear in permanent teeth of children and adolescents: An epidemiological systematic review and meta-regression analysis. J Dent, 43(1), 42–50. Salas, M.M., Nascimento, G.G., Vargas-Ferreira, F., Tarquinio, S.B., Huysmans, M.C. and Demarco, F.F. (2015b). Diet influenced tooth erosion prevalence in children and adolescents: Results of a metaanalysis and meta-regression. J Dent, 43(8), 865–75. Salas, M.M.S., Vargas-Ferreira, F., Ardenghi, T.M., Peres, K.G., Huysmans, M.D. and Demarco, F.F. (2017). Prevalence and Associated Factors of Tooth Erosion in 8 -12-Year-Old Brazilian Schoolchildren. J Clin Pediatr Dent, 41(5), 343–50. Shahbaz, U., Quadir, F. and Hosein, T. (2016). Determination of Prevalence of Dental Erosion in 12 - 14 Years School Children and Its Relationship with Dietary Habits. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak, 26(7), 553–6. Sovik, J.B., Skudutyte-Rysstad, R., Tveit, A.B., Sandvik, L. and Mulic, A. (2015). Sour sweets and acidic beverage consumption are risk indicators for dental erosion. Caries Res, 49(3), 243–50. Taji, S. and Seow, W.K. (2010). A literature review of dental erosion in children. Aust Dent J, 55(4), 358-67. Vargas-Ferreira, F., Praetzel, J.R. and Ardenghi, T.M. (2011). Prevalence of tooth erosion and associated factors in 11-14-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren. J Public Health Dent, 71(1), 6–12. Zhang, S., Chau, A.M., Lo, E.C. and Chu, C.H. (2014). Dental caries and erosion status of 12-year-old Hong Kong children. BMC Public Health, 14(7), n/a. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-7.

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

The Effects of Adding Xanthan Gum as a Fat Replacer on the Quality Characteristics of Beef Burgers Lina Abdulaziz, Sabah Yaziji and Abdulhakim Azizieh

‫تأثري إضافة صمغ الكزانتان كبديل عن‬ ‫الدهن يف خصائص جودة برجر اللحم البقري‬ ‫ عبد الحكيم عزيزية‬،‫ صباح يازجي‬،‫لينا عبدالعزيز‬

Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria LINK ‫الرابط‬

‫ سوريا‬،‫ دمشق‬،‫ جامعة دمشق‬،‫ كلية الزراعة‬،‫قسم علوم األغذية‬ RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/2353

10/05/2020

29/08/2020

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

4870

ABSTRACT The chemical, oxidative, microbiological, physical, and sensory properties of low-fat beef burgers containing varying levels of xanthan gum (0.5%, 1%, and 1.5%) as a fat replacer were evaluated. The partial replacement of fat with xanthan gum resulted in a significant stabilizing of the formula during four different periods of being frozen in storage (0, 30, 60, and 90 days). A chemical analysis of low-fat beef burger formulations (25%, 20%, and 15%) revealed that high concentrates of xanthan gum (1.5% and 1%) had significant capacity for the retention of the nutrients in the burger—especially proteins, ash, and moisture. The freezing method had a higher impact in reducing the microbial load of the beef burger; adding more fats to burger formulations could be a potential source of microbial contamination. The significant increase of the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances’ (TBARS’) value in the high-fat control formulation (30%) showed a greater oxidative degradation of lipids during the frozen storage periods compared to low-fat formulations (20% and 15%). Physical analysis revealed that low-fat formulations containing xanthan gum had a significantly lower cooking loss and shrinkage rate than that of the high-fat control (C) formulation. The sensory evaluation showed that a high percentage of xanthan gum (1.5 and 1%) had a significant effect of preserving the texture of low-fat burgers compared to the control sample, without significant differences to other sensory attributes. Thus, adding xanthan gum improved the quality characteristics of low-fat beef burgers compared to the high-fat control formulation while frozen and during the cooking process.

2021

19/12/2020 22

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬

‫ُدرست كل من الخصائص الكيميائية وامليكروبية والفيزيائية والحسية لبرجر اللحم البقري قليل‬ ‫) املضاف كبديل‬%1.5 ،1 ،0.5( ‫الدهن الذي يحتوي على تراكيز مختلفة من صمغ الكزانتان‬ ‫ حيث عمل االستبدال الجزئي للدهون مع صمغ الكزانتان في الحفاظ على ثباتية صفات‬،‫للدهون‬ ً 90 ،60 ،30( ‫خلطات البرجر املجمد خالل فترات التخزين املجمدة املختلفة‬ ‫ وقد كشفت‬.)‫يوما‬ ‫ دسم) بأن‬%15 ، 20 ،25( ‫نتائج التحليل الكيميائي لخلطات برجر اللحم البقري قليل الدسم‬ ‫) ساهمت في االحتفاظ باملحتوى الغذائي‬%1 ‫ و‬1.5( ‫املضافة من صمغ الكزانتان‬ ً ‫النسب املرتفعة‬ ‫ وقد بينت التجارب بأن طريقة‬.‫البروتينات واألمالح والرطوبة‬ ً ‫ وخصوصا محتواه ًمن‬،‫للبرجر‬ ‫ وإلى‬،‫الحفظ بالتجميد كان لها أثرا معنويا في خفض الحمولة امليكروبي لعينات برجر لحم البقر‬ ‫ فإنه يمكن اعتبار إضافة املزيد من الدهون إلى خلطات البرجر كمصدر محتمل‬،‫جانب ذلك‬ ‫ ضمن عينة البرغر الشاهد ذات‬TBARS ‫ وقد عكس االرتفاع الكبير في قيم‬.‫للحدوث تلوث ميكروبي‬ ‫) التدهور التأكسدي للدهون الحاصل أثناء فترات‬%30( ‫املحتوى املرتفع من الدسم والبالغ‬ ‫ حيث كان معدل التدهور أكثر بكثير مقارنة مع نتائج خلطات البرجر قليلة‬،‫التخزين املجمدة‬ ‫ كما أظهر التحليل الفيزيائي بأن خلطات البرجر قليلة الدسم والتي‬.)‫دسم‬%15 ،20( ‫الدسم‬ ‫تحتوي على صمغ الكزانتان قد كانت معدالت صفتي الفقدان بالطبخ واالنكماش(التقلص) فيها‬ ‫التقييم الحس ي لعينات‬ ‫ وقد ّبي ًن‬،)C(‫أقل بكثير من معدالت هاتين الصفتين ضمن خلطة الشاهد‬ ً ‫) كان لها أثرا مرغوبا في الحفاظ على‬%1 ، 1.5( ‫البرجر بأن النسب املرتفعة من صمغ الكزانتان‬ ،‫ أما فيما يخص بقية السمات الحسية (اللون‬،‫قوام البرجر قليل الدسم مقارنة مع عينة الشاهد‬ ‫والطعم والقبول بشكل عام) لم يكن هنالك اختالفات معنوية بين خلطات البرجر البقري قليل‬ ‫ ومن هذه النتائج يمكن أن نستنتج بأن إضافة صمغ الكزانتان قد أدت إلى تحسين‬.‫الدسم‬ ‫خصائص جودة برجر اللحم البقري قليل الدسم مقارنة مع خلطات البرجر البقري التقليدية التي‬ .‫تحتوي على نسب مرتفعة من الدسم وذلك خالل فترات التخزين املجمد وأثناء عملية الطهي‬

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Beef meat, fat replacer, freezing storage, low-fat burger, quality characteristics ‫ اللحم البقر‬،‫ خصائص الجودة‬،‫ الحفظ بالتجميد‬،‫ برجر منخفض الدهن‬،‫بديل الدهون‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Abdulaziz, L., Yaziji, S. and Azizieh, A. (2021). Tathir 'iidafat samgh alkizanitan kabdil ean aldahin fi khasayis jawdat birajr allahm albaqarii ‘The effects of adding xanthan gum as a fat replacer on the quality characteristics of beef burgers’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 92–97. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/2353 ‫ العلوم‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تأثير إضافة صمغ الكزانتان كبديل عن الدهن في خصائص جودة برجر اللحم البقري‬.)2021( .‫ عبد الحكيم‬،‫ صباح و عزيزية‬،‫ يازجي‬،‫ لينا‬،‫عبدالعزيز‬ .92–97 ،)1(22 ،‫األساسية والتطبيقية‬

1. Introduction Food gums have many applications in the food industry. They are used as stabilizing, suspending, gelling, and emulsifying agents to give products desired textural properties—especially in meat products that contain fatty components. Much research has been conducted on the addition of various edible gum-hydrates (hydrocolloids) to meat products as fat replacements, aiming to produce a low-fat meat as an alternative, healthy option to fast food (Demirci et al., 2014). Xanthan gum (E415) is a microbial polysaccharide obtained from Xanthomonas campestris bacteria— a pathogenic bacterium found in many plants that grow in Syria (AlZoubi et al., 2016). Xanthan gum is soluble in hot and cold water even when used in low concentration; it forms a pseudo-plastic and viscous solution that is unaffected by pH, temperature change, or salt concentration (Rosalam & England, 2006; Sutherland, 2002). A beef burger is classed as unhealthy fast food due to its high fat content reaching 30%. However, this high percentage is responsible Corresponding Author: Lina Abdulaziz

for the desirable sensory characteristics of juiciness and mouth feel. However, it is associated with increased rates of obesity in teenagers and adults. The beef burger is among the top choices for adolescents and young adults worldwide when choosing from a fast-food menu, and Syria is no exception (Ashdown-Franks et al., 2019). This necessitates obtaining alternatives to shift from an unhealthy, traditional diet to a healthy diet composed of low-fat beef burgers that have the same quality characteristics by using xanthan gum as a fat replacer. The aim of this research is to explore the effects of adding xanthan gum as a fat replacer on the chemical, microbiological, physical, and sensory properties of a beef burger during different periods of freezing for storage. 2. Materials and Methods A schematic representation of beef burger production is shown in Fig (1), which considers the Syrian standard specification (SNS 2836:2003) for a beef burger.

lina.aaziz@gmail.com ,00963955489952

‫ لينا عبدالعزيز‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.97–92 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تأثير إضافة صمغ الكزانتان كبديل عن الدهن في خصائص جودة برجر اللحم البقري‬.)2021( .‫ عبد الحكيم‬،‫ صباح و عزيزية‬،‫ يازجي‬،‫ لينا‬،‫عبدالعزيز‬

was determined by drying the burger in an oven at 105 ͦ C to the constant weight according to the ISO (1442: 1997). Protein was determined by the Kjeldahl procedure using a conversion factor of 6.25 according to the SNS (85: 2013). Total fat was extracted with petroleum by using the Soxtec System according to AOAC (920.39: 2006), and ash was determined gravimetrically using a muffle furnace by heating the burgers at 550 ͦC for 4 hours according to the ISO (936: 1998). Determination of Rancidity (Lipid Oxidation) in Meat: Lipid oxidation was monitored by measuring the TBARS value using thiobarbituric acid according to the SNS (3892: 2018) and was measured in milligrams of malondialdehyde (MDA) in kilograms per sample (MDA mg/kg sample).

Figure (1): Schematic diagram of beef burger preparation Beef burger with xanthan

Bovine meat

Sheep fat

Xanthan gum

Spices

Traditional beef burger (control)

Bovine meat

Sheep fat (30%)

Spices

Xanthan & water mixer

Chopping meat & fat

Production and cooking— grilled directly for 0 days

Chopping meat & fat to 4–6 mm

Mixing for five minutes

Formulating beef burger (50g)

Final product

Production and storage at -18∘C for 30, 60, and 90 days

2.3. Microbiological Evaluation:

2.1. Preparation of Raw Materials: 2.1.1. Meat and Fat Around 7kg of lean beef meat and 2.5kg of sheep fat (mutton fat) were purchased from a local market in Damascus. After removing the fat components and the connective tissues from the beef cuts (sirloin tip side steak), the meat and the fat were initially ground separately using a meat grinder (using a perforated plate with a hole diameter of 5mm) before being divided into ten batches for the various formulations. 2.1.2. Spices and Seasonings A mixture of ground spices and seasoning (black pepper, coriander, ginger, cinnamon, cumin, nutmeg, and paprika spices) was weighed and added to the beef patties (5% according to the total mass of meat) as well as salt (2% of the total mass of meat). 2.1.3. Xanthan Gum The locally isolated Xanthomonas bacterium was used to produce xanthan gum (in vitro) by the submerged fermentation of sugar beet molasses, which converts its sugars into xanthan gum (this process has been studied in previous research). After purification, the xanthan gum was weighed and dissolved in cold water to make a gel blend that would be added to the beef patties as a fat substitute. 2.1.4. Burger Preparation The formulation of the beef burgers used in this study comprised beef (70%), sheep fat (mutton fat [30, 25, 20, and 15%]), xanthan gum (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%), ice water, spices (5%), and salt (2%). After the burger formulations were prepared, burger discs (50g in weight and 5mm thick) were shaped with a burger maker. The burger formulations are shown in Table (1). Ingredients Beef % Fat % Xanthan % Ice water % Spices % Salt %

Table (1): Experimental design formulations

C 30 0 0

Formulations 4 5 6 70 25 20 0.5 1 1.5 0.5 1 1.5 4.5 4 3.5 9.5 9 8.5 5* 2* * Not included in 100% 1

0.5 14.5

15 1 14

1.5 13.5

2.1.5. Cooking and Storage of the Burgers Burgers (20 patties per treatment) were divided into four batches (including the control). The first batch was grilled without adding any additional fat, and the other batches were frozen at -18°C and stored for three months after being packed in polyethylene bags.

Total aerobic bacterial count was quantified for all samples before and after being frozen in storage by using plate count agar (PCA) media in accordance with the ISO method (4833: 2003). The detection of Staphylococcus aureus was conducted according to the SNS (2822: 2003) by using Baird Parker agar. In addition, the presence of Salmonella bacteria was detected using SalmonellaShigella Agar (S-S) and Bismuth Sulfite Agar (BS) according to the SNS (2477: 2001). Finally, the insolation and identification of E.coli 0157:H7 bacteria was done through a tryptic soy broth with novobiocin (TSB + N) and a Cefixime Tellurite Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (CT-SMAC) in accordance with an SNS method (3311: 2007), and coliform bacteria according to another SNS method (2382: 2001) by using a Violet Red Bile Agar (VRBA) medium.

2.4. Physical Characteristics: • • • •

Cooking loss: The loss percentage was calculated using the following equation proposed by Niamnuy et al. (2008): Cooking loss % = [weight of raw sample (g) - weight of cooked sample (g)] × 100 / weight of raw sample (g) Shrinkage after cooking: The burger shrinkage percentage due to cooking was determined according to the following equation proposed by Ibrahim et al. (2011): Shrinkage % = [(diameter of raw sample - diameter of cooked sample) - (thickness of raw sample - thickness of cooked sample)] × 100 / [thickness of raw sample + diameter of raw sample]

2.5. Sensory Evaluation: Sensory analyses were performed by trained panelists from the Food Science Department (Agriculture Faculty, Damascus) using the ninepoint hedonic scale. Burgers were grilled at 150ͦ C in a flat fryer to achieve a core temperature of 72ͦC (measured by a cooking thermometer) and kept warm until the sensory evaluation. Each panelist randomly evaluated all the formulations and was asked to give a numerical value between 1–9 for the following attributes: Color, texture, taste, and overall acceptability by giving it a value of 1 (I extremely dislike it) to 9 (I extremely like it) for each attribute (Lawless & Heymann, 2010).

2.6. Statistical Analysis: Mean values, standard deviation, and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were calculated using the Minitab program—version 19.0. The experimental data was compared using the Fisher LSD method at a 5% significance level.

2.2. Chemical Analysis:

3. Results and Discussion

The chemical content of each beef burger (protein, fat, moisture, and ash) was estimated according to the following methods: Moisture

3.1. Chemical Analysis: The partial replacement of fat by xanthan gum affected the

proximate composition of the beef burger. The moisture content ranged from 51%–64% and differed significantly between samples (P < 0.05). The moisture content of the control and the high fat formulations (1, 2, and 3) were significantly lower than that of the low-fat samples (P < 0.05) because they were prepared with more fat and less water (Rather et al., 2015). The longer frozen storage periods significantly lowered the moisture of the control burgers (P < 0.05); this is attributed to the dehydration phenomenon "freeze burn," which normally happens when the surface of frozen food is exposed to air (Figure [2]) (Barbut, 2015). The higher moisture retention capacity of xanthan gum retained the moisture content of the samples during freezing storage periods while no significant difference was observed between the various concentrations of xanthan (Rather et al., 2016). The moisture values of treatments 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8 were beyond the limits permitted by the SNS (2836: 2003).

attributed to the formulation of ice crystals, which causes the nutrient contents to bleed from the cells during the thawing process (Barbut, 2015; Sharaf et al., 2009), Moreover, xanthan gum had a significant impact (P < 0.05) on reinforcing the nutrient content during the thawing stage by playing the role of an adhesive agent (Rosalam & England, 2006). The ash content of the burger samples ranged from 1.66%–1.87% (Fig [4]). Figure (4): Effects of the preliminary treatments on beef burger ash content

Figure (2): Effects of the preliminary treatments on beef burger moisture content

Storage period (1 = fresh, 2 = after 30 days, 3 = after 60 days, and 4 = after 90 days),% fat (1 = 15%, 2 = 20%, 3 = 25%, and 4 = 30%), and xanthan % (0 = 0%, 1 = 0.5%, 2 = 1%, and 3 = 1.5%).

3.1.1. The Protein Content The protein content ranged from 19%–21%. Being frozen had a higher impact on the control burger than on the other samples (P < 0.05) (Fig [3]), which can be explained by the damaging effects of water crystallization on the cell walls; this causes loss in nutrition content including proteins during the thawing process. Xanthan gum, especially in high concentrations (1.5% and 1% [P < 0.05]), preserved the protein content during freezing (Afshari et al., 2017).

3.1.3. The Fat Content The fat content ranged from 14–25.3% and was significantly higher in the control sample than in the other burger samples (P < 0.05), as illustrated in Figure (5). The most effective method in lowering the calorie level is to reduce the fat content in meat products by adding food gums as a replacement (Demirci et al., 2014). Adding xanthan gum at the levels of 0.5, 1, or 1.5 resulted in a significant reduction of fat content (P < 0.05), while the moisture values of all samples were within the limits of the SNS (2836: 2003). Figure (5): Effects of the preliminary treatments on beef burger fat content

Figure (3): Effects of the preliminary treatments on beef burger protein content

Storage period (1 = fresh, 2 = after 30 days, 3 = after 60 days, and 4 = after 90 days),% fat (1 = 15%, 2 = 20%, 3 = 25%, and 4 = 30%), and xanthan % (0 = 0%, 1 = 0.5%, 2 = 1%, and 3 = 1.5%).

3.1.2. The Ash Percentage This was affected significantly (P < 0.05) by the storage periods of all burger samples (the storage period’s impact was 95.6% for the control sample and 59.7% for the other samples). This could be

3.1.4. Determination of Rancidity (Lipid Oxidation) Results/ Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) Value Lipid oxidation was evaluated by the levels of TBARS, as shown in Figure (6). TBARS exhibited significant effects in high values of the high fat content samples (C 1–3) (P < 0.05). In contrast, the TBARS values of the low-fat formulations decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the increasing concentration of xanthan gum. Several researchers have reported that xanthan gum suppresses lipid oxidation by iron chelation between two side chains with a pyruvate residue, therefore disarming the peroxyl radicals (secondary lipid oxidation products) (Khouryieh et al., 2015). In addition, xanthan gum reduced the undesirable effects on the burger formulations due to being frozen in storage compared to the control sample (P < 0.05),

which had the highest value of TBARS (0.4) MDA mg/kg sample at the end of the storage period (90 days) (Sharaf et al., 2009).

Figure (7): Effects of the preliminary treatments on the total beef burger aerobic bacterial count

Figure (6): Effects of the preliminary treatments on values of beef burgers’ TBARS

Storage period (1 = fresh, 2 = after 30 days, 3 = after 60 days, and 4 = after 90 days),% fat (1 = 15%, 2 = 20%, 3 = 25%, and 4 = 30%), xanthan % (0 = 0%, 1 = 0.5%, 2 = 1%, and 3 = 1.5%).

Figure (8): Effects of the preliminary treatments on the beef burger coliform bacterial count

3.2. Microbiological Evaluation: The preliminary results of all the fresh beef burgers showed significant microbial contamination (p < 0.05). Total aerobic bacterial count (TPC) ranged between 4.8 × 106 cfu/g (control sample) and 4.2 × 106 to 2.2 × 103 cfu/g (burger formulations), as shown in Figure (7). The total coliform count also ranged between 1.1 × 103 cfu/g (control sample) and 1.3 × 103 to 2.8× 102 cfu/g (burger formulations). The present study did not detect E. coli O157: H7, Salmonella, or S. aureus from all the examined fresh beef burger samples. The microbial results were within the acceptable limits of the SNS’ (2179: 2007) microbiological requirements for food (uncooked hamburgers). The contamination could be attributed to manufacturing practices (slaughter, using a meat grinder, adding spices, and the preparation stage), which could be an additional source of microbiological contamination (Shaltout et al., 2017). During the frozen storage periods, the microbial results of all samples showed a clear decrease in microbial loads and a persistent negative result of E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and S. aureus, which supports the efficiency of freezing in eliminating the microbial activity due to thermal shock and ice crystallization (Barbut, 2015). Moreover, reading the microbial content of burger mixtures shows that the reduction of fat ratios had a significant impact (p < 0.05) in reducing 31% of the microbial content due to its consideration as a contamination factor. The highest concentration of xanthan gum significantly reduced the microbial load, especially in treatments 5, 6, 8, and 9, which suggests that the xanthan gum lowers the available water activity (aw) for microbial growth (Barbut, 2015). These results are presented in Figures (7) and (8).

Storage period (1 = fresh, 2 = after 30 days, 3 = after 60 days, and 4 = after 90 days),% fat (1 = 15%, 2 = 20%, 3 = 25%, and 4 = 30%), and xanthan % (0 = 0%, 1 = 0.5%, 2 = 1%, and 3 = 1.5%).

3.3. Physical Characteristics: Experiments measuring shrinkage rates after cooking (grilling) show that the rates of contraction of the control burger samples (p < 0.05) were increased by 86% with a long storage period (90 days), while the experiments on cooking loss rates increased by 57%. This could be explained by the negative effect of the formation of ice crystals within the muscle tissue of meat during the freezing process. These crystals stimulated drips of blood to run away from the product easily during the cooking process, which eventually led to a loss in the product’s size (Shanks et al., 2002). By studying the effects of how long beef formulations are frozen in storage, the results illustrate a significant reduction in the rates of shrinkage and loss of cooking. This reduction could be attributed to their content of xanthan gum, which preserved the stability of texture of the burger samples (for about 71%), particularly in those that contained a high percentage of xanthan (formulations 3, 6, and 9) (Demirci et al., 2014; Ibrahim et al., 2011; Rather et al., 2015). In contrast, the highest cooking loss and shrinkage rates were observed in burger samples 1, 4, and 7, which had a low concentration of xanthan gum (0.5%) and a high volume of added water (4.5%, 9.5%, and 14.5%) (Basati & Hosseini, 2018; Demirci et al., 2014). The effects of the preliminary treatments on the physical characteristics of the burger samples are presented in Figures (9) and (10).

Figure (11): Effects of the preliminary treatments on the beef burger formulations’ sensory characteristics % Variation For the Effect of Treatmets

Figure (9): Effects of the preliminary treatments on the cooking loss characteristic of beef burgers

Figure (10): Effects of the preliminary treatments on the shrinkage after cooking characteristic of beef burgers.

blocks 40

St.period

% Fat % Xanthan

0 Color

Texture

Taste

Overall

Sensory Evaluation

4. Conclusion The research concludes that xanthan gum can be a suitable fat replacer in low-fat beef burgers as it does not result in any significant decline in the quality or acceptability of this product as perceived by the consumer. Low-fat formulations containing xanthan gum had significantly lower TBARS values, shrinkage, and cooking loss than the traditional beef burger (P < 0.05). Furthermore, xanthan gum retained the chemical content of low-fat formulations during the frozen storage periods. Replacing fat with xanthan gum showed no significant differences in overall acceptability compared to the high-fat content beef burger. Thus, the addition of xanthan gum could be a valuable alternative to improving the quality of low-fat beef burgers. Bios

Lina Subhi Abdulaziz Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria, 00963955489952, lina.aaziz@gmail.com Storage period (1 = fresh, 2 = after 30 days, 3 = after 60 days, and 4 = after 90 days),% fat (1 = 15%, 2 = 20%, 3 = 25%, and 4 = 30%), and xanthan % (0 = 0%, 1 = 0.5%, 2 = 1%, and 3 = 1.5%).

3.4. Sensory Evaluation: Texture and color are among the most important attributes that influence customer choice. The results of the sensory characteristics of different burger samples are shown in Figure (11). The factor of how long burgers were frozen had a significant effect (p < 0.05) on the control sample’s texture. The impact of freezing was explained by the large amount of ice crystal formation. The increase in crystals is a product of content drip loss during the thawing phase (Barbut, 2015). Another drawback of the frozen storage factor was the dark color of the control sample; this was a result of air exposure, which caused dryness (freezer burns) during storage and the OxyMyoglobin dye (responsible for brighter red color in meat) oxidizing into Met-Myoglobin (Zhang et al., 2016). The comparison between the sensory characteristics of the formulation samples and the control indicates that fat content primarily affects these attributes. This was manifested by increasing the acceptance of color and taste with high content of fat, especially the percentage 15% and 20% (Sharaf et al., 2009). In addition, the tests reveal that adding xanthan to burger samples has a desirable effect (p < 0.05) through improving the texture and maintaining the consistency of the burger product during the storage period and cooking level. This confirms the role of the gum of xanthan as a stabilizer and binding agent and indicates its contribution to providing cohesive and succulent effects to the burgers when the fat content is decreased (Barbut, 2015; Rather et al., 2015; Sharaf et al., 2009).

Eng. Abdulaziz is a PhD student, studying for a master’s degree in Food science and for a professional diploma in Nutrition from New Life University (NLU), Egypt. She is a director of the Laboratories in Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection, and a vice chairman of the Food Committee in the Syrian Arab Standards and Metrology Organization. She has participated in many food safety workshops and has published eight scientific articles in two languages (inside and outside Syria).

Sabah Nassim Yaziji Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria, 00963944048524, ryazjy@hotmail.com

Dr. Yaziji has a PhD degree in Food Microbiology from Free University of Berlin (Freie Universität Berlin), Germany. She is a Professor in the Food Science department, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University and is a member of the Board of Directors of the National Commission for Biotechnology. She has supervised several postgraduate theses (PhD and MA) and has published more than 75 scientific publications (articles and books) on Microbiology, Biotechnology, and Food additives. She has participated in many scientific forums inside and outside Syria.

Abdulhakim Fahed Azizieh Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria, 00963933473242, azizieh@doctor.com

Dr. Azizieh has a PhD degree in Food technology from Moscow State University of Biotechnology. He is a professor in the Food Science department of the Faculty of Agriculture at Damascus University. He is a director of the Agricultural Technical Institute in Damascus in the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research. He has supervised several postgraduate theses (PhD and MA) and has published more than 70 scientific publications (articles

and books) on Food Technology. He has participated in many scientific forums inside and outside Syria. References Afshari, R., Hosseini, A., Mousavi Khaneghah, A., & Khaksar, R. (2017). Physico-chemical properties of functional low-fat beef burgers: Fatty acid profile modification. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 78(n/a), 325–31. Al-Zoubi, H., Jabour, M., Wajhani, Y., & Qarabisa, M. (2016). National

Sutherland, I. (2002). A sticky business. Microbial polysaccharides: Current products and future trends. Microbiology Today, 29(n/a), 70–1. Zhang, X., Deyong, L., Meng, Q., He, C., & Ren, L. (2016). Effect of mulberry leaf extracts on color, lipid oxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities and oxidative breakdown products of raw ground beef during refrigerated storage. Journal of Food Quality, 39(n/a), 159–70.

report on the biological diversity of genetic resources for food and agriculture in the Syrian Arab Republic. Country reports. Syrian:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Ashdown-Franks, G., Vancampfort, D., Firth, J., Smith, L., Sabiston, C.M., Stubbs, M., & Koyanagi, A. (2019). Association of leisure-time sedentary behavior with fast food and carbonated soft drink consumption among 133,555 adolescents aged 12–15 years in 44 low- and middle-income countries. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(35), 1–11. DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0796-3. Barbut, S. (2015). The science of poultry and meat processing. Guelph, Ontario, Canada: University of Guelph. Basati, A. & Hosseini, S.E. (2018). The effects of adding xanthan and carboxy methyl cellulose on cooking and sensory characteristics of soya burger. Journal of Food Biosciences and Technology, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, 8(1), 59– 64. Demirci, Z.O., Yılmaz, I., & Demirci, A.S. (2014). Effects of xanthan, guar, carrageenan and locust bean gum addition on physical, chemical and sensory properties of meatballs. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(5), 936–42. Ibrahim, M.A., Salama, M.F., & Hussein, A.A. (2011). Production of functional low-fat chicken burger. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5(12), 3149–54. Khouryieh, H., Puli, G., Williams, K., & Aramouni, F. (2015). Effects of xanthan–locust bean gum mixtures on the physicochemical properties and oxidative stability of whey protein stabilised oil inwater emulsions. Food Chem, 167(n/a), 340–348. Lawless, H. T. & Heymann, H. (2010). Sensory evaluation of food: Principles and practices. New York, NY: Springer. Niamnuy, C., Devahastin, S., & Soponronnarit, S. (2008). Changes in protein compositions and their effects on physical changes of shrimp during boiling in salt solution. J Food Chem, 108(n/a), 165–75. Rather, S. A., Masoodi, F. A., Akhter, R., Gani, A., Wani, S. M., & Malik, A. H. (2015). Xanthan gum as a fat replacer in goshtaba-a traditional meat product of India: Effects on quality and oxidative stability. J Food Sci Technol, 52(12), 8104–12. Rather, S.A., Masoodi, F.A., Akhter, R., Rather, J.A., Gani, A., Wani, S.M., & Malik, A. H. (2016). Application of guar–xanthan gum mixture as a partial fat replacer in meat emulsions. J Food Sci Technol, 53(6), 2876–86. DOI: 10.1007/s13197-016-2270-4. Rosalam, S. & England, R. (2006). Review of xanthan gum production from unmodified starches by Xanthomonas campestris sp. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 39(2), 197–207. Shaltout, F.A., Maarouf, A.A.A., & Mohamed, H.H.A. (2017). Bacteriological aspect of frozen beef burger. EC Nutrition, 10(4), 162–72. Shanks, B.C., Wulf, D.M., & Maddock, R.J. (2002). Technical note: The effect of freezing on Warner-Bratzler shear force values of beef longissimus steaks across several post-mortem aging periods. J Anim Sci, 80(n/a), 2122–5. DOI: 10.2527/2002. Sharaf, A.M., Ebrahium, M.E., Ammar, M.S., & Abd El-Ghany, M.E. (2009). Influence of using moringa meal flour as meat extender on quality characteristics of beef burger patties during frozen storage. World Journal of Dairy & Food Sciences, 4(1), 32–40. Abdulaziz, L., Yaziji, S. and Azizieh, A. (2021). Tathir 'iidafat samgh alkizanitan kabdil ean aldahin fi khasayis jawdat birajr allahm albaqarii ‘The effects of adding xanthan gum as a fat replacer on the quality characteristics of beef burgers’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences , 22(1), 92–97. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/2353

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫ العراق‬:)IDF( ‫الرتدد‬-‫املدة‬-‫تطوير املعادلة العامة للشدة‬

Development of a General Equation for Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF): Iraq

‫حسن هادي مهدي‬

‫ العراق‬،‫ النجف‬،‫ جامعة الكوفة‬،‫ كلية الهندسة‬،‫قسم املنشآت واملوارد املائية‬

Hasan Hadi Mahdi

Department of Structures and Water Resources, College of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/eng/0042

15/10/2020

22/12/2020

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

3017

2021

22/12/2020

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ ‫) ذات‬IDF( ‫ التردد‬- ‫ املدة‬- ‫ تعتبر منحنيات شدة هطول األمطار‬، ‫في حقل إدارة املوارد املائية‬ ‫ ال سيما في تصميم املنشآت الهيدروليكية وكذلك تقييم مخاطر الفيضانات‬،‫أهمية كبيرة‬ ‫) وإيجاد معادالت تطبيقية ملدة‬IDF( ‫ الهدف من الدراسة هو الحصول على منحنيات‬.‫املفاجئة‬ ‫ بعد جمع البيانات الخاصة‬،‫هطول األمطار ملدينة النجف والواقعة في جنوب غرب العراق‬ ً 30 ‫بهطول األمطار ملدة‬ ‫ مع استخدام معادلة‬,2018 ‫ ونهاية بالعام‬1989 ‫عاما من بداية عام‬ ‫) مع ستة طرائق لتوزيع االحتماالت‬IMD( ‫التقليص التطبيقية إلدارة األرصاد الجوية الهندية‬ ‫) ساعة وضمن‬24 ‫ و‬، 12 ، 6 ، 3 ، 2 ، 1 ، 0.5 ، 0.25( :‫خالل فترات زمنية قصيرة و كما يلي‬ ‫ ثم يتم استخدام اختبارات جودة‬.‫) سنة‬2 ‫ و‬، 5 ، 10 ، 25 ، 50 ، 100( :‫فترات عودة محددة وهي‬ ‫ بمساعدة (برنامج‬Anderson-Darling ‫ و‬chi-square ‫ و‬Kolmogorov-Smirnov ،‫التطابق‬ ‫ أشارت النتائج إلى أن الحد األقص ى لشدة هطول األمطار يحدث في فترة عودة‬.)Easy fit 5.6 ‫ بينما الحد األدنى لشدة هطول األمطار يحدث في فترة‬، )‫ ساعة‬0.25( ‫ سنة) وملدة‬100( ‫مدتها‬ ‫ في النتائج التي تم الحصول عليها للتقنيات الست باإلضافة‬.‫ ساعة‬24 ‫ سنة) وملدة‬2( ‫عودة مدتها‬ ً ‫ أظهرت جودة اختبارات التطابق‬Log-Pearson Type III ‫إلى تفوق تقنية‬ .‫تقاربا إلى حد ما‬

ABSTRACT In the field of water resource management, rainfall intensity-durationfrequency (IDF) curves are of great importance, especially in the design of hydraulic structures and the assessment of flash-flood risks. The aim of this study is to obtain IDF curves and find empirical equations for rain duration for Al-Najaf city in the southwest of Iraq. Rainfall data for 30 years, from 1989 to 2018, were collected. The practical reduction equation of the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), with six methods of probability distribution, was used for short intervals (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours) with a specified recurrence period (100, 50, 25, 10, 5, and 2 years). The Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi-squared, and Anderson-Darling goodness of fit tests were used with the help of EasyFit 5.6 software. The findings revealed that the highest intensity of rainfall occurs during a repeated cycle of 100 years with a duration of 0.25 hours, while the lowest intensity of rainfall occurs during a repeated cycle of 2 years with a duration of 24 hours. In the results obtained from the six methods, as well as the superiority of the log Pearson type III method, the consistency of the fit tests showed some convergence.

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

EasyFit 5.6 software, IMD equation, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, log Pearson type III technique, probability distribution, return period Log-Pearson III ‫ طريقة‬،IMD ‫ معادلة‬Kolmogorov-Smirnov ،‫ فحص‬،‫ فترة العودة‬،‫ التوزيعات االحتمالية‬،Easy fit 5.6 ‫برنامج‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Mahdi, H.H. (2021). Tatwir almueadalat aleamat llshdt-almdt-altrdd (IDF): Aleiraq ‘Development of a general equation for Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF): Iraq’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 98–101. DOI: 10.37575/b/eng/0042 .101–98 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ العراق‬:)IDF( ‫التردد‬-‫املدة‬-‫ تطوير املعادلة العامة للشدة‬.)2021( .‫ حسن هادي‬،‫مهدي‬

1. Introduction The accurate analysis of precipitation data is very important in hydrological engineering, especially in the design of water resource structures. Daily rainfall frequency analysis is a way of measuring the amount of rain occurring over a certain area within a certain time interval with a certain probability of occurrence (Dupont et al., 2000). The relationship of the intensity-duration-frequency (IDF) curve gives an idea of the estimation and prediction of hydrological events, such as storms of different magnitude and duration. From these curves, it is possible to derive a relationship between the intensity and duration of precipitation, assuming that the series of precipitation is stable. In other words, the intensity and frequency of extreme hydrological events remain steady over time (Al-Awadi, 2016). The rainfall IDF models were first established by Sherman (1905), then Bernard (1932), and so on, and many IDF curves and equations have been developed in many parts of the world, including Iraq. Hadadin (2005) elaborated eight IDF equations for the eight rainfall recording stations in the Mujib Basin in Jordan. Hussain (2006) used Weibull, Gumbel, and log Pearson type III probability distribution methods to develop an IDF empirical formula for the Baiji station in Iraq. The results showed that the log Pearson type III distribution was the optimum type of distribution for durations of 0.25 and 1 hours, whereas the Gumbel distribution was the optimum type of distribution for a duration of 0.5 hours. Al-Hassoun (2011) Corresponding Author: Hasan Hadi Mahdi

established an empirical equation to assess the intensity of rainfall in AlRiyadh city, Saudi Arabia. The results indicated that there was not much difference in the estimation of rainfall IDF curves between the Gumbel and log Pearson type III models. Jaleel and Farawn (2013) developed an IDF empirical formula for Basrah city in Iraq. The results indicated that the maximum intensities are of short duration with substantial variations within a return period, while there is little difference in intensities of long duration. Hussein (2014) developed an IDF empirical formula for Karbala province in Iraq, the results of which showed that the log Pearson type III was better than the other methods used. Al‐Awadi (2016) used Gumbel, log normal and log Pearson type III probability distributions to estimate the parameters of an IDF equation for different return periods for Baghdad. This analysis indicates a convergence between the three techniques used, with all of them achieving the appropriate level of significance but with a small advantage for the distribution of the log Pearson type III. Dakheel (2017) established an IDF empirical formula for Al-Nasiriyah city in Iraq by using the log Pearson type III and Gumbel probability distribution methods. The results confirmed that the log Pearson type III method performed the best. Hamaamin (2017) developed IDF curves for AlSulaimanya city in Iraq, the results of which showed a good match between the actual intensities and the intensities predicted by the general empirical formula. Namitha and Vinothkumar (2019) utilized annual rainfall data for 27

hasanh.areedh@uokufa.edu.iq, 009647811185206

‫ حسن هادي مهدي‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.101–98 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬. ‫ العراق‬:)IDF( ‫التردد‬-‫املدة‬-‫ تطوير املعادلة العامة للشدة‬.)2021( .‫ حسن هادي‬،‫مهدي‬

years in Kumulur by using the Gumbel and generalized extreme value techniques. The L-moments procedure was followed to estimate the distribution parameters. The quality of fit of the probability distribution was evaluated by conducting a chi-squared test. It was found that the generalized extreme value distribution method was better than other methods. In this study, an analysis was conducted of the maximum daily rainfall data during a period of 30 years for Al-Najaf city in Iraq to establish IDF curves and derive an empirical equation for various return periods. Six different probability distribution models were selected based on the results of three statistical tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chisquared, and Anderson-Darling, with the help of EasyFit 5.6 software. This empirical equation will allow the accurate prediction of the maximum value of future rainfall intensity and, thus, increase the efficiency of designs. 2. Material and Methods

2.1. Study Area: Al-Najaf is one of Iraq’s major cities and is located in the southwest of the country within the geographic coordinates of 29°50'00”– 32°21’00” N and 42°50'00”–45°44'00" E (Hussain et al., 2017). The prevailing weather conditions of the city are dry to semi dry and hot in the summer season, with temperatures ranging from 40°C to 50°C, and semi dry and cold in the winter season, with temperatures ranging from 8°C to 25oC. The period of precipitation generally begins in November with light rainfall, increases in December and January, and continues through to May. For rainy and dry years, the average annual precipitation has been reported as 190.7 mm and 22.8 mm, respectively (MOTRANS, 2020).

2.2. Data Collection: In this study, the maximum daily (24 hours) historical annual rainfall data for 30 years (1989 to 2018) was used to establish IDF curves and derive general intensity formulas. These data were obtained from the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology. The maximum daily (24 hours) rainfall data were transformed into smaller durations (namely 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 hours) using an equation recommended by the Indian Meteorological Department: 𝑃𝑡 =

(1)

where 𝑃𝑡 is the required smaller duration precipitation depth (mm), 𝑡 is the duration (hour), and 𝑃24 is the maximum daily precipitation (mm). This equation has been examined and used successfully by many researchers and in many different locations in the world (Al Mamun et al., 2018).

2.4. Frequency Analysis Methods: In this study, six frequency analysis models were used: Cauchy, Dagum, Gumbel max, log normal, log Pearson type III, and Weibull. The statistical distribution models and their functions are shown in Table 1. Table (1) Probability distribution models and their functions, (Mathwave, 2020). Statistical Distribution Models Function Cauchy Dagum Gumbel max

𝑥−𝜇 2 ) )) 𝜎 𝑥 − 𝛾𝛼𝑘−1 𝛼𝑘 𝛽

−1

𝑓(𝑥) = (𝜋𝜎 (1 + (

𝑓(𝑥) =

𝑘+1

𝑥−𝛾 𝛼 𝛽 (1 + ( 𝛽 ) ) 1 𝑓(𝑥) = exp⁡(−𝑧 − exp(−𝑧)) 𝜎

Function 2

Log normal

𝑓(𝑥) =

1 ln(𝑥 − 𝛾) − 𝜇 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− 2 ( ) ) 𝜎

(𝑥 − 𝛾)𝜎√2𝜋 𝛼−1 1 ln(𝑥) − 𝛾 𝑙𝑛(𝑥) − 𝛾 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ) 𝑥|𝛽|Γ(𝛼) 𝛽 𝛽 𝛼 𝑥 − 𝛾 𝛼−1 𝑥−𝛾 𝛼 𝑓(𝑥) = ( ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 (− ( ) ) 𝛽 𝛽 𝛽

Log Pearson type III Weibull

𝑥−𝜇

In this table, ≡ 𝜎 , 𝛼, and 𝑘 are the continuous shape parameters, 𝛽 and 𝜎 are the continuous scale parameters, and 𝛾 and 𝜇 are the continuous location parameters.

2.5. Statistical Distribution Tests: The EasyFit 5.6 software was used to assess the most suitable probability distribution model by using three types of test, AndersonDarling, chi-squared, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Anderson-Darling 's universal method is used to determine the fit between an observed and predicted cumulative distribution function. The tails in this test take more weight than the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. The chisquared test is applied only for a continuous sample of binned data. It is used to test whether a sample is selected from a population with a particular distribution. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is applied to decide if a sample is associated with a hypothesized continuous distribution (Mathwave, 2020).

2.6. Derivation of IDF Equations: Any empirical IDF equation should relate the maximum rainfall intensity with other effective parameters of rainfall duration and frequency (Elsebaie, 2010). Many researchers have introduced other common functions. Four essential equations used to represent the rainfall intensity–duration relationship are 𝑐∗𝑇 𝑚 𝑑+𝑏 𝑐∗𝑇 𝑚 𝐼= 𝑒 𝑑 𝑐∗𝑇 𝑚 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑒 +𝑏 𝑐∗𝑇 𝑚 𝐼 = 𝑑𝑒 +𝑏

Talbot equation 𝐼 =

(2)

Bernard equation

(3)

Sherman equation

2.3. Reduction of Precipitation Duration:

𝑡 1/3 𝑃24 (24)

Statistical Distribution Models

Kimijima equation

(4) (5)

where I is the intensity in units (L/T), T is the recurrence period in units (T), d is the rainfall duration in units (T), and c, m, e, and b are the constant parameters associated with the site’s meteorological conditions (Nhat, 2006). In this study, the Bernard equation was chosen to derive the IDF equation, as it is the most widely utilized equation. 3. Results and Discussion For determining the most appropriate probability distribution model for the distribution of the data of this study, three types of statistical test (Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling, and chi-squared) were used after conducting a statistical analysis with the help of the EasyFit 5.6 program. As indicated by various probability distributions for the 24hr, 12hr, 6hr, 3hr, 2hr, 1hr, 0.5hr, and 0.25hr durations and the quality of fit based on the results of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov procedure, the values obtained for the six methods can be accepted with a significance level equal to10%. The IDF curves for Al-Najaf city, according to the six probability distribution models, are shown in Figures 1–6. It is evident that there is a clear variation in the estimation of rainfall intensity for the assumed return periods through the models used. The Cauchy model has a high estimation for rainfall intensities, whereas the Weibull model was the lowest, while the Dagum, Gumbel max, log Pearson

100

Intensity (mm/hr)

type III, and log normal models were close to each other in estimation. The maximum and minimum rainfall intensities recorded during the 1989–2018 period were 2.687 mm/hr and 0.208 mm/hr, respectively. A comparison of this range with the results of the probability models indicated that the closest model is log Pearson type III, followed by the Dagum model, while the Cauchy and Weibull models were the most extreme in their estimations. It should also be noted that in a previous study for the Baghdad area, near the city of Al-Najaf, the log Pearson type III model showed the optimum distribution (Al‐Awadi, 2016). According to the plots, most rainfall intensities run parallel to their return periods at different durations. From the IDF curves, it can be noted that any increase in the return period leads to higher rainfall intensity values, while any increase in rainfall duration leads to lower rainfall intensities for all return periods. Table 2 displays the factor values for c, m, and e in the IDF equations, which were obtained by applying the solver tool integrated into the Excel 2010 program for the six models. The final factors for the general equation were taken as average values; thus, the final equation can be written as

5YR

10YR

25YR

50YR

100YR

10 0.1 0.1

25YR

50YR

100YR

0.1

100

Duration (hr)

Figure (4) IDF using the log Pearson type III model at Al-Najaf city.

Intensity (mm/hr)

2YR

5YR

10YR

25YR

50YR

100YR

10 0.1 0.1

100

Duration (hr)

Figure (5) IDF using the log normal model at Al-Najaf city.

Intensity (mm/hr)

1000

10YR

0.1

Figure (1) IDF using the Cauchy model at Al-Najaf city.

2YR

5YR

1.25⁡𝑇 1.423

𝐼 = 0.666 (2) 𝑡 To test the accuracy and performance of equation 2, a comparison was conducted between the calculated values of rainfall intensities using IDF curves and the calculated values of rainfall intensities using equation 2 for all returning periods and durations. The results showed that the values of the coefficient of determination R2 = 1 for all the recurrence periods (2, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 years). This means that the equation can be used effectively with a perfect estimation of the calculation of rainfall intensity; thus, it will be reflected positively in the efficiency of the designs for drainage projects in the city and to avoid the occurrence of floods due to the failure of the drainage network to absorb the quantities of rainwater.

2YR

5YR

10YR

25YR

50YR

100YR

50 5 0.5 0.1

100

Duration (hr)

Figure (2) IDF using the Dagum model at Al-Najaf city. Figure (6) IDF using the Weibull model at Al-Najaf city.

5YR

10YR

25YR

50YR

100YR

Intensity (mm/hr)

100

2YR

10 1

0.1 0.1

1 Duration (hr) 10

100

2YR

5YR

10YR

25YR

50YR

100YR

0.1 0.1

100

Duration (hr)

Factor c m e

Table (2) Average factors for each probability distribution model. Log Pearson Log Cauchy Dagum Gumbel Weibull type III normal 1.334 1.254 1.256 1.255 1.245 1.158 1.567 1.439 1.426 1.435 1.411 1.260 0.666 0.666 0.666 0.666 0.666 0.666

Average 1.250 1.423 0.666

4. Conclusions This study provided a series of steps for developing an IDF empirical equation for Al-Najaf city. This equation can be considered as a useful guide to predict the rainfall intensity for any specific recurrence period of different durations. The most important conclusion is that the highest rainfall intensity occurs in a repeated cycle of 100 years for a duration of 0.25 hours, while the lowest rainfall intensity occurs in the return period of 2 years for a duration of 24 hours. In the results obtained for the six techniques, and with the superiority of the log Pearson type III method, the consistency of the fit tests showed some convergence. However, the Cauchy and Weibull models produced the most extreme estimations. Biography

101

Hussain, R.A. (2006). Intensity-duration-frequency analysis for rainfall in Baiji station. Tikrit Journal of Eng, Sciences, 13(4), 116–35. Hussain, T.A., Al_Kindi, G.Y. and Kadhim, R.J. (2017). Water balance for the city of Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf/Southern Iraq. Diyala Journal for Pure Science, 13(4-part 2), 186–97. Hussein, A.K. (2014). Deriving rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationships for Kerbala city. ALMuthana Journal for Engineering Sciences, 3(1), 25–37. Jaleel, L.A. and Farawn, M.A. (2013). Developing rainfall intensity-durationfreqency relationship for Basrah city. Kufa Journal of Engineering, 5(1), 105–12. MathWave Technologies. (2020). Statistical Distribution Information. Available at: http://www.mathwave.com (accessed on 20/09/2020). MOTRANS, Ministry of Transportation. (2015). Meteorological Data of AlNajaf Province Station. Iraq: Ministry of Transportation, Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology. Namitha, M.R. and Vinothkumar, V. (2019). Derivation of the intensityduration-frequency curve for annual maxima rainfall using generalised extreme value distribution. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 8(1), 2626–32. DOI: 10.20546/ijcmas.2019.801.276 Nhat, L.M., Tachikawa, Y. and Takara, K. (2006). Establishment of intensityduration-frequency curves for precipitation in the monsoon area of Vietnam. Annuals of Disas. Prev. Res. Inst., 49(Part B), 93–103.

Hasan Hadi Mahdi Al-Areedhy Department of Structures and Water Resources, College of Engineering, University of Kufa, Najaf, Iraq, 009647811185206, nhasanh.areedh@uokufa.edu.iq

Dr. Al-Areedhy is an Iraqi lecturer and a member and secretary of the scientific committee, having graduated from the University of Kufa, received a master’s degree from the University of Technology in 2014 in the specialization of water resources and hydraulic structural engineering, and received a PhD from the same university and in the same specialization in 2019. He is a researcher interested in the groundwater engineering and hydrologic field. He has five published articles in national and Scopus-indexed international journals and has participated in three scientific conferences. ORCID: 0000-0003-0974-0841 Websites: http://staff.uokufa.edu.iq/?hasanh.areedh. References Al Mamun, A., bin Salleh, M. N. and Noor, H.M. (2018). Estimation of shortduration rainfall intensity from daily rainfall values in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Applied Water Science, 8(7), 203. DOI: 10.1007/s13201018-0854-z Al-Awadi, A.T. (2016). Assessment of intensity duration frequency (IDF) models for Baghdad city, Iraq. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 12(2), 7–11. AlHassoun, S.A. (2011). Developing an empirical formulae to estimate rainfall intensity in Riyadh region. Journal of King Saud UniversityEngineering Sciences, 23(2), 81–8. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksues.2011.03.003 Dakheel, A.A. (2017). Drawing curves of the rainfall intensity duration frequency (IDF) and assessment equation intensity rainfall for Nasiriyah city, Iraq. University of Thi-Qar Journal, 12(2), 63–82. DOI: 10.32792/utq/utj/vol12/2/6 Dupont, B.S., Allen, D.L. and Clark, K.D. (2000). Revision of the Rainfall-Intensity-

Duration Curves for the Commonwealth of Kentucky (Report No. KTC00-18/SPR-178-98). Kentucky Transportation Center, College of

Engineering, University of Kentucky Lexington, Kentucky, USA, 1. Available at: https://rosap.ntl.bts.gov/view/dot/21528. (accessed on 20/09/2020). Elsebaie, H.I. (2010). Developing rainfall intensity–duration–frequency relationship for two regions in Saudi Arabia. Journal of King Saud University, Engineering Resource, 24(2), 131–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksues.2011.06.001 Hadadin, N.A. (2005). Rainfall intensity-duration-frequency relationship in the Mujib basin in Jordan. Journal of Applied Science, 8(10), 1777– 84. Hamaamin, Y.A. (2017). Developing of rainfall intensity-duration-frequency model for Sulaimani city. Journal of Zankoy Sulaimani, 19(Part A), 93–102. Mahdi, H.H. (2021). Tatwir almueadalat aleamat llshdt-almdt-altrdd (IDF): Aleiraq ‘Development of a general equation for Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF): Iraq’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 98–101. DOI: 10.37575/b/eng/0042

‫‪102‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫فاعلية حارقات الدهون واألغذية الوظيفية يف‬ ‫مرتسم دهون الدم للجرذان املصابة بالسمنة‬

‫‪Influence of Fat Burners and Functional Foods‬‬ ‫‪on Lipid Profile of Obese Rats‬‬ ‫‪Haneen Hassan Jadir, Mohammed A. Jassim and Feryal F. Hussein‬‬

‫حنين حسن جادر و محمد أحمد جاسم و فريال فاروق حسين‬

‫قسم علوم األغذية‪ ،‬كلية الزراعة‪ ،‬جامعة تكريت‪ ،‬صالح الدين‪ ،‬العراق‬

‫‪Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture, Tikrit University, Salah al-Din, Iraq‬‬

‫‪ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE‬‬ ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

‫‪PUBLISHED ONLINE‬‬ ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪ISSUE‬‬ ‫رقم العدد‬

‫‪VOLUME‬‬ ‫رقم اجمللد‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪22/12/2020‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫الستقبال‬

‫‪LINK‬‬ ‫الرابط‬

‫‪22/12/2020‬‬

‫‪28/09/2020‬‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/0033‬‬

‫‪YEAR‬‬ ‫سنة العدد‬

‫‪NO. OF PAGES‬‬ ‫عدد الصفحات‬

‫‪NO. OF WORDS‬‬ ‫عدد الكلمات‬

‫‪2021‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫تهدف الدراسة إلى معرفة تأثير بعض حارقات الدهون أو األغذية الوظيفية على مستوى دهون‬ ‫الدم؛ التي تشمل الكوليسترول الكلي‪ ،‬الكليسيريدات الثالثية‪ ،‬الاليبوبروتينات الدهنية منخفضة‬ ‫الكثافة‪ ،‬وعلى مستوى مضادات األكسدة؛ التي تشمل الكلوتاثايون بيروكسيديز‪ ،‬واملالون ثنائي‬ ‫الديهايد في ذكور جرذان بالغة من نوع ‪ Sprague-Dawley‬املستحث فيها السمنة‪ .‬وزعت الجرذان‬ ‫إلى سبع مجاميع في ستة مكررات لكل منها‪ ،‬وتضمنت (‪ )T1‬املجموعة الضابطة السالبة‪ ،‬و(‪)T2‬‬ ‫الضابطة املوجبة‪ ،‬وخمس مجاميع مستحث فيها السمنة غذيت بعليقة عالية السعرات ومجرعة‬ ‫بدواء األورلستات ‪ 0.3‬ملغم‪ /‬غم (‪ ،)T3‬دواء ‪ C4 RIPPED 1.2‬ملغم‪ /‬غم (‪ ،)T4‬عشبة الغارسينيا‬ ‫‪ 0.5‬ملغم‪ /‬غم (‪ ،)T5‬عشبة السبغول ‪0.02‬غم‪ /‬غم (‪ )T6‬واللبن الوظيفي ‪1‬مل (‪ .)T7‬بعد انتهاء‬ ‫مدة التغذية البالغة ‪ً 56‬‬ ‫يوما في التجربة الحيوية‪ ،‬أظهرت النتائج ارتفاع معنوي (‪ )p≤0.05‬في‬ ‫معدل الكوليسترول في مجموعة ‪ T2‬مقارنة مع ‪ ،T1‬بينما أدت املعاملة باملعامالت ‪،T5 ،T4 ،T3‬‬ ‫‪ ، T7،T6‬إلى حصول انخفاض في مستوى الكوليسترول‪ .‬كذلك حدث ارتفاع معنوي في تركيز‬ ‫الكليسيريدات الثالثية والاليبوبروتينات منخفضة الكثافة في مجموعة ‪ T2‬مقارنة مع ‪ ،T1‬بينما‬ ‫لوحظ حدوث انخفاض معنوي في مصل دم الحيوانات املعاملة باملعامالت ‪. T7،T6 ،T5 ،T4 ،T3‬‬ ‫و في الطار ذاته‪ ،‬أدت التغذية بكل من ‪ ، T7، T6، T5،T3‬إلى رفع مستوى الكلوتاثيون‬ ‫بيروكسيديز وخفض مستوى املالون ثنائي الديهايد مقارنة مع ‪ T2‬و ‪.T4‬‬

‫‪5385‬‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪This study was designed to identify the effects of certain fat burners and‬‬ ‫‪functional foods on lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC),‬‬ ‫‪triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL-C), and antioxidants‬‬ ‫‪such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) in‬‬ ‫‪adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. The rats were separated into seven‬‬ ‫)‪groups, each group containing six rats. Both the (T1) negative and (T2‬‬ ‫‪positive control groups and the five other groups were fed with a high‬‬‫‪calorie diet to achieve obesity. After the end of the feeding period, over‬‬ ‫‪56 days the rats were treated with Orlistat 0.3mg/g (T3), C4 RIPPED 1.2‬‬ ‫‪mg/g (T4), Garcinia Herb 0.5 mg/g (T5), Ispaghula Herb 0.02g/g (T6),‬‬ ‫‪and Functional Yoghurt 1ml (T7). The results showed significantly‬‬ ‫‪increased (p≤0.05) cholesterol in the serum of T2 rats compared with T1‬‬ ‫‪rats. Transactions with T3, T4, T5, T6, and T7 rats led to a significant‬‬ ‫‪decrease in TC. There was a significant increase in TG and LDL-C in T2‬‬ ‫‪rats compared with T1 rats; a significant decrease occurred in the serum‬‬ ‫‪of the animals treated in groups T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T7. Rats in groups‬‬ ‫‪T3, T5, T6, and T7 showed increased GPx and decreased MDA compared‬‬ ‫‪with T1 and T4.‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪Antioxidants, fat burners, functional foods, lipid profile, liver enzymatic, obesity‬‬ ‫حارقات الدهون‪ ،‬األغذية الوظيفية‪ ،‬دهون الدم‪ ،‬مضادات األكسدة‪ ،‬إنزيمات الكبد‪ ،‬السمنة‬ ‫‪CITATION‬‬ ‫اإلحالة‬

‫‪Jadir, H.H., Jassim, M.A. and Hussein, F.F. (2021). Faeiliat hariqat alduhun wal'aghdhiat alwazifiat fi murtasim duhun aldam liljurdhan almusabat bialsamna ‘Influence of fat‬‬ ‫‪burners and functional foods on lipid profile of obese rats’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 102–6. DOI: 10.37575/b/agr/0033‬‬ ‫جادر ‪ ،‬حنين حسن و جاسم‪ ،‬محمد أحمد و حسين‪ ،‬فريال فاروق‪ .)2021( .‬فاعلية حارقات الدهون واألغذية الوظيفية في مرتسم دهون الدم للجرذان املصابة بالسمنة‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك‬ ‫فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪.106–102 ،)1(22 ،‬‬

‫‪ .1‬املقدمة‬ ‫طبيعية يحدث فيها تراكم دهون زائد في الجسم‬ ‫تعرف السمنة على أنها حالة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫يصل إلى درجة معينة تسبب آثارا سلبية على الصحة‪ ،‬وتؤدي بنتيجتها إلى‬ ‫انخفاض متوسط عمر الفرد أو الوقوع في مشاكل صحية متزايدة ( ‪Al-Ameri‬‬ ‫‪ .)et al, 2016‬وتشير الدراسات الحديثة إلى وجود ارتفاع ملحوظ في معدالت‬ ‫السمنة على املستوى العاملي‪ ،‬لكن لم تحدد عامل مخصوص يسبب السمنة‬ ‫بل حددت مجموعة من العوامل‪ ،‬يتم بوساطتها استهالك سعرات حرارية‬ ‫ً‬ ‫بمعدالت عالية واعتبرتها ً‬ ‫رئيسيا للسمنة على العكس من نمط الحياة‬ ‫سببا‬ ‫املستقرة الذي يتضمن استهالك أحجام معينة من السعرات الحرارية‪ ،‬حيث‬ ‫إن الزيادة في تناول السكريات والدهون وبكميات كبيرة يعني استهالك كميات‬ ‫كبيرة من السعرات الحرارية‪ ،‬وهذا االستهالك إذا ترافق مع قلة في الحركة‪،‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الغذائية السيئة‪ ،‬يعتبر من األسباب الرئيسية للسمنة‬ ‫فضال عن العادات‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫(‪ .)Kasabri et al, 2017‬وفضال عن كون السمنة مرضا بحد ذاته‪ ،‬فهي وعلى‬ ‫الطرف اآلخر‪ ،‬ترتبط بالعديد من األمراض وال سيما أمراض القلب وارتفاع‬ ‫ضغط الدم وداء السكري وارتفاع معدل الكوليسترول والكليسيريدات‬ ‫الثالثية في الدم والجهاد التأكسدي وأمراض ًالكبد وأنواع عديدة من‬ ‫السرطانات وصعوبة في التنفس أثناء النوم؛ فضال عن تأثيرها على الجسم‬ ‫وإظهاره بمظهر غير صحي‪ ،‬وغير مقبول‪ ،‬و كل هذه األمراض قد تؤدي بدورها‬ ‫إلى انخفاض في متوسط عمر الفرد أو الوقوع في مشاكل صحية متزايدة‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬محمد احمد جاسم‬

‫( ‪.)Kahtan et al, 2020‬‬ ‫يلجأ بعض املختصين إلى األدوية الطبية لخفض الوزن وخفض دهون الدم‪،‬‬ ‫ومن هذه األدوية األورلستات؛ حيث يعمل هذا املنحف على تثبيط عمل‬ ‫إنزيم الاليبيز البنكرياس ي؛ وهو النزيم املسؤول عن هضم الدهون ( ‪Xiguang,‬‬ ‫‪ ،)2018‬كذلك من املنحفات األخرى شائعة االستعمال في الوقت الحاضر‬ ‫منحف ‪ C4 RIPPED‬الذي يحتوي على مزيج من املكونات النشطة بيو ً‬ ‫لوجيا‪،‬‬ ‫التي تعمل بآليات مختلفة في الحد من اكتساب الدهون وتقليل نسبة‬ ‫الشحوم (‪ .)Jung et al, 2017‬وبما أن هذه األدوية قد تسبب بعض اآلثار‬ ‫الجانبية واملخاطر الصحية فقد اتجه‪ ،‬إثر ذلك‪ ،‬أغلب األشخاص إلى إيجاد‬ ‫طرق عالج بديلة‪ ،‬إحدى هذه الطرق هي استخدام األغذية الوظيفية‬ ‫كاألعشاب الطبية‪ ،‬إذ تعمل تلك األعشاب بآليات مختلفة؛ منها تنظيم توازن‬ ‫الطاقة في الجسم‪ ،‬إما من خالل التأثير الذي تحدثه على الجهاز العصبي‬ ‫وزيادة الشعور بالشبع أو من خالل ما تقوم به من تخفيض في استهالك‬ ‫الطاقة‪ ،‬وزيادة إنفاق الطاقة‪ ،‬وخفض نسبة امتصاص الدهون‪ ،‬أو زيادة‬ ‫تحلل الدهون‪ ،‬أو عن طريق تقليل التمايز والتكاثر للخاليا الدهنية في‬ ‫الجسم وغيرها من اآلليات (‪ ،)Asgary et al, 2018‬إضافة إلى ما سبق تمتاز هذه‬ ‫النباتات بوفرتها ورخص ثمنها وقلة تأثيراتها الجانبية‪ ،‬مقارنة بالعقاقير‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الكيميائية التي تسبب أعراضا جانبية ضارة وتثبط مناعة الجسم (‪John et al,‬‬ ‫‪ .)2020‬ويوجد نوعين من األعشاب الطبية في هذا السياق وهما‪ :‬عشبة‬

‫‪kkk.aa91@yahoo.com, 009647707533250‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Mohammed Ahmed. Jassim‬‬

‫‪103‬‬

‫جادر ‪ ،‬حنين حسن و جاسم‪ ،‬محمد أحمد و حسين‪ ،‬فريال فاروق‪ .)2021( .‬فاعلية حارقات الدهون واألغذية الوظيفية في مرتسم دهون الدم للجرذان املصابة بالسمنة‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪،‬‬ ‫‪.106–102 ،)1(22‬‬

‫الغارسينيا‪ ،‬وعشبة السبغول‪.‬‬ ‫عشبة الغارسينيا؛ عشبة مسؤولة عن خسارة الوزن وخفض دهون الدم‬ ‫بسبب احتوائها على حامض )‪Guillén-Enríquez et al, ( Hydroxycitric Acid (HCA‬‬ ‫‪ ،)2018‬أما عشبة السبغول؛ فهي تعمل على تأخر امتصاص الدهون‬ ‫الثالثية والسكريات في األمعاء الدقيقة بسبب محتواها من األلياف ( ‪Qudoos‬‬ ‫‪ .)et al, 2016‬أما بالنسبة للنوع اآلخر من األغذية العالجية فيعرف باملعززات‬ ‫الحيوية؛ حيث أشارت الدراسات إلى أن استهالك املنتجات الحاوية على‬ ‫املعززات الحيوية أدت‪ ،‬وبشكل كبير‪ ،‬الى خفض دهون الدم (‪ Gadelha‬و‬ ‫‪ً .)2019 ،Bezerra‬‬ ‫ونظرا لقلة الدراسات واملعلومات حول مضاعفات أدوية‬ ‫السمنة خالل استعمال أغلبها من دون وصفات طبية‪ ،‬فقد صممت هذه‬ ‫الدراسة ملعرفة تأثير هذه األدوية في خفض دهون الدم ومقارنتها مع النباتات‬ ‫الطبية واملعززات الحيوية ومعرفة تأثير كل منها على مجموعات من الجرذان‬ ‫تمت تغذيتها على عليقة عالية الدهون‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.6‬تصميم التجربة‪:‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫عشوائيا إلى سبع مجاميع؛ كل مجموعة مكونة‬ ‫تم توزيع حيوانات التجربة‬ ‫من ستة حيوانات‪ ،‬وتمت تغذيتها بالعليقة عالية السعرات ملدة أربعة‬ ‫أسابيع باستثناء املجموعة األولى التي تمت تغذيتها بالغذاء املوزون فقط‪.‬‬ ‫وبعد انتهاء فترة التسمين البالغة ‪ً 28‬‬ ‫يوما تم تجريع حيوانات التجربة‬ ‫بحارقات الدهون واألغذية الوظيفية‪ ،‬وتم إعطاء الجرع بواقع جرعة‪12 /‬‬ ‫ساعة وكما يلي (‪:)Mohammed et al, 2019‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫‪ .2‬املواد وطرق العمل‬

‫‪.4‬‬

‫‪ .2.1‬العالجات املستخدمة في التجربة‪:‬‬

‫تم الحصول على دواء األورلستات على شكل كبسوالت من الصيدليات‪،‬‬ ‫واملصنع من قبل شركة روش اليطالية ‪Roche Co. Italy‬؛ إذ كانت الجرعة‬ ‫العالجية ‪ 120‬ملغم‪/‬كغم‪ .‬أما دواء ‪ C4 RIPPED‬فقد تم الحصول عليه من‬ ‫الصيدليات؛ وهو منتج ذو منشأ أمريكي‪ ،‬مصنع من قبل شركة ‪،Cellucor‬‬ ‫وقد تم تحديد الجرعة العالجية بمقدار ‪ 435‬ملغم‪ /‬كغم‪ً .‬‬ ‫أيضا تم‬ ‫الحصول على عشبة ‪ GARCINIA‬صينية املنشأ من األسواق املحلية‪،‬‬ ‫والجرعة العالجية املوص ى بها من قبل الشركة املصنعة للعشبة هي ‪195‬‬ ‫ملغم‪ /‬كغم‪ً .‬‬ ‫أخيرا‪ ،‬تم الحصول على عشبة ‪Ispaghula‬كويتية املنشأ من‬ ‫ً‬ ‫األسواق املحلية‪ ،‬وتم تحديد جرعتها اعتمادا على الجرعة املوص ى بها من‬ ‫قبل الشركة املصنعة للعشبة والبالغة ‪ 10‬غم‪ /‬كغم‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.2‬تصنيع اللبن العالجي‪:‬‬ ‫اعتمدنا الطريقة التي استخدمها ‪ Tamime‬و‪)1999( Robinson‬؛ إذ تمت‬ ‫تصفية الحليب بقطعة شاش نظيفة مع رفع تدريجي في درجة الحرارة حتى‬ ‫‪o90‬م وملدة نصف ساعة‪ ،‬ثم برد الحليب إلى ‪o43‬م‪ ،‬ولقحت العينة ببادئ‬ ‫بكتيريا حامض الالكتيك وبنسبة ‪( %3‬الذي سبق أن تم تحضيره وتنشيطه‬ ‫وخلطه بنسبة ‪ 1:1:1‬من كل من بكتيريا الـ ‪Lactobacillus acidophilus,‬‬ ‫‪ Lactobacillus plantarum,) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG‬و ‪( Lactobacillus casei‬‬ ‫مزج الحليب مع البادئ ملدة دقيقتين‪ ،‬ثم عبئ بالعبوات الخاصة لتتم‬ ‫تغطية العبوات بعدها ونقلها إلى الحاضنة على درجة حرارة ‪o42‬م لحين‬ ‫إكمال التخثر ‪-‬الذي يستغرق بحدود ‪ 4‬ساعات‪ -‬ثم حفظت في الثالجة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.3‬تهيئة الحيوانات‪:‬‬ ‫استخدمنا ذكور الجرذان البيض البالغة من نوع ‪ Albino‬بيضاء اللون‪،‬‬ ‫بعمر ‪ 5-4‬أسابيع‪ ،‬وكانت أوزانها تتراوح بين ‪ 140-130‬غم‪ ،‬وقد حصلنا عليها‬ ‫من كلية الطب البيطري‪ /‬جامعة تكريت‪ ،‬حيث وضعت في أقفاص خاصة‬ ‫بتربية الحيوانات‪ ،‬وخضعت لدورة ضوئية (‪ )12‬ساعة ضوء و(‪ )12‬ساعة‬ ‫ظالم ودرجة حرارة عند ‪o25‬م‪ .‬قسمت التجربة إلى فترتين؛ الفترة األولى هي‬ ‫فترة تسمين الحيوانات ومدتها أربعة أسابيع‪ ،‬والفترة الثانية فترة العالج‬ ‫ومدتها أربعة أسابيع‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.4‬تحضيرالغذاء املوزون‪:‬‬ ‫تم تحضير الغذاء املوزون حسب ما ذكر في ‪)2002( NRC‬؛ لكي يحتوي على‬ ‫سليلوز ‪ 50‬غم‪ /‬كغم‪ ،‬كازين ‪ 150.0‬غم‪ /‬كغم‪ ،‬زيت ‪ 100‬غم‪ /‬كغم‪ ،‬فيتامينات‬ ‫‪5‬غم‪ /‬كغم‪ ،‬معادن ‪ 50‬غم‪ /‬كغم‪ ،‬كلوكوز ‪ 100‬غم‪ /‬كغم ونشا ‪ 536.5‬غم‪/‬‬ ‫كغم‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.5‬تحضيرالعليقة عالية السعرات‪:‬‬ ‫تم تحضير العليقة عالية السعرات باالعتماد على ما ذكره‬

‫‪)2017( Salzedas et al,‬؛ إذ تم تحضير غذاء الجرذان عالي السعرات‬ ‫الحرارية من الغذاء املوزون املحضر ً‬ ‫سابقا‪ ،‬ثم تكميله بالدهون (‪ %20‬من‬ ‫الدهون املهدرجة و‪ %5‬من الدهون الحيوانية)‪.‬‬

‫‪Pescinini-‬‬

‫‪.5‬‬ ‫‪.6‬‬ ‫‪.7‬‬

‫املجموعة األولى ‪( T1‬الضابطة السالبة)‪ :‬تركت هذه الحيوانات سليمة‪ ،‬وغذيت‬ ‫على عليقة قياسية فقط مع استمرار إعطاء املاء طيلة مدة التجربة‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة الثانية ‪( T2‬الضابطة املوجبة)‪ :‬تمت تغذيتها على عليقة عالية السعرات‬ ‫(عليقة دسمة) طيلة مدة التجربة مع إعطاء املاء املقطر‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة الثالثة ‪ :T3‬غذيت على عليقة دسمة‪ ،‬وجرعت بـ‪ 0.3‬ملغم‪ /‬غم من وزن‬ ‫جسم الحيوان من عقار األورلستات طيلة مدة التجربة‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة الرابعة ‪ :T4‬غذيت على عليقة دسمة‪ ،‬وجرعت بـ‪ 1.2‬ملغم‪ /‬غم من وزن‬ ‫الجسم من عقار ‪.C4‬‬ ‫املجموعة الخامسة ‪ :T5‬غذيت على عليقة دسمة‪ ،‬وجرعت بـ‪ 0.02‬غم‪ /‬غم من‬ ‫وزن الجرذان من عشبه السبغول‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة السادسة ‪ :T6‬غذيت على عليقة دسمة‪ ،‬وجرعت بـ‪ 0.5‬ملغم‪ /‬غم من‬ ‫وزن الجسم من عشبة الغارسينيا‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة السابعة ‪ :T7‬غذيت على عليقة دسمة ثم جرعت بـ‪ 1‬مل من اللبن‬ ‫العالجي من وزن جسم الجرذان‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.7‬قياس أوزان حيوانات التجربة‪:‬‬ ‫سجلت األوزان ملجاميع الحيوانات للمعامالت املختلفة‪ ،‬وبواقع مرة كل‬ ‫أسبوع لتسجيل حاالت الزيادة والنقصان في أوزان الحيوانات خالل فترة‬ ‫التجربة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.8‬الفحوصات الكيموحيوية‪:‬‬ ‫بعد انتهاء فترة التجربة‪ ،‬منعت الجرذان من الطعام ملدة تقارب ‪ 12‬ساعة‬ ‫الحيوانات بعد ذلك بواسطة الكلوروفورم‪ ،‬ثم سحب الدم‬ ‫‪ .Fasting‬خدرت ً‬ ‫من القلب مباشرة‪ ،‬ووضع في أنابيب اختبار ال تحتوي على مادة (‪)EDTA‬‬ ‫وتركت ملدة ربع ساعة ً‬ ‫تقريبا في حمام مائي بدرجة ‪o37‬م‪ ،‬وبعدها تم الحصول‬ ‫على املصل ‪ ،Serum‬بواسطة جهاز الطرد املركزي ‪ Centrifuge‬بسرعة ‪3000‬‬ ‫دورة‪ /‬دقيقة ملدة ‪ 15‬دقيقة وحفظت عند درجة حرارة (‪o18-‬م) لحين إجراء‬ ‫الفحوصات الكيموحيوية الخاصة؛ التي تشمل قياس مستوى الكوليسترول‬ ‫الكلي‪ ،‬الكليسيريدات الثالثية‪ ،‬البروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة (‪،)HDL-C‬‬ ‫البروتينات الدهنية واطئة الكثافة (‪)LDL-C‬؛ بحسب الطرق املتبعة من قبل‬ ‫‪ ،)2005( Tietz‬وتقدير مضادات األكسدة الكلوتاثايون بيروكسيديز واملالو ًن‬ ‫ثنائي الديهايد‪ ،‬وحسب الطرق املتبعة من قبل ‪ Ercan‬و‪ .)2017( Kockaya‬أيضا‬ ‫تقدير إنزيم ناقل أمين االلين (‪ ،)ALT‬إنزيم ناقل أمين االسبارتيت (‪ )AST‬في‬ ‫أمصال الحيوانات؛ بحسب الطرق املتبعة من قبل ‪.)2005( Tietz‬‬

‫‪ .2.9‬التحليل االحصائي‪:‬‬ ‫( ‪Linear‬‬

‫قمنا بتحليل نتائج التجارب باستخدام النموذج الخطي العام‬ ‫‪ )Model General‬ضمن البرنامج الحصائي الجاهز ‪ (2012) SAS‬لدراسة تأثير‬ ‫العوامل على وفق التصميم العشوائي الكامل ‪ ،CRD‬كما تم إجراء اختبار‬ ‫دنكن ‪ ،)1955( Duncan‬لتحديد معنوية الفروق ما بين متوسطات العوامل‬ ‫املؤثرة على الصفات املدروسة عند مستوى (‪.)0.05‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬النتائج واملناقشة‬

‫‪ .3.1‬تأثير املعامالت املختلفة على أوزان حيوانات التجربة‪:‬‬

‫الجدول (‪ )1‬يوضح تأثير املعامالت املختلفة (‪ )T7 ،T6 ،T5 ،T4 ،T3‬على‬ ‫أوزان الحيوانات املصابة بالسمنة‪ .‬إذ لوحظ أن تجريع الحيوانات املصابة‬ ‫بالسمنة باملعامالت أعاله‪ ،‬أدى إلى حصول انخفاضٍ معنوي عند‬ ‫مستوى احتمال (‪ )p≤0.05‬ليبلغ املعدل النهائي للنقصان في الوزن بعد ‪28‬‬ ‫يوما من التجريع ‪ 30- ،19- ،21- ،14-‬و‪18-‬غم للمعامالت ‪T6 ،T5 ،T4 ،T3‬‬

‫‪104‬‬

‫و‪ T7‬على التوالي مقارنة بمجموعة )‪(T2‬؛ التي بلغ معدل الزيادة الوزنية فيها‬ ‫بعد انتهاء التجربة ‪ 46‬غم‪ .‬أدى التجريع باملعاملة ‪ T3‬إلى خفض وزن‬ ‫الجسم لحيوانات التجربة‪ ،‬وقد يرجع سبب االنخفاض هذا إلى أن هذا‬ ‫الدواء يعمل على إعاقة امتصاص الدهون عن طريق تثبيط إنزيمات‬ ‫الاليبيز في املعدة والبنكرياس‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إلى زيادة إفراز الدهون مع البراز‬ ‫(‪ ،)Xiguang, 2018‬كذلك أدت املعاملة ‪ T4‬إلى خفض وزن الجرذان‪ .‬هذا وقد‬ ‫يرجع السبب إلى احتواء هذا املنحف على بعض املركبات التي لها القدرة‬ ‫على خفض الوزن‪ ،‬ومن ضمن تلك املركبات البن األخضر؛ حيث يحتوي‬ ‫هذا النبات على نسبة عالية من حامض ‪ ،Chlorogenic Acid‬ويعد هذا‬ ‫املركب من املركبات التي لها تأثير عال في خفض ً الوزن (‪.)Jung et al, 2017‬‬ ‫وبالنسبة للمعاملة ‪ T5‬فقد أدت تلك العشبة أيضا إلى خفض الوزن‪ ،‬وهذا‬ ‫يتفق مع ما أشار إليه ‪ )2017( Xing et al,‬في أن استهالك تلك العشبة أدى إلى‬ ‫خفض وزن جسم الجرذان بشكل كبير‪ ،‬وقد يعزا السبب في ذلك إلى كون‬ ‫تلك األعشاب تحتوي على نسبة عالية من األلياف التي تعمل على تحسين‬ ‫عملية الهضم ودفع الكتلة الغذائية مع البراز‪ ،‬إضافة إلى إعطاء الشعور‬ ‫بالشبع‪.‬‬ ‫املعامالت‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪T5‬‬ ‫‪T6‬‬ ‫‪T7‬‬

‫الوزن بداية‬ ‫التجربة‬ ‫‪156‬‬ ‫‪3.29b±‬‬ ‫‪182‬‬ ‫‪2.77a±‬‬ ‫‪184‬‬ ‫‪2.56a±‬‬ ‫‪193‬‬ ‫‪1.97a±‬‬ ‫‪184‬‬ ‫‪1.35a±‬‬ ‫‪195‬‬ ‫‪2.21a±‬‬ ‫‪197‬‬ ‫‪3.02a±‬‬

‫جدول ‪ .1‬تأثيراملعامالت املختلفة في أوزان الجرذان (غم)‬ ‫املعدل النهائي‬ ‫األسبوع األسبوع األسبوع األسبوع الرابع‬ ‫االول‬ ‫للزيادة أو النقصان في الوزن‪ /‬غم‬ ‫الثالث‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪171‬‬ ‫‪167‬‬ ‫‪164‬‬ ‫‪159‬‬ ‫‪2.19c±‬‬ ‫‪1.12c±‬‬ ‫‪3.00c±‬‬ ‫‪2.51b±‬‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪228‬‬ ‫‪212‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪186‬‬ ‫‪1.65a±‬‬ ‫‪2.37a±‬‬ ‫‪2.25a±‬‬ ‫‪2.88a±‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪174‬‬ ‫‪179‬‬ ‫‪181‬‬ ‫‪1.18b±‬‬ ‫‪2.35b±‬‬ ‫‪2.13b±‬‬ ‫‪1.14a±‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬‫‪169‬‬ ‫‪175‬‬ ‫‪185‬‬ ‫‪190‬‬ ‫‪2.35b±‬‬ ‫‪1.09b±‬‬ ‫‪2.47b±‬‬ ‫‪2.11a±‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬‫‪165‬‬ ‫‪170‬‬ ‫‪176‬‬ ‫‪182‬‬ ‫‪3.08b±‬‬ ‫‪2.17b±‬‬ ‫‪2.58b±‬‬ ‫‪3.75a±‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬‫‪165‬‬ ‫‪173‬‬ ‫‪184‬‬ ‫‪192‬‬ ‫‪2.86b±‬‬ ‫‪2.28b±‬‬ ‫‪1.44b±‬‬ ‫‪1.78a±‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬‫‪176‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪187‬‬ ‫‪194‬‬ ‫‪2.24b±‬‬ ‫‪1.77b±‬‬ ‫‪1.97b±‬‬ ‫‪2.09a±‬‬

‫األرقام في الجدول تعبرعن قيم املتوسطات ‪ ±‬االنحراف القياس ي‪ .‬الحروف املختلفة في العمود الواحد تشير الى وجود فروقات معنوية (‪ )p<0.05‬بين مجاميع الدراسة‬

‫أما املعاملة ‪ ،T6‬فقد أدى تناول تلك العشبة إلى انخفاض في مؤشر كتلة‬ ‫الجسم؛ حيث يحدث ذلك من خالل تأثير حامض ‪ HCA‬املوجود فيها‪ ،‬إذ‬ ‫يعمل هذا املركب على تحويل األحماض الدهنية والكاربوهيدرات التي‬ ‫كانت تدخل في تصنع الدهون إلى كاليكوجين حيوي (‪.)Haber et al, 2018‬‬ ‫كذلك أدت املعاملة باللبن العالجي املدعم باملعززات الحيوية إلى خفض‬ ‫وزن الجسم‪ ،‬وهذا يتفق مع ما ذكره ‪)2017( Shati‬؛ إذ أشار إلى أن تغذية‬ ‫الجرذان على عليقة مرتفعة السعرات‪ ،‬ومن ثم تجريعها باملعززات‬ ‫الحيوية أدى إلى انخفاض كبير في وزن الجرذان‪ ،‬ويعود ذلك إلى قابليتها‬ ‫على تحسين عملية األيض واستعادة التكافؤ الخاص بتوزيع األحماض‬ ‫الدهنية‪ ،‬إضافة إلى تحسين حركة األمعاء‪ ،‬وبالتالي تعزيز الكفاءة‬ ‫لعملية الهضم والجهاز الهضمي بصورة عامة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3.2‬تأثير املعامالت املختلفة على معايير صور الدم‪:‬‬ ‫أظهرت نتائج التحليل الكيموحيوي املوضحة في جدول (‪ )2‬حصول‬ ‫تغايرات معنوية (‪ ،)P≤0.05‬في الفحوصات الكيموحيوية في املجاميع‬ ‫التجريبية‪ ،‬فقد ارتفع معدل الكوليسترول في مجموعة الضابطة املوجبة‬ ‫(‪ ،)T2‬مقارنة ملا هو عليه في مجموعة الضابطة السالبة (‪ .)T1‬بينما أدت‬ ‫املعاملة باملعامالت ‪ T7 ،T6 ،T5 ،T4 ،T3‬إلى حصول انخفاض معنوي في‬ ‫مستوى الكوليسترول‪ .‬كذلك حدث ارتفاع معنوي في تركيز‬ ‫الكليسيريدات الثالثية بالنسبة ملجموعة (‪ )T2‬مقارنة بمجموعة (‪،)T1‬‬ ‫بينما لوحظ حدوث انخفاض معنوي ملستوى الكليسيريدات الثالثية في‬ ‫مصل دم الحيوانات املعاملة باملعامالت ‪ .T7 ،T6 ،T5 ،T4 ،T3‬كذلك‬ ‫أظهرت نتائج التحليل الكيموحيوي حدوث انخفاض معنوي عند‬ ‫مستوى احتمال (‪ )P≤0.05‬في مستوى البروتينات الدهنية عالية الكثافة‬ ‫بالنسبة ملجموعة الضابطة املوجبة‪ ،‬مقارنة مع مجموعة الضابطة‬ ‫السالبة‪ .‬بينما لوحظ أن ‪ HDL-C‬في مجاميع الحيوانات املصابة واملعالجة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫معنويا‪.‬‬ ‫باملعامالت ‪ T7 ،T6 ،T5 ،T4 ،T3‬قد ارتفعت‬ ‫اتفقت النتائج مع ما ذكره ‪ (2020) Rodríguez-Correa et al‬الذي بين أن‬ ‫الغذاء الدهني سيكون له تأثير كبير على الصحة من ناحية تكون‬ ‫الكوليسترول وزيادة نسبة السيئ منه على حساب الجيد‪ ،‬بالضافة إلى‬ ‫ارتفاع نسبة الدهون الثالثية في مصل الدم وتكون البالك (‪ )plaque‬داخل‬ ‫بطانة الشرايين‪ ،‬مما يؤدي ‪-‬بدوره‪ -‬إلى إعاقة انسيابية جريان الدم داخل‬

‫األوعية وتنتج عنه أمراض كثيرة‪ .‬وفيما يخص املجموعة املصابة واملعالجة‬ ‫بدواء األورلستات تتفق النتائج مع ما ذكره ‪ ،)2012( Shams et al‬حيث الحظ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫انخفاضا في كل من الكوليسترول والكليسيريدات الثالثية والكوليسترول‬ ‫ً‬ ‫وارتفاعا في تركيز الكوليسترول عالي الكثافة‪ .‬وقد عزا‬ ‫منخفض الكثافة‪،‬‬ ‫السبب في ذلك إلى تثبيط الاليبيز في املعدة والبنكرياس‪ ،‬حيث يمنع هذا‬ ‫التثبيط تحلل الدهون الثالثية‪ ،‬وبالتالي الحد من امتصاص الكليسريدات‬ ‫األحادية والكوليسترول في الدم‪ .‬أما بالنسبة للمجموعة املصابة واملعالجة‬ ‫بدواء ‪ C4 Ripped‬فقد يرجع السبب في تحسين صورة دهون الدم إلى احتواء‬ ‫هذا املنحف على نسبة عالية من األرجنين؛ إذ يعد من املواد الفعالة في‬ ‫الحد من اكتساب الدهون وتقليل نسبة الشحوم‪ ،‬وذلك عن طريق تقليل‬ ‫الخاليا الشحمية‪ .‬وكذلك من املحتمل أن تتعرض األحماض الدهنية‬ ‫املنبعثة من األنسجة الدهنية إلى زيادة األكسدة في الكبد والعضالت‬ ‫الهيكلية وكذلك الدهون الثالثية (‪.)Jung et al, 2016‬‬ ‫جدول ‪ .2‬تأثيراملعامالت املختلفة في بعض املعايير الكيموحيوية (ملغم‪ 100 /‬مل) في سيرم دم ذكورالجرذان املغذاة على‬ ‫وجبة مرتفعة السعرات‬ ‫‪LDL-C‬‬ ‫‪HDL-C‬‬ ‫‪TG‬‬ ‫‪TC‬‬ ‫املعايير‬ ‫(ملغم‪100/‬مل)‬ ‫(ملغم‪100/‬مل)‬ ‫(ملغم‪100/‬مل)‬ ‫الكيموحيوية (ملغم‪100/‬مل)‬ ‫املعامالت‬ ‫‪90.31‬‬ ‫‪49.23‬‬ ‫‪102.90‬‬ ‫‪121.60‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫‪1.98d±‬‬ ‫‪1.29c±‬‬ ‫‪3.41e±‬‬ ‫‪3.11e±‬‬ ‫‪143.11‬‬ ‫‪29.02‬‬ ‫‪168.10‬‬ ‫‪250.00‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪2.18a±‬‬ ‫‪0,69e±‬‬ ‫‪3.21a±‬‬ ‫‪4.35a±‬‬ ‫‪103.50‬‬ ‫‪44.78‬‬ ‫‪166.74‬‬ ‫‪154.00‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪2.27b±‬‬ ‫‪1.10d±‬‬ ‫‪4.13bc±‬‬ ‫‪3.60c±‬‬ ‫‪106.70‬‬ ‫‪45.64‬‬ ‫‪162.03‬‬ ‫‪141.10‬‬ ‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪1.95b±‬‬ ‫‪1.03d±‬‬ ‫‪4.27c±‬‬ ‫‪2.44d±‬‬ ‫‪96.59‬‬ ‫‪54.61‬‬ ‫‪152.48‬‬ ‫‪143.70‬‬ ‫‪T5‬‬ ‫‪1.28c±‬‬ ‫‪1.07a±‬‬ ‫‪4.13d±‬‬ ‫‪4.68d±‬‬ ‫‪106.53‬‬ ‫‪51.57‬‬ ‫‪171.62‬‬ ‫‪163.10‬‬ ‫‪T6‬‬ ‫‪2.75b±‬‬ ‫‪1.14b±‬‬ ‫‪3.53b±‬‬ ‫‪2.53b±‬‬ ‫‪98.43‬‬ ‫‪53.62‬‬ ‫‪146.42‬‬ ‫‪162.15‬‬ ‫‪T7‬‬ ‫‪1.29c±‬‬ ‫‪1.35ab±‬‬ ‫‪2.80d±‬‬ ‫‪2.01b±‬‬ ‫األرقام في الجدول تعبر عن قيم املتوسطات ‪ ±‬االنحراف القياس ي‪.‬‬ ‫الحروف املختلفة في العمود الواحد تشير الى وجود فروقات معنوية (‪ )p<0.05‬بين مجاميع الدراسة‪.‬‬

‫اتفقت نتائج الدراسة كذلك مع ما ذكره ‪ ،)2011( Vuksan et al‬إذ وجد‬ ‫انخفاض كبير في مؤشرات الدهون عند إعطاء عشبة السبغول‪ ،‬وقد تبين‬ ‫أن هذا االنخفاض حدث نتيجة ربط األحماض الصفراوية والكوليسترول‬ ‫مع تلك األلياف وزيادة إفرازها مع البراز‪ .‬أما االنخفاض الحاصل في صور‬ ‫دهون الدم عند معاملة الجرذان املصابة بعشبة الغارسينيا فقد يرجع‬ ‫السبب إلى احتواء تلك العشبة على مركب فعال يعرف بحامض‬ ‫‪ Hydroxycitric Acid‬الذي بدوره يثبط عمل إنزيم الستريك الييز ( ‪ATP,citrate‬‬ ‫‪ )Lyase‬الذي يدخل في تصنيع الدهون (‪ .)2012 ,Nwangwa‬أما بالنسبة‬ ‫للمجموعة األخيرة‪ ،‬وهي مجموعة الجرذان املصابة واملعاملة باللبن‬ ‫العالجي‪ ،‬فقد اتفقت النتائج مع ‪)2017( Shati‬؛ الذي أشار إلى قدرة بكتيريا‬ ‫املعزز الحيوي ‪ Lb. casei‬على خفض مرتسم دهون الدم ورفع نسبة‬ ‫كوليسترول ‪ ،HDL-C‬وقد تم عزو قدرة هذه البكتيريا على تقليل الدهون‬ ‫لعدة أسباب؛ منها قدرة املعززات الحيوية على إنتاج إنزيمات تقوم بتحليل‬ ‫الدهن لالستفادة منه كمصدر للكربون‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3.3‬تأثير املعامالت املختلفة على مستوى مضادات األكسدة في‬ ‫مصل دم الجرذان‪:‬‬ ‫يبين الجدول (‪ )3‬تأثير التغذية على عليقة عالية السعرات وتأثير التجريع‬ ‫باملعامالت املختلفة على مستوى الكلوتاثيون ومالون ثنائي االلدهايد‪ ،‬إذ‬ ‫أدت التغذية على عليقة عالية السعرات إلى خفض مستوى ‪ GPx‬في‬ ‫مجموعة الضابطة املوجبة (‪ )7.61‬ملغم‪100 /‬مل ورفع مستوى ‪)6.63( MDA‬‬ ‫ملغم‪100 /‬مل وكذلك كان الحال عند التجريع بعقار ‪ C4‬حيث سبب التأثير‬ ‫نفسه‪ .‬بينما أدت املعاملة بكل من عقار أورلستات‪ ،‬عشبة السبغول‪،‬‬ ‫عشبة الغارسينيا‪ ،‬واللبن العالجي إلى رفع مستوى ‪ GPx‬وخفض مستوى‬ ‫‪.MDA‬‬ ‫جدول ‪ .3‬تأثيراملعامالت املختلفة على مستوى مضــادات األكــسدة (ملغم‪100/‬مل) في سيرم دم ذكورالجرذان املغذاة على‬ ‫وجبة مرتفعة السعرات‬ ‫‪T7‬‬ ‫‪T6‬‬ ‫‪T5‬‬ ‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫املعامالت‬ ‫مضادات االكسدة‬ ‫‪15.61‬‬ ‫‪12.94‬‬ ‫‪14.52‬‬ ‫‪6.60‬‬ ‫‪11.45‬‬ ‫‪7.61‬‬ ‫‪12.82‬‬ ‫‪GPx‬‬ ‫‪0.76a±‬‬ ‫‪0.13bc±‬‬ ‫‪0.16ab±‬‬ ‫‪0.08d±‬‬ ‫‪0.33c±‬‬ ‫‪0.05d±‬‬ ‫‪0.11bc±‬‬ ‫(ملغم‪100/‬مل)‬ ‫‪3.18‬‬ ‫‪5.38‬‬ ‫‪3.00‬‬ ‫‪7.83‬‬ ‫‪5.17‬‬ ‫‪6.63‬‬ ‫‪3.68‬‬ ‫‪MDA‬‬ ‫‪0.09d±‬‬ ‫‪0.24c±‬‬ ‫‪0.05d±‬‬ ‫‪0.15a±‬‬ ‫‪0.28c±‬‬ ‫‪0.03b±‬‬ ‫‪0.08d±‬‬ ‫(ملغم‪100/‬مل)‬

‫األرقام في الجدول تعبر عن قيم املتوسطات ‪ ±‬االنحراف القياس ي‪.‬‬ ‫الحروف املختلفة في الصف الواحد تشير إلى وجود فروقات معنوية (‪ )p<0.05‬بين مجاميع الدراسة‪.‬‬

‫إن زيادة نسبة الدهون في العليقة تؤدي إلى زيادة الجهاد التأكسدي الذي‬

‫‪105‬‬

‫يترتب عليه انخفاض في تركيز ‪ GPx‬كدليل على استخدام الجسم له للتخلص‬ ‫من الجذور الحرة وبعض أصناف األوكسجين املتكونة في الجسم وزيادة في‬ ‫نسبة ‪ ،MDA‬وكدليل على ارتفاع مستوى األكسدة‪ ،‬ويعزو ذلك لزيادة‬ ‫مستوى الجذور الحرة‪ ،‬وبالتالي زيادة حدوث األضرار على الخاليا في الجسم‬ ‫(‪ .)Hmood et al, 2014‬أما فيما يخص املجموعة التي تم تجريعها بدواء‬ ‫أورلستات فقد حصل ازدياد في تركيز ‪ GPx‬وانخفاض في تركيز ‪ ،MDA‬في حين‬ ‫أدت املعاملة بدواء ‪ C4‬إلى خفض مستوى ‪ GPx‬ورفع مستوى ‪MDA‬؛ وقد يعود‬ ‫السبب في ذلك إلى تضرر الكبد وبالتالي رفع الجهاد التأكسدي‪ .‬هذا وقد‬ ‫جاءت نتائج الدراسة مشابهة ملا جاء به ‪ )2014( Kamal et al‬ونعزو نحن السبب‬ ‫في ذلك إلى انخفاض الوزن وبالتالي انخفاض أكسدة الدهون التي ترتبط‬ ‫بشكل أساس ي مع كل من ‪ GPx‬و‪ .MDA‬بينما أدت املعاملة بعشبة السبغول‬ ‫إلى خفض الجهاد التأكسدي‪ ،‬وقد يعزو السبب في ذلك إلى كون هذه‬ ‫مصدرا ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫غنيا بمضادات األكسدة الطبيعية؛ إذ تحتوي هذه األعشاب‬ ‫العشبة‬ ‫على الفينول أو الفالفونيدات التي لها القدرة على الحد من الجذور الحرة‬ ‫(‪ .)Patel et al, 2016‬كذلك أدت معالجة الجرذان بعشبة الغارسينيا إلى رفع‬ ‫مستوى ‪ GPx‬وخفض مستوى ‪ ،MDA‬وقد يعود السبب في ذلك إلى احتواء‬ ‫تلك العشبة على حامض (‪ )HCA‬الذي يعمل ‪-‬بدوره‪ -‬على تقليل شحميات‬ ‫الدم‪ ،‬وبالتالي يقل تكوين ‪ MDA‬ويزداد مستوى ‪Goudarzvand et al, ( GPx‬‬ ‫‪ .)2016‬وبالنسبة للمجموعة األخيرة التي عولجت باللبن العالجي‪ ،‬فقد جاءت‬ ‫نتائج الدراسة متفقة مع ‪)2019( El-Khadragy et al‬؛ إذ نعزو السبب في‬ ‫االنخفاض الكبير في أكسدة الدهون إلى أن سالالت ‪ probiotics‬قد أخذت‬ ‫الدور الدفاعي ضد األكسدة‪ ،‬وذلك عن طريق زيادة الفلورا املعوية املفيدة‪،‬‬ ‫التي ‪-‬بدورها‪ -‬قد تكون عوامل واقية ضد الجذور الحرة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3.4‬تأثير املعامالت املختلفة في بعض املعاييرالنزيمية‪:‬‬ ‫يبين الجدول (‪ )4‬تأثير التغذية على عليقة عالية السعرات وتأثير التغذية‬ ‫باملعامالت املختلفة على فعالية إنزيمات الكبد في مصل الدم‪ ،‬إذ يتضح‬ ‫من الجدول أن التغذية على عليقة عالية السعرات أدى إلى رفع مستوى‬ ‫إنزيم ‪ ALT‬في مجموعة الضابطة املوجبة (‪ ،)T2‬وكذلك في الجرذان املعاملة‬ ‫باملعامالت ‪T4 ،T3‬و‪ ،T6‬بينما انخفض مستوى النزيم للمجاميع املعاملة‬ ‫باملعامالت ‪ T5‬و‪ .T7‬أما فيما يخص إنزيم ‪ AST‬فقد أدت التغذية بعليقة‬ ‫عالية السعرات (‪ )T2‬وكذلك باملعامالت ‪ T6 ،T4 ،T3‬إلى رفع تركيز النزيم‬ ‫وانخفاض مستوى النزيم للمجاميع املعاملة باملعامالت ‪ T5‬و ‪.T7‬‬ ‫جدول ‪ .4‬تأثيراملعامالت املختلفة على مستوى إنزيمات الكبد (وحدة دولية‪ /‬لتر) في سيرم دم ذكورالجرذان املغذاة على‬ ‫وجبة مرتفعة السعرات‬ ‫‪T7‬‬ ‫‪T6‬‬ ‫‪T5‬‬ ‫‪T4‬‬ ‫‪T3‬‬ ‫‪T2‬‬ ‫‪T1‬‬ ‫املعامالت‬ ‫املعايير‬ ‫االنزيمية‬ ‫‪42.85‬‬ ‫‪60.49‬‬ ‫‪43.03‬‬ ‫‪63.82‬‬ ‫‪53.40‬‬ ‫‪54.81‬‬ ‫‪25.03‬‬ ‫‪ALT‬‬ ‫‪0.87c±‬‬ ‫‪1.05a±‬‬ ‫‪0.98c±‬‬ ‫‪2.08a±‬‬ ‫‪1.35b±‬‬ ‫‪1.27b±‬‬ ‫‪1.52d±‬‬ ‫)‪(IU/L‬‬ ‫‪35.57‬‬ ‫‪58.30‬‬ ‫‪32.55‬‬ ‫‪61.29‬‬ ‫‪51.83‬‬ ‫‪58.31‬‬ ‫‪22.00‬‬ ‫‪AST‬‬ ‫‪0.71c±‬‬ ‫‪1.13a±‬‬ ‫‪1.01c±‬‬ ‫‪1.07a±‬‬ ‫‪0.28a±‬‬ ‫‪1.06a±‬‬ ‫‪0.18d±‬‬ ‫)‪(IU/L‬‬ ‫األرقام في الجدول تعبر عن قيم املتوسطات ‪ ±‬االنحراف القياس ي ‪.‬‬ ‫الحروف املختلفة في الصف الواحد تشير إلى وجود فروقات معنوية (‪ )p<0.05‬بين مجاميع الدراسة‪.‬‬

‫إن عملية تغذية الجرذان على عليقة عالية السعرات أدت الى زيادة نسبة‬ ‫األحماض الدهنية املشبعة في الكبد‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إلى رفع مستوى إنزيمات‬ ‫الكبد التي قد تعكس الصابة الكبدية (‪ .)Alok et al, 2013‬وأدت املعاملة‬ ‫(‪ )T3‬إلى رفع مستوى إنزيمات الكبد؛ مرجوع ذلك إلى وجود خلل في عمل‬ ‫الكبد نتيجة تأثير املواد الداخلة في تركيب العقار‪ ،‬مما يؤدي ‪-‬بدوره‪ -‬إلى‬ ‫رفع مؤشرات الكبد املتمثلة بكل من ‪ ،ALT‬و ‪.)Abdulhussein et al, 2019( AST‬‬ ‫أدت املعاملة (‪ً )T4‬‬ ‫أيضا إلى ارتفاع إنزيمات الكبد التي تتفق مع ما ذكره‬ ‫‪)2019( Jason et al‬؛ حيث وعند إجراء فحوصات ألشخاص يستخدمون‬ ‫عقار ‪ C4‬أو عندما يتم أخذ خزعة من الكبد لنفس األشخاص‪ ،‬نجد‬ ‫تغيرات عدة؛ منها تضخم الكبد وتليف في األنسجة‪ ،‬إضافة إلى التهاب‬ ‫الكبد الدهني‪ .‬في حين أدت (‪ )T5‬إلى خفض مستوى إنزيمات الكبد‪ ،‬ففي‬ ‫دراسة أجراها ‪ Talapatra‬و‪ )2012( Raychaudhuri‬وجدا أن إعطاء عشبة‬ ‫السبغول للجرذان املصابة بالسمنة ساعد في خفض مستوى إنزيمات‬ ‫الكبد‪ ،‬مما أدى إلى تحسن وظائفه‪ ،‬وقد يرجع السبب في ذلك لوجود‬ ‫مضادات األكسدة في تلك النباتات واملركبات الفينولية والفالفونيدات‪،‬‬ ‫حيث تساهم مضادات األكسدة املوجودة في عشبة السبغول في الحد من‬ ‫تلف خاليا الكبد‪ ،‬وذلك بتوفير الحماية لتلك الخاليا بالتخلص من الجذور‬ ‫الحرة والحد من االحتقانات التي تصيب األنسجة الداخلية للكبد‪ ،‬ويتم‬

‫ذلك عن طريق تسهيل انسيابية الدم بين األوعية‪ ،‬األمر الذي يؤدي إلى‬ ‫خفض إنزيمات الكبد في مصل الدم من خالل إعاقة تسربها من األنسجة‬ ‫الكبدية‪ .‬بينما أدت املعاملة (‪ )T6‬إلى رفع مستوى إنزيمات الكبد‪ ،‬وهذا‬ ‫يتفق مع ‪ Cavaliri‬و‪)2017( Agostino‬؛ حيث أكد أن استهالك تلك األعشاب‬ ‫أدى إلى التهاب الكبد وركود صفراوي مصحوب باليرقان وارتفاع ملحوظ في‬ ‫كل من ‪ ، ALT،AST‬وقد يعزو هذا االرتفاع إلى حدوث نخر والتهابات في خاليا‬ ‫الكبد‪ .‬وقد اتفقت نتائج هذه الدراسة مع ‪ )2017( Shati‬الذي أشار إلى قدرة‬ ‫بكتيريا املعززات الحيوية على تحسين وظائف الكبد والعمليات الحيوية‬ ‫واملؤشرات األيضية فيه‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إلى خفض إنزيمات الكبد وإزالة‬ ‫املسبب الرئيس ي الرتفاع النزيمات وإعادة األنسجة املتضررة إلى حالة‬ ‫قريبة ً‬ ‫جدا من الطبيعية‪ ،‬بالضافة إلى تقليل تسرب النزيمات من الخاليا‬ ‫إلى البالزما‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬الستنتاج‬ ‫أثرت التغذية بالعليقة عالية السعرات على مرتسم دهون الدم‪ ،‬إذ أدت‬ ‫إلى ارتفاعها‪ ،‬بينما أدت املعاملة بكل من عقار أورلستات‪ ،‬عقار ‪ ،C4‬عشبة‬ ‫السبغول‪ ،‬عشبة الغارسينيا‪ ،‬واللبن العالجي‪ ،‬إلى انخفاض في تلك‬ ‫املؤشرات‪ .‬وبالنسبة ملؤشرات أكسدة الدهون فقد أدت التغذية على‬ ‫عليقة عالية السعرات واملعاملة بعقار ‪ C4‬إلى رفع مؤشر األكسدة ‪MDA‬‬ ‫وخفضت تركيز ‪ ،GPx‬في حين استطاعت املعالجة بكل من عقار أورلستات‪،‬‬ ‫عشبة السبغول‪ ،‬عشبة الغارسينيا واللبن العالجي‪ ،‬إلى خفض مستوى‬ ‫‪ MDA‬ورفع تركيز ‪.GPx‬‬ ‫نبذة عن املؤلفي‬

‫حنين حسن جادر‬ ‫قسم علوم األغذية‪ ،‬كلية الزراعة‪ ،‬جامعة تكريت‪ ،‬صالح الدين‪ ،‬العراق‪،009647700433466 ،‬‬ ‫‪haneenhasanri@gmail.com‬‬

‫أ‪ .‬جادر‪ ،‬طالبة دكتوراه من العراق‪ ،‬مدرس مساعد‪ ،‬معلم جامعي في وزارة‬ ‫التربية‪ ،‬أعماله متوفرة في لغتين‪ ،‬كاتب نشط‪ ،‬نشر ورقتين تخصان تغذية‬ ‫النسان في ‪ ISI‬و‪/‬أو سكوبس‪ ،‬متخصص في الزراعة‪ ،‬علوم األغذية‪ ،‬تغذية‬ ‫إنسان‪ ،‬شارك في مؤتمرين دوليين‪ ،‬عنوان رسالته للماجستير (التأثيرات‬ ‫البيولوجية لبعض املعادن والفيتامينات كمكمالت غذائية في ذكور‬ ‫الفئران) في عام ‪ 2017‬عنوان أطروحته (تأثير بعض األدوية واألغذية في‬ ‫السمنة وبعض املعايير الفسلجية والكيميا‪ -‬حيوية للجرذان املختبرية‬ ‫املغذاة على عليقة عالية السعرات) في عام ‪.2020‬‬

‫محمد أحمد جاسم‬ ‫قسم علوم األغذية‪ ،‬كلية الزراعة‪ ،‬جامعة تكريت‪ ،‬صالح الدين‪ ،‬العراق‪،009647707533250 ،‬‬ ‫‪kkk.aa91@yahoo.com‬‬

‫د‪ .‬جاسم أستاذ مساعد دكتور‪ ،‬رئيس قسم علوم األغذية في كلية الزراعة‪،‬‬ ‫أعماله متوفرة في لغتين‪ ،‬كاتب نشط‪ ،‬نشر ‪ 23‬ورقة تخص تغذية النسان‬ ‫وكيمياء األلبان في ‪ ISI‬وسكوبس‪ ،‬متخصص في الزراعة‪ ،‬علوم األغذية‪،‬‬ ‫كيمياء األلبان‪ ،‬حاضر في ‪ 9‬مؤتمرات محلية دولية داخل العراق و‪ 22‬ورشة‬ ‫عمل‪ ،‬أشرف على ‪ 11‬طالب ماجستير و‪ 3‬طالب دكتوراه‪ ،‬حاصل على براءة‬ ‫اختراع محلية في مجال األلبان العالجية‪ ،‬مهتم بمجال األلبان العالجية‬ ‫وتأثيراتها على صحة النسان‪ .‬رقم األوركيد (‪0000-0001-5451- :)ORCID‬‬ ‫‪.1517‬‬

‫فريال فاروق حسين‬ ‫قسم علوم األغذية‪ ،‬كلية الزراعة‪ ،‬جامعة تكريت‪ ،‬صالح الدين‪ ،‬العراق‪،009647703013663 ،‬‬

‫‪feryal_alazawi@yahoo.com‬‬

‫د‪ .‬حسين‪ ،‬دكتوراه من العراق‪ ،‬أستاذ دكتور‪ ،‬عميد كلية الزراعة في‬ ‫جامعة تكريت‪ ،‬عضو هيئة تحرير مجلة األطروحة‪ ،‬أعماله متوفرة في‬ ‫لغتين‪ ،‬كاتب نشط‪ ،‬نشر ‪ 40‬ورقة تخص تغذية النسان في ‪ ISI‬وسكوبس‪،‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مؤتمرا‬ ‫متخصص في الزراعة‪ ،‬علوم األغذية‪ ،‬تغذية إنسان‪ .‬حاضر في ‪14‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ومحليا و‪ 20‬ورشة عمل‪ ،‬أشرف على ‪ 18‬طالب ماجستير و‪ 8‬طالب‬ ‫دوليا‬

،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ فاعلية حارقات الدهون واألغذية الوظيفية في مرتسم دهون الدم للجرذان املصابة بالسمنة‬.)2021( .‫ فريال فاروق‬،‫ محمد أحمد و حسين‬،‫ حنين حسن و جاسم‬، ‫جادر‬ .106–102 ،)1(22

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjbas.2014.05.002. Kasabri, V., Al-Hallaq, E.K., Bustanji, Y.K., Abdul-Razzak, K.K., Abaza, I.F. and Afifi, F.U. (2017). Antiobesity and antihyperglycaemic effects of Adiantum capillus-veneris extracts: In vitro and in vivo evaluations. Pharm. Biol, 55(1), 164–72. DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1233567. Mohammed, A., Saad, D. and Manal, S. (2019). Evaluation of the effectiveness of buttermilk in reducing hyperlipidemia and the effectiveness of liver enzymes in healthy rats and experimental hyperlipidemia. Kirkuk University Journal /Scientific Studies, 14(2), 160–74. DOI: http://doi.org/10.32894/kujss.2019.14.2.10. National Research Council (NAS-NRC). (2002). Recommended Dietary Allowance.15th Edition. Washington: D.C National Academy Press. Nwangwa, E.K. (2012). Effects of Garcinia kola on the lipid profile of alloxaninduced diabetic wistar rats. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 3(2), 39–42. Patel, M. K., Mishra, A. and Jha, B. (2016). Non-targeted metabolite profiling and scavenging activity unveil the nutraceutical potential of psyllium (Plantago ovate Forsk). Frontiers in Plant Sci, 7(n/a), 431. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00431. Pescinini-Salzedas, L. M., Santos, M., Guiguer, E., Souza, M., Bueno, P., Santana, M., Barbalho, S. and Araujo, A. (2017). Effect of different hypercaloric diets on the biochemical and anthropometric parameters of wistar rats. International Journal of Development Research, 7(9), 15266–9. Qudoos, A., Shahina, Niaz, K. and Mastoi, S. (2016). Single blind placebobased study on prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD) by Injeer and Ispaghula. Journal of Drug Delivery & Therapeutics, 6(5), 37–40. DOI: 10.22270/jddt.v6i5.1279. Rodríguez-Correa, E., González-Pérez, I., Clavel-Pérez, P., Contreras-Vargas, Y. and Carvajal, K. (2020). Biochemical and nutritional overview of diet-induced metabolic syndrome models in rats: what is the best choice? Nutrition & Diabetes, 10(1), 24. DOI: 10.1038/s41387-0200127-4. SAS. (2004). Statistical Analysis System, User's Guide. Statistical. Version 7th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. USA. Shati, Z.R. (2017). Effect of Some Probiotic in Some Nutrition and Biological Parameters Related to Obesity in Rats. PhD Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Agriculture, Iraq. Talapatra, S. and Raychaudhuri, S. (2012). In vitro enhanced accumulation of polyphenols during somatic embryogenesis in Plantago ovata Forsk. Am. J. Biopharm. Biochem. Life Sci, 1(1), 43–52. Tamime, A. and Robinson, R. (1999). Yogurt Science and Technology. 2nd edition. Woodhead Publ: Cambridge, England, and CRC Press, Boca Raton. EL. Tietz, Y. (2005). Clinical Biochemistry. 6th edition. New York: McGraw –Hill. Xiguang, Qi. (2018). Review of the clinical effect of Orlistat. IOP Conference Series Materials Science and Engineering, 301(1), 1–8. DOI: 10.1088/1757–899X/301/1/012063. Xing, L., Santhi, D., Shar, A., Saeed, M., Arain, M., Akhtar, H., Bhutto, Z., Kakar, M., Manzoor, R., Alagawany, M., Dhama, K. and ling, M. (2017). Psyllium husk (Plantagoovata) as a potent hypocholesterolemic agent in animal, human and poultry. Int. J. Pharmacol, 13(7), 690–7. DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.690.697.

106

ً ‫ معامالت ترقية‬6‫ و‬،‫ بحثا ملجالت مختلفة‬35 ‫ قام بتقييم أكثر من‬،‫دكتوراه‬ .‫لجامعات مختلفة وبراءتي اختراع‬ ‫املراجع‬

Abdulhussein, L., Allaithi, A., Matrood, W. and Al-Azawi, K. (2019). Study of the effect of Salvia officinalis leaves extract and xenical drug on some of the biochemical and histological parameters in the rats induced with hyperlipidemia. Plant Archives, 19(2), 1111–22. Al-Ameri, A.M., Al-Ethawee, A.D., and Al-Shammari, S.A. (2016). Obesity in kindergarten children and its relation with some variables of family. Journal of College of Education for Women, 27(2), 587–96. Alok, K., Mukesh, K., Moushumi, G. and Abhijit, G. (2013). Modeling in vitro cholesterol reduction in relation to growth of probiotic Lactobacillus casei. Microbiol Immunol, 57(2), 100–10. DOI: 10.1111/1348–0421.12008. Asgary, S., Rastqar, A. and Keshvari, M. (2018). Functional food and cardiovascular disease prevention and treatment: A review. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 37(5), 429–55. DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2017.1410867. Cavalieri, M.L. and Agostino, D. (2017) Drug-, herb- and dietary supplementinduced liver injury. Arch Argent Pediatr, 115(6), 397–403. Duncan, D.B. (1955). Multiple range and multiple "F" test. Biometric, 11(1), 1– 42. DOI: 10.2307/3001478. El-Khadragy, M., Al-Olayan, E., Elmallah, M., Alharbi, A., Yehia, H. and Abdel Moneim, A. (2019). Probiotics and yogurt modulate oxidative stress and fibrosis in livers of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice. BMC Complement Altern Med, 19(3), 3. DOI: 10.1186/s12906–018– 2406–3. Ercan, N. and Kockaya, M. (2017). Determination of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) levels in kangal dogs with maternal cannibalism. Turkish Journal of Agriculture – Food Science and Technology, 5(12), 1493. DOI: 10.24925/turjaf.v5i12.1493–1496.1478. Gadelha, C., and Bezerra, A. (2019). Effects of probiotics on the lipid profile: Systematic review. J Vasc Bras, 18(n/a), e20180124. DOI: 10.1590/1677–5449.180124. Goudarzvand, M., Afraei, S., Yaslianifard, S., Ghiasy, S., Sadri, G., Kalvandi, M., Alinia, T., Mohebbi, A., Yazdani, R., Azarian, S.K., Mirshafiey, A. and Azizi, G. (2016). Hydroxycitric acid ameliorates inflammation and oxidative stress in mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Neural Regen Res, 11(10), 1610–16. DOI: 10.4103/1673–5374.193240. Guillén-Enríquez, C., López-Teros, V., Martín-Orozco, U., López-Díaz, J., Hierro-Ochoa, J., Ramos-Jiménez, A., Astiazarán-García, H., MartínezRuiz, N. and Wall-Medrano, A. (2018). Selected physiological effects of a Garcinia Gummi-Gutta extract in rats fed with different hypercaloric diets. Nutrients, 10(5), 565. DOI: 10.3390/nu10050565. Haber, S., Awwad, O., Phillips, A., Park, A. and Pham, T. (2018). Garcinia cambogia for weight loss. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 75(2), 17–22. DOI: 10.2146/ajhp160915. Hmood, A., Alwan, I., Alzahera, N., Abaas, R., Mohsen, G., Mohmed, T. and mehdy,H. (2014). Determination oxidant - antioxidant enzyme and some trace elements in breast cancer in Baghdad city. Baghdad Science Journal, 11(2), 350–57. Jason, R., Mika, H., David, K., Sandra, F. and Aleksandra, L. (2019). Severe lactic acidosis due to excessiveconsumption of Cellucor C4 exercise supplement. Canadian Journal of Respiratory Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, n/a(n/a), n/a. DOI: 10.1080/24745332.2019.1582306. John, T., Bello, S., Olagunju, A., Olorunfemi, F., Ajao, O. and Fabunmi, O. (2020). Functional foods and bioactive compounds: Roles in the prevention, treatment and management of neurodegenerative diseases. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 11(2), 297– 313. DOI: 10.30574/gscbps.2020.11.2.0143. Jung, Y., Earnest, S., Koozehchian, M., Cho, M., Barringer, N., Walker, D., Greenwood, M. and Kreider, R. (2017). Effects of ingesting a preworkout dietary supplement with and without synephrine for 8 weeks on training adaptations in resistance–trained males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, 14(1), 24–38. DOI: 10.1186/s12970–016–0158– 3. Kahtan, O., Noaman, N. and Hemza, S. (2020). Obesity in primary schools children in Baquba city. Diyala Journal of Medicine, 18(1), 102–12. Kamal, A., Galaly, S., Hozayen, W. and Ramadan, S. (2014). Effects of orlistat and herbal mixture extract on renal function and oxidative stress biomarkers in a rat model of high fat diet. International Journal of Biochemistry Research & Review, 4(2), 173–92.

Jadir, H.H., Jassim, M.A. and Hussein, F.F. (2021). Faeiliat hariqat alduhun wal'aghdhiat alwazifiat fi murtasim duhun aldam liljurdhan almusabat bialsamna ‘Influence of fat burners and functional foods on lipid profile of obese rats’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 102–6. DOI: 10.37575/b/agr/0033

‫‪107‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫الوراثي لكفاءة استعمال املياه‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫حتديد الفعل ّ‬ ‫واآلزوت يف الذرة الصفراء (‪)Zea mays L.‬‬

‫‪Determining the Genetic Action of Water and Nitrogen‬‬ ‫)‪Utilisation Efficiency in Maize (Zea mays L.‬‬ ‫‪Esraa Samir Al-Boush and Ayman Shehada Al-Ouda‬‬

‫اسراء سمير البوش و أيمن الشحاذة العودة‬

‫‪Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria‬‬

‫قسم املحاصيل الحقلية‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة الزراعية‪ ،‬جامعة دمشق‪ ،‬دمشق‪ ،‬سوريا‬ ‫‪ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE‬‬ ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

‫‪PUBLISHED ONLINE‬‬ ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪ISSUE‬‬ ‫رقم العدد‬

‫‪VOLUME‬‬ ‫رقم اجمللد‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪29/12/2020‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫الستقبال‬

‫‪LINK‬‬ ‫الرابط‬

‫‪29/12/2020‬‬

‫‪22/11/2020‬‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/eng/0058‬‬

‫‪YEAR‬‬ ‫سنة العدد‬

‫‪NO. OF PAGES‬‬ ‫عدد الصفحات‬

‫‪NO. OF WORDS‬‬ ‫عدد الكلمات‬

‫‪2021‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫ُأجريت ّ‬ ‫الزراعة بجامعة دمشق‪ ،‬خالل املوسمين ّ‬ ‫كلية ّ‬ ‫الزر ّ‬ ‫الدراسة في مزرعة أبي جرش‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫اعيين‬ ‫‪ 2018‬و‪ ،2019‬بهدف دراسة طبيعة الفعل الوراثي لبعض ّ‬ ‫الصفات ّ‬ ‫الكم ّية والفيزيولوجية في‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫متوسط األجيال‪ .‬وضعت التجربة وفق‬ ‫الصفراء باستخدام تحليل‬ ‫ثالثة هجن ّمن‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة العاملية (‪ ،)RCBD‬بثالثة ّ‬ ‫مكررات‪ .‬بينت النتائج وجود‬ ‫تصميم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثالث‪ّ .‬‬ ‫الستة لجميع ّ‬ ‫معنوية بين العشائر ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تفوقت عشائر‬ ‫الهجن‬ ‫في‬ ‫املدروسة‬ ‫فات‬ ‫الص‬ ‫فروق‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الجيل ّ‬ ‫قياسا ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مبدية ّ‬ ‫ملتوسط األبوين‬ ‫املعنوية‬ ‫قوة هجين موجبة وعالية‬ ‫األول ‪ F1‬على آبائها‪،‬‬ ‫واألب األفضل ملعظم ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة في الهجن‪ ،‬عدا صفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‪ .‬كانت‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املؤشرات الور ّ‬ ‫اثية معنوية للهجن الثالث واختلفت باختالف الصفة والهجين‪ ،‬إشارة‬ ‫معظم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫إلى ّ‬ ‫أهمية الفعل الوراثي التفوقي في وراثة هذه الصفات‪ .‬وكان الفعل الوراثي السيادي أكثر‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة‪ .‬كانت قيم معامل ّ‬ ‫أهمية من الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي في وراثة جميع ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التباين‬ ‫ُ ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املظهري (‪ )PCV‬أكبر من قيم معامل التباين الوراثي (‪ ،)GCV‬ما يدلل على تأثير العوامل‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة‪ .‬وكانت قيم درجة ّ‬ ‫البيئية في سلوك ّ‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مرتفعة‬ ‫الضيق (‪)h2‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫قيم مرتفعة للتقد ّم الوراثي (‪ )%GA‬في صفتي كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت‪ ،‬والغلة‬ ‫ومترافقة مع‬ ‫ً‬ ‫النضج ّ‬ ‫الحيوية عند ٍ ّ‬ ‫فاعلية النتخاب لهاتين ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفتين في األجيال‬ ‫للنبات دال ذلك على‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫النعز ّ‬ ‫الية املبكرة للهجن املدروسة‪.‬‬

‫‪8300‬‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪A study to observe and record the mode of gene action involved in some‬‬ ‫‪quantitative and physiological traits of three maize hybrids using generation‬‬ ‫‪mean analysis was conducted at Abu Garash Farm, Faculty of Agriculture,‬‬ ‫‪Damascus University, during two growing seasons (2018 and 2019).‬‬ ‫‪Genotypes were compared using Randomised Complete Block Design‬‬ ‫‪(RCBD) with three replicates. Significant differences in all studied traits for‬‬ ‫‪six populations within each cross were found. There was significant positive‬‬ ‫‪heterosis relative to intermediate and better parents for most studied traits‬‬ ‫‪of hybrids, except in nitrogen utilization efficiency. Most of the genetic‬‬ ‫‪parameters were significant for the three hybrids, indicating the importance‬‬ ‫‪of epistasis in the inheritance of studied traits. The dominance gene effect‬‬ ‫‪was more pronounced than the additive gene effect in the inheritance for all‬‬ ‫‪traits. The values of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were greater than‬‬ ‫‪the values of the genotypic coefficient of variance, indicating the effect of‬‬ ‫‪environmental factors on the expression of the studied traits. High narrow‬‬‫‪sense heritability values were associated with high genetic advance for‬‬ ‫‪nitrogen use efficiency and biological yield per plant. It is recommended that‬‬ ‫‪selection in early segregating generations of the studied hybrids is useful.‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪Additive, dominance, epistasis, genetic advance, heritability, heterosis‬‬ ‫تقدم وراثي‪ ،‬درجة ّ‬ ‫تفوق‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫التوريث‪ ،‬سيادي‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫إضافي‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫قوة هجين‬ ‫‪CITATION‬‬ ‫اإلحالة‬

‫‪AL-Boush, E. and Al-Ouda, A. (2021). Tahdid alfiel alwirathii likafa'at aistiemal almiah walazuat fi aldhdhrt alssfra' (Zea mays L.) ‘Determining the genetic action of water and‬‬ ‫‪nitrogen utilisation efficiency in maize (Zea mays l.)’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 107–14. DOI: 10.37575/b/eng/0058‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫الصفراء (‪ .)Zea mays L.‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪،)1(22 ،‬‬ ‫البوش‪ ،‬اسراء والعودة‪ ،‬أيمن‪ .)2021( .‬تحديد الفعل الوراثي لكفاءة استعمال املياه واآلزوت في‬ ‫‪.14–107‬‬

‫‪ .1‬مقدمة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُ ّ ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫كال من الذرة الصفراء ‪ )Zea mays L.( Corn‬والقمح بنوعيه الطري‬ ‫تعد‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والقاس ي ‪ ،)Triticum spp.( Wheat‬والرز ‪ )Oryza sativa L.( Rice‬أهم ثالثة‬ ‫يصل‬ ‫العالم من حيث اإلنتاج العاملي الكلي‪ ،‬حيث‬ ‫ً‬ ‫محاصيل حبوب في ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫الصفر ًاء إلى قرابة املليار ومئتي مليون طنا‬ ‫إجمالي إنتاج حبوب‬ ‫باملقارنة مع نحو سبعمائة مليون طنا ّ‬ ‫لكل من محصولي القمح ّ‬ ‫والرز ( ‪FAO,‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفراء على مستو ٍى القطر العربي ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫السوري في املرتبة‬ ‫‪ .)2018‬وتأتي‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثالثة بعد محصولي القمح ‪ Wheat‬والشعير ‪،(Hordeum vulgare L.) Barley‬‬ ‫املساحة‬ ‫‪ ،Production‬حيث بلغت‬ ‫ً‬ ‫من حيث املساحة املزروعة واإلنتاج ً‬ ‫املزروعة عام ‪ 2018‬نحو‪ 27147‬هكتارا‪ ،‬أنتجت قرابة ‪ 101349‬طنا‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫إنتاجية ‪ 3733‬كغ‪ .‬هكتار‪( 1-‬املجموعة اإلحصائية‪.)2018 ،‬‬ ‫بمتوسط‬ ‫ّ ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ظل التزايد ُالسكاني املتنامي‪ ،‬وارتفاع أسعار‬ ‫أصبح من الضروري في‬ ‫الزراعي أن ُتصبح ُّ‬ ‫البيئية ّ‬ ‫ُمدخالت اإلنتاج ّ‬ ‫الزر ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫اعية أكثر كفاءة في‬ ‫النظم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫استعمال ُمدخالت اإلنتاج الزراعي (املياه‪ ،‬واألسمدة املعدنية)‪ ،‬لضمان‬ ‫زيادة اإلنتاجية في وحدة املساحة لتأمين الحتياجات الغذائية ّ‬ ‫السكانية‬ ‫‪ .Food‬ويتوقع أن يزداد الطلب على‬ ‫املتزايدة‪ ،‬وتحقيق‬ ‫األمن الغذائي ‪ً security‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫محاصيل الحبوب عامليا بنحو ‪ 0.9‬بليون طنا مع نهاية عام ‪Editorial, ( 2050‬‬ ‫‪ ،)2010‬وهذا يتطلب تحسين كفاءة استعمال ُمدخالت اإلنتاج ّ‬ ‫الزراعي‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬اسراء سميرالبوش‬

‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫عامة‪ ،‬واملياه واألسمدة اآلزوتية خاصة‪ .‬تتسم عموما محاصيل الحبوب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫اآلزوت في‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫بتدني كفاءة استعمال ًاآلزوت )‪ .(NUE‬وتقدر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫كفاءة من ّ‬ ‫الدول‬ ‫املتقدمة‬ ‫كل‬ ‫محاصيل ا‬ ‫عامة بنحو ‪ %42‬و‪ّ %29‬في ٍ‬ ‫لحبوبل ّ‬ ‫‪ّ Developed‬‬ ‫النامية ‪ Developing‬على التوالي (‪،)Hodge et al., 2000‬‬ ‫والدو‬ ‫لذلك توجد حاجة ّ‬ ‫ملحة لزيادة كفاءة استعمال األسمدة اآلزوتية في‬ ‫محاصيل الحبوب من خالل تحسين عوامل إدارة األسمدة اآلزوتية ‪N‬‬ ‫ق ّ‬ ‫التقليدية‪ ،‬أو باستعمال ّ‬ ‫التربية ّ‬ ‫التقانات‬ ‫‪ ،Management strategies‬أو طر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحيوية الحديثة ‪ ،Biotechnology‬أو على األقل من خالل زيادة اإلنتاجية من‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املحصول باستعمال الكمية نفسها من األسمدة اآلزوتية املعدنية ( ‪Hirel et‬‬ ‫‪.)al., 2011‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تعد كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت (‪ )NUE‬صفة مظهرية معقدة ( ‪Complex‬‬ ‫‪ )phenotypic trait‬تتأثر بالعديد من اآلليات الفيزيولوجية ( ‪Moose and Below,‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ُ .)2009‬ويعزى ّ‬ ‫التباين ّالوراثي في صفة كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت في الذرة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفراء إلى كفاءة الطرز‬ ‫واستهالك اآلزوت‬ ‫الوراثية في امتصاص ‪،NUpE‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫حبيةّ‬ ‫غلة ّ‬ ‫‪ NUtE‬الذي يعبر عن قابلية النباتات لالستفادة من اآلزوت وإنتاج‬ ‫مستويات مختلفة من التسميد اآلزوتي ( ;‪Presterl et al., 2002‬‬ ‫أعلى‬ ‫تحت ‪ ٍ .)Haegele‬وقد اقتصر ّ‬ ‫التحسين الوراثي لكفاءة استعمال اآلزوت‬ ‫‪et‬‬ ‫‪al‬‬ ‫‪., 2013‬‬ ‫ل ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫النتخاب غير‬ ‫على‬ ‫رئيس‬ ‫بشكل‬ ‫اآلن‬ ‫حتى‬ ‫اء‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ف‬ ‫الص‬ ‫‪ NUE‬ملحصو‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية‪ ،‬ورغم ذلك فقد ُس ّجلت العديد من ّ‬ ‫املباشر لزيادة الغلة ّ‬ ‫التباينات‬

‫‪esraabosh@gmail.com , 00963930134887‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Esraa Samir AL-Boush‬‬

‫‪108‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫الصفراء (‪ .).Zea mays L‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪.14–107 ،)1(22 ،‬‬ ‫البوش‪ ،‬اسراء والعودة‪ ،‬أيمن‪ .)2021( .‬تحديد الفعل الوراثي لكفاءة استعمال املياه واآلزوت في‬

‫ل ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫الور ّ‬ ‫الصفراء‬ ‫اثية لكفاءة استعمال اآلزوت في محصو‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫(‪ .)Moll et al., 1982; Haegele et al., 2013‬يعد التقييم املظهري‬ ‫امتصاص واستهالك اآلزوت في تربية العشيرة أمرا مهما‬ ‫‪ evaluation‬لكفاء ّ‬ ‫التراكيب الور ّ‬ ‫اثية ذات األداء املرغوب لكفاءة استعمال‬ ‫لتوصيف وتحديد‬ ‫اآلزوت (‪ .)Lafitte and Edmeades, 1995; Haegele et al., 2013‬وفي هذا ّ‬ ‫السياق‬ ‫أشار )‪ Mastrodomenico et al. (2018‬من خالل دراستهم لكفاءة استعمال‬ ‫ومعامل‬ ‫استهالك‪،‬‬ ‫اآلزوت (كفاءة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫استعمال‪ ،‬كفاءة امتصاص‪ ،‬كفاءة ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫اآلزوت)‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫لتسعة وثمانين طرازا وراثيا من الذرة‬ ‫والتباين الوراثي‬ ‫حصاد‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)2015-2001‬تحت‬ ‫(‬ ‫عامي‬ ‫بين‬ ‫األمريكية‬ ‫املتحدة‬ ‫الوليات‬ ‫في‬ ‫اء‬ ‫ر‬ ‫الصف‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مستويين من التسميد اآلزوتي (‪ 252 ،0‬كغ ‪/N‬هكتار)‪ ،‬إل أن قيم درجة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫الواسع ‪ Broad-sense heritability‬تراوحت بين املنخفضة‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ 0.11‬والعالية ‪( ،0.77‬محتوى الحبوب من البروتين ‪ ،H =0.77‬كفاءة‬ ‫استعمال اآلزوت ‪ ،H2=0.60‬كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت ‪ ،H2=0.27‬كفاءة‬ ‫استهالك اآلزوت ‪ ،H2=0.11‬معامل حصاد اآلزوت ‪ ،)H2=0.73‬ومترافقة بقيم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫للتقدم الوراثي‪ .‬فيما أظهرت نتائج بندر (‪ )2016‬قيمة منخفضة‬ ‫منخفضة ّ‬ ‫التباين الوراثي لصفة كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت ‪ ،%8.48‬وقيمة‬ ‫ملعامل‬ ‫التباين املظهري ‪ ،%11.30‬ودرجة ّ‬ ‫متوسطة ملعامل ّ‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫الواسع‬ ‫‪.%56.28‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫يبدي إنتاجية جيدة في‬ ‫الذرة الصفراء ّمن النباتات رباعية الكربون (‪)C4‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫كاف‪ ،‬كما أنه مستخدم كفء‬ ‫املناطق التي تتوفر فيها مياه الري ّبشكل ٍ‬ ‫محاصيل‬ ‫من‬ ‫بغيره‬ ‫مقارنة‬ ‫‪Biomass‬‬ ‫للمياه من حيث إنتاج الكتلة الحيوية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ .)Cakir, 2004‬قام العديد من الباحثين بتقييم تأثير املياه على غلة‬ ‫الحبوبل( ّ‬ ‫الصفراء ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫ومكوناتها من خالل مؤشرات عديدة مثل كفاءة‬ ‫محصو‬ ‫استعمال املياه ‪ )WUE( Water use efficiency‬وكفاءة استعمال مياه الري‬ ‫‪Farré and Faci, 2009; Mansouri-far et ( )IWUE( Irrigation water use efficiency‬‬ ‫‪ .)al., 2010; Paredes et al., 2014‬وفي هذا ّ‬ ‫السياق ّأشار فهد وآخرون (‪)2005‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫من خالل دراستهم لالحتياج املائي ملحصول الذرة الصفراء إلى أن كفاءة‬ ‫اوحت بين ‪ 2.3‬إلى ‪ 3‬كغ‪.‬م‪ .3-‬فيما ّبين )‪ّ Hao et al. (2019‬من‬ ‫استعمال املياه تر ّ‬ ‫الحب ّ‬ ‫للغلة ّ‬ ‫هجينين من الذرة‬ ‫في‬ ‫املياه‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫وكفاءة‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫خالل تقديرهم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ا ّ‬ ‫لصفراء تحت ثالثة مستويات من الري (‪ )I50 ،I75 ،I100‬إل ّأن قيمة كفاءة‬ ‫استعمال املياه ‪ WUE‬في املعاملة ‪ I100‬مساوية ‪ 1.71‬في الهجين ‪ ،N58L‬و‪1.73‬‬ ‫في الهجين ‪.N59B-DT‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫طور )‪ Mather and Jinks (1982‬طريقة تحليل متوسط األجيال ‪Generation‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ Mean Analysis‬لتحديد التأثيرات الوراثية للصفات التي تقع تحت تأثير أزواج‬ ‫متعددة من املورثات ‪ ،Poly genes traits‬وهي األكثر مقدرة على تقدير تأثيرات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التفوق ‪ Epistasis‬للمورثات‪ ،‬مثل تداخالت الفعل اإلضافي × اإلضافي‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫واإلضافي × السيادي‪ ،‬والسيادي × السيادي‪ ،‬التي ًيرمز لها ‪ّ i‬و‪ j‬و‪ l‬بالتتابع‬ ‫()‪ُ .Singh and Chaudhary, 1985‬ويمكن من خاللها أيضا تقدير الت ّ‬ ‫قدم الوراثي‬ ‫‪ ،Genetic advance‬ودرجة ّ‬ ‫التوريث ‪ Heritability‬باملفهومين ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الواسع والضيق‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وقوة الهجين ‪ ،Heterosis‬والتدهور الناتج عن التربية الداخلية ‪Inbreeding‬‬ ‫(حسن‪.)2005 ،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫يتطلب استنباط األصناف والهجن دراسة ّ‬ ‫مكونات الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية ‪Yield‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،components‬العددية والفيزيولوجية‪ ،‬وهندسة املورثات‪ ،‬أم ّا تحسين‬ ‫األصناف فيتطلب فهم اآللية‪/‬اآلليات املسؤولة عن تحسين الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية‬ ‫ومكوناتها‪ْ ،‬إذ ُتفضل طبيعة الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫السيادي ‪ Dominant‬عند تربية‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫فيما يفضل الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي ‪ Additive‬في اختيار ًطريقة‬ ‫الهجن‪ُ ،‬‬ ‫‪ .)Shahrokhi et al., 2011; Dorri et al., 2014‬ويلجأ عادة مربو‬ ‫(‬ ‫ثلى‬ ‫النتخاب امل‬ ‫ظل ّقلة ّ‬ ‫اثية املتاحة إلى البحث ضمن املادة الور ّ‬ ‫التباينات الور ّ‬ ‫اثية‬ ‫النبات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املتوافرةفي لديهم‪ ،‬ولسيما النعزالت ّ‬ ‫الناتجة ً عن التربية الذاتية للهجن‬ ‫الفردية ّ‬ ‫املتميزة (‪ F2‬و‪ ،)F3‬التي ُتعد مصد ًرا مهما للتراكيب الور ّ‬ ‫اثية الجديدة‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ولسيما ّ‬ ‫أن الجيل الثاني (‪ )F2‬هو الجيل الذي تحدث فيه جميع النعزالت‬ ‫الور ّ‬ ‫اثية ‪.)Al Hadi et al., 2013( Genetic segregations‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية وبعض‬ ‫يهدف البحث إلى دراسة طبيعة الفعل الوراثي لصفة‬ ‫الصفات الفيزيولوجية بالعتماد على ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مؤشرات وراثية من بينها معاملي‬ ‫عدة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وريث‪ ،‬والتقدم الوراثي املتوقع تحقيقه‬ ‫التباين املظهري والوراثي‪ ،‬درجة الت ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫من خالل النتخاب في ثالثة هجن من الذرة الصفراء‪.‬‬ ‫‪Maize NUE‬‬ ‫‪Phenotypic‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬

‫‪ .2‬املواد وطرق البحث‬

‫‪ .2.1‬تصميم التجربة ‪:Experimental Design‬‬

‫َّ‬ ‫ُن ِفذ البحث في مزرعة أبي جرش‪ ،‬في كلية الزراعة بجامعة دمشق‪ ،‬خالل‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الزراعيين ‪ 2018‬و‪ ،2019‬حيث زرعت في املوسم ّ‬ ‫املوسمين ّ‬ ‫الزراعي ّ‬ ‫األول‬ ‫ً‬ ‫عالية من النقاوة الوراثيةّ‬ ‫درجة‬ ‫ساللت‬ ‫(‪ )2018‬خمس‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫مرباة داخليا على ٍ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫اثيا‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫تم الحصول عليها من البنك الوراثي لقسم بحوث‬ ‫)‪ )%95‬ومتباعدة ور‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفراء في الهيئة العامة للبحوث العلمية ّ‬ ‫الذرة ّ‬ ‫الزراعية‪،P1 )IL-239-14(} ،‬‬ ‫(‪ {P5 )IL-200-14( ،P4 )IL-272-06( ،P3 )IL-90-14( ،P2 )IL-456-06‬مع هجنها‬ ‫مواعيد وبفاصل زمني أسبوع واحد‬ ‫الفردية (‪ )P5×P3 ،P3×P4 ،P1×P2‬بثالثة‬ ‫دائرة ّ‬ ‫التهجينات املطلوبة بهدف تحليل‬ ‫بين املوعد واآلخر‪ ،‬لضمان اكتمال‬ ‫متوسط األجيال باستخدام نموذج العشائر ّ‬ ‫الستة ‪،P2 ،P1( Six population‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الساللت ّ‬ ‫إضافة إلى إكثار بذار ّ‬ ‫األبوية‪ّ .‬‬ ‫وقيمت العشائر‬ ‫‪،)BC2 ،BC1 ،F2 ،F1‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الس ّتة للهجن املدروسة في املوسم الزراعي الثاني (‪ ،)2019‬وفق تصميم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫القطاعات العشوائية الكاملة (‪ ،)RCBD‬وبثالثة مكررات‪ ،‬حيث تمت زراعة‬ ‫العشائر ّ‬ ‫خطوط ّ‬ ‫لكل هجين فردي في ّ‬ ‫الستة ّ‬ ‫كل ّ‬ ‫لكل من‬ ‫مكرر بواقع ثالثة‬ ‫ٍ ّ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫عشيرة األب األول ‪ ،P1‬وعشيرة األب ّالثاني ‪ ،P2‬وعشيرة الجيل األول ‪،F1‬‬ ‫وسبعة خطوط من عشيرة الجيل الثاني ‪ ،F2‬وخمسة خطوط ّ‬ ‫لكل من‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫عشيرتي التهجين الرجعي ّ‬ ‫األول ‪ BC1‬والثاني ‪ .BC2‬وكانت الخطوط بطول ‪ 6‬م‪،‬‬ ‫الخط‬ ‫واملسافة بين‬ ‫الخط واآلخر ‪ 70‬سم‪ ،‬واملسافة بين النباتات ً على ً‬ ‫الواحد ‪ 25‬سم‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫وتم تسجيل كافة القراءات امل ّطلوبة على ‪ 60‬نباتا محاطا من‬ ‫األول ‪ ،P‬وعشيرة األب الثاني ‪ ،P‬وعشيرة الجيل ّ‬ ‫كل من عشيرة األب ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫األول‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التهجين‬ ‫عشيرتي‬ ‫ا‬ ‫أم‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫من‬ ‫محاطا‬ ‫نباتا‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫وعلى‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫عشيرة الجيل الثاني ‪2‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪1‬الرجعي ّ‬ ‫األول ‪ BC1‬والثاني ‪ BC2‬فأخذت القراءات على ‪ 120‬نباتا محاطا منها‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫العمليات ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وتفريد ً‬ ‫الزراعية من ر ّي‬ ‫بناء على‬ ‫وعزيق‬ ‫و ُنفذت كافة‬ ‫وتسميد ّ ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫توصيات وزارة الزراعة واإلصالح الزراعي السورية ملحصول الذرة الصفراء‪.‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫حيث أضيفت نصف كمية األسمدة اآلزوتية ً (‪ 6‬كغ وحدة نقية ‪/‬دونم)‬ ‫تعادل ‪ 13‬كغ يوريا ‪ %ُ 46‬عند الزراعة تكبيشا على بعد ‪ 5‬سم إلى جانب‬ ‫املتبقية من ّاألسمدة اآلزوتية ( ّ‪ 6‬كغ‬ ‫وأسفل الجور‪ ،‬في حين أضيفت الكمية‬ ‫تكوين ّ‬ ‫النورة املذكرة بعد العزيق الثاني‪،‬‬ ‫وحدة نقية ‪ /‬دونم) في بدء مرحلة‬ ‫ُّ‬ ‫وقدم للمحصول ‪ّ 12‬رية بمعدل احتياج مائي (‪ 722‬م‪.3‬دونم)‪ ،‬وتوقفت‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫السقاية بانتهاء الطور العجيني‪.‬‬

‫‪ّ .2.2‬‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة ‪:Investigated Traits‬‬

‫‪ .2.2.1‬كفاءة استعمال املياه (غ حبوب‪ .‬نبات‪ .1-‬مم‪ 3-‬مياه)‪:‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الحب ّية ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫للنبات إلى ّ‬ ‫َّ‬ ‫كمية املياه املضافة خالل كامل موسم‬ ‫وتمثل نسبة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫النمو (مم)‪ُ .‬وي ّعبر هذا املؤشر عن كفاءة نباتات الطرز الوراثية املدروسة في‬ ‫استعمال املياه املتاحة في التربة (‪.)Hatfield et al., 2001‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫للنبات (غ‪ .‬نبات‪ / )1-‬كمية املياه‬ ‫كفاءة استعمال املياه =‬ ‫املضافة للتربة (مم‪)3‬‬ ‫‪ .2.2.2‬كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت (غ حبوب‪ .‬غ آزوت متاح في التربة‪:)1-‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫للنبات (غ‪ .‬نبات‪/ )1-‬‬ ‫وحسبت وفق العالقة الرياضية اآلتية‪:‬‬ ‫كمية اآلزوت في التربة (‪.)Moll et al., 1982‬‬ ‫‪Gw/Ns = Efficiency of use‬‬

‫‪ .2.2.3‬كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت (غ حبوب‪ .‬غ آزوت متاح في التربة‪:)1-‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املمتصة ‪ /‬كمية اآلزوت املتاحة في التربة‪.‬‬ ‫وتساوي كمية اآلزوت‬ ‫‪Nt/Ns = Uptake efficiency‬‬

‫‪ .2.2.4‬كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت (غ حبوب‪ .‬غ آزوت في الكتلة الحية‪:)1-‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫وتساوي‬ ‫الحب ّية للنبات (غ حبوب‪ .‬نبات‪ / )1-‬كمية اآلزوت املمتصة‪.‬‬ ‫‪Gw/Nt = Utilization efficiency‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫للنبات ‪( Grain yield per plant‬غ‪ .‬نبات‪:)1-‬‬ ‫‪.2.2.5‬‬

‫‪Al-Boush, E. and Al-Ouda, A.. (2021). Tahdid alfiel alwirathii likafa'at aistiemal almiah walazuat fi aldhdhrt alssfra' (Zea mays L.) ‘Determining the genetic action of water and nitrogen utilisation efficiency in maize ( Zea mays l.)’. The‬‬ ‫‪Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 107–14. DOI: 10.37575/b/eng/0058‬‬

‫‪109‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية من خالل قياس وزن الحبوب بعد فرط العرانيس عند‬ ‫ُحسبت‬ ‫محتوى رطوبي ‪ %15‬في الحبوب‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحيوية عند ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫النضج للنبات ‪( Biological yield per plant‬غ)‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .2.2.6‬الغلة‬ ‫ُس ّجل وزن كامل ّ‬ ‫النباتات بما فيها األجزاء القتصادية (غ)‪.‬‬ ‫ِ‬

‫ّ‬ ‫‪ .2.3‬التحليل اإلحصائي ‪:Statistical Analysis‬‬

‫ُ‬ ‫بعد جمع ّ‬ ‫البيانات لكافة القراءات املدروسة‪ ،‬ا ًستخدم برنامج ‪ Excel‬في‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تبويب النتائج‪ ،‬ومن ثم حللت هذه البيانات وفقا للعاملين ‪Snedecor and‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Cochran (1981‬كما ّتمت مقارنة املتوسطات باستخدام مقياس ّ‬ ‫أقل فر ٍق‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنو ّي )‪ Least Significant Difference (L.S.D‬على مستوى‬ ‫معنوية ‪%5‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫باستخدام برنامج ‪ُ .ADEL-R‬‬ ‫املؤشرات الور ّ‬ ‫اثية اآلتية‪:‬‬ ‫وحسبت‬ ‫‪ّ .2.3.1‬‬ ‫قوة الهجين ‪Heterosis‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ُق ّدرت ّ‬ ‫قوة الهجين قياسا ملتوسط األبوين واألب األفضل باستخدام برنامج‬ ‫‪ Excel‬وفق معادلت العاملين )‪:Singh and Chaudhary (1985‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫𝐻‪ّ :‬‬ ‫قوة الهجين قياسا ملتوسط األبوين‪.‬‬ ‫𝑃𝑀‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫̅𝐹‪ :‬متوسط الجيل األول‪.‬‬

‫̅̅̅̅̅‬ ‫𝑃𝑀 ‪𝐹̅1 −‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅‬ ‫𝑃𝑀‬

‫= 𝑃𝑀𝐻‬

‫𝑃𝑀‪ :‬متوسط األبوين‪ ،‬والذي يحسب باملعادلة‬ ‫̅̅̅‬ ‫̅̅̅ ‪𝑃̅1 +‬‬ ‫‪𝑃2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅ ‪𝐹̅1 −‬‬ ‫𝑃𝐵‬ ‫= 𝑃𝐵𝐻‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅‬ ‫𝑃𝐵‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫𝑃𝐵‪ :‬متوسط األب األفضل‪.‬‬ ‫̅‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تم تقدير معنوية قوة الهجين قياسا ملتوسط األبوين واألب األفضل‬ ‫باستخدام ‪.)Wynne et al., 1970( T-test‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ّ .2.3.2‬‬ ‫التدهور الوراثي ‪ُ :Inbreeding Depression‬حسب وفقا للمعادلة التي‬ ‫وضعها العاملان )‪Singh and Chaudhary (1985‬‬ ‫̅̅̅ ‪𝐹̅1 −‬‬ ‫‪𝐹2‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫‪𝐹̅1‬‬

‫= 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝐷 𝑛𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑒𝑟𝑏𝑛𝐼‬

‫معنوية درجة ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التدهور الناتجة عن التربية الداخلية من خالل‬ ‫ُحسبت‬ ‫مقارنة القيمة ( ‪ )𝐹̅1 − 𝐹̅2‬مع ناتج املعادلة‪:‬‬ ‫‪𝑉𝐹2 + 𝑉𝐹1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫ُ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوية املقياسين ‪ B ،A‬إلى وجود األنواع الثالث للفعل الوراثي‬ ‫حيث تشير‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي اإلضافي × إضافي‪ ،‬واإلضافي × سيادي‪ ،‬والسيادي × سيادي‪.‬‬ ‫معنوية املقياس ‪ C‬إلى الجزء من الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي سيادي ×‬ ‫تشير‬ ‫سيادي‪.‬‬ ‫معنوية املقياس ‪ D‬إلى الجزء من الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي إضافي × إضافي‪.‬‬ ‫تشير‬ ‫ً‬ ‫يحسب الخطأ املعياري لكل مقياس إضافة لقيمة ‪ T‬املحسوبة وفق ما يأتي‪:‬‬ ‫𝐴‬ ‫𝐴‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬ ‫𝐵‬ ‫𝐵‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬ ‫𝐶‬ ‫𝐶‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬ ‫𝐷‬ ‫‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫𝐻‪ّ :‬‬ ‫قوة الهجين قياسا لألب األفضل‪.‬‬ ‫𝑃𝐵‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫̅𝐹‪ :‬متوسط الجيل األول‪.‬‬

‫̅̅̅̅̅ ‪̅̅̅2 −‬‬ ‫𝐹‪𝐷 = 2‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅ ‪𝐵𝐶1 −‬‬ ‫‪𝐵𝐶2 , Its variance V𝐷 = 4V𝐹2 + V𝐵𝐶1 +‬‬ ‫‪V𝐵𝐶2‬‬

‫√ ∗ ) 𝑇𝐸𝐿𝐵𝐴𝑇(𝑇 = 𝑇‬

‫‪Scaling test .2.3.3‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وضع )‪ Hayman and Mather (1955‬أربعة مقاييس ُللتأكد من وجود أو عدم‬ ‫ّ ّ‬ ‫أي من هذه‬ ‫وجود تفاعل بين املورثات وهي (‪ C ،B ،A‬و‪ )D‬حيث تشير ّمعنوية ٍ‬ ‫املقاييس إلى وجود تفاعل بين املورثات على املواقع الوراثية املختلفة‪ ،‬وتعطى‬ ‫باملعادلت اآلتية‪:‬‬ ‫‪̅̅̅̅̅1 − 𝑃̅1 − 𝐹̅1 , Its variance V𝐴 = 4V𝐵𝐶1 + V𝑃1 + V𝐹1‬‬ ‫𝐶𝐵‪𝐴 = 2‬‬ ‫̅̅̅ ‪̅̅̅̅̅2 −‬‬ ‫𝐶𝐵‪𝐵 = 2‬‬ ‫‪𝑃2 − 𝐹̅1 , Its variance V𝐵 = 4V𝐵𝐶2 + V𝑃2 +‬‬ ‫‪V𝐹1‬‬ ‫̅̅̅ ‪̅̅̅2 − 2𝐹̅1 − 𝑃̅1 −‬‬ ‫𝐹‪𝐶 = 4‬‬ ‫‪𝑃2 , Its variance V𝐶 = 16 𝑉𝐹2 +‬‬ ‫‪4V𝐹1 + V𝑃1 + V𝑃2‬‬

‫= 𝐴𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝐴 = √V𝐴 The t value was‬‬ ‫= 𝐵𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝐵 = √𝑉𝐵 The t value was‬‬ ‫= 𝐶𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝐶 = √V𝐶 The t value was‬‬

‫= 𝐷𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝐷 = √V𝐷 The t value was‬‬

‫𝐷‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫حيث ُتشير ‪ BC ،BC ،F ،F ،P ،P‬إلى متوسطات األب ّ‬ ‫ل‬ ‫الثاني‬ ‫األب‬ ‫و‬ ‫األو‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1 2 1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثاني والتهجين الرجعي ّ‬ ‫والجيل ّ‬ ‫األول والتهجين الرجعي الثاني‬ ‫األول والجيل‬ ‫على الترتيب‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2.3.4‬الفعل الوراثي ‪Gene Action‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫هجين وذلك لتقدير املؤشرات‬ ‫تم ّاستخدام متوسطات العشائر الست لكل ٍ‬ ‫الستة ‪ Six Parameters‬للفعل الوراثي باستخدام املعادلت املوضوعة من‬ ‫قبل )‪.Gamble (1962) ،Jinks and Jones (1958‬‬

‫̅̅̅ = 𝒎‬ ‫‪𝐹2‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅ ‪𝒅 = 𝐵𝐶1 −‬‬ ‫‪𝐵𝐶2‬‬ ‫𝐶𝐵‪̅̅̅̅̅1 + 2‬‬ ‫‪̅̅̅̅̅2‬‬ ‫𝑃‪̅̅̅2 − 0.5𝑃̅1 − 0.5‬‬ ‫𝐶𝐵‪̅̅̅2 + 2‬‬ ‫𝐹‪𝒉 = 𝐹̅1 − 4‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅‬ ‫̅̅̅‬ ‫‪𝒊 = 2𝐵𝐶1 + 2𝐵𝐶2 − 4𝐹2‬‬ ‫𝐶𝐵 ‪̅̅̅̅̅1 − 0.5𝑃̅1 −‬‬ ‫𝑃‪̅̅̅̅̅2 + 0.5‬‬ ‫‪̅̅̅2‬‬ ‫𝐶𝐵 = 𝒋‬ ‫𝐶𝐵‪̅̅̅̅̅1 − 4‬‬ ‫‪̅̅̅̅̅2‬‬ ‫𝐹‪̅̅̅2 + 2𝐹̅1 + 4‬‬ ‫𝐶𝐵‪̅̅̅2 − 4‬‬ ‫𝑃 ‪𝒍 = 𝑃̅1 +‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫‪ّ :m‬‬ ‫متوسط الجيل الثاني‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : d‬الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : h‬الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫السيادي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : i‬الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي من النوع إضافي × إضافي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : j‬الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي من النوع إضافي × سيادي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : l‬الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي من النوع سيادي × سيادي‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ ّ‬ ‫تم تقدير ّ‬ ‫املؤشرات ّ‬ ‫كما ّ‬ ‫الست وفق ما يأتي‪:‬‬ ‫لكل مؤش ٍر من‬ ‫التباين العائد‬

‫‪V𝑚 = V𝐹2‬‬ ‫‪V𝑑 = V𝐵𝐶1 + V𝐵𝐶2‬‬ ‫‪Vℎ = V𝐹1 + 16V𝐹2 + 0.25V𝑃1 + 0.25V𝑃2 + 4V𝐵𝐶1 + 4V𝐵𝐶2‬‬ ‫‪𝑉𝑖 = 4V𝐵𝐶1 + 4V𝐵𝐶2 + 16V𝐹2‬‬ ‫‪𝑉𝑗 = V𝐵𝐶1 + 0.25V𝑃1 + V𝐵𝐶2 + 0.25V𝑃2‬‬ ‫‪𝑉𝑙 = 𝑉𝑃1 + V𝑃2 + 4V𝐹1 + 16V𝐹2 + 16V𝐵𝐶1 + 16V𝐵𝐶2‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُحسب الخطأ املعياري لكل مؤش ٍر إضافة لقيمة ‪ T‬املحسوبة وفق ما يأتي‪:‬‬ ‫𝑚‬ ‫𝑚‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬ ‫𝒅‬ ‫𝑑‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬ ‫𝒉‬ ‫‪𝑆.𝐸.ℎ‬‬

‫= 𝑚𝑡‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝑚 = √V𝑚 The t value was‬‬ ‫= 𝑑𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝑑 = √V𝑑 The t value was‬‬ ‫= ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝒉 = √Vℎ The t value was 𝑡ℎ‬‬

‫‪110‬‬

‫𝒊‬ ‫𝑖‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬ ‫𝒋‬ ‫𝑗‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬ ‫𝒍‬ ‫𝑙‪𝑆.𝐸.‬‬

‫= 𝑖𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝒊 = √V𝑖 The t value was‬‬ ‫= 𝑗𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝒋 = √V𝑗 The t value was‬‬ ‫= 𝑙𝑡 ‪𝑆. 𝐸.𝒍 = √V𝑙 The t value was‬‬

‫‪ .2.3.5‬معاملي ّ‬ ‫التباين املظهري ‪)PCV( Phenotypic Coefficients of Variability‬‬ ‫والوراثي ‪)GCV( Genotypic Coefficients of Variability‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تم تقديرهما وفق )‪ Singh and Chaudhary (1985‬باستخدام برنامج ‪.Excel‬‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬

‫‪√V𝐹2‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅̅‬ ‫𝑋‬ ‫𝐹‬

‫= 𝑉𝐶𝑃 ‪× 100 or‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫‪× 100‬‬

‫‪∆𝐺 = 2.0627 × h2 × √𝑉𝐹2‬‬

‫𝐸‪√V𝐹2 −V‬‬ ‫̅̅̅̅̅̅‬ ‫𝑋‬ ‫𝐹‬

‫= 𝑉𝐶𝐺 ‪× 100 or‬‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫‪ :𝑉𝐹2‬تباين الجيل الثاني‪.‬‬ ‫𝑉‪ّ :‬‬ ‫التباين البيئي الذي يحسب باملعادلة التالية‬

‫𝑝𝑆‬ ‫̅𝑋‬ ‫𝑔𝑆‬ ‫̅𝑋‬

‫= 𝑉𝐶𝑃‬ ‫= 𝑉𝐶𝐺‬

‫𝐸‬

‫‪V𝑃1 +V𝑃2 +V𝐹1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬

‫= 𝐸‪V‬‬

‫𝑝𝑆 و 𝐺𝑆‪ :‬النحراف املعياري املظهري والوراثي على الترتيب‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫𝑋‪ّ :‬‬ ‫متوسط الجيل الثاني‪.‬‬ ‫̅̅̅‬ ‫‪𝐹2‬‬

‫𝑋‪ :‬املتوسط العام‪.‬‬ ‫̅‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫قسمت قيم ‪ GCV ،PCV‬إلى ثالثة مستويات وفقا للعاملين ‪Sivasubranian and‬‬ ‫)‪ ،Menon (1973‬حيث ‪ %10-0‬منخفض‪ %20-10 ،‬متوسط‪ ،‬أكبر من ‪%20‬‬ ‫عال‪.‬‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ .2.3.6‬درجة التوريث بمفهوميها الواسع ‪)H ( Broad Sense Heritability‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والضيق ‪:)h2( Narrow Sense Heritability‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫تم تقديرها لجميع ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة وفقا للعالم )‪.Burton (1951‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫يمثل ّ‬ ‫التباين املظهري الذي يحسب باملعادلة‬ ‫𝑃‪:V‬‬

‫𝐺‪V‬‬ ‫𝑃‪V‬‬

‫= ‪H2‬‬

‫‪V𝑃 = V𝐹2‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫يمثل ّ‬ ‫التباين الوراثي الذي يحسب باملعادلة‬ ‫𝐺‪:V‬‬ ‫𝐸‪V𝐺 = V𝐹2 − V‬‬

‫‪ّ :V‬‬ ‫التباين البيئي الذي يحسب باملعادلة اآلتية‬ ‫𝐸‬ ‫‪V𝑃1 + V𝑃2 + V𝐹1‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬ ‫𝐴‬ ‫= ‪h2‬‬ ‫𝑃‪V‬‬ ‫= 𝐸‪V‬‬

‫‪ّ :V‬‬ ‫التباين الوراثي اإلضافي الذي يحسب باملعادلة‬ ‫𝐴‬

‫) ‪V𝐴 = 2𝑉𝐹2 − (𝑉𝐵𝐶1 + 𝑉𝐵𝐶2‬‬

‫ُق ّسمت قيم درجة ّ‬ ‫التوريث وفق )‪ Robinson et al. (1949‬إلى ثالثة مستويات هي‬ ‫عال‪.‬‬ ‫‪ %30-0‬منخفض‪ %60-30 ،‬متوسط‪ ،‬أكبر من ‪ٍ %60‬‬ ‫‪ّ .2.3.7‬‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫قدم الوراثي ‪)∆G( Genetic Advance‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املئوية ّ‬ ‫ُق ّدر على ّ‬ ‫النسبة ّ‬ ‫شدة انتخاب ‪ %5‬وكذلك ّ‬ ‫للتقدم الوراثي‬ ‫تم ّحساب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املوضحة‬ ‫(‪ )∆G%‬كنسبة من متوسط الجيل الثاني ‪ F2‬وذلك وفق املعادلت‬ ‫من قبل (‪:)Allard, 1960‬‬

‫𝐺∆‬ ‫‪× 100‬‬ ‫̅̅̅‬ ‫‪𝐹2‬‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ق ّسمت قيم ‪ ∆G%‬إلى ثالثة مستويات وفق )‪ ،Johnson et al. (1955‬حيث ‪-0‬‬ ‫عال‪.‬‬ ‫‪ %10‬منخفض‪ %20-10 ،‬متوسط‪ ،‬أكبر من ‪ٍ %20‬‬

‫= ‪∆𝐺%‬‬

‫ّ‬

‫‪ .3‬النتائج واملناقشة‬ ‫ّبينت نتائج تحليل ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التباين (الجدول‪ )1 ،‬وجود تباين مرتفع املعنوية بين‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫العشائر ّ‬ ‫الستة لكل هجين وفي جميع الصفات املدروسة‪ ،‬ما يشير إلى وجود‬ ‫تباين وراثي يمكن الستفادة منه في تحقيق تحسين وراثي عبر النتخاب‪.‬‬ ‫يتوافق ذلك مع نتائج (فهد وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛ بندر‪)2016 ،‬‬ ‫(‪.)Mastrodomenico et al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫أظهرت متوسطات العشائر ّ‬ ‫الستة ّ في كل الهجن فروقا معنوية ّ لجميع‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة (الجدول‪ ،)2 ،‬حقق الجيل األول ‪ F1‬في الهجين الثاني (‪IL-‬‬ ‫‪ )90-14 × IL-272-06‬أعلى القيم لصفات كفاءة استعمال املياه (‪ 1.25‬غ‬ ‫حبوب‪ .‬نبات‪ .1-‬مم‪ 3-‬مياه)‪ ،‬كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت (‪ 75.47‬غ حبوب‪ .‬غ‬ ‫حبوب‪ .‬غ آزوت‬ ‫آزوت متاح في التربة‪ ،)1ّ -‬كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت (‪ 2.09‬غ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والغلة الحيويةّ‬ ‫متاح في التربة‪ ،)1-‬الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية للنبات (‪ 161.80‬غ‪ .‬نبات‪،)1-‬‬ ‫النضج ّ‬ ‫عند ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫للنبات (‪ 342.89‬غ)‪ .‬فيما أبدى األب الثاني ‪ P2‬في الهجين األول‬ ‫(‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬أعلى قيمة لصفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت (‪ 43.33‬غ‬ ‫حبوب‪ .‬غ آزوت في الكتلة الحية‪.)1-‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التباين ومتوسطات املربعات ّ‬ ‫للصفات املدروسة في الهجن الثالث‪.‬‬ ‫الجدول رقم (‪ )1‬تحليل‬ ‫‪P1 × P2‬‬ ‫الهجين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪BYP‬‬ ‫‪GYP‬‬ ‫‪NUtE‬‬ ‫‪NUpE‬‬ ‫‪NUE‬‬ ‫‪WUE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪2443.0‬‬ ‫‪1435.67‬‬ ‫‪198.40‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫‪415.17‬‬ ‫‪0.11‬‬ ‫املكررات‬ ‫**‪9973.5‬‬ ‫**‪3418.39‬‬ ‫*‪52.94‬‬ ‫**‪0.39‬‬ ‫**‪638.48‬‬ ‫**‪0.18‬‬ ‫العشائر‬ ‫‪549.6‬‬ ‫‪111.38‬‬ ‫‪16.60‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬ ‫‪19.86‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫الخطأ التجريبي‬ ‫‪9.0‬‬ ‫‪9.6‬‬ ‫‪10.4‬‬ ‫‪9.5‬‬ ‫‪8.7‬‬ ‫‪8.7‬‬ ‫معامل الختالف‬ ‫‪P3 × P4‬‬ ‫الهجين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪BYP‬‬ ‫‪GYP‬‬ ‫‪NUtE‬‬ ‫‪NUpE‬‬ ‫‪NUE‬‬ ‫‪WUE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪7143.2‬‬ ‫‪110.32‬‬ ‫‪62.19‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪14.45‬‬ ‫‪0.004‬‬ ‫املكررات‬ ‫**‪2618.5‬‬ ‫**‪1171.22‬‬ ‫**‪57.56‬‬ ‫**‪0.34‬‬ ‫**‪311.06‬‬ ‫**‪0.09‬‬ ‫العشائر‬ ‫‪431.2‬‬ ‫‪116.29‬‬ ‫‪1.85‬‬ ‫‪0.02‬‬ ‫‪30.43‬‬ ‫‪0.01‬‬ ‫الخطأ التجريبي‬ ‫‪6.8‬‬ ‫‪8.3‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪8.5‬‬ ‫‪8.9‬‬ ‫‪8.9‬‬ ‫معامل الختالف‬ ‫‪P5 × P3‬‬ ‫الهجين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪BYP‬‬ ‫‪GYP‬‬ ‫‪NUtE‬‬ ‫‪NUpE‬‬ ‫‪NUE‬‬ ‫‪WUE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪3773.0‬‬ ‫‪0.31‬‬ ‫‪41.47‬‬ ‫‪0.04‬‬ ‫‪1.64‬‬ ‫‪0.001‬‬ ‫املكررات‬ ‫**‪2717.7‬‬ ‫**‪1020.83‬‬ ‫**‪34.96‬‬ ‫**‪0.30‬‬ ‫**‪260.70‬‬ ‫**‪0.07‬‬ ‫العشائر‬ ‫‪445.2‬‬ ‫‪22.17‬‬ ‫‪2.05‬‬ ‫‪0.005‬‬ ‫‪6.35‬‬ ‫‪0.003‬‬ ‫الخطأ التجريبي‬ ‫‪7.3‬‬ ‫‪4.0‬‬ ‫‪3.8‬‬ ‫‪4.8‬‬ ‫‪4.6‬‬ ‫‪5.8‬‬ ‫معامل الختالف‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوي على مستوى ‪ 0.05‬و‪ P1×P2 .0.01‬الهجين ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ P3×P4 ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬الهجين الثاني (‪IL-272-06‬‬ ‫*‪**،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫كفاءة استعمال املياه‪ّ NUE ،‬كفاءة استعمال‬ ‫× ‪ P5×P3 ،)IL-90-14‬الهجين الثالث (‪WUE ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ NUpE‬كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت‪ NUtE ،‬كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‪ GYP ،‬الغلة الحبية للنبات‪ BYP ،‬الغلة الحيوية عند‬ ‫اآلزوت‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫النضج للنبات‪.‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫صفات كفاءة استعمال املياه‪،‬‬ ‫الفردي ّة ‪ F1‬على آبائها في‬ ‫تفوقت جميع الهجن‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحيوية عند النضج‬ ‫استعمال اآلزوت‪ ،‬الغلة الحبية للنبات‪،‬‬ ‫كفاءة‬ ‫والغلة ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مبدية ّ‬ ‫املعنوية قياسا ملتوسط ًاألبوين‬ ‫موجبة وعالية‬ ‫هجين‬ ‫ة‬ ‫قو‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫بات‬ ‫للن‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )IL-90-14ّ × IL-272-06‬وذلك قياسا لألب‬ ‫واألب األفضل‪ ،‬عدا ّالهجين الثاني (‬ ‫عند ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫النضج للنبات (الجدول‪ .)2 ،‬في حين‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ‫األفضل في صفة الغلة‬ ‫األبوين أوً األب‬ ‫متوسط‬ ‫من‬ ‫أدنى‬ ‫‪F‬‬ ‫الفردية‬ ‫الهجن‬ ‫كانت متوسطات‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫قيما سالبا ّ‬ ‫األفضل في صفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت ّ‬ ‫مما ّأدى إلى ظهور‬ ‫لقوة‬ ‫الهجين‪ ،‬فقد أظهر الهجين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ّ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬‬ ‫قوة هجين سالبة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )%-14.70‬وذلك قياسا ملتوسط األبوين واألب‬ ‫معنوية (‪،%-2.15‬‬ ‫وغير‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫األفضل‪ ،‬فيما أبدى الهجين الثاني ً (‪ )IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬قيمة موجبة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية ّ‬ ‫ملتوسط األبوين (‪ ،)%17.81‬وقيمة‬ ‫لقوة‬ ‫وعالية‬ ‫الهجين قياسا ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوية لقوة الهجين قياسا باألب ًاألفضل (‪ ،)%5.59‬بينما‬ ‫وغير‬ ‫موجبة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية‬ ‫قيما سالبة وعالية‬ ‫سجل الهجين الثالث (‪ً )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫لقوة الهجين (‪ )%-16.35 ،%-12.92‬وذلك قياسا ملتوسط األبوين واألب‬ ‫األفضل‪.‬‬ ‫الستة (‪ )BC2 ،BC1 ،F2 ،F1 ،P2 ،P1‬للهجن املدروسة‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫متوسطات الصفات للعشائر ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وقوة الهجين‪،‬‬ ‫الجدول رقم (‪)2‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والتدهورالوراثي‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪NUE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪WUE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫العشيرة‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫العشيرة‬ ‫‪41.67‬‬ ‫‪48.04‬‬ ‫‪33.57‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪0.69‬‬ ‫‪0.80‬‬ ‫‪0.56‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪46.82‬‬ ‫‪56.99‬‬ ‫‪34.54‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪0.78‬‬ ‫‪0.95‬‬ ‫‪0.57‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪66.15‬‬ ‫‪75.47‬‬ ‫‪69.04‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪1.10‬‬ ‫‪1.25‬‬ ‫‪1.15‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪56.01‬‬ ‫‪60.58‬‬ ‫‪51.80‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪0.93‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪0.86‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪60.10‬‬ ‫‪57.69‬‬ ‫‪58.69‬‬ ‫‪BC1‬‬ ‫‪1.00‬‬ ‫‪0.96‬‬ ‫‪0.97‬‬ ‫‪BC1‬‬ ‫‪61.25‬‬ ‫‪71.84‬‬ ‫‪61.28‬‬ ‫‪BC2‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪1.19‬‬ ‫‪1.02‬‬ ‫‪BC2‬‬

‫‪111‬‬

‫‪4.58‬‬ ‫**‪49.52‬‬ ‫**‪41.29‬‬ ‫‪15.33‬‬

‫‪10.04‬‬ ‫‪8.11‬‬ ‫‪LSD 5%‬‬ ‫‪0.10‬‬ ‫‪0.17‬‬ ‫‪0.13‬‬ ‫‪LSD 5%‬‬ ‫**‪43.70‬‬ ‫**‪102.72‬‬ ‫‪HMP %‬‬ ‫**‪50.63‬‬ ‫**‪43.70‬‬ ‫**‪102.72‬‬ ‫‪HMP %‬‬ ‫**‪32.41‬‬ ‫**‪99.85‬‬ ‫‪HBP %‬‬ ‫**‪42.58‬‬ ‫**‪32.41‬‬ ‫**‪99.85‬‬ ‫‪HBP %‬‬ ‫‪19.73‬‬ ‫‪24.96‬‬ ‫‪I.D %‬‬ ‫‪15.80‬‬ ‫‪19.73‬‬ ‫‪24.96‬‬ ‫‪I.D %‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪NUtE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪NUpE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫العشيرة‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫العشيرة‬ ‫‪38.89‬‬ ‫‪35.58‬‬ ‫‪32.22‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪1.08‬‬ ‫‪1.35‬‬ ‫‪1.11‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪35.83‬‬ ‫‪28.42‬‬ ‫‪43.33‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪1.38‬‬ ‫‪1.98‬‬ ‫‪0.81‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪32.53‬‬ ‫‪37.69‬‬ ‫‪36.96‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪2.05‬‬ ‫‪2.09‬‬ ‫‪1.87‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪35.88‬‬ ‫‪36.53‬‬ ‫‪39.15‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪1.59‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫‪1.31‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪40.56‬‬ ‫‪41.87‬‬ ‫‪41.62‬‬ ‫‪BC1‬‬ ‫‪1.53‬‬ ‫‪1.39‬‬ ‫‪1.44‬‬ ‫‪BC1‬‬ ‫‪41.61‬‬ ‫‪35.11‬‬ ‫‪42.62‬‬ ‫‪BC2‬‬ ‫‪1.49‬‬ ‫‪2.08‬‬ ‫‪1.48‬‬ ‫‪BC2‬‬ ‫‪2.61‬‬ ‫‪2.48‬‬ ‫‪7.41‬‬ ‫‪LSD 5%‬‬ ‫‪0.13‬‬ ‫‪0.27‬‬ ‫‪0.23‬‬ ‫‪LSD 5%‬‬ ‫**‪-12.92‬‬ ‫**‪17.81‬‬ ‫‪-2.15‬‬ ‫‪HMP %‬‬ ‫**‪66.69‬‬ ‫‪25.32‬‬ ‫**‪95.68‬‬ ‫‪HMP %‬‬ ‫**‪-16.35‬‬ ‫‪5.95‬‬ ‫‪-14.70‬‬ ‫‪HBP %‬‬ ‫**‪48.83‬‬ ‫‪5.47‬‬ ‫**‪68.85‬‬ ‫‪HBP %‬‬ ‫‪-10.30‬‬ ‫‪3.10‬‬ ‫‪-5.90‬‬ ‫‪I.D %‬‬ ‫‪22.35‬‬ ‫‪18.68‬‬ ‫*‪29.94‬‬ ‫‪I.D %‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪BYP‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪GYP‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫العشيرة‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫العشيرة‬ ‫‪255.68‬‬ ‫‪260.34‬‬ ‫‪218.89‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪87.50‬‬ ‫‪105.39‬‬ ‫‪70.49‬‬ ‫‪P1‬‬ ‫‪260.34‬‬ ‫‪313.71‬‬ ‫‪170.44‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪107.60‬‬ ‫‪119.69‬‬ ‫‪72.54‬‬ ‫‪P2‬‬ ‫‪330.94‬‬ ‫‪342.89‬‬ ‫‪326.04‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪140.31‬‬ ‫‪161.80‬‬ ‫‪146.98‬‬ ‫‪F1‬‬ ‫‪318.25‬‬ ‫‪291.16‬‬ ‫‪263.12‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪118.62‬‬ ‫‪128.22‬‬ ‫‪108.79‬‬ ‫‪F2‬‬ ‫‪293.31‬‬ ‫‪289.78‬‬ ‫‪304.47‬‬ ‫‪BC1‬‬ ‫‪126.21‬‬ ‫‪121.14‬‬ ‫‪123.25‬‬ ‫‪BC1‬‬ ‫‪282.97‬‬ ‫‪326.00‬‬ ‫‪283.89‬‬ ‫‪BC2‬‬ ‫‪127.88‬‬ ‫‪150.87‬‬ ‫‪128.69‬‬ ‫‪BC2‬‬ ‫‪38.39‬‬ ‫‪37.78‬‬ ‫‪42.65‬‬ ‫‪LSD 5%‬‬ ‫‪8.57‬‬ ‫‪19.62‬‬ ‫‪19.20‬‬ ‫‪LSD 5%‬‬ ‫**‪28.27‬‬ ‫**‪19.46‬‬ ‫**‪67.49‬‬ ‫‪HMP %‬‬ ‫**‪43.83‬‬ ‫**‪43.77‬‬ ‫**‪105.52‬‬ ‫‪HMP %‬‬ ‫**‪27.12‬‬ ‫‪9.30‬‬ ‫**‪48.95‬‬ ‫‪HBP %‬‬ ‫**‪30.40‬‬ ‫**‪35.18‬‬ ‫**‪102.61‬‬ ‫‪HBP %‬‬ ‫‪3.84‬‬ ‫‪15.09‬‬ ‫‪19.30‬‬ ‫‪I.D %‬‬ ‫‪15.46‬‬ ‫‪20.76‬‬ ‫*‪25.98‬‬ ‫‪I.D %‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوي على مستوى ‪ 0.05‬و‪ P1×P2 .0.01‬الهجين ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ P3×P4 ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬الهجين الثاني (‪IL-272-06‬‬ ‫*‪**،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫كفاءة استعمال املياه‪ّ NUE ،‬كفاءة استعمال‬ ‫× ‪ P5×P3 ،)IL-90-14‬الهجين الثالث (‪WUE ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ NUtE‬كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‪ GYP ،‬الغلة الحبية ًللنبات‪ BYP ،‬الغلة الحيوي ّة عند‬ ‫‪ NUpE‬كفاءة‬ ‫امتصاص اآلزوت‪ً ،‬‬ ‫اآلزوت‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫قياسا ملتوسط األبوين‪ّ HBP % ،‬‬ ‫للنبات‪ّ HMP % ،‬‬ ‫التدهور‬ ‫قوة الهجين قياسا لألب األفضل‪I.D % ،‬‬ ‫قوة الهجين‬ ‫النضج‬ ‫الوراثي‪.‬‬

‫ّأما بالنسبة لصفة كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت (الجدول‪ )2 ،‬فقد ّ‬ ‫حققت معظم‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬قيما موجبة وعالية‬ ‫الهجن‪،‬‬ ‫عدا الهجين الثاني ( ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية ّ‬ ‫لقوة الهجين وذلك قياسا ملتوسط األبوين واألب األفضل‪ .‬يتوافق‬ ‫ذلك مع نتائج (بندر‪.)Mastrodomenico et al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019( )2016 ،‬‬ ‫حيث ترتبط كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت ‪ NUpE‬بالعديد من العوامل‬ ‫الفيزيولوجية (زيادة الكتلة الحية للنبات‪ ،‬بنية الجذر ‪،Root architecture‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ومعدل التمثيل الضوئي ‪ ،Photosynthetic rate‬ودليل املساحة الورقية ‪Leaf‬‬ ‫‪ ،area index‬ومحتوى التربة من النترات ‪ ،Nitrate content‬وأنزيم الجلوتامين‬ ‫‪ ،Glutamine synthetase‬ونشاط األنزيمات روبيسكو ‪PEP- ،Rubisco‬‬ ‫‪ .)Uribelarrea‬فيما ترتبط‬ ‫‪et al., 2009; Hammer et al., 2009( )carboxylase‬‬ ‫الضوئي‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت ‪ NUtE‬بزيادة ّ‬ ‫التمثيل ّ‬ ‫والنقل ‪،Transport‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والتوازن بين تمثيل الكربون واآلزوت ‪،Carbon and Nitrogen assimilates‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ومعدل عقد الحبوب ‪.)Weiland and Ta, 1992; Leach et al., 2017( Kernel set‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ومعنوية للتدهور الوراثي‬ ‫أظهر الهجين (‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬قيما موجبة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية للنبات‬ ‫في صفتي كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت (*‪ ،)29.94‬والغلة‬ ‫(*‪ ،)25.98‬مايشير إلى دور الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫السيادي في وراثة هاتين الصفتين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫كل من (فهد وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛‬ ‫(الجدول‪ .)2 ،‬توافقت هذه النتائج مع نتائج ٍ‬ ‫بندر‪.)Mastrodomenico et al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019( )2016 ،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املوضحة في الجدول (‪ّ ،)3‬أن الفعل الوراثي الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي‬ ‫أشارت نتائج ‪Scaling test‬‬ ‫اثيين اإلضافي ّ‬ ‫‪ Epistasis‬ساهم إلى جانب الفعلين الور ّ‬ ‫والسيادي في وراثة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة‪ .‬حيث كانت املؤشرات األربع ‪ D ،C ،B ،A‬في صفتي كفاءة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫استعمال املياه وكفاءة استعمال اآلزوت عالية املعنوية في معظم الهجن‬ ‫‪× IL-90-14‬‬ ‫املدروسة‪ ،‬عدا املؤشر ‪ C‬في الهجينين (‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬و( ّ‬ ‫‪ّ .)IL-200-14‬أما بالنسبة لصفة كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت فقد كانت ّاملؤشرات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوية في الهجين (‪ ،) IL-456-06 ×IL-239-14‬فيما كان ّاملؤشران ‪،A‬‬ ‫‪D ،C ،B‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنويين في الهجين (‪ ،)IL-272-06 × IL-90-14‬وكل من املؤشرين ‪ B‬و‪D‬‬ ‫و‪C‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنويان ّفي الهجين (‪ .)IL-90-14 × IL-200-14‬وفي صفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية في ّجميع الهجن املدروسة‪.‬‬ ‫األربع ‪ D ،C ،B ،A‬عالية‬ ‫كانت املؤشرات ّ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية للنبات كانت معظم مؤشرات ‪ Scaling test‬عالية‬ ‫أيضا في صفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الهجينين (‪IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬‬ ‫املعنوية في جميع الهجن‪ ،‬عدا املؤشر ‪ C‬في ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ .)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬بينما في صفة الغلة الحيوية عند النضج للنبات‬ ‫) و(‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية في الهجين (‪،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬‬ ‫كانت املؤشرات ‪ D ،B ،A‬عالية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية في الهجينين (‪)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫فيما كان املؤشران ‪ D ،C‬عاليي‬ ‫و(‪ .)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬يتوافق ذلك مع نتائج ( ‪Haegele et al., 2013; Al Hadi‬‬ ‫‪.)et al., 2013; Paredes et al., 2014; Mastrodomenico et al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019‬‬ ‫مكونات الفعل الوراثي في الجدول (‪ّ ،)4‬‬ ‫أظهرت نتائج تحليل ّ‬ ‫أن تقديرات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية في جميع الهجن ولجميع الصفات‬ ‫املؤشر ]‪ [m‬كانت ّعالية ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫للمتوسطات ككل‪،‬‬ ‫يدل هذا املؤشر على املساهمة العائدة‬ ‫املدروسة‪ ،‬حيث‬

‫ً‬ ‫اثية وكذلك ّ‬ ‫مضافا إليها تأثيرات املواقع الور ّ‬ ‫املواقع‪،‬‬ ‫التفاعل ما بين هذه‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة من ّ‬ ‫ويؤكد على أن ّ‬ ‫الصفات ذات الوراثة ّ‬ ‫الكم ّية املعقدة‪.‬‬ ‫يتوافق ذلك مع نتائج ( ‪Haegele et al., 2013; Al Hadi et al., 2013; Paredes et al.,‬‬ ‫‪.)2014‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ناحية أخرى فقد بينت النتائج أن معظم قيم الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي ]‪[d‬‬ ‫من‬ ‫سالبة‪ٍ ،‬حيث تشير القيم ّ‬ ‫السالبة للفعل الوراثي ]‪ [d‬إلى ّأن األليالت (‪)Alleles‬‬ ‫تخفيض قيمة الصفة سائدة على األليالت التي تزيد من قيمة‬ ‫املسؤولة عن‬ ‫ً‬ ‫معنوية للمؤشر ]‪ [d‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫األول (‪IL-239-14 × IL-‬‬ ‫قيما‬ ‫لت‬ ‫الصفة‪ُ .‬س ّج‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )456-06‬لثالث صفات (كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت‪ ،‬الغلة الحبية للنبات‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوية في‬ ‫الحيوية عند النضج للنبات)‪ ،‬فيما كانت قيم املؤشر ]‪[d‬‬ ‫والغلة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الهجين الثاني (‪ )IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬ولجميع ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة‪ .‬بينما كانت‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوية فقط في صفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت في الهجين‬ ‫قيم املؤشر ]‪[d‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثالث )‪ .)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬يتشابه ذلك مع نتائج ( ‪Haegele et al., 2013; Al‬‬ ‫‪.)Hadi et al., 2013; Paredes et al., 2014; Mastrodomenico et al., 2018‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الجدول رقم (‪ )3‬نتائج ‪ Scaling test‬للصفات املدروسة في الهجن الثالث‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪NUE‬‬ ‫‪WUE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪Scaling‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪test‬‬ ‫‪12.38** ± 1.80 -8.13** ± 2.31 14.77** ± 1.72 0.20** ± 0.04 -0.14** ± 0.04 0.25** ± 0.04‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪9.53** ± 1.50 11.23** ± 2.03 18.99** ± 1.67 0.14** ± 0.03 0.19** ± 0.04 0.32** ± 0.04‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪3.25 ± 3.32 -13.65** ± 4.58 1.03 ± 3.29‬‬ ‫‪0.04 ± 0.06 -0.23** ± 0.07 0.02 ± 0.07‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫ّ‪-9.33** ± 1.92 -8.37** ± 2.67 -16.37** ± 1.87 -0.15** ± 0.03 -0.14** ± 0.04 -0.27** ± 0.04 D‬‬ ‫‪NUtE‬‬ ‫‪NUpE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪Scaling‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪test‬‬ ‫‪9.70** ± 0.54 10.46** ± 0.99 14.05** ± 1.11 -0.08 ± 0.06 -0.66** ± 0.07 -0.11 ± 0.06‬‬ ‫‪A‬‬ ‫‪14.86** ± 0.52 4.10** ± 0.98 4.94** ± 1.07 -0.45** ± 0.05 0.10 ± 0.09 0.29** ± 0.05‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪3.75** ± 0.97 6.73** ± 1.85 7.10** ± 2.02 -0.19 ± 0.11 -0.72** ± 0.14 -0.41** ± 0.10 C‬‬ ‫ّ‪-10.40** ± 0.56 -3.92** ± 1.05 -5.94** ± 1.16 0.17** ± 0.06 -0.08 ± 0.08 -0.29** ± 0.06 D‬‬ ‫‪BYP‬‬ ‫‪GYP‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪Scaling‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪test‬‬ ‫‪0.003 ± 13.08 -23.67 ± 15.01 64.01** ± 11.17 24.61** ± 3.02 -24.90** ± 3.55 29.02** ± 3.95 A‬‬ ‫‪-25.34 ± 13.90 -4.60 ± 12.47 71.29** ± 11.94 7.84* ± 3.08 20.26** ± 4.27 37.87** ± 3.36 B‬‬ ‫‪95.09** ± 25.18 -95.18** ± 27.26 11.07 ± 22.87 -1.24 ± 5.57 -35.81** ± 7.20 -1.84 ± 6.60‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪60.21** ± 14.35 -33.46* ± 15.75 -62.11** ± 13.52 -16.85** ± 3.31 -15.58** ± 4.37 -34.37** ± 4.05 D‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫*‪ **،‬معنوي على مستوى ‪ 0.05‬و‪ P1×P2 .0.01‬الهجين (‪ P3×P4 ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬الهجين (‪IL-90- × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫اآلزوت‪ NUpEّ ،‬كفاءة‬ ‫كفاءة استعمال املياه‪ّ NUE ،‬كفاءة‬ ‫‪ P5×P3 ،)14‬الهجين (‪ّ WUE ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫استعمال ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحيوية عند النضج للنبات‪.‬‬ ‫الحب ّية للنبات‪ BYP ،‬الغلة‬ ‫امتصاص اآلزوت‪ NUtE ،‬كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‪GYP ،‬‬

‫النتائج ّ‬ ‫كما ّبينت ّ‬ ‫أن قيم الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫وعالية‬ ‫السيادي ]‪ [h‬كانت موجبة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ولجميع الصفات‪ ،‬عدا صفة الغلة‬ ‫جميع‬ ‫املعنوية في‬ ‫الهجن املدروسة ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ّ ،)IL-200-14‬حيث‬ ‫الحيوية عند النضج للنبات في الهجين الثالث (‪× IL-90-14‬‬ ‫وأظهرت ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫النتائج أن قيم‬ ‫معنوية (الجدول‪.)4 ،‬‬ ‫كانت قيم ]‪ [h‬سالبة وغير‬ ‫الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫السيادي ]‪ [h‬كانت أكبر من قيم الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي ]‪ [d‬في‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املدروسة‪ ،‬ما يشير إلى سيطرة الفعل الوراثي‬ ‫الهجن الثالث ولجميع الصفات‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫فات‬ ‫السيادي على وراثة هذه الص‬ ‫فات‪ ،‬ودللة على ّإمكانية تطوير هذه الص ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫أجيال من التربية الذاتية وذلك للتخلص عبر النتخاب من كافة‬ ‫بعد عدة‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫للمورثات املتنحية‪ .‬يتوافق ذلك مع ( ‪Al Hadi et al.,‬‬ ‫التأثيرات غير املرغوبة‬ ‫‪.)2013; Mastrodomenico et al., 2018‬‬ ‫ُي ُّ‬ ‫اثيين اإلضافي ّ‬ ‫عد تقدير ّ‬ ‫كاف لفهم ّ‬ ‫املكونين الور ّ‬ ‫آلية توريث‬ ‫والسيادي غير ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات الكمية‪ ،‬وذلك بسبب التداخل الوراثي بين ّ‬ ‫املورثات ّ على املواقع‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الوراثية املختلفة ّ والذي يعبر عنه بالفعل الوراثي التفوقي‪ .‬وإن كمية ونوع‬ ‫فوقي املساهم في وراثة ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات ّ‬ ‫األهمية‬ ‫الكم ّية ًيملك‬ ‫الفعل الوراثي الت ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫صفة ما‪ ،‬إضافة إلى أنه ّيحدد‬ ‫الرئيسة في تحديد دقة عملية التنبؤ بوراثة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫دقة تصميم برامج التربية )‪ّ .(Alٍ Hadi et al., 2013‬‬ ‫تبين من خالل النتائج‬ ‫مدى‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫(الجدول‪ )4 ،‬أن قيم الفعل الوراثي ]‪ [i‬اإلضافي × اإلضافي كانت موجبة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫فات املدروسة في جميع الهجن‪ ،‬عدا صفة كفاءة‬ ‫وعالية املعنوية ملعظم الص ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬األمر الذي يشير‬ ‫امتصاص اآلزوت في الهجين الثاني (‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫إلى مساهمته في رفع قدرة الهجن على زيادة غلتها‪ .‬يوافق ذلك نتائج ( ‪Al Hadi‬‬ ‫‪.)et al., 2013; Mastrodomenico et al., 2018‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫كانت تأثيرات الفعل الوراثي ]‪ [j‬اإلضافي × ّ‬ ‫السيادي سالبة وغير معنوية في‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة في الهجين ّ‬ ‫معظم ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬عدا‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫صفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت حيث كانت موجبة وعالية املعنوية‪ ،‬فيما كانت‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية ملعظم ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة في الهجين‬ ‫قيم املؤشر ]‪ [j‬سالبة وعالية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثاني (‪ )IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬عدا صفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت حيث كانت‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫للمؤشر ]‪ [j‬في‬ ‫موجبة وعالية املعنوية‪ .‬كما لوحظت قيم عالية املعنوية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والغلة ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية‬ ‫صفات كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت‪ ،‬كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‪،‬‬

‫‪112‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الفعل‬ ‫للنبات في‬ ‫الهجين الثالث (‪ .)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬يعد هذا النوع من ّ‬ ‫الوراثي ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫مرغوب كونه يساهم في تشتيت القيم املتوقعة‬ ‫فوقي غير‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫لالنعزالت الور ّ‬ ‫اثية‪ .‬اتفق ذلك مع نتائج (بندر‪Mastrodomenico et ( )2016 ،‬‬ ‫‪.)al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّأما الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫السيادي × السيادي ]‪ [l‬فقد كانت تأثيراته سالبة وعالية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫جميع الصفات املدروسة‪ ،‬عدا ّصفة كفاءة امتصاص‬ ‫املعنوية في وراثة ّ‬ ‫اآلزوت في الهجينين الثاني (‪ )IL-90-14× IL-272-06‬والثالث (‪IL-200- × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوية ّ في الهجين الثاني ّوموجبة ّ وعالية‬ ‫‪ ،)14‬حيث كانت موجبة وغير‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫عند النضج للنبات في‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الحيوي‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الغل‬ ‫وصفة‬ ‫املعنوية ّفي الهجين الثالث‪،‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ّ )IL-200-14‬حيث كانت قيما ]‪ [l‬موجبة وعالية‬ ‫الهجين الثالث (‪× IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املعنوية‪ .‬وكان اتجاه تأثيرها معاكس ًا لتجاه تأثير الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫السيادي‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫عدا صفة كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت في الهجينين الثاني (‪)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والثالث (‪ ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬حيث يشير ذلك إلى النوع املزدوج ‪Duplicate‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫لنمط التداخل الوراثي‪ ،‬وهذا النوع من الفعل الوراثي يعيق تطوير الصفات‬ ‫من خالل ّ‬ ‫عملية النتخاب حيث ل يمكن التنبؤ ّ‬ ‫بكم ّي ّة كال الفعلين الوراثيين‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫السيادي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والسيادي × السيادي مشيرا ذلك إلى أن النتخاب ملثل هذه‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات يجب أن يتم بعد عدة أجيال حيث يتم الحصول على مستويات‬ ‫عالية من ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املستقرة‪ .‬توافق ذلك مع نتائج (فهد وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛‬ ‫املورثات‬ ‫بندر‪Al Hadi et al., 2013; Mastrodomenico et al., 2018; Hao et al., ( )2016 ،‬‬ ‫‪.)2019‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫مكونات الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫الجدول رقم (‪ّ )4‬‬ ‫فوقي‪ ،‬والخطأ املعياري لكل مؤشرفي الهجن الثالث ولجميع‬ ‫السيادي‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة‪.‬‬ ‫نوع‬ ‫مكونات الفعل الوراثي‬ ‫التداخل‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫‪l‬‬ ‫‪j‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪D‬‬ ‫‪m‬‬ ‫الوراثي‬ ‫‪P1 × P2‬‬ ‫‪Cross‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -1.10**±0.12 -0.03±0.03 0.54**±0.08 1.12**±0.08 -0.04±0.03 0.86**±0.02 WUE‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -66.49**±5.47 -2.11±1.14 32.73**±3.75 67.71**±3.51 -2.60*±1.09 51.80**±0.76 NUE‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -0.77**±0.17 -0.20**±0.04 0.59**±0.11 1.51**±0.10 -0.05±0.03 1.31** ± 0.02 NUpE‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -30.88**±3.43 4.55**±0.74 11.89**±2.32 11.07**±2.14 -1.00±0.69 39.15**±0.47 NUtE‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Dup. 135.64**±11.92‬‬ ‫‪-4.42±2.57 68.74**±8.09 144.20**±7.53 -5.45*±2.48 108.79**±1.60 GYP‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Dup. 259.53**±38.70‬‬ ‫‪-3.64±7.98 124.23**±27.03 255.61**±25.02 20.58**±7.81 263.12**±5.52 BYP‬‬ ‫‪P3 × P4‬‬ ‫‪Cross‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -0.33**±0.12 -0.16**±0.03 0.28**±0.08 0.66**±0.07 -0.24**±0.02 1.01**±0.02 WUE‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Dup. -19.84**±7.43 -9.68**±1.52 16.74**±5.33 39.69**±4.99 14.16**±1.46 60.58**±1.11 NUE‬‬ ‫‪Com.‬‬ ‫‪0.40±0.25 -0.38**±0.05 0.16 ±0.17‬‬ ‫‪0.58**±0.15 -0.69**±0.05 1.70**±0.03 NUpE‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -22.39**±3.12 3.18**±0.66 7.83**±2.10 13.53**±1.94 6.76**±0.63 36.53**±0.42 NUtE‬‬ ‫‬‫‬‫‪Dup. -26.52*±12.82 22.58**±2.73 31.16**±8.74 80.43**±7.77 29.73**±2.65‬‬ ‫‪128.22**±1.74 GYP‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Dup. -38.64±45.47 -9.54±9.34 66.91*±31.50 122.78**±29.62 36.22**±9.10‬‬ ‫‪291.16**±6.43 BYP‬‬ ‫‪P5 × P3‬‬ ‫‪Cross‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -0.64**±0.10 0.03±0.02 0.30**±0.07 0.67**±0.06 -0.01± 0.02 0.93**±0.01 WUE‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -40.58**±5.47 1.42±1.15 18.67**±3.85 40.58**±3.63 -1.15±1.09 56.01**±0.79 NUE‬‬ ‫‪Com. 0.87**±0.17 0.19**±0.04 -0.34**±0.11 0.48**±0.11 0.04 ±0.03 1.59**±0.02 NUpE‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -45.37**±1.67 -2.58**±0.37 20.81**±1.12 15.98**±1.04 -1.05**±0.34 35.88**±0.22 NUtE‬‬ ‫‪Dup. -66.15**±9.77 8.38**±2.11 33.70** ± 6.62 76.46** ± 6.02 -1.67±2.01 118.62**±1.31 GYP‬‬ ‫‬‫‪Dup. 145.76**±42.79 12.67±8.95 120.43**±28.70‬‬ ‫‪-47.49±26.34 10.34±8.65 318.25**±5.73 BYP‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫معنوي على مستوى ‪ 0.05‬و‪ P1×P2 .0.01‬الهجين (‪ P3×P4 ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬الهجين (‪IL-90- × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫*‪**،‬‬ ‫‪ NUpE‬كفاءة‬ ‫كفاءة استعمال‬ ‫كفاءة‬ ‫استعمال املياه‪ّ NUE ،‬‬ ‫‪ P5×P3 ،)14‬الهجين (‪ّ WUE ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫اآلزوت‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫امتصاص اآلزوت‪ NUtE ّ،‬كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‪ GYP ،‬الغلة الحبية للنبات‪ BYP ،‬الغلة الحيوية عند النضج للنبات‪:m .‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫متوسط الجيل الثاني‪ :𝒅 ،‬الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي‪ :𝒉 ،‬الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫فوقي من النوع إضافي‬ ‫السيادي‪ :𝒊 ،‬الفعل الوراثي‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي من النوع سيادي × سيادي‪:Com. ،‬‬ ‫فوقي من النوع إضافي × سيادي‪ :𝒍 ،‬الفعل الوراثي‬ ‫× إضافي‪ :𝒋 ،‬الفعل الوراثي‬ ‫‪ Complementary‬النوع املتكامل‪ Duplicate :Dup. ،‬النوع املزدوج‪.‬‬

‫النتائج (الجدول‪ّ )5 ،‬أن قيم معامل ّ‬ ‫ّبينت ّ‬ ‫التباين املظهري ‪ PCV‬كانت أعلى‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫من قيم معامل ً التباين الوراثي ‪ GCV‬في جميع الهجن وملعظم الصفات‬ ‫املدروسة‪ ،‬مشيرا ذلك إلى تأثير البيئة في مظهر ّ‬ ‫الصفات‪ .‬توافقت هذه‬ ‫النتيجة مع نتائج (فهد وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛ بندر‪Mastrodomenico et ( )2016 ،‬‬ ‫‪.)al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫نتائج صفة كفاءة استعمال املياه (الجدول‪ )5 ،‬قيما متوسطة‬ ‫أظهرت ّ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫‪،GCV%=16.73 ،PCV%=20.82‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫اثي‬ ‫ر‬ ‫والو‬ ‫املظهر‬ ‫باين‬ ‫الت‬ ‫ملعاملي‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪)IL-90-14‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫‪ )GCV%=16.33 ،PCV%=18.99‬في الهجينين الثاني ً(‪IL-272-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والثالث (‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬على الترتيب‪ ،‬وقيما عالية ملعاملي ّ‬ ‫التباين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪.)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬‬ ‫(‪ )GCV%=21.00 ،PCV%=23.90‬في الهجين األول (‬ ‫ً‬ ‫أما بالنسبة لصفة كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت‪ ،‬فقد ُس ّ‬ ‫ملعاملي‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫قيما‬ ‫لت‬ ‫ج‬ ‫ِ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )GCV%=23.79 ،PCV%=24.69‬في الهجين الثاني‬ ‫التباين املظهري والوراثي ( ً‬ ‫(‪ ،)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬وقيما متوسطة (‪،GCV%=18.34 ،PCV%=19.72‬‬ ‫‪ )GCV%=17.85 ،PCV%=18.99‬في الهجينين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والثالث (‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬على الترتيب‪ .‬وفي صفة كفاءة امتصاص‬

‫ُ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫قيما عالية ملعامل ّ‬ ‫التباين املظهر ّي ‪،%22.12( PCV‬‬ ‫اآلزوت‪ ،‬لوحظت‬ ‫‪ )%26.70‬في الهجينين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ )IL-239-14× IL-456-06‬والثاني (‪IL-×IL-272-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )90-14‬على الترتيب‪ ،‬ومتوسطة ‪ %19.43‬في الهجين الثالث (‪IL- × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫‪ ،)200-14‬فيما كانت قيم معامل ّ‬ ‫التباين الوراثي ‪ّ GCV‬متوسطة (‪،%18.16‬‬ ‫‪ )%16.94‬في الهجينين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬والثالث (‪IL- × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ّ ،)200-14‬وعالية ً‪ %24.62‬في الهجين ّالثاني (‪ .)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬كما‬ ‫والوراثي لصفة كفاءة‬ ‫أظهرت النتائج قيما متوسطة ملعاملي التباين املظهري ّ‬ ‫استهالك اآلزوت ولجميع ًالهجن املدروسة عدا الهجين الثالث (‪IL- × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫‪ )200-14‬الذي أظهر قيما منخفضة‪ ،‬حيث تراوحت قيم معامل ّ‬ ‫التباين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ %15.98‬في‬ ‫املظهري من ‪ %8.38‬في الهجين الثالث (‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬إلى‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-239-14‬بينما تراوحت قيم معامل التباين‬ ‫الهجين األول (‪ّ × IL-456-06‬‬ ‫‪ %14.37‬في‬ ‫‪ )IL-200-14‬إلى‬ ‫الوراثي من ‪ %7.45‬في الهجين الثالث (‪× IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحب ّية ّ‬ ‫الهجين ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫للنبات‪،‬‬ ‫‪ .)IL-239-14‬وفي صفة‬ ‫‪× IL-456-06‬‬ ‫األول (‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والوراثي ‪ GCV‬كانت‬ ‫أشارت النتائج إلى أن قيم معاملي التباين املظهري ‪ّ PCV‬‬ ‫متوسطة‪ ،‬وقد تراوحت قيم ‪ PCV‬من ‪ %14.87‬في الهجين الثالث (‪× IL-90-14‬‬ ‫‪ )IL-200-14‬إلى ‪ %19.72‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫األول ّ(‪ ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬فيما‬ ‫‪ )IL-200-14‬إلى‬ ‫تراوحت قيم ‪ GCV‬من ‪ %13.82‬في الهجين الثالث (‪× IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ %18.82‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ .)IL- 239-14 × IL-456-06‬فيما ُس ِ ّجلت قيما عالية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والوراثي ‪ GCV‬لجميع الهجن املدروسة في ّصفة‬ ‫ملعاملي التباين املظهري ‪PCV‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫بات‪ ،‬حيث تراوحت قيم معامل التباين‬ ‫الغلة يالحيوية عند النضج للن ّ‬ ‫‪%29.62‬‬ ‫املظهر من ّ‪ %24.14‬في الهجين الثالث (‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬إلى‬ ‫معامل ّ‬ ‫التباين‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-90-14‬فيما تراوحت قيم‬ ‫في الهجين الثاني (‪ّ × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫‪ %22.32‬في الهجين الثالث (‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬إلى ‪%28.25‬‬ ‫الوراثي من ّ‬ ‫في الهجين الثاني (‪ .)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬يتوافق ذلك مع نتائج (فهد‬ ‫وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛ بندر‪Mastrodomenico et al., 2018; Hao et al., ( )2016 ،‬‬ ‫‪.)2019‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُق ّدرت درجة التوريث بمفهوميها ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والضيق إلى جانب التقدم الوراثي‬ ‫الواسع‬ ‫املتوقع تحقيقه عبر النتخاب بهدف تحديد الطريقة املالئمة لالنتخاب‬ ‫والجيل النعزالي املناسب للبدء بهذه العملية‪ .‬وفي هذا ّ‬ ‫السياق أشارت‬ ‫النتائج (الجدول‪ )5 ،‬إلى ّأن قيم درجة ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫الواسع ‪ H2‬لصفة‬ ‫كفاءة استعمال املياه ّكانت عالية في جميع الهجن املدروسة‪ ،‬حيث تراوحت‬ ‫من ‪ 0.65‬في الهجين الثاني (‪ )IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬إلى ‪ 0.77‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫األول‬ ‫(‪ .)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬فيما كانت قيم درجة ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الضيق ‪h2‬‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الهجينين الثاني (‪ )IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬والثالث‬ ‫متوسطة (‪ )0.34 ،0.39‬في ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫(‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬على الترتيب‪ ،‬ومنخفضة (‪ )0.11‬في الهجين األول (‪IL-‬‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-239-14 × 456-06‬حيث ترافقت هذه القيم مع قيمة منخفضة ‪%5.29‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬وقيم‬ ‫للتقدم الوراثي ‪ %GA‬في الهجين األول ( ّ‬ ‫الهجينين الثاني ً(‪)IL-90-14 ×ّ IL-272-06‬‬ ‫متوسطة (‪ )%13.41 ،%16.59‬في ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والثالث (‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬على الترتيب‪ُ ،‬مشيرا ذلك ّإلى أن النتخاب‬ ‫لصفة كفاءة استعمال املياه في األجيال النعز ّ‬ ‫مجد‪،‬‬ ‫الية املبكرة غير ٍ‬ ‫ولتحسين هذه ّ‬ ‫استخدام طريقة النتخاب‬ ‫الصفة في الهجن املدروسة يجب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املتكرر ‪ Recurrent selection‬في األجيال النعزالية املتأخرة‪ .‬توافقت هذه‬ ‫النتيجة مع نتائج ّ (فهد وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛ ‪ .)Hao et al., 2019‬فيما ُس ِ ّجلت قيم‬ ‫عالية لدرجة التوريث باملفهومين ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫والضيق ‪ h2‬لصفة كفاءة‬ ‫الواسع ‪H2‬‬ ‫استعمال اآلزوت في جميع الهجن املدروسة‪ ،‬حيث تراوحت من (‪،H2=0.87‬‬ ‫‪ )h2=0.63‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬إلى (‪،H2=0.93‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )h2=0.85‬في الهجين الثاني (‪ ،)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬وترافقت هذه القيم مع‬ ‫قيم عالية للتقدم الوراثي ‪ %GA‬في معظم الهجن املدروسة‪ ،‬حيث تراوحت‬ ‫من ‪ %25.52‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫‪ %‬في الهجين‬ ‫‪ )IL-239-14‬إلى ‪43.38‬‬ ‫األول (‪× IL-456-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ناتج‬ ‫الثاني (‪ .)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬وهذه إشارة إلى أن معظم معامل التوريث‬ ‫اآلزوت وأنّ‬ ‫عن التأثير اإلضافي للمورثات املتحكمة في صفة كفاءة استعمال‬ ‫فعال لهذه ّ‬ ‫النتخاب ّ‬ ‫الصفة في جميع الهجن املدروسة‪ .‬اتفق ذلك مع نتائج‬ ‫(بندر‪2016 ،‬؛ ‪.)Mastrodomenico et al., 2018‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫امتصاص اآلزوت‪ ،‬أبدت الهجن قيما عالية لدرجة‬ ‫ّأم ّا بالنسبة لصفة كفاءة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الواسع مترافقة مع قيم متوسطة لها باملفهوم الضيق‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫فقد تراوحت هذه القيم من (‪ )h =0.30 ،H =0.67‬في الهجين األول (‪IL-456-‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-239-14 × 06‬إلى (‪ )h2=0.55 ،H2=0.85‬في الهجين الثاني (‪× IL-272-06‬‬

‫‪113‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ )h2=0.57‬في الهجين الثالث (‪.)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫‪ )IL-90-14‬و(‪ً ،H =0.76‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫فيما أظهرت الهجن قيما متباينة للتقدم الوراثي ‪ %GA‬من املتوسطة‬ ‫‪ %13.52‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫األو ّل (‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬إلى ّ العالية (‪،%30.52‬‬ ‫‪ )%22.67‬في الهجينين الثاني (‪ )IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬والثالث (‪IL- × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫‪ )200-14‬على ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫شير إلى ّأن النتخاب لصفة كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت‬ ‫الت‬ ‫والي‪ .‬ماي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫في األجيال النعز ّ‬ ‫مجد‪ ،‬ولتحسين هذه الصفة في الهجن‬ ‫الية املبكرة غير ٍ‬ ‫املدروسة يجب استخدام طريقة النتخاب املتكرر في األجيال النعزاليةّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املتأخرة‪ .‬توافقت هذه النتيجة مع نتائج (بندر‪2016 ،‬؛ ‪Mastrodomenico et‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫‪ .)al., 2018‬وفي صفة كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت فقد س ِجلت قيم عالية لدرجة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املدروسة (‪)0.79 ،0.83 ،0.81‬‬ ‫الواسع في جميع الهجن‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫درجة التوريث باملفهوم الضيق‬ ‫للهجن الثالث على الترتيب‪ ،‬فيما كانت قيم ّ‬ ‫‪،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫الث‬ ‫الث‬ ‫متوسطة‪ ،‬حيث تراوحت من ‪ 0.47‬في الهجين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫إلى ‪ 0.52‬في الهجينين األول (‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬والثاني (‪IL- × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫للتقدم الوراثي بين‬ ‫القيم مع قيم متباينة‬ ‫‪ ،)90-14‬وقد ترافقت هذه ّ‬ ‫املتوسطة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫)‬ ‫املنخفضة ‪ %8.19‬في الهجين الثالث (‪IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫(‪ )%16.62 ،%17.27‬في الهجينين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬والثاني (‪IL-‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫دال ذلك على تأثر الصفة الشديد بالبيئة‪ ،‬ويكون‬ ‫‪.)IL-90-14 × 272-06‬‬ ‫النتخاب في هذه الحالة عديم الفائدة‪ ،‬ولتحسين هذه ّ‬ ‫الصفة في الهجن‬ ‫املدروسة يجب استخدام طريقة النتخاب املتكرر في األجيال النعز ّ‬ ‫الية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املتأخرة‪ .‬توافقت هذه النتيجة مع نتائج (بندر‪2016 ،‬؛ ‪Mastrodomenico et‬‬ ‫‪.)al., 2018‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫النتائج (الجدول‪ )5،‬قيما عالية لدرجة التوريث باملفهوم الواسع في‬ ‫أظهرت ّ‬ ‫الحب ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫القيم من ‪ 0.86‬في الهجين‬ ‫هذه‬ ‫اوحت‬ ‫ر‬ ‫ت‬ ‫حيث‬ ‫للنبات‪،‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ي‬ ‫صفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثالث (‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬إلى ‪ 0.92‬في الهجين الثاني (‪IL-90- × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)14‬فيما كانت قيم درجة التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫الضيق متوسطة وقد تر ّاوحت‬ ‫من ‪ 0.40‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ )IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬إلى ‪ 0.45‬في الهجين الثالث‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫(‪ .)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬وترافقت قيم درجة التوريث باملفهوم الضيق بقيم‬ ‫‪ %GA‬في جميع الهجن املدروسة (‪،%16.11‬‬ ‫متوسطة للتقدم الوراثي ّ‬ ‫الترتيب‪ُ .‬‬ ‫إمكانية تحسين ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫مايشير إلى‬ ‫‪ )%13.68 ،%16.60‬على‬ ‫بطريقة النتخاب املتكرر بدء ًا من األجيال النعز ّ‬ ‫الية املتوسطة‪ .‬توافقت‬ ‫‪)2016‬‬ ‫هذه النتيجة مع نتائج (فهد وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛ بندر‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ّ .)Mastrodomenico‬فيما أشارت نتائج صفة الغلة‬ ‫(‪et al., 2018; Hao et al., 2019‬‬ ‫النضج ّ‬ ‫الحيوية عند ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫للنبات إلى ّأن قيم درجة التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫الواسع ّكانت‬ ‫عالية في جميع الهجن املدروسة‪ ،‬وقد تراوحت من ‪ 0.85‬في الهجين الثالث‬ ‫(‪ )IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬إلى ‪ 0.94‬في الهجين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬‬ ‫فيما تباينت قيم درجة ّ‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫الضي ّق بين العالية (‪)0.66 ،0.67‬‬ ‫في الهجينين ّ‬ ‫األول (‪ )ّ IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬والثاني (‪)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫واملتوسطة ّ‪ 0.48‬في الهجين الثالث (‪ .)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬كما‬ ‫على الت ّرتيب‪،‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّبينت النتائج أن قيم التقدم الوراثي ‪ %GA‬كانت ّ عالية في جميع الهجن‬ ‫املدروسة‪ ،‬حيث تراوحت من ‪ %23.84‬في الهجين الثالث (‪IL-200- × IL-90-14‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ ،)IL-90-14‬دال ذلك على ّأن‬ ‫‪× IL-272-06‬‬ ‫الهجين الثاني (‬ ‫‪ )14‬إلى ‪ %40.56‬في ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحيوية عند النضج للنبات ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وإمكانية‬ ‫فعال‪،‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫الغل‬ ‫النتخاب لصفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املبكرة في الهجينين ّ‬ ‫النتخاب لهذه ّ‬ ‫الصفة في األجيال النعز ّ‬ ‫األول (‪IL-‬‬ ‫الية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )IL-239-14 × 456-06‬والثاني (‪ )IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬واملتوسطة في الهجين‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثالث (‪ ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬توافقت هذه النتيجة مع نتائج (فهد‬ ‫وآخرون‪2005 ،‬؛ بندر‪Mastrodomenico et al., 2018; Hao et al., ( )2016 ،‬‬ ‫‪.)2019‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الت ّ‬ ‫الثالث ولجميع ّ‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫قدم الوراثي في الهجن‬ ‫الجدول رقم (‪ )5‬معامل التباين املظهري‪ ،‬الوراثي‪ ،‬درجة التوريث‪،‬‬ ‫املدرسة‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪NUE‬‬ ‫‪WUE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املؤشرات الور ّ‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫اثية‬ ‫‪18.99‬‬ ‫‪24.69‬‬ ‫‪19.72‬‬ ‫‪18.99‬‬ ‫‪20.82‬‬ ‫‪23.90‬‬ ‫‪PCV‬‬ ‫‪17.85‬‬ ‫‪23.79‬‬ ‫‪18.34‬‬ ‫‪16.33‬‬ ‫‪16.73‬‬ ‫‪21.00‬‬ ‫‪GCV‬‬ ‫‪0.88‬‬ ‫‪0.93‬‬ ‫‪0.87‬‬ ‫‪0.74‬‬ ‫‪0.65‬‬ ‫‪0.77‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪0.74‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪0.63‬‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬ ‫‪0.39‬‬ ‫‪0.11‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪29.17‬‬ ‫‪43.38‬‬ ‫‪25.52‬‬ ‫‪13.41‬‬ ‫‪16.59‬‬ ‫‪5.29‬‬ ‫‪GA%‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪NUtE‬‬ ‫‪NUpE‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املؤشرات الور ّ‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫اثية‬ ‫‪8.38‬‬ ‫‪15.48‬‬ ‫‪15.98‬‬ ‫‪19.43‬‬ ‫‪26.70‬‬ ‫‪22.12‬‬ ‫‪PCV‬‬ ‫‪7.45‬‬ ‫‪14.14‬‬ ‫‪14.37‬‬ ‫‪16.94‬‬ ‫‪24.62‬‬ ‫‪18.16‬‬ ‫‪GCV‬‬ ‫‪0.79‬‬ ‫‪0.83‬‬ ‫‪0.81‬‬ ‫‪0.76‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪0.47‬‬ ‫‪0.52‬‬ ‫‪0.52‬‬ ‫‪0.57‬‬ ‫‪0.55‬‬ ‫‪0.30‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪8.19‬‬ ‫‪16.62‬‬ ‫‪17.27‬‬ ‫‪22.67‬‬ ‫‪30.52‬‬ ‫‪13.52‬‬ ‫‪GA%‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪BYP‬‬ ‫‪GYP‬‬ ‫الصفة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املؤشرات الور ّ‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫‪P5×P3‬‬ ‫‪P3×P4‬‬ ‫‪P1×P2‬‬ ‫اثية‬

‫‪24.14‬‬ ‫‪29.62‬‬ ‫‪28.13‬‬ ‫‪14.87‬‬ ‫‪18.16‬‬ ‫‪19.72‬‬ ‫‪PCV‬‬ ‫‪22.32‬‬ ‫‪28.25‬‬ ‫‪27.23‬‬ ‫‪13.82‬‬ ‫‪17.39‬‬ ‫‪18.82‬‬ ‫‪GCV‬‬ ‫‪0.85‬‬ ‫‪0.91‬‬ ‫‪0.94‬‬ ‫‪0.86‬‬ ‫‪0.92‬‬ ‫‪0.91‬‬ ‫‪H2‬‬ ‫‪0.48‬‬ ‫‪0.66‬‬ ‫‪0.67‬‬ ‫‪0.45‬‬ ‫‪0.44‬‬ ‫‪0.40‬‬ ‫‪h2‬‬ ‫‪23.84‬‬ ‫‪40.56‬‬ ‫‪38.61‬‬ ‫‪13.68‬‬ ‫‪16.60‬‬ ‫‪16.11‬‬ ‫‪GA%‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ P1×P2‬الهجين األول (‪ P3×P4 ،)IL-239-14 × IL-456-06‬الهجين الثاني (‪ P5×P3 ،)IL-90-14 × IL-272-06‬الهجين الثالث‬ ‫‪ NUpE‬كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت‪،‬‬ ‫اآلزوت‪،‬‬ ‫كفاءة استعمال‬ ‫استعمال املياه‪ّ NUE ،‬‬ ‫(‪ WUE ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬كفاءة ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الغلة ّ‬ ‫الحيوية عند النضج للنبات‪ :PCV ،‬معامل التباين‬ ‫الحب ّية للنبات‪ BYP ،‬الغلة‬ ‫‪ NUtE‬كفاءة استهالك اآلزوت‪GYP ،‬‬ ‫املظهري‪ :GCV ،‬معامل التباين الوراثي‪ :H2 ،‬درجة التوريث باملفهوم الواسع‪ :h2 ،‬درجة التوريث باملفهوم الضيق‪:GA% ،‬‬ ‫التقدم الوراثي‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4‬الستنتاجات‬ ‫ً ً‬ ‫يؤدي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التباين الوراثي دورا مهما في التعبير عن الصفات املدروسة‪ ،‬حيث‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّبينت النتائج وجود ّ فروق معنوية بين العشائر الستة لكل الصفات‬ ‫تفوقت عشائر الجيل ّ‬ ‫املدروسة في الهجن الثالث‪ .‬فقد ّ‬ ‫األول ‪ F1‬على العشائر‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫األبوية في جميع ّ‬ ‫املدروسة للهجن الثالث‪ ،‬عدا صفة كفاءة‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫استهالك اآلزوت‪ .‬وكانت قيم درجة التوريث بمفهومها الواسع عالية في جميع‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة‪ ،‬فيما كانت قيم درجة ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التوريث باملفهوم ّ‬ ‫الضيق عالية في‬ ‫صفة كفاءة استعمال اآلزوت ومترافقة بقيم عالية للتقدم الوراثي في جميع‬ ‫فعالية النتخاب لهذه ّ‬ ‫الهجن‪ ،‬ما ُيشير إلى ّ‬ ‫الهجينان‬ ‫الصفة‪ .‬فيما أظهر‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫بمفهومها الضيق والتقدم‬ ‫لكل من درجة التوريث‬ ‫األول والثاني قيما ّعالية ٍّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الوراثي في صفة الغلة الحيوية عند النضج للنبات‪ ّ.‬كما اتضحت من خالل‬ ‫تحليل متوسط األجيال مساهمة الفعل الوراثي الت ّ‬ ‫فوقي إلىّ جانب الفعلين‬ ‫والسيادي في وراثة ّ‬ ‫الوراثيين اإلضافي ّ‬ ‫الصفات املدروسة‪ ،‬وأن الفعل الوراثي‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫السيادي كان أكثر ّأهمية من الفعل الوراثي اإلضافي في جميع الصفات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الثالث‪ .‬وكان اتجاه تأثير الفعل الوراثي السيادي ×‬ ‫املدروسة للهجن‬ ‫معاكس ّ‬ ‫السيادي في جميع ّ‬ ‫لتجاه تأثير الفعل الوراثي ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الصفات‬ ‫السيادي‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املدروسة‪ ،‬عدا صفة كفاءة امتصاص اآلزوت في الهجينين الثاني (‪IL-272-‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )IL-90-14 ×06‬والثالث (‪ ،)IL-200-14 × IL-90-14‬مايشير إلى النوع املزدوج‬ ‫‪ Duplicate‬لنمط التداخل الوراثي‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ .5‬التوصيات‬ ‫عشيرة ‪ F2‬للهجين الثاني (‪ )IL-90-14 ×IL-272-06‬للوصول‬ ‫متابعة العمل على‬ ‫ًّ‬ ‫ساللت ّ‬ ‫داخليا تستخدم في برامج التربية الهادفة إلنتاج هجن‬ ‫مرب ٍاة‬ ‫إلى‬ ‫ٍ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫اإلنتاجية في وحدة املساحة‪ ،‬حيث أعطت كل من ّعشائر الجيل األول‬ ‫عالية‬ ‫الحب ّية ّ‬ ‫‪ F1‬والثاني ‪ F2‬لهذا الهجين أعلى املتوسطات لصفة الغلة ّ‬ ‫للنبات‪.‬‬ ‫إجراء توصيف جزيئي للعشائر الستة للهجن الثالث بهدف تحديد مواقع‬ ‫املورثات املسؤولة عن صفتي كفاءة استعمال املياه واآلزوت‪.‬‬ ‫نبذة عن املؤلفي‬

‫اسراء سميرالبوش‬ ‫قسم املحاصيل الحقلية‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة الزراعية‪ ،‬جامعة دمشق‪ ،‬دمشق‪ ،‬سوريا‪،‬‬ ‫‪esraabosh@gmail.com ،00963930134887‬‬ ‫م‪ .‬البوش طالبة دكتوراه‪ ،‬الجنسية العربية السورية‪ ،‬حاصلة على ماجستير‬ ‫في علوم املحاصيل الحقلية من جامعة دمشق‪ ،‬حائزة على شهادة الخريج‬ ‫املتفوق للعام الدراس ي ‪ ،2014‬وقد ّ‬ ‫تم تقديم هذا البحث بالشتراك مع‬ ‫الدكتور املشرف عليها كمتطلب لستكمال درجة الدكتوراه‪ .‬البوش معيدة‬ ‫في قسم املحاصيل الحقلية‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة الزراعية‪ ،‬جامعة دمشق‪ ،‬نشرت‬ ‫أربع ورقات بحثية في مجلة جامعة دمشق للعلوم الزراعية‪ .‬تتقن إجراء‬ ‫التحليل اإلحصائي باستخدام عدة برامج‪ً .‬اتبعت دورات في اللغة اإلنكليزية‬ ‫في املعهد العالي للغات‪-‬جامعة دمشق وصول للمستوى املتقدم‪.‬‬

‫أيمن الشحاذة العودة‬ ‫قسم املحاصيل الحقلية‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة الزراعية‪ ،‬جامعة دمشق‪ ،‬دمشق‪ ،‬سوريا‪،‬‬ ‫‪aymanalouda@ymail.com ،00963944360917‬‬ ‫د‪ .‬العودة‪ ،‬الجنسية العربية السورية‪ ،‬حاصل على درجة الدكتوراه من‬ ‫جامعة بنغالور بالهند‪ ،‬ويشغل مرتبة أستاذ ورئيس قسم املحاصيل‬ ‫الحقلية‪ ،‬كلية الهندسة الزراعية‪ ،‬بجامعة دمشق (‪ ،)2020-2016‬زميل‬

ّ ّ ‫الذرة‬ .14–107 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.).Zea mays L( ‫الصفراء‬ ‫ تحديد الفعل الوراثي لكفاءة استعمال املياه واآلزوت في‬.)2021( .‫ أيمن‬،‫ اسراء والعودة‬،‫البوش‬

continuous variation. Biometrics, 11(1), 69–82. Hirel, B., Tétu, T., Lea, P.J. and Dubois, F. (2011). Improving nitrogen use efficiency in crops for sustainable agriculture. Sustainability, 3(9), 1452–85. Hodge, A., Robinson, D. and Fitter, A. (2000). Are microorganisms more effective than plants at competing for nitrogen? Trends in Plant Science, 5(7), 304–8. Jinks, J.L. and Jones, R.M. (1958). Estimation of the components of heterosis. Genetics, 43(2), 223. Johnson, H.W., Robinson, H.F. and Comstock, R.E. (1955). Estimates of genetic and environmental variability in soybeans. Agronomy journal, 47(7), 314–8. Lafitte, H.R. and Edmeades, G.O. (1995). Stress tolerance in tropical maize is linked to constitutive changes in ear growth characteristics. Crop Science, 35(3), 820–6. Leach, K.A., Tran, T.M., Slewinski, T.L., Meeley, R.B. and Braun, D.M. (2017). Sucrose transporter 2 contributes to maize growth, development, and crop yield. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 59(6), 390–408. Mansouri-Far, C., Sanavy, S.A.M.M. and Saberali, S.F. (2010). Maize yield response to deficit irrigation during low-sensitive growth stages and nitrogen rate under semi-arid climatic conditions. Agricultural Water Management, 97(1), 12–22. Mastrodomenico, A.T., Hendrix, C.C. and Below, F.E. (2018). Nitrogen use efficiency and the genetic variation of maize expired plant variety protection germplasm. Agriculture, 8(1), 3. DOI: 10.3390/agriculture8010003. Mather, K. and Jinks, J.L. (1982). Biometrical Genetic. 3rd edition. London, UK: Chapman and Hall. Moll, R.H., Kamprath, E.J. and Jackson, W.A. (1982). Analysis and interpretation of factors which contribute to efficiency of nitrogen utilization. Agronomy Journal, 74(3), 562–4. Moose, S. and Below, F.E. (2009). Biotechnology approaches to improving maize nitrogen use efficiency. In: A.L. Kriz and B.A. Larkins (eds.) Molecular Genetic Approaches to Maize Improvement. Berlin: Springer. Paredes, P., de Melo-Abreu, J.P., Alves, I. and Pereira, L.S. (2014). Assessing the performance of the FAO AquaCrop model to estimate maize yields and water use under full and deficit irrigation with focus on model parameterization. Agricultural Water Management, 144(n/a), 81–97. Presterl, T., Groh, S., Landbeck, M., Seitz, G., Schmidt, W. and Geiger, H.H. (2002). Nitrogen uptake and utilization efficiency of European maize hybrids developed under conditions of low and high nitrogen input. Plant Breeding, 121(6), 480–6. Robinson, H.F., Comstock, R.E. and Harvey, P.H. (1949). Estimates of Heritability and the Degree of Dominance in Corn. Agronomy journal, 41(8), 353–9. Shahrokhi, M., Khorasani, S.K. and Ebrahimi, A. (2011). Generation mean analysis for yield and yield component in maize (Zea mays L.). Journal of Plant Physiology and Breeding. 1(2), 59–72. Singh, R.K., and Chaudhary, B.D. (1985). Biometrical Methods in Quantitative Genetic Analysis. New Delhi, India: Kalyani publishers. Sivasubramanian, S., and Menon, M. (1973). Heterosis and inbreeding depression in rice. Madras Agronomy Journal, 60(7), 1139–40. Smith, H.H. (1952). Fixing Transgressive Vigor in Nicotiana Rustica Heterosis. Ames, Iowa, U.S.A: Iowa State College Press. Snedecor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1981). Statistical Methods. 6th edition. Iowa, U.S.A: Iowa State University Press. Uribelarrea, M., Crafts-Brandner, S.J. and Below, F.E. (2009). Physiological N response of field-grown maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) with divergent yield potential and grain protein concentration. Plant and Soil, 316(1–2), 151. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-008-9767-1 Warner, J.N. (1952). A method for estimating heritability. Agronomy Journal, 44(8), 427–430. Weiland, R.T. and Ta, T.C. (1992). Allocation and retranslocation of 15N by maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under field conditions of low and high N fertility. Functional Plant Biology, 19(1), 77–88. Wynne, J.C., Emery, D.A. and Rice, P.W. (1970). Combining ability estimates in Arachis hypogaea L. II. field performance of F1 Hybrids. Crop Science, 10(6), 713–5.

114

‫ خبير نمو الحبوب وفيزيولوجيا‬،‫باحث في الجامعة األمريكية في بيروت‬ ‫اإلجهادات الالحيوية في املركز العربي لدراسات املناطق الجافة واألراض ًي‬ ‫ نشر أربعا‬،‫ مؤلف ألربعة كتب جامعية‬.2012 ‫ إلى‬2008 ‫ من‬ACSAD ‫القاحلة‬ .‫ متخصص في بيئة وفيزيولوجيا املحاصيل الحقلية‬،‫وأربعين ورقة بحثية‬ .)‫ الكويت‬،‫ لبنان‬،‫ أملانيا‬،‫شارك في ندوات وورشات عمل في عدة بلدان (مصر‬ ‫املراجع‬

ّ ‫ تقدير‬.)2016( .‫ سرى جاسم‬،‫بندر‬ ّ ‫التباينات والرتباطات الور‬ ‫واملظهرية لعدد من‬ ‫اثية‬ ّ ّ ‫العلوم‬ ّ ‫الذرة‬ ،‫الزراعية العراقية‬ ‫ مجلة‬.‫الصفراء تحت وفرة النتروجين‬ ‫صفات‬ .938–933 ،)4(47 ّ ‫ تحسين‬.)2005( .‫ أحمد عبد املنعم‬،‫حسن‬ ‫الصفات الكمية واإلحصاء البيولوجي‬ .‫ الدار العربية للنشر والتوزيع‬:‫ مصر‬،‫ القاهرة‬.‫وتطبيقاته في برامج تربية النبات‬ ‫ الحتياج‬.)2005( .‫ كامل مطر‬،‫ ّسيف ّالدين عبد الرزاق ومالح‬،‫ الحديثي‬،‫ علي عبد‬،‫فهد‬ ‫) في زر ّاعة العروة الخريفية لوسط‬Zea mays L.( ‫املائي ملحصول الذرة الصفراء‬ .323–315 ،)3(32 ،‫الزراعية‬ ‫ مجلة العلوم‬.‫العراق تحت الري الكامل والناقص‬ ّ ‫املجموعة اإلحصائية السنوية‬ ‫ منشورات وزارة الزراعة واإلصالح‬.)2018( .‫الزراعية‬ ّ ‫ (تاريخ‬http://moaar.gov.sy/main/archives/21619 :‫ متوفر بموقع‬.‫الزراعي‬ )2020/12/01 :‫السترجاع‬ Al Hadi, R.A., Sabbouh, M. and Al-Ahmad, S. (2013). Genetic analysis of some traits in segregation generation of two maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Damascus Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 29(2), 117–35. Allard, R.W. (1960). Principles of Plant Breeding. Davis, California, U.S.A: University of California. Bunder, S.J. (2016). Taqdir alttbaynat walairtibatat alwrathyt walmazhariat lieadad min sifat aldhdhrt alssfra' taht wafrat alntrujin 'Estimation of variances, genotypic and phenotypic correlations for some traits of maize under nitrogen abundance'. The Iraqi Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 74(4), 933–8. [in Arabic]. Burton, G.W. (1951). Quantitative Inheritance in pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum). Agronomy Journal, 43(9), 409–17. Cakir, R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Research, 89(1), 1–16. Dorri, P., Khorasani, S.K. and Shahrokhi, M. (2014). Generation means analysis. A case study of variance components in KSC 500 generations of maize (Zea mays L.). International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 8(2), 194–200. Editorial, No authors listed. (2010). How to feed a hungry world. Nature, 466(7306), 531–2. DOI: 10.1038/466531a. Fahad, A.A., Al-Hadeethi, S.A. and Malih, K.M. (2005). Alaihtiaj almayiyu limahsul aldhdhrt alssfra' (Zea mays L.) fi ziraeat aleurwat alkharifiat liwast aleiraq taht alri alkamil walnaaqis 'Water requirement of corn (zea mays L.) for fall season of central Iraq under full and deficit irrigation'. Journal of Agricultural Science, 32(3), 315–23. [in Arabic]. FAO. (2018). Statistical Databases. Rome, Italy: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Farré, I. and Faci, J.M. (2009). Deficit irrigation in maize for reducing agricultural water use in a Mediterranean environment. Agricultural water management, 96(3), 383–94. Gamble, E.E. (1962). Gene effects in corn (Zea mays L.): I. Separation and relative importance of gene effects for yield. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 42(2), 339–48. Haegele, J.W., Cook, K.A., Nichols, D.M. and Below, F.E. (2013). Changes in nitrogen use traits associated with genetic improvement for grain yield of maize hybrids released in different decades. Crop Science, 53(4), 1256–68. Hammer, G.L., Dong, Z., McLean, G., Doherty, A., Messina, C., Schussler, J. and Cooper, M. (2009). Can changes in canopy and/or root system architecture explain historical maize yield trends in the US corn belt? Crop Science, 49(1), 299–312. Hao, B., Xue, Q., Marek, T.H., Jessup, K.E., Becker, J.D., Hou, X. and Howell, T.A. (2019). Grain yield, evapotranspiration, and water-use efficiency of maize hybrids differing in drought tolerance. Irrigation Science, 37(1), 25–34. Hassan, A.A. (2005). Tahsin Alssfat Alkamiyat Wal'iihsa' Wlbyulwji Watatbiqatih Fi Baramij Tarbiat Alnabat' Improving Quantitative Characteristics and Biological Statistics and Their Applications in Plant Breeding Programs'. Egypt: Al Dar Al Arabia for Publishing and Distribution. [in Arabic]. Hatfield, J.L., Sauer, T.J. and Prueger, J.H. (2001). Managing soils to achieve greater water use efficiency: A review. Agronomy journal, 93(2), 271– 280. Hayman, B.I. and Mather, K. (1955). The description of genic interactions in

Al-Boush, E. and Al-Ouda, A.. (2021). Tahdid alfiel alwirathii likafa'at aistiemal almiah walazuat fi aldhdhrt alssfra' (Zea mays L.) ‘Determining the genetic action of water and nitrogen utilisation efficiency in maize ( Zea mays l.)’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 107–14. DOI: 10.37575/b/eng/0058

115

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫التحقق الطيفي لبالزما اجلرافني احملتثة بالليزر‬

Spectroscopic Investigation of LaserInduced Graphene Plasma

‫مدين احمد خلف‬

‫ العراق‬،‫ بغداد‬،‫ الجامعة املستنصرية‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫قسم علوم الفيزياء‬

Madyan Ahmed Khalaf

Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0053

16/11/2020

14/01/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

2820

2021

14/01/2021 22

01/06/2021 1

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Graphene plasma, pulsed laser-induced plasma, optical emission spectroscopic (OES) ‫ طيف االنبعاث البصري‬،‫ البالزما املحتثة بالليزر النبض ي‬،‫بالزما الجرافين‬

ABSTRACT In this paper, graphene plasma was obtained through the interaction of the fundamental radiation from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser at the fundamental wavelength of 1064 nm focused onto a solid plane of graphene material. This reaction was carried out under conditions of an atmospheric status. The resulting plasma was tested using an optical emission spectroscopy technique. The temperature of the electrons is calculated by the tow line ratio of C I and C II emission lines singly ionised, and the density of the plasma electron is calculated with Saha-Boltzmann equation. The upper limit of the electron temperature was approximately 1.544 eV. The corresponding electron density was 11.5×1015 cm-3. Then the electron temperature decreased when the energy was 300 mJ and it was near 1.462 eV, corresponding to the density of those electrons 8.7×1015 cm-3.

‫امللخص‬ Nd:YAG ‫ تم الحصول على بالزما الجرافين من خالل تفاعل إشعاع ليزر‬،‫في هذا البحث‬ ‫ نانومتر املركز على السطح املستوي‬1064 ‫النبض ي عند الطول املوجي األساس ي البالغ‬ ‫ تم تشخيص البالزما الناتجة عن طريق‬.‫الصلب ملادة الجرافين في الغالف الجوي االعتيادي‬ ‫ وتم حساب درجة حرارة اإللكترونات باستخدام طريقة‬.‫تقنية طيف االنبعاث الضوئي‬ ‫ وتم حساب كثافة‬،‫ للتـأين الفردي‬C II ‫ و‬C I ‫النسبة بين خطين طيفيين من خطوط انبعاث‬ ‫ وكان الحد األعلى ل ـدرجة حرارة‬.Saha- Boltzmann ‫إلكترون البالزما باستخدام معادلة‬ ‫ ثم‬.3-‫ سم‬1015 × 11.5 ‫ إلكت ـرون فولت تقابلها كثافة إلكترونات‬1.544 ‫اإللكترون حـ ـوالي‬ ‫ لتكون حوالي‬، ‫ مللي جول‬300 ‫انخفضت درجة حرارة اإللكترون عند وصول الطاقة إلى‬ .3-‫ سم‬1015 × 8.7 ‫ في املقابل أصبحت كثافة تلك اإللكترونات‬،‫ إلكترون فولت‬1.462

CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Khalaf, M.A. (2021). Altahaquq min altiyfii libilazima aljarafin almuhtathat biallayzir ‘Spectroscopic investigation of laser-induced graphene plasma’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 115–8. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0053 .118-115 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ التحقق الطيفي لبالزما الجرافين املحتثة بالليزر‬.)2021( .‫ احمد خلف‬،‫مدين‬

1. Introduction Laser-induced plasma spectroscopy (LIPS) has gained great popularity in recent years as a strong spectrochemical analysis technique. With LIPS, a pulsed laser is used to vaporise and ionise a material sample producing a luminous plasma when the laser irradiance reaches the material's breakdown threshold (Luo et al. 2010). Plasma production begins shortly after the laser photon hits the target surface. The optical detection of atomic and molecular species is accomplished by the examination of their laser-induced plasma emission spectra. LIPS is an atomic emission spectroscopy analytical technique that can be used to evaluate any type of matter, whether the form is solid, liquid or gaseous (Safeen et al. 2019). LIPS is also a spectroscopic technique used to determine electron density, the temperature of the electron and the number densities of the plasma plume. Varying conditions, such as ambient environment, laser energy and laser pulse duration, affect laser-induced plasma temperatures. Most LIPS temperature studies report that with increased laser energy, pulse duration, laser wavelength and ambient pressure, the plasma temperature tends to increase (Asamoah and Hongbing 2017). Laser-induced plasma's existence and dynamics depend on various parameters, such as laser wavelength, spot size, pulse duration, ambient environment, etc. Experiments may be conducted either at atmospheric pressure or in the presence of any ambient gas using this technique (Hanif and Salik 2014). The width, shape and shift properties of the emission line may provide information on plasma temperature and density of the electron. Plasma temperature is an important thermodynamic Corresponding Author: Madyan Ahmed Khalaf

property due to its ability to explain and forecast other plasma properties, for instance, relative energy level populations and particle speed distribution (Hassan and Aswad 2019). The LIPS technology can be used in geological surveys, biopharmaceuticals, environmental detection and other fields. Increasing plasma spectral intensity will effectively increase the sensitivity and accuracy of the technique of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (Ren et al. 2019). Optical emission spectroscopy has recently received a great deal of consideration for representation based on LIPS (Khalaf et al. 2020). Graphene is an atomically thin layer of carbon atoms densely compacted with a hexagonal lattice structure in a twodimensional honeycomb. Graphene is a zero-gap semiconductor and the structure allows ultrafast extraction of photo-generated carriers, leading to the operation of variable bandwidth (Al-khattib et al. 2019). Graphene has thus shown many special characteristics, such as high room temperature mobility, the carrier quantum Hall effect, good optical clarity, a large theoretical specific surface area and outstanding thermal conductivity (Liu et al. 2012). In this paper, we study the parameters of the laserinduced graphene plasma as a function of the laser energies under conditions of normal atmospheric pressure at fixed distances from the target surface to the laser crystal. For the characterisation of graphene plasma, we used the electron temperature for neutral and ionised species and the electron number density. Furthermore, to increase the sensitivity and selectivity of the emission spectra, the pulse LIPS was introduced, and the plasma parameters were investigated as a function of laser energy.

madyan.a@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq ,009647906813456

‫ مدين احمد خلف‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

116

.118-115 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ التحقق الطيفي لبالزما الجرافين املحتثة بالليزر‬.)2021( .‫ احمد خلف‬،‫مدين‬

2. Experimental Details

2.1. The Sample Preparation: 3 grams of pure graphene, approximately 99.999% pure, were placed in an iron mould and pressed at 7 bar for 15 minutes, resulting in a disc of 1 cm in diameter and 3 mm thick.

near infrared, while single graphene ionised lines are observed in the UV field of the spectrum. The analysed spectra were used in the calculation of electron temperature and electron number density. Figure 2: The single pulse emission spectra of graphene emitted by the 1064 nm laser at different laser energies.

2.2. The Experimental Set-up: The experimental LIPS arrangement is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of a Nd:YAG laser source, a monochromatic timeresolved detector for plasma formation and target vaporisation. A 1064 nm beam with 9 ns pulse width and 6 Hz pulse repetition rate from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser was used, emitting a laser pulse with 300–700 mJ energy. A 10 cm focal length convex lens was used to focus the laser beam on the target. The spectral dependence of the radiation emitted by the ablated plasma was detected and analysed with time resolution, using a Surwit spectrometer (S3000-UV-NIR) made by Surwit Technology Inc. This spectrometer is designed for spectrum analysis in food, chemistry, biology and many other fields. It has a wavelength range (190nm–1100nm), Detector (TCD1305 UV enhanced CCD) and grating rate of 600 grooves/mm at 250nm and 750nm. Over a wavelength range of (200-600) nm, each spectrum was obtained. Figure 1: The scheme of the experimental set-up used in LIPS

3.2. Electron Temperature (Te) and Electron Number Density (Ne) Diagnostics: Electron temperature and electron number density are the basic parameters used in studying the complex phenomena found in plasma. These parameters are determined when the plasma is in an LTE state. The collisional excitations in LTE are more dominant than the radiative transitions and the Boltzmann distribution is followed by the population of the excited states. Therefore, the ratio between two spectral lines (Khalaf and Hmood 2020) can be used to calculate the plasma temperature. 𝑇𝑒 =

−(E1 −E2 )

(1)

I λ A g k ln( 1 1 2 2 ) I2 λ2 A1 g1

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Optical Emission Spectra of Graphene Plasma in Air: We calculated the fundamental parameters of the plasma T e and Ne using the ratio between two spectral lines and the SahaBoltzmann method from the spectroscopic study of many transition lines. Two spectral lines, C(I) and C(II), were used under the presumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) at 468.24 nm and 515.55 nm. The spectroscopic parameters of the lines used to measure electron temperature are mentioned by Kramida et al. (2020) (National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Atomic spectra database. 2019). The plasma electron number density was estimated at 468.24 nm, and 515.55 nm from the Saha-Boltzmann method of the C(I) and C(II) transition. This spectrum was acquired when the laser pulse arrived on the sample surface at 9 s gate delay and was analysed using the NIST database. Figure 2 displays the portion of the graphene emission spectra obtained using the Nd:YAG laser's specific wavelength (1064 nm). At approximately 8×1012 W/cm2 laser irradiance, these spectra range between 200 nm to 600 nm. The analysis reveals that most of the neutral graphene emission lines lie in visible regions and are

where I1 and I2 is the intensity, g is the statistical weight, (A1 and A2) is the transition probability, λ is the wavelength, (E1 and E2) is the energy of excited state in eV and k is Boltzmann constant. To understand the dissociation of ionisation and excitation processes taking place in plasma, electron temperature determination is important. Most of the outer electrons of the atoms get excited as the laser light interacts with the target surface. Bond splitting occurs and evaporation of the target material takes place as the energy is greater than the binding energy of the target material. Thus, without the knowledge of the total number density or the partition function, the electron temperature can be calculated. The electron temperature of the plasma reached about 1.544 eV at the surface of the material 10 cm away, then it decreased and became 1.462 eV. These are shown in Figure 3 in the case of the first wavelength (1064 nm). This higher temperature value is due to the absorption by the electrons of the laser radiation by the reverse absorption mechanism of bremsstrahlung. Also, this activity was due to the transfer of laser thermal energy to electron kinetic energy because of the rising forward peak of laser energy with a steady laser spot duration. The Saha-Boltzmann equation of the emitted species (Khalaf and Hmood 2020)The expression used for electron density calculation is: I

(E1 −E2 −Χz ) kT

ne = I1∗ 6.04 × 1021 (T)3/2 e 2

(2)

Xz : is the ionisation energy in eV A significant parameter used to characterise a plasma environment is electron density, which is also critical for maintaining thermodynamic equilibrium. Using the Saha- Boltzmann equation, the electron density (ne) in the plasma can be calculated from the

emission coefficient and strength of spectral lines. The density of the electron number varied by approximately 11.5×1015 cm-3 at the energy of 700 eV, and then decreased to reach 8.7×1015 cm-3 at the energy of 300 eV, as shown in Figure 3. The absorption of laser photons in plasma by electron-neutral inverse bremsstrahlung (IB) can be due to this rise in electron density as laser energy increases. The excitation and ionisation temperatures increase as the energy consumed increases, as does the plasma's electron density (Abbas 2019). The parameters of graphene spectral lines plasma are tabulated in Table 1 by using equations 1 and 2.

117

Table 2: The variation of plasma frequency (fp), Debye duration (λD), and Debye number (ND) at different laser energies of graphene plasma Laser energy (mJ) fp × 1011 (Hz) λD × 10-3 (cm) ND × 107 700 9.646 0.798 2.457 600 9.254 0.825 2.499 500 8.729 0.865 2.559 400 8.497 0.884 2.589 300 8.394 0.892 2.602 Figure 4: The influence of Laser energies on plasma frequency (f p) and Debye length (λD) of graphene plasma

Table 1: The variation of electron temperature and electron number density at different laser energies of graphene plasma Laser Energy (mJ) Te (eV) ne × 1015 (cm-3) 700 1.544 11.5 600 1.518 10.6 500 1.484 9.4 400 1.469 9.0 300 1.462 8.7 Figure 3: The alternating temperature of the electrons and the density of the electrons relative to the change of the laser energies.

Figure 5: The influence of Laser energies Debye number (ND) of graphene plasma

3.3. Effect of Laser Energy on the Other Plasma Parameters: The effect of laser energy on Debye length and the plasma parameter determined using equations 3 , 4 and 5, respectively are described in this section (Ahmed et al. 2020). e2 ne e εo

(3)

fp = √m

ɛ k Te 2 e qe

λD = √ no ND =

4 3

1/2

≅ 7430 ∗ (ne)

π λD3 ne

(4) (5)

Where ne is the density of the electron, Te is the electron temperature, εo is permittivity of free space, k is Boltzmann constant and e is the electron charge. Table 2 shows the measured plasma frequency (fp), Debye duration (λD) and Debye number (ND) for the graphene target at various laser pulse energies. Figures 4 and 5 illustrate the variation of the graphene plasma parameters referred to in paragraph 3 above in relation to the change in laser energies. It is evident from the above that these parameters have a close and solid relationship with both the temperature of the electron and the density of the electron. This is evidenced by the above equations as the frequency depends entirely on the density of electrons and is directly proportional to it, so it increases while the other parameters decrease, resulting in the fact that the spectrum developing from the interaction of the laser with the material of graphene was the spectrum of the plasma.

4. Conclusions The improvement made by experimenting with laser-induced plasma properties has been critically assessed in this article. The emission has been recorded using a wavelength range of 200 nm–600 nm. Determining plasma physical parameters was accomplished using optical emission spectroscopy. Also, the Nd:YAG laser strength effects of graphene plasma Te and ne were analysed in this paper. The present findings show that the increase in laser energy indicates an increase in the intensity of the emission line for the target. Using1064 nm, the electron temperature was determined in the case of the laser-induced plasma in air, the values of Te, ne and fp were increased while the values of λD and ND were decreased in laser-induced plasma in air. Biography

Madyan Ahmed Khalaf Department of Physics, College of Science, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq, 009647906813456, madyan.a@uomustansiriyah.edu.iq

Mr. Khalaf is an assistant lecturer in the Department of Physics, College of Sciences, Al-Mustansiriyah University and is a university faculty member. He obtained his master's degree from the College of Science, Al-Mustansiriyah University, with a degree of distinction. He obtained a bachelor's degree, with honours, and has many papers published in Scopus-indexed journals. He specialises in plasma physics. He also has experience in the field of nanotechnology and has

118

published a research paper on this subject in an important Iraqi scientific journal. References Abbas, Q.A. (2019). Effect of target properties on the plasma characteristics that produced by laser at atmospheric pressure. Iraqi Journal of Science, 60(6), 1251–8. Ahmed, B.M., Aadim, K.A. and Khalaf, M.A. (2020). Verify the plasma parameters generated from the tin material using the laserinduced plasma technique. World Scientific News, 144(n/a), 326–37. Al-khattib, M.G., Samirb, A., Ahmed, M.A., Abouelsayed, A. and Hassablla, S. (2019). Spectroscopic studies to investigate the effect of different plasma parameters on the geometrical and electronic structure of graphene. Optics and Laser Technology, 115(n/a), 433–40. DOI: 10.1016/j.optlastec.2019.02.052. Asamoah, E. and Hongbing, Y. (2017). Influence of laser energy on the electron temperature of a laser-induced mg plasma. Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 123(1), 1–6. Bo, L.Z., Liang, Z.X., Qing, Y.X., Sheng, C.Y. and Guo, T.J. (2012). Nonlinear optical properties of graphene-based materials. Chinese Science Bulletin, 57(23), 2971–82. Hanif, M. and Salik, M. (2014). Optical emission studies of sulphur plasma using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Optics and Spectroscopy, 116(2), 315–23. Hassan, R.K. and Aswad, M.A. (2019). Study the plasma parameters due to the different energies for laser produced lead oxide plasma. Indian Journal of Natural Sciences, 10(57), 17908–14. Khalaf, M.A., Ahmed, B.M. and Aadim, K.A. (2020). Spectroscopic analysis of cdo1-x: snx plasma produced by Nd:YAG laser. Iraqi Journal of Science, 61(7), 1665–71. Khalaf, M.A. and Hmood, W.J. (2020). Influence of laser energies on tin oxide nanoparticles plasma parameters prepared by Nd:YAG laser. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 2(21), 203–6. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0009. Kramida, A., Rachenko, Y.U., Reader, J. and NIST ASD Team (2020). NIST Atomic Spectra Database (version 5.8). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. DOI: 10.18434/T4W30F. Luo, W.F., Zhao, X.X., Sun, Q.B., Gao, C.X., Tang, J., Wang, H.J. and Zhao, W. (2010). Characteristics of the aluminum alloy plasma produced by a 1064 nm Nd:YAG laser with different irradiances. Pramana Journal of Physics, 74(6), 945–59. Ren, L., Hao, X., Tang, H. and Sun, Y. (2019). Spectral characteristics of laser-induced plasma under the combination of au-nanoparticles and cavity confinement. Results in Physics, 15(n/a), 1–7. DOI: 10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102798. Safeen, A., Shah, W.H., Khan, R., Shakeel, A., Iqbal, Y., Asghar, G., Khan, R., Khan, G., Safeen, K. and Shah, W.H. (2019). Measurement of plasma parameters for copper using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Digest Journal of Nanomaterials and Biostructures, 14(1), 29–35.

‫‪119‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫العالقة بني مستويات الكادميوم ومستويات‬ ‫هرمون التستوستريون لدى عينة من سكان حلب‬

‫‪The Relationship Between Cadmium‬‬ ‫‪Levels and Testosterone Levels in a‬‬ ‫‪Sample of Aleppo City Residents‬‬

‫محمد عامر صالحو و محمود قاسم‬

‫‪Mohammad Amer Salaho and Mahmoud Kassem‬‬

‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‪ ،‬كلية العلوم‪ ،‬جامعة حلب‪ ،‬حلب‪ ،‬سوريا‬

‫‪Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria‬‬ ‫‪ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE‬‬ ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

‫‪PUBLISHED ONLINE‬‬ ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪ISSUE‬‬ ‫رقم العدد‬

‫‪VOLUME‬‬ ‫رقم اجمللد‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪19/01/2021‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫الستقبال‬

‫‪LINK‬‬ ‫الرابط‬

‫‪19/01/2021‬‬

‫‪25/11/2020‬‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0060‬‬

‫‪YEAR‬‬ ‫سنة العدد‬

‫‪NO. OF PAGES‬‬ ‫عدد الصفحات‬

‫‪NO. OF WORDS‬‬ ‫عدد الكلمات‬

‫‪2021‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحديد تركيز عنصر الكادميوم في الدم لدى عينة من األشخاص‬ ‫القاطنين ًفي مدينة حلب‪ ،‬وربطه مع تركيز هرمون التستوستيرون لديهم‪ .‬أجريت التجربة على‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫بمعدل (‪ )25‬فرد لكل مجموعة‪ :‬مجموعة‬ ‫(‪ )75‬فردا‪ ،‬تم تقسيمهم إلى (‪ّ )3‬مجموعات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ومجموعة املدخنين‪ .‬بينت النتائج وجود‬ ‫األمبير‪،‬‬ ‫الضابط‪ ،‬ومجموعة العاملين في مولدات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )µg/l88.48‬وفئة‬ ‫(‬ ‫األمبير‬ ‫دات‬ ‫مول‬ ‫في‬ ‫العاملين‬ ‫فئة‬ ‫ارتفاع في متوسط تركيز الكادميوم لدى‬ ‫ً‬ ‫املدخنين (‪ )µg/l82.32‬وحتى لدى مجموعة الضابط (‪ )µg/l19.84‬قياسا إلى املستويات‬ ‫النتائج حدوث انخفاض في متوسط تركيز‬ ‫الطبيعية لتركيز الكادميوم في الجسم‪ ،‬كما أظهرت ّ‬ ‫هرمون التستوستيرون لدى مجموعة العاملين في مولدات األمبير (‪ )ng/ml5.53‬ومجموعة‬ ‫املدخنين (‪ )ng/ml4.43‬مقارنة مع مجموعة الضابط (‪ّ .)ng/ml7.59‬بينت الدراسة‬ ‫اإلحصائية وجود عالقة ارتباط بين تراكيز الكادميوم وتراكيز التستوستيرون وذلك‬ ‫باستخدام معامل االرتباط ‪ ،Pearson‬حيث تم مقارنة النتائج مع قيمة (‪ )P=0.05‬الختبار‬ ‫املعنوية‪.‬‬

‫‪4675‬‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪This study aimed to determine the blood concentration levels of cadmium‬‬ ‫‪in a sample of residents of Aleppo and to correlate them with their‬‬ ‫‪testosterone concentration levels. The experiment was conducted using 75‬‬ ‫‪participants divided into 3 groups, averaging 25 participants per group: a‬‬ ‫‪group of people who work with electrical generators, a group of smokers,‬‬ ‫‪and a control group. The results showed higher average cadmium‬‬ ‫‪concentration levels in all groups, including the control group, compared‬‬ ‫‪with the normal levels of cadmium concentration in the body. The average‬‬ ‫‪concentration levels per group were 88.48 µg/l, 82.32 µg/l, and 19.84 µg/l,‬‬ ‫‪respectively. The results also showed lower mean testosterone‬‬ ‫‪concentrations in both the group of people who work with electrical‬‬ ‫‪generators (5.53 ng/ml) and the group of smokers (4.43 ng/ml) when‬‬ ‫‪compared with the control group (7.59 ng/ml). Using the Pearson‬‬ ‫‪correlation coefficient, a correlation was found between cadmium‬‬ ‫‪concentrations and testosterone concentrations (P = 0.05).‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪Cadmium, electrical generators, men's fertility, sandwich complex, smoking, testosterone‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التدخين‪ ،‬التستوستيرون‪ ،‬تفاعل الساندويش‪ ،‬خصوبة الرجال‪ ،‬الكادميوم‪ ،‬مولدات األمبير‬ ‫‪CITATION‬‬ ‫اإلحالة‬

‫‪Salaho, M.A. and Kassem, M. (2021). Alealaqat bayn mustawayat alkadimyum wamustawayat harmun altistusitirun fi eayinat min sukkan madinat halab ‘The relationship‬‬ ‫‪between cadmium levels and testosterone levels in a sample of Aleppo city residents’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 119–23.‬‬ ‫‪DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0060‬‬ ‫صالحو‪ ،‬محمد عامر و قاسم‪ ،‬محمود‪ .)2021( .‬العالقة بين مستويات الكادميوم ومستويات هرمون التستوستيرون لدى عينة من سكان حلب‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية‬ ‫والتطبيقية‪.123-119 ،)1(22 ،‬‬

‫‪ .1‬املقدمة‬ ‫اكتشف عنصر الكادميوم مع بدايات القرن التاسع عشر‪ ،‬إال أن التسمم‬ ‫به لم يعتمد كمرض منهي إال في أواسط القرن العشرين (‪.)Goering et al, 1995‬‬ ‫انتشر هذا املعدن السام في البيئة وفي أماكن العمل وذلك بعد الثورة‬ ‫الصناعية‪ ،‬وعمل على تلويثهما للحد الذي باتت أضراره تفوق أهميته‪ ،‬وحتى‬ ‫يومنا هذا نكاد ال نستطيع االستغناء عنه‪ ،‬إذ أنه يستعمل على نطاق واسع‬ ‫في الكثير من الصناعاتً مثل صناعة الطالء والبطاريات وغلفنة املعادن‬ ‫والخالئط املعدنية‪ .‬ونظرا النخفاض الحد املسموح به للتعرض لهذا املعدن‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التعرض له حتى في الحاالت التي يتواجد فيها بكميات‬ ‫فإنه يخش ى من‬ ‫ضئيلة‪ ،‬ومن هنا جاءت الدعوة إلى تقليص استعماالته ومحاولة إيجاد‬ ‫بدائل عنه‪ ،‬ويتراوح مدخول الكادميوم اليومي لدى األشخاص غير املدخنين‬ ‫أو ّ‬ ‫املعرضين له بحكم املهنة بين (‪ ،)0.01-15 µg‬وبحسب منظمة الصحة‬ ‫العاملية يجب أال يتجاوز تركيز الكادميوم في الدم (‪Bernhard et al., ( )5µg/l‬‬ ‫‪.)2006; Moffat et al, 2011‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫يعد الكادميوم من أسهل املعادن الثقيلة امتصاصا من قبل النباتات وذلك‬ ‫الحتواء التربة على كميات كبيرة منه‪ ،‬وتمتاز أوراق نبات التبغ بقدرتها على‬ ‫تخزين الكادميوم بشكل أكبر من أنواع النباتات األخرى‪ ،‬حيث يتراوح تركيزه‬ ‫وتحتوي السيجارة الواحدة على ما‬ ‫في أوراق نبات التبغ (‪،)0.77-7.02µg/g‬‬ ‫يقارب (‪ µg )0.5-2‬من الكادميوم‪ ،‬وبما ّأن جزيئات الكادميوم املوجودة في‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬محمد عامر صالحو‬

‫ً‬ ‫دخان السجائر من الحجم الصغير جدا فإن الكمية املمتصة منه تكون‬ ‫كبيرة حيث ينتقل أكثر من ‪ %50‬من الكادميوم املستنشق من دخان‬ ‫السجائر إلى الدم (‪.)Lee et al., 2020‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تنجم االنبعاثات الطبيعية للكادميوم من تحلل الوقود األحفوري وانتشار‬ ‫جزيئاته في الجو‪ ،‬كما أن احتكاك العمال مع أنواع الوقود املختلفة يسبب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ارتفاعا في ّمدخول الكادميوم إلى الجسم‪ ،‬ومثال ذلك الديزل املستخدم في‬ ‫تشغيل مولدات األمبير‪ ،‬ومن املعروف بأن الكادميوم يدخل إلى الجسم عن‬ ‫طريق االستنشاق أو جهاز الهضم أو عن طريق الجلد ( ‪Martin and Griswold,‬‬ ‫‪.)2009‬‬ ‫يتزايد تركيز الكادميوم في الجسم مع تقدم اإلنسان بالعمر وذلك بسبب‬ ‫تناقص القدرة على التخلص منه‪ ،‬إضافة إلى إعادة االمتصاص الكلوي مما‬ ‫يؤدي إلى تراكمه في أعضاء معينة مثل الكبد وقشرة الكلية والخص ى وغيرها‪،‬‬ ‫كما يتميز الكادميوم بعمر نصف بيولوجي طويل (‪ )half life‬في ّجسم اإلنسان‬ ‫يقدر ب ـ ‪ 6‬إلى ‪ 27‬سنة (‪ ،)Elgawish and Ghanem, 2014‬كما ويصنف الكادميوم‬ ‫على أنه أحد املواد املسرطنة (‪.)Liu et al., 2009( )carcinogen‬‬ ‫َ‬ ‫يفرز هرمون التستوستيرون الستيروئيدي من خاليا ليدغ املتواجدة بين‬ ‫األنابيب املنوية في الخصية وذلك بتحفيز من هرمون (‪ )LH‬املفرز من الغدة‬ ‫النخامية‪ ،‬وتتراوح القيم الطبيعية لهذا الهرمون لدى الرجال (‪)3-10ng/ml‬‬ ‫(‪ ،)wang et al., 2004‬وقد بينت بعض الدراسات وجود ارتباط بين تراكيز‬

‫‪dimorphism@hotmail.co.uk ,00963947816233‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Mohammad Amer Salaho‬‬

‫‪120‬‬

‫صالحو‪ ،‬محمد عامر و قاسم‪ ،‬محمود‪ .)2021( .‬العالقة بين مستويات الكادميوم ومستويات هرمون التستوستيرون لدى عينة من سكان حلب‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪.123-119 ،)1(22 ،‬‬

‫الكادميوم املرتفعة في الدم وانخفاض تراكيز هرمون التستوستيرون‬ ‫(‪.)Telisman et al., 2000; Zeng et al., 2002; Jurasovic et al., 2004‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬أهمية الدراسة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫لكائنات‬ ‫وخطورة على صحة ا‬ ‫يعد الكادميوم من أكثر املعادن ّالسامة انتشارا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحية‪ ،‬وعلى الرغم من ذلك فإننا ال نستطيع تجنب آثاره الضارة‪ ،‬ونظرا‬ ‫النتشار معدن الكادميوم بشكل كبير في وقتنا الراهن (نتيجة انتشار‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫امللوثات املختلفة في مدينة حلب)‪ ،‬كان ال ّبد من تسليط الضوء على‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫له‬ ‫خالل تحديد‬ ‫مخاطره من ّ‬ ‫مستوياته لدى بعض األشخاص املعرضين ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫(العاملون في مولدات األمبير واملدخنون)‪ ،‬كما تنبع أهمية هذه البحث أيضا‬ ‫من خالل فهم العالقة بين مستويات الكادميوم ومستويات هرمون‬ ‫التستوستيرون لدى األشخاص ّ‬ ‫املعرضين للكادميوم‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬أهداف الدراسة‬ ‫الكادميوم وتركيز التستوستيرون لدى عينة من العاملين في‬ ‫تحديد تركيز‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مولدات األمبير واملدخنين القاطنين في مدينة حلب وإجراء دراسة إحصائية‬ ‫لفهم العالقة بين تراكيز الكادميوم والتستوستيرون لدى العينات السابقة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .4‬مواد البحث وطرائقه‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تم جمع ‪ُ 75‬عينة دموية ألفراد من مدينة حلب تراوحت أعمارهم بين (‪-20‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫‪ )68‬سنة‪ ،‬وقسمت إلى ثالث مجموعات‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬

‫ّ‬ ‫ً‬ ‫املجموعة األولى‪ّ :‬‬ ‫ضمت ‪ 25‬شخصا من غير العاملين في مولدات األمبير وغير‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املدخنين‪ ،‬وتم اعتبارها كمجموعة ًضابط‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫املجموعة الثانية‪ :‬ضمت ‪ 25‬شخصا من فئة العاملين في املولدات الكهربائية‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وذلك نتيجة النقطاع‬ ‫(مولدات األمبير) املنتشرة في كافة أحياء مدينة حلب‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الكهرباء املتكرر بشكل يومي ولساعات طويلة‪ ،‬حيث تم جمع العينات من‬ ‫مناطق اإلذاعة واألعظمية والحمدانية وحلب الجديدة‪ ،‬مع التأكيد على أن‬ ‫املدخنين‪.‬‬ ‫أفراد هذه املجموعة ّهم من غير ً‬ ‫ضمت ‪ 25‬شخصا من فئة املدخنين‪.‬‬ ‫املجموعة الثالثة‪:‬‬

‫وقد تميز األفراد السابقون بعدم وجود احتكاك مباشر بينهم وبين عنصر‬ ‫الكادميوم من خالل مصادره الصناعية مثل غلفنة املعادن أو صناعة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التعرض لهذا‬ ‫الدهانات الخ‪ ..‬وذلك بهدف حصر‬ ‫البطاريات أو مجال‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫العنصر من خالل العمل في مولدات األمبير (املجموعة الثانية) أو التدخين‬ ‫(املجموعة الثالثة)‪.‬‬ ‫وقد تم سحب عينات الدم بموجب كتاب ّ‬ ‫موجه من كلية العلوم إلى أحد‬ ‫املراكز الصحية‪ ،‬حيث تم إطالع األفراد املتطوعين على حيثيات العمل‬ ‫وأهدافه وتوقيعهم على استمارة تحت إشراف طبيب من املركز‪ ،‬حيث تم‬ ‫التقيد باملعايير العاملية ألخالقيات البحث‪.‬‬ ‫وقد تم إجراء تحليلين على العينات السابقة هما‪:‬‬

‫‪ .4.1‬تحليل هرمون التستوستيرون‪:‬‬

‫ُأخذت كمية ‪ 3‬مل من الدم ووضعت في أنابيب جافة‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫وتم تثفيلها بسرعة‬ ‫األمصال وإجراء تحليل‬ ‫(‪ )3000‬دورة‪/‬الدقيقة ملدة ‪20‬دقيقة للحصول على ّ‬ ‫هرمون التستوستيرون بطريقة املقايسة املناعية بالتألق الكهربائي ( ‪ECL:‬‬ ‫‪ )Electrochemiluminiscence‬باستخدام جهاز (‪،)HITACHI, Roche, cobas e 411‬‬ ‫ويتلخص مبدأ هذا االختبار الذي يستغرق ‪ 18‬دقيقة بالخطوات التالية‪:‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬

‫حضن ‪ 20 µl‬من عينة مصل الدم مع أضداد موسومة بالبيوتين (‪R1: anti-‬‬ ‫‪ )testosterone-Ab-biotin‬تتميز بدقة ارتباط عالية مع املستضد (هرمون‬ ‫التستوستيرون)‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫إضافة أضداد موسومة بالريثينيوم (‪ )ruthenium‬تتمتع أيضا بقدرة ارتباط‬ ‫عالية مع الهرمون‪ ،‬ليتشكل بالنتيجة تفاعل الساندويش ( ‪sandwich‬‬ ‫‪.)complex‬‬ ‫إضافة جزيئات صغيرة (‪ )micro beads‬مطلية بالستريبتافيدين‬ ‫(‪ )streptavidin‬الذي يرتبط بقوة مع األضداد املوسومة بالبيوتين‪ ،‬فيتشكل‬ ‫بالنتيجة معقد مناعي ينتقل إلى خلية القياس (‪ )measuring cell‬حيث‬ ‫ينجذب املعقد املناعي من طرف الجزيئات املطلية بالستربتافيدين إلى‬

‫صفيحة ممغنطة (‪ )magenetic electrode‬حيث تزول الجزيئات الفائضة‬ ‫وتجري عملية أكسدة وإرجاع بين الريثينيوم وبين جزيئات ‪TPA‬‬ ‫(‪ )tripropylamine‬ما ينتج عنه جهد كهربائي (‪ّ )voltage‬‬ ‫يحرض حصول‬ ‫تألق كيميائي كهربائي (‪ )ECL reaction‬وتعاد ّدورة التألق الكيميائي الكهربائي‬ ‫عدة مرات حيث يقاس التألق بوساطة مضخم ضوئي (‪،)photomultiplier‬‬ ‫حيث أن الحد األدنى من تحديد الكشف يبلغ (‪Ayad et ( )0.025 ng/ml‬‬ ‫‪.)al., 2018‬‬

‫‪ .4.2‬معايرة الكادميوم‪:‬‬ ‫تم تحليل عينات الكادميوم في مختبر مديرية البحوث الزراعية باستخدام‬ ‫جهاز طيف االمتصاص الذري ‪ )Atomic Absorption spectrometry( AAS‬من‬ ‫النوع (‪ ،)ZEEnit 700‬وحسب الطول املوجي املخصص لعنصر الكادميوم‬ ‫(‪ )228.8 nm‬وتم ترقيم أنابيب العينات بأرقام متوافقة مع أرقام استمارة‬ ‫خاصة ببيانات األشخاص الذين ُجمعت منهم العينات‪ ،‬وقد ُوضع ‪ 2‬مل من‬ ‫الدم في أنابيب ‪ ،EDTA‬ثم أضيف له ‪ 10‬مل من مزيج من الحموض‬ ‫التالية‪ [HNO3:HClO4:H2SO4 3:1:1 (v/v/v)] :‬وذلك حسب الطريقة‬ ‫املستخدمة لقياس تركيز الكادميوم في الدم (‪.)Musa et al., 2011‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تم إجراء التحليل اإلحصائي باستخدام برنامج (‪ )SPSS 18‬من إنتاج شركة‬ ‫‪ IBM‬حيث تم استخدام اختبار معامل االرتباط (‪ )Pearson‬إلظهار العالقة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫أعمارهم وعدد سنوات‬ ‫بين تراكيز الكادميوم عند البشر وبين كل من ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تعرضهم للكادميوم (سواء املدخنين أو العاملين في مولدات األمبير) وتراكيز‬ ‫هرمون التستوسترون لديهم‪ ،‬وتمت مقارنة النتائج مع قيمة (‪)P=0.05‬‬ ‫الختبار املعنوية‪.‬‬

‫‪ .5‬النتائج‬ ‫‪ .5.1‬تركيز الكادميوم وهرمون التستوستيرون في الدم عند‬ ‫املجموعة الضابط‪:‬‬

‫أظهر قياس تراكيز الكادميوم في الدم لدى مجموعة الضابط ّأن أعلى تركيز‬ ‫هو (‪ )µ 31g/l‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 50‬سنة‪ ،‬وأخفض تركيز (‪)µ 12g/l‬‬ ‫لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 22‬سنة‪ ،‬وبلغ متوسط تركيز الكادميوم لدى أفراد‬ ‫هذه املجموعة (‪ )µ 19.84g/l‬وبمتوسط أعمار بلغ ‪ 41‬سنة‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وأظهر قياس تراكيز التستوستيرون في الدم لدى هذه املجموعة أن أعلى‬ ‫تركيز هو (‪ )9.65ng/ml‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 18‬سنة‪ ،‬وأخفض تركيز‬ ‫(‪ )3.25ng/ml‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 60‬سنة‪ ،‬وبلغ متوسط تركيز‬ ‫التستوستيرون لدى أفراد هذه املجموعة (‪ )7.59ng/ml‬الجدول (‪)1‬‬ ‫واملخطط (‪.)1‬‬ ‫وقد ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية باستخدام معامل االرتباط (‪ )Pearson‬لعالقة‬ ‫االرتباط بين تراكيز الكادميوم وأعمار عينات املجموعة الضابط وجود‬ ‫عالقة طردية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط ( ‪pearson‬‬ ‫‪ )correlation=0.694‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.000<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز الكادميوم وتراكيز‬ ‫هرمون التستوستيرون وذلك باستخدام نفس معامل االرتباط وجود عالقة‬ ‫عكسية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط (‪pearson correlation=-‬‬ ‫‪ )0.586‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.002<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز هرمون‬ ‫التستوستيرون وأعمار عينات مجموعة الضابط وذلك باستخدام نفس‬ ‫معامل االرتباط وجود عالقة عكسية قوية حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط‬ ‫(‪ )pearson correlation=-0.802‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.000<0.05‬‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)1‬تراكيز الكادميوم والتستوستيرون في دم املجموعة الضابط ‪ M‬املتوسط الحسابي‪ -SE ،‬الخطأ املعياري‪- ،‬‬ ‫‪SD‬االنحراف املعياري‬ ‫تركيزالتستوستيرون ‪ng/ml‬‬ ‫تركيز الكادميوم ‪g/l µ‬‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫رقم العينة‬ ‫‪9.32‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪6.78‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪8.46‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪9.46‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪7.33‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪9.50‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪4.12‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5.44‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9.12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫‪Salaho, M.A. and Kassem, M. (2021). Alealaqat bayn mustawayat alkadimyum wamustawayat harmun altistusitirun fi eayinat min sukkan madinat halab ‘The relationship between cadmium levels and testosterone levels in a sample‬‬ ‫‪of Aleppo city residents’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences , 22(1), 119–23. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0060‬‬

‫‪121‬‬

‫رقم العينة‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪M ± SE‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬ ‫مجال الثقة ‪%95‬‬

‫العمر‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪41±0.2‬‬ ‫‪10.17‬‬ ‫]‪[36.81,45.19‬‬

‫تركيز الكادميوم ‪g/l µ‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪19.84±0.09‬‬ ‫‪6.57‬‬ ‫]‪[17.13,22.55‬‬

‫تركيزالتستوستيرون ‪ng/ml‬‬ ‫‪9.65‬‬ ‫‪3.25‬‬ ‫‪3.75‬‬ ‫‪9.65‬‬ ‫‪8.22‬‬ ‫‪9.12‬‬ ‫‪8.33‬‬ ‫‪7.12‬‬ ‫‪6.72‬‬ ‫‪9.12‬‬ ‫‪8.28‬‬ ‫‪7.88‬‬ ‫‪9.11‬‬ ‫‪8.66‬‬ ‫‪7.44‬‬ ‫‪4.15‬‬ ‫‪7.59±0.01‬‬ ‫‪1.95‬‬ ‫]‪[6.79,8.39‬‬

‫‪ .5.2‬تركيز الكادميوم وهرمون التستوستيرون في دم العاملين في‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مولدات األمبير‪:‬‬ ‫تبين ّلدى قياس تراكيز الكادميوم في الدم لدى خمسة وعشرين من العاملين‬ ‫في مولدات األمبير أن أعلى تركيز هو (‪ )µ 128g/l‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪44‬‬ ‫سنة وقد أمض ى في العمل في مولدة األمبير مدة ‪ 7‬سنوات‪ ،‬وبلغ أخفض‬ ‫تركيز (‪ )µ 42g/l‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 24‬سنة وأمض ى في عمله مدة ‪5‬‬ ‫سنوات‪ ،‬وقد بلغ متوسط تركيز الكادميوم لدى العاملين الخمسة‬ ‫والعشرين (‪ )µ 88.48g/l‬بمتوسط عدد سنوات تعرض بلغ ‪ 5.76‬سنة‬ ‫وبمتوسط أعمار بلغ ‪ 31.16‬سنة‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وأظهر قياس تراكيز التستوستيرون في الدم لدى هذه املجموعة أن أعلى‬ ‫تركيز هو (‪ )7.66ng/ml‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 24‬سنة‪ ،‬وأخفض تركيز‬ ‫(‪ )3.46ng/ml‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 30‬سنة‪ ،‬وبلغ متوسط تركيز‬ ‫التستوستيرون لدى أفراد هذه املجموعة (‪ )5.53ng/ml‬الجدول (‪)2‬‬ ‫واملخطط (‪.)1‬‬ ‫وقد ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية باستخدام معامل االرتباط (‪ )Pearson‬لعالقة‬ ‫االرتباط بين تراكيز الكادميوم وأعمار العاملين في مولدات األمبير وجود‬ ‫عالقة طردية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط ( ‪pearson‬‬ ‫‪ )correlation=0.722‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.000<0.05‬‬ ‫وعند إجراء دراسة إحصائية لعالقة تراكيز الكادميوم مع عدد سنوات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تعرض العاملين باستخدام نفس معامل االرتباط (‪ )Pearson‬تبين وجود‬ ‫عالقة ارتباط طردية ضعيفة (‪ )pearson correlation=0.174‬لكن دون وجود‬ ‫داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.415<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز الكادميوم وتراكيز‬ ‫هرمون التستوستيرون وذلك باستخدام نفس معامل االرتباط وجود عالقة‬ ‫عكسية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط (‪pearson correlation=-‬‬ ‫‪ )0.680‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.000<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز هرمون‬ ‫التستوستيرون وأعمار العينات وذلك باستخدام نفس معامل االرتباط‬ ‫وجود عالقة عكسية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط ( ‪pearson‬‬ ‫‪ )correlation=-0.678‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.000<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز هرمون‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫التعرض ملولدات األمبير وذلك باستخدام‬ ‫التستوستيرون وعدد سنوات‬ ‫نفس معامل االرتباط وجود عالقة عكسية ضعيفة‪ ،‬حيث كانت قيمة‬ ‫معامل االرتباط (‪ )pearson correlation=-0.279‬مع عدم وجود داللة إحصائية‬ ‫(‪ ،)P=0.177>0.05‬وبالتالي ال يوجد ارتباط بين تراكيز هرمون التستوستيرون‬ ‫وعدد سنوات التعرض ملولدات األمبير‪.‬‬ ‫رقم العينة‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬

‫ّ‬ ‫الجدول (‪ :)2‬تراكيز الكادميوم والتستوستيرون في دم العاملين في مولدات األمبير‬ ‫عدد سنوات التعرض ‪g/l‬تركيز الكادميوم ‪ µ‬تركيزالتستوستيرون ‪ng/ml‬‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫‪7.55‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪6.44‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪6.35‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪4.75‬‬ ‫‪128‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪7.66‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪3.56‬‬ ‫‪126‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪6.22‬‬ ‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪33‬‬ ‫‪3.46‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪6.55‬‬ ‫‪47‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬

‫العمر‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪27‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪32‬‬ ‫‪36‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪31.16±0.17‬‬ ‫‪6.8‬‬ ‫]‪[28.35,33.96‬‬

‫عدد سنوات التعرض‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪5.76±0.02‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫]‪[5.22,6.29‬‬

‫‪g/l‬تركيز الكادميوم ‪ µ‬تركيزالتستوستيرون ‪ng/ml‬‬ ‫‪5.24‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪6.15‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪5.12‬‬ ‫‪77‬‬ ‫‪5.88‬‬ ‫‪103‬‬ ‫‪3.92‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪6.75‬‬ ‫‪54‬‬ ‫‪6.38‬‬ ‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪6.44‬‬ ‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪4.55‬‬ ‫‪116‬‬ ‫‪4.62‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪4.12‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪5.24‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪4.88‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪5.95‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪4.44‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪6.12‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪5.53±0.04‬‬ ‫‪88.48±0.51‬‬ ‫‪1.14‬‬ ‫‪23.61‬‬ ‫]‪[5.06,6‬‬ ‫]‪[78.74,98.22‬‬

‫‪ .5.3‬تركيز الكادميوم وهرمون التستوستيرون في دم املدخنين‪:‬‬ ‫لدى قياس تراكيز الكادميوم في الدم لخمسة وعشرين من فئة املدخنين‬ ‫تبين أن أعلى تركيز هو (‪ )115 µg/l‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 68‬سنة وقد‬ ‫داوم على التدخين مدة ‪ 30‬سنة‪ ،‬وبلغ أخفض تركيز (‪ )42 µg/l‬لشخص يبلغ‬ ‫من العمر ‪ 45‬سنة وقد استمر في التدخين مدة ‪ 10‬سنوات‪ ،‬وبلغ متوسط‬ ‫تركيز الكادميوم لدى أفراد مجموعة املدخنين الخمسة والعشرين (‪µg/l‬‬ ‫‪ )82.32‬بمتوسط عدد سنوات تدخين بلغ ‪ 11.92‬سنة وبمتوسط أعمار بلغ‬ ‫‪ 44.96‬سنة‪.‬‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫وأظهر قياس تراكيز التستوستيرون في الدم لدى هذه املجموعة أن أعلى‬ ‫تركيز هو (‪ )6.44ng/ml‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 37‬سنة‪ ،‬وأخفض تركيز‬ ‫(‪ )3.12ng/ml‬لشخص يبلغ من العمر ‪ 62‬سنة‪ ،‬وبلغ متوسط تركيز‬ ‫التستوستيرون لدى أفراد هذه املجموعة (‪ )4.43ng/ml‬الجدول (‪)3‬‬ ‫واملخطط (‪.)1‬‬ ‫وأظهرت الدراسة اإلحصائية باستخدام معامل االرتباط (‪ )Pearson‬لعالقة‬ ‫االرتباط بين تراكيز الكادميوم وأعمار املدخنين وجود عالقة طردية‬ ‫متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط (‪ )pearson correlation=0.625‬مع‬ ‫وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.001<0.05‬‬ ‫وعند إجراء دراسة إحصائية لعالقة تراكيز الكادميوم مع عدد سنوات‬ ‫التدخين باستخدام نفس معامل االرتباط (‪ )Pearson‬تبين وجود عالقة‬ ‫ارتباط طردية متوسطة (‪ )pearson correlation=0.490‬لها داللة إحصائية‬ ‫(‪.)P=0.013<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز الكادميوم وتراكيز‬ ‫هرمون التستوستيرون وذلك باستخدام نفس معامل االرتباط وجود عالقة‬ ‫عكسية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط (‪pearson correlation=-‬‬ ‫‪ )0.564‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.004<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز هرمون‬ ‫التستوستيرون وأعمار العينات وذلك باستخدام نفس معامل االرتباط‬ ‫وجود عالقة عكسية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط ( ‪pearson‬‬ ‫‪ )correlation=-0.633‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.001<0.05‬‬ ‫كما ّبينت الدراسة اإلحصائية لعالقة االرتباط بين تراكيز هرمون‬ ‫التستوستيرون وعدد سنوات التدخين وذلك باستخدام نفس معامل‬ ‫االرتباط وجود عالقة عكسية متوسطة حيث كانت قيمة معامل االرتباط‬ ‫(‪ )pearson correlation=-0.488‬مع وجود داللة إحصائية (‪.)P=0.013<0.05‬‬ ‫رقم العينة‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪13‬‬ ‫‪14‬‬

‫الجدول (‪ :)3‬تراكيز الكادميوم والتستوستيرون في دم املدخنين‬ ‫عدد سنوات التدخين ‪g/l‬تركيز الكادميوم ‪ µ‬تركيزالتستوستيرون ‪ng/ml‬‬ ‫العمر‬ ‫‪5.12‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪4.33‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪3.56‬‬ ‫‪110‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪6.15‬‬ ‫‪65‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪4.66‬‬ ‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪3.76‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪6.44‬‬ ‫‪49‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪3.14‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪5.83‬‬ ‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪3.44‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪4.65‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪38‬‬ ‫‪4.12‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪3.25‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪45‬‬ ‫‪3.77‬‬ ‫‪115‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪68‬‬

‫‪122‬‬ ‫رقم العينة‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪16‬‬ ‫‪17‬‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪19‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬ ‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪M ± SE‬‬ ‫‪SD‬‬ ‫مجال الثقة ‪%95‬‬

‫العمر‬ ‫‪46‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬ ‫‪44‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪42‬‬ ‫‪34‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪58‬‬ ‫‪35‬‬ ‫‪44.96±0.12‬‬ ‫‪8.9‬‬ ‫]‪[41.29,48.63‬‬

‫عدد سنوات التدخين‬ ‫‪18‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪11.92±0.27‬‬ ‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫]‪[9.37,14.47‬‬

‫‪g/l‬تركيز الكادميوم ‪ µ‬تركيزالتستوستيرون ‪ng/ml‬‬ ‫‪5.15‬‬ ‫‪74‬‬ ‫‪6.10‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪3.18‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪3.12‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪4.17‬‬ ‫‪52‬‬ ‫‪5.44‬‬ ‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪3.58‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪3.78‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪4.55‬‬ ‫‪57‬‬ ‫‪3.88‬‬ ‫‪95‬‬ ‫‪5.65‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪4.43±0.01‬‬ ‫‪82.32±0.32‬‬ ‫‪1.01‬‬ ‫‪21.5‬‬ ‫]‪[4.02,4.84‬‬ ‫]‪[73.45,91.19‬‬

‫املخطط (‪ :)1‬العالقة بين تركيز الكادميوم(‪ )µg/l‬وتركيزالتستوستيرون(‪ )ng/ml‬لدى مجموعات التجربة‬

‫‪ .6‬املناقشة‬ ‫أكدت نتائج الدراسة الحالية وجود عالقة بين التراكيز املرتفعة للكادميوم‬ ‫وانخفاض تركيز هرمون التستوستيرون لدى البشر وهذا يتوافق مع العديد‬ ‫من الدراسات (‪)Telisman et al., 2000; Zeng et al., 2002; Jurasovic et al., 2004‬‬ ‫ويختلف مع بعضها اآلخر (‪.)Mendiola et al., 2011; Zeng et al., 2004‬‬ ‫إن اآللية الدقيقة التي تفسر حصول األذية نتيجة املعاملة بالكادميوم غير‬ ‫معروفة بشكل واضح حتى اآلن (‪ ،)Waisberg et al., 2003‬مع ذلك فإن العديد‬ ‫من الدراسات بينت بأن الكادميوم يؤدي إلى تعطيل عمل مضادات األكسدة‬ ‫في الخاليا مما يؤدي إلى زيادة في أصناف األكسجين الفعالة )‪ (ROS‬مثل‬ ‫(‪ ،)H2O2‬وهذا بدوره يؤدي إلى خلل في إفراز الهرمونات الجنسية ( ‪Thijssen‬‬ ‫‪.)et al., 2007‬‬ ‫ُيعزى انخفاض تركيز هرمون التستوستيرون إلى الخلل الحاصل في اآلليات‬ ‫املسؤولة عن إنتاجه من خاليا ليدغ التي ًتعد املصدر األساس ي له ( ‪Zeng et‬‬ ‫‪ ،)al., 2003‬وقد يكون هذا االنخفاض ناجما عن النقص في النشاط اإلنزيمي‬ ‫إلنزيم ادنيل سيكالز أو النقص في إفراز حاثة (‪ )LH‬من الغدة النخامية‬ ‫واقترحت إحدى الدراسات بأن االنخفاض‬ ‫(‪،)Zirkin and Papadopoulos, 2018‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫في تركيز التستوستيرون قد يكون ناتجا عن انخفاض عدد مستقبالت‬ ‫مركب أدينوزين أحادي‬ ‫إنتاج‬ ‫هرمون (‪ )LH‬في نسيج الخصية‪ ،‬وفي‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫الفوسفات الحلقي (‪ (cAMP‬الذي يلعب دورا مهما في تشكيل هرمون‬ ‫التستوستيرون (‪ ،)El-Demerdash et al., 2004‬كما ّبينت إحدى الدراسات بأن‬ ‫الزيادة في تركيز مركب أكسيد النتريك (‪ )NO‬الناتجة عن املعاملة بالكادميوم‬ ‫تؤدي إلى انخفاض تركيز التستوستيرون وذلك عن طريق التأثير في الغدة‬ ‫النخامية وكبح نشاطها اإلفرازي لهرمون (‪.)Ige et al., 2012( )LH‬‬ ‫وأظهرت دراسة أخرى أن الكادميوم يقلل من نشاط اإلنزيمات الرئيسة ( ‪key‬‬ ‫‪ )enzymes‬املشاركة في عملية االستقالب في الخاليا املنوية‪ ،‬حيث ّأدت‬ ‫املعاملة بمركب كلوريد الكادميوم إلى تثبيط نشاط فوسفوريالز‬ ‫الجليكوجين والجلوكوز ‪-6‬فوسفاتاز والفركتوز ‪-1،6-‬ثنائي فوسفاتاز‬ ‫وأيزوميراز الجلوكوز ‪-6-‬فوسفات واألميالز وشاردة املغنزيوم املعتمد على‬ ‫‪ ATPase‬ونزع هيدروجيناز حمض الالكتيك والسكسينيك ( ‪glycogen‬‬ ‫‪phosphorylase, glucose-6-phosphatase, fructose-1,6-diphosphatase glucose‬‬‫‪6-phosphate isomerase, amylase, Mg2+- dependent ATPase and lactic and‬‬ ‫‪.)Kanwar et al., 1988( )succinic acid dehydrogenases‬‬

‫البشر‬ ‫تشير النتائج املستمدة من الدراسات السابقة سواء التي أجريت على ّ‬ ‫أو على حيوانات التجربة إلى أن أنماط الحياة البيئية واملهنية املتعلقة‬

‫بالتعرض للكادميوم لها تأثيرها ال ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ضار على الوظيفة التكاثرية‪.‬‬ ‫تتوافق نتيجة دراستنا مع نتيجة دراسة أجريت في الصين على عاملين في‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ضين‬ ‫معمل لغلفنة املعادن ومعرضين للكادميوم وأشخاص آخرين غير معر ً‬ ‫للكادميوم‪ ،‬وأوضحت هذه الدراسة أن تركيز الكادميوم البولي يرتبط إيجابا‬ ‫بتركيز التستوستيرون‪ ،‬مع األخذ بعين االعتبار عوامل أخرى مثل العمر‬ ‫والتدخين وتعاطي الكحول )‪.)Zeng et al., 2002‬‬ ‫كما تتوافق دراستنا مع دراسة أجريت في كرواتيا على ‪ 60‬من الذكور‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫األصحاء العاملين في املصانع‪ ،‬حيث أظهرت هذه الدراسة وجود عالقة‬ ‫ارتباط إيجابية بين تركيز الكادميوم في الدم وتركيز التستوستيرون‬ ‫(‪.)Telisman et al., 2000‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫وبينت دراسة كرواتية أخرى أجريت على ‪ 80‬رجال من املراجعين لعيادات‬ ‫الخصوبة وجود ارتباط إيجابي بين تركيز الكادميوم في الدم وتركيز‬ ‫التستوستيرون (‪.)Jurasovic et al., 2004‬‬ ‫بالحيوانات‬ ‫كما وتتفق دراستنا مع دراسة أجريت في فنلندا على ‪ 64‬متبرع‬ ‫ً‬ ‫املنوية ممن يتمتعون بالخصوبة‪ ،‬وتم ّتقسيمهم إلى مجموعات اعتمادا على‬ ‫عامل التدخين‪ ،‬وبينت هذه الدراسة أن تركيز الكادميوم في السائل املنوي‬ ‫أعلى عند املدخنين منه لدى غير املدخنين‪ ،‬على الرغم من عدم وجود فرق‬ ‫معنوي في معايير جودة السائل املنوي بين املجموعتين ( ‪Saaranen et al.,‬‬ ‫‪.)1989‬‬ ‫وتختلف نتيجة دراستنا مع نتيجة بعض الدراسات األخرى ( ‪Mendiola et al.,‬‬ ‫‪ )2011; Zeng et al., 2004‬التي أظهرت عدم وجود عالقة ارتباط بين تركيز‬ ‫الكادميوم وتركيز التستوستيرون‪ ،‬وقد يعود ذلك إلى ضعف التحكم في‬ ‫عوامل اإلرباك املحتملة (‪ )potential confounders‬مثل إجراء التجربة على‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫السن‪ ،‬أو عدم أخذ عامل التدخين‬ ‫عدد قليل من األفراد أو إغفال عامل‬ ‫(اإليجابي أو السلبي) في الحسبان ضمن شروط التجربة لدى تلك‬ ‫الدراسات‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫من املالحظ في تجربتنا أيضا ارتفاع مستويات الكادميوم لدى أفراد‬ ‫مجموعة الضابط‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫وربما يعزى ذلك إلى ّ‬ ‫التلوث البيئي الحاصل في مدينة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫حلب مثل ّ‬ ‫تلوث مياه اآلبار (التي شكلت ّلسنوات املصدر الرئيس ملياه لشرب‬ ‫خالل فترة الحرب) واستنشاق أبخرة مولدات األمبير التي تغطي كافة أحياء‬ ‫املدينة‪ ،‬إضافة إلى مصادر ّ‬ ‫التلوث العامة مثل ّ‬ ‫تعرض األشخاص إلى عوادم‬ ‫السيارات ّ‬ ‫وتلوث األغذية بالكادميوم نتيجة سقي املزروعات بمياه اآلبار التي‬ ‫قد تحتوي على نسب مرتفعة بالكادميوم أو نتيجة وجود الكادميوم في التربة‬ ‫بشكل طبيعي وبالتالي تراكمه في الكائنات آكلة النباتات ضمن السلسلة‬ ‫الغذائية‪ ،‬فقد بينت إحدى الدراسات مراكمة بعض األنواع النباتية‬ ‫املزروعة في حرم مصفاة بانياس للعناصر الثقيلة كالكادميوم وذلك نتيجة‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تلوث بيئة تلك املنطقة بأبخرة املشتقات النفطية (إبراهيم‪ ،)2014 ،‬كما‬ ‫مرتفعة من الكادميوم فوق‬ ‫أشارت إحدى الدراسات إلى وجود مستويات‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫الحد املسموح به بخمسة أضعاف في اللحوم املعلبة املستهلكة في مدينة‬ ‫دمشق (حسين‪.)2016 ،‬‬ ‫‪ .7‬اخلامتة والتوصيات‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫يشكل التلوث باملعادن الثقيلة مشكلة عاملية خطيرة‪ ،‬نظرا إلمكانية تجمعها‬ ‫وتراكمها داخل األنظمة البيئية الحية‪ ،‬وقد واكب التطور التكنولوجي‬ ‫عال من‬ ‫استخدام ًهذه املعادن حيث وصلت ّ إلى مستوى ٍ‬ ‫اإلسراف في ً ً‬ ‫ويعد اإلنسان أحد ضحايا‬ ‫الخطورة تاركة عبئا كبيرا على األنظمة البيئية‪،‬‬ ‫هذا العبء البيئي‪ ،‬وقد بينت نتائج تجربتنا وجود مستويات مرتفعة من‬ ‫تركيز عنصر الكادميوم في الدم عند شريحة من ّاألشخاص القاطنين ملدينة‬ ‫حلب شمال سوريا‪ ،‬لذلك نوص ي العاملين في مولدات األمبير بأخذ الحيطة‬ ‫أثناء العمل وذلك بارتداء الكمامات الواقية من أبخرة الوقود املنطلق‪،‬‬ ‫وكذلك القفازات ملنع االحتكاك املباشر بين الوقود والزيوت والسوائل‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫السامة‬ ‫املستخدمة وبين الجلد خشية االمتصاص الجلدي للعناصر‬ ‫املوجودة في هذه املركبات‪ ،‬كما ننصح باالبتعاد عن التدخين سواء اإليجابي‬ ‫أو السلبي كونه من أهم مصادر دخول الكادميوم إلى الجسم‪.‬‬

.123-119 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ العالقة بين مستويات الكادميوم ومستويات هرمون التستوستيرون لدى عينة من سكان حلب‬.)2021( .‫ محمود‬،‫ محمد عامر و قاسم‬،‫صالحو‬

exposure in rats: Ameliorative potentials of Allium cepa. Journal of Human Reproductive Sciences, 5(1), 37–42. Jurasovic. J., Cvitkovic, P., Pizent, A., Colak, B. and Telisman, S. (2004). Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function with regard to blood cadmium in Croatian male subjects. Biometals, 17(6), 735–43. Kanwar, U., Chadha, S., Batla, A., Sanyal, S.N., and Sandhu, R. (1988). Effect of selected metal ions on the motility and carbohydrate metabolism of ejaculated human spermatozoa. Indian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 32(3), 195–201. Lee, J.W., Kim, Y.E., Kim, YO., Yoo, H. and Kang H.T. (2020). Cigarette smoking in men and women and electronic cigarette smoking in men are associated with higher risk of elevated cadmium level in the blood. J. Korean Med Sci, 35(2), 1–11. Liu, J., Qu, W. and Kadiiska, M.B. (2009). Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 238(3), 209–14. Martin, S. and Griswold, W. (2009). Human health effects of heavy metals. Environ Sci Technol, 15(2), 146–56. Mendiola, J., Moreno, J.M., Roca, M., Vergara-Juarez, N., Martinez-Garcia, M.J., Garcia-Sanchez, A., Elvira-Rendueles, B., Moreno-Grau, S., LopezEspin, J.J., Ten, J., Bernabeu, R. and Torres-Cantero, A.M. (2011). Relationships between heavy metal concentrations in three different body fluids and male reproductive parameters: A pilot study. Environmental Health, 10(1), 1–6. Moffat, A.C., Osselton, M.D., Widdop, B. and Watts, J. (2011). Clarke’s Analysis

of Drugs and Poisons in Pharmaceuticals, Body Fluids and Postmortem Material, 4th edition. London, United Kingdom:

Pharmaceutical Press. Musa, A., Garba. M., Yakasai. I.A. and Odunola. M.T. (2011). Determination of blood levels of cadmium and zinc in humans from Zaria, Nigeria. Woaj Ltd, 2(n/a), 49–54. Saaranen, M., Kantola, M., Saarikoski, S. and Vanha-Perttula, T. (1989). Human seminal plasma cadmium: Comparison with fertility and smoking habits. Andrologia, 21(2), 140–5. Telisman, S., Cvitkovic, P., Jurasovic, J., Pizent, A., Gavella, M. and Rocic, B. (2000). Semen quality and reproductive endocrine function in relation to biomarkers of lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper in men. Environmental Health Perspectives, 108(1), 45–53. Thijssen, S., Cuypers, A., Maringwa, J., Smeets, K., Horemans, N., Lambrichts, I. and Van-Kerkhove, E. (2007). Low cadmium exposure triggers a biphasic oxidative stress response in mice kidneys. Toxicol, 236(2), 29–41. Waisberg, M., Joseph, P., Hale, B. and Beyersmann, D. (2003). Molecular and cellular mechanisms of cadmium carcinogenesis. Toxicol, 192(2), 95– 117. Wang, C., Catlin, D.H., Demers, L.M., Starcevic, B. and Swerdloff, R.S. (2004). Measurement of total serum testosterone in adult men: Comparison of current laboratory methods versus liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J. Clin Endocrinol Metab, 89(2),534–43. Zeng, X., Jin, T., Buchet, J.P., Jiang, X., Kong, Q., Ye T., Bernard, A. and Nordberg, G.F. (2004). Impact of cadmium exposure on male sex hormones: A population-based study in China. Environ Res, 96(3), 338–44. Zeng, X., Jin, T., Zhou, Y., and Nordberg, G. F. (2003). Changes of serum sex hormone levels and MT mRNA expression in rats orally exposed to cadmium. Toxicology, 186(2), 109–118. Zeng, X., Lin, T., Zhou, Y. and Kong, Q. (2002). Alterations of serum hormone levels in male workers occupationally exposed to cadmium. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 65(7), 513–21. Zirkin, B.R. and Papadopoulos, V. (2018). Leydig cells: Formation, function, and regulation. Biology of Reproduction, 99(1), 101–11.

123

‫نبذة عن املؤلفني‬

‫محمد عامرصالحو‬ ،‫ سوريا‬،‫ حلب‬،‫ جامعة حلب‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‬ 00963947816233 ،dimorphism@hotmail.co.uk ‫املاجستير في علم‬ ً ‫ حاصل على درجة‬،‫ سوري‬،‫ صالحو طالب دكتوراه‬.‫أ‬ ‫ اثنان منهما‬،‫ أبحاث سابقا‬7 ‫ قام بنشر‬،‫النسج وبيولوجيا الفقاريات‬ ‫ وشارك‬،‫ سنوات وحتى تاريخه‬7 ‫ مشرف على البيت الحيواني منذ‬،‫خارجيان‬ ‫ اهتمامات بحثية في‬،‫بتنظيم وحضور مؤتمرات محلية كمتحدث ومستمع‬ ّ ‫تأثير املواد في الوقاية والعالج من سمية‬ ‫ وتأثير‬.‫امللوثات على الفقاريات‬ :‫ الحساب على غوغل سكوالر‬.‫العوامل البيئية على التكاثر عند الفقاريات‬ https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=ar&authuser=2&user=xChSIL4AAAAJ

‫محمود قاسم‬ kassem- ،‫ سوريا‬،‫ حلب‬،‫ جامعة حلب‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫قسم علم الحياة الحيوانية‬ 00963944799547 ،mahmoud@hotmail.com

‫ قاسم حصل على درجة الدكتوراه في بيئة ووظيفة الفقاريات من جامعة‬.‫د‬.‫أ‬ ‫ سوري الجنسية ومؤلف للعديد من الكتب‬،1987 ‫ – فرنسا عام‬7‫باريس‬ ‫ مقالة محلية ودولية باللغتين العربية‬50 ‫الجامعية كما نشر أكثر من‬ ‫ رسالة ماجستير وشارك‬13‫ رسائل دكتوراه و‬8 ‫ إشراف على‬،‫واإلنكليزية‬ ‫ له اهتمامات بحثية في‬،‫بحضور مؤتمرات محلية وعاملية كمتحدث ومستمع‬ ‫ كما له‬،‫تأثير املواد و العناصر الكيميائية على أعضاء وأنسجة الفقاريات‬ ‫اهتمامات بحثية في سبل حماية الكائنات املهددة باالنقراض مثل السلمندر‬ :‫ الحساب على غوغل سكوالر‬.‫السوري‬ https://scholar.google.com/citations?view_op=list_works&hl=ar&authuser=3 &user=eijTmDMAAAAJ

‫املراجع‬

‫ دراسة إمكانية مراكمة بعض األنواع النباتية املزروعة في حرم‬.)2014( .‫ دينا‬،‫إبراهيم‬ ،‫ الالذقية‬،‫ جامعة تشرين‬،‫ رسالة ماجستير‬.‫مصفاة بانياس للعناصر الثقيلة‬ .‫سوريا‬ ‫ تقدير املدخول اليومي من الرصاص والكادميوم الناتج من‬.)2016( .‫ عبد الكريم‬،‫حسين‬ ‫ املجلة السورية للبحوث‬،‫استهالك لحم النشون الدجاج في مدينة دمشق‬ .n/a ،)1(3 ،‫الزراعية‬ Ayad, A., Mokhtar, B. and Benbarek, H. (2018). The ability of human electrochemiluminescence immunoassay to measure testosterone and progesterone in plasma ovine. Malaysian Journal of Veterinary Research, 9(1), 22–32. Bernhard, D., Rossman, A., Henderson, B., Kind, M., Seubert, A. and Wick, G. (2006). Increased serum cadmium and ctrontium levels in young smokers effects on arterial endothelial cell gene transcription. American Heart Association, 26(4), 833–8. El-Demerdash, F.M., Yousef, M.I., Kedwany, F.S. and Baghdadi, H.H. (2004). Cadmium induced changes in lipid peroxidation, blood hematology, biochemical parameters and semen quality of male rats: protective role of vitamin E and b-carotene. Food Chem Toxicol, 42(10),1563–71. Elgawish, R.A.R. and Ghanem, M.E. (2014). Effect of long-term cadmium chloride exposure on testicular functions in male albino rats. Am J Anim Vet Sci, 9(4), 182–8. Goering, P.L., Waalkes, M.P. and Klaassen, C.D. (1995). Toxicology of cadmium. In: R.A. Goyer, and M.G. Cherian (eds.) Toxicology of Metals. Berlin, Germany: Springer. Husain, E.A. (2016). Taqdir almadkhul alyawmii min alrasas walkadmiuwm alnnatij min aistihlak lahm lanshun aldijaj fi madinat dimashqa 'Estimation of the daily intake of lead and cadmium resulting from consumption of chicken luncheon meat in Damascus'. Syrian Journal of Agricultural Research, 3(1), n/a. [in Arabic]. Ibrahim, Dina. (2014). Dirasat Iimkaniat Murakamat Bed Al'anwae Alnabatiat Almazrueat fi Haram Musfat Banyas Lileanasir Althaqilati ' Study of the Possibility of Accumulating Some Plant Species Cultivated on the Campus of Banias Refinery for Heavy Metals'. Master Thesis, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria. [in Arabic]. Ige, S.F., Olaleye1, S.B., Akhigbe, R.E., Akanbi, T.A., Oyekunle, O.A. and Udoh, S. (2012). Testicular toxicity and sperm quality following cadmium

Salaho, M.A. and Kassem, M. (2021). Alealaqat bayn mustawayat alkadimyum wamustawayat harmun altistusitirun fi eayinat min sukkan madinat halab ‘The relationship between cadmium levels and testosterone levels in a sample of Aleppo city residents’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences , 22(1), 119–23. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0060

124

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫اإلصالح اخلطي لالستعالم عن قواعد معرفة ذات‬ ‫األولوية باملنطق اخلفيف‬

Lexicographic Repair Under Querying Prioritised DL-Lite Knowledge Bases

Telli Abdelmoutia 1, Hamdi Ghassen 2 and Omri Mohamed Nazih 2

2 ‫ و عمري محمد نزيه‬2 ‫ و حامدي غسان‬1 ‫تلي عبد املطيع‬

1 Department of Computer Science, Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria 2

‫ الجزائر‬،‫ بسكرة‬،‫ جامعة محمد خيضر‬،‫ قسم اإلعالم األلي‬1 ‫ تونس‬،‫ سوسة‬،‫ جامعة سوسة‬، ‫ مخبرالبحث نمذجة أنظمة االستدالل اآللي‬2

MARS Research Laboratory, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0054

16/11/2020

20/01/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

6155

ABSTRACT This article discusses the issue of inconsistency in responses from various DLLite knowledge bases. This inconsistency problem is at the origin of several sources of assertions with different levels of reliability. The various solutions proposed in the literature that have to do with retrieving an exhaustive and coherent list of responses are not satisfactory from the point of view of reliability and performance. The solution that we present to solve this problem is articulated around two phases: the first phase consists of interrogating the different knowledge bases to retrieve all of the possible answers, which may be inconsistent and/or contradictory, and the second phase consists in repairing these inconsistencies and/or contradictions. To do this, we propose an approach based on three algorithms that we developed in this framework: a first algorithm for non-defeat repair, a second algorithm for lexicographic repair and a third algorithm for non-defeat repair based on lexicography of possible inconsistent responses. The experimental study carried out on the different data collections, as well as the analysis of the results obtained, confirm the performance of our approach as well as its efficiency in regards to productivity and complexity in terms of execution time.

20/01/2021

2021

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ DL- ‫تناقش هذه املقالة مشكلة عدم االتساق في االستجابات من مختلف قواعد املعرفة‬ ‫ أصل مشكلة التناقض هي املصادر املتعددة للتأكيدات بمستويات‬.‫ ذات األولوية‬Lite ‫ الحلول املختلفة املقترحة في األدبيات من أجل استعادة قائمة‬.‫مختلفة من املوثوقية‬ ‫ يعتمد الحل‬.‫شاملة ومتماسكة من اإلجابات ليس مرضية من وجهة نظر املوثوقية واألداء‬ ً ،‫ أوال وقبل كل ش يء‬،‫ تتكون املرحلة األولى‬:‫الذي نقدمه لحل هذه املشكلة حول مرحلتين‬ ‫استجواب قواعد املعرفة املختلفة السترداد جميع اإلجابات املحتملة التي قد تكون غير‬ ‫ أو عدم‬/‫ أو متناقضة وتتكون املرحلة الثانية من إصالح هذا التناقض و‬/‫متسقة و‬ ً ‫ اقترحنا‬،‫ للقيام بذلك‬.‫االتساق‬ ‫نهجا يعتمد على ثالث خوارزميات قمنا بتطويرها في هذا‬ ‫ وخوارزمية ثانية لإلصالح الخطي وخوارزمية‬،‫ خوارزمية أولى لإلصالح غير املهزوم‬:‫اإلطار‬ ‫ إن الدراسة التجريبية‬.‫ثالثة لإلصالح الخطي غير املهزوم لإلجابات غير املتسقة املمكنة‬ ‫ وكذل ك تحليل النتائج التي تم‬،‫التي أجريت على مجموعات البيانات املختلفة املعتبرة‬ ‫الحصول عليها تؤكد أداء نهجنا وكذلك كفاءته مع األخذ في االعتبار اإلنتاجية والتعقيد‬ .‫من حيث وقت التنفيذ‬

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Description logics, conjunctive query, answer profile, inconsistent information ‫ معلومات غير متسقة‬،‫ امللف الذاتي لإلجابة‬،‫ االستعالم املترابط‬،‫املنطق الوصفي‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Abdelmoutia, T., Ghassen, H. and Nazih, O.M. (2021). Al'iislah almuejimiu dimn alaistielam ean qawaeid almaerifat DL-Lite dhat al'awlawia ‘Lexicographic repair under querying prioritised DL-Lite knowledge bases’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 124–30. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0054 ‫ العلوم األساسية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ اإلصالح الخطي لالستعالم عن قواعد معرفة ذات األولوية باملنطق الخفيف‬.)2021( .‫ محمد‬،‫ عمري‬،‫ حامدي و نزيه‬،‫ تلي و غسان‬،‫عبداملطيع‬ .130-124 ،)1(22 ،‫والتطبيقية‬

1. Introduction Description logics (DLs) are formal ontological structures for representation and reasoning. Two distinct components are based on a DL knowledge bases (KBs): a terminological basis (called TBox), representing generic knowledge, and an assertional basis (called ABox), containing facts or assertions (Artale, 2009). Recently, there has been a particular interest in ontology-based data access (OBDA), in which using the TBox provides improved use of the ABox while interrogating it (see Lenzerini, 2011; Poggi et al., 2008). An ontology is typically checked and validated in such a setting, whereas the assertions may be supplied in large amounts by different and inaccurate sources that may be inconsistent with the ontology, and manually verifying and validating all the assertions is always too costly. This is why reasoning in the face of inconsistency is very important in OBDA. In an OBDA setting, most works (essentially inspired by approaches in the database field or in sentential logic (Benferhat et al., 1993, 1997; Nebel, 1994) deal with inconsistency in KBs by proposing multiple inferences, called semantics. These semantics depend on the idea of a maximally assertional fix that firmly identifies with the thought of a fix from an information base (Lembo et al., 2010) or a Corresponding Author: Telli Abdelmoutia

maximally consistent subset using propositional logic (see Brewka, 1989; Rescher and Monor, 1970). A repair of an ABox is merely an assertional subset consistent with ontology. Assertions are also provided by multiple and possibly contradictory sources with different standards of reliability in many applications. A certain origin may have various collections of conflicting information with different levels of trust. These information sets provide an inconsistent and prioritised knowledge base (ABox). The following statements summarise the contributions of this paper: 1. The first contribution of this paper is to present a description of the inconsistency issue in the DL-Lite knowledge bases, 2. The second contribution tackled in this work is a review of the literature on inconsistent and prioritised DL-Lite knowledge base problems, 3. Finally, a novel approach is empirically developed to repair answers under inconsistent and prioritised DL-Lite knowledge bases, which has not been addressed in previous scientific literature.

We organise the rest of this article as follows: we give the related works in Section 2. Then, we give the needed background about prioritised DL-Lite KBs in Section 3. In Section 4, we present the basic concepts of consistent unified answer repair. In Sections 5, we show three approaches to handling an inconsistent knowledge base. We provide our experimental analysis in Section 6, and we conclude the paper in Section 7.

a.telli@univ-biskra.dz ,00213541340479

‫ تلي عبد املطيع‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.130-124 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ اإلصالح الخطي لالستعالم عن قواعد معرفة ذات األولوية باملنطق الخفيف‬.)2021( .‫ محمد‬،‫ عمري‬،‫ حامدي و نزيه‬،‫ تلي و غسان‬،‫عبداملطيع‬

2. Related Works There are many scientific works that have dealt with the problem of inconsistency in DL-Lite KBs, which we can summarise in seven groups, as follows: 1.

5. 6.

The works that deal with propositional setting, (Benferhat et al., 1995) where the authors studied the function of priorities in the management of inconsistency within the framework of sentential logic by incorporating acceptable relationships with implications capable of inferring non-trivial assumptions; The works that deal with different semantics, presented essentially in the works of Trivela et al. (2019), Bienvenu et al. (2019) and Dixit (2019). Trivela et al. (2019) suggest a general structure that takes into account the semantics of Intersection Closed ABox Repair (ICAR). Bienvenu et al. (2019) contribute a practical approach for computing the query answers under three semantics, ABox Repair (AR), Intersection ABox Repair (IAR) and brave semantics in the lightweight description logic DL-LiteR. However, Dixit (2019) suggests Consistent Answering via Satisfiability (CAvSAT) as a new solution to inconsistency response problems; The works that deal with standard DL-Lite knowledge bases ( Bertossi, 2011; Bienvenu and Rossati, 2013). The authors adapted many inconsistency algorithms via some provided standards of consistency in many applications, and they studied the data complexity of conjunctive query answering under the standard DL-Lite knowledge bases; The works that deal with prioritised DL-Lite knowledge bases; particularly, the works of Lembo et al. (2010, 2015), Bienvenu and Rossati (2013), Lenzerini (2011) and Benferhat et al. (2016), which compute the consistent subsets of assertions (repairs) in order to restore the consistency of DL-Lite knowledge bases. In addition, Benferhat et al. (2015, 2016) propose a new non-objection inference relation based on the option of only one preferred repair and discuss the complexity of computation inference on ideal repair. Additionally, Telli et al. (2017) propose polynomial strategies for finding a unification repair consistent under all the DL-Lite knowledge bases; The work that deals with OBDA settings, such as Bienvenu et al. (2014)’s, which is one of few works in this context and which focuses on inference with prioritised DL-Lite knowledge bases in OBDA settings; The works that do not deal directly with KBs, such as the works of Hamdi et al. (2018), Boughammoura et al. (2012, 2015) and Boughammoura and Omri (2017), in which the authors studied several query answering strategies and proposed new approaches, querying responses from hidden datasets in which DL-Lite describes KB; The works that deal with answers querying, such as the works of Artale et al. (2009) and Staworko et al. (2012), in which the authors explore the principle of priority answering inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge bases by using user preferences to limit the set of repairs down to a set of preferred repairs.

Our work belongs in a group dealing with answers querying under prioritised DL-Lite knowledge bases. For this purpose, an algorithm starts by querying each stratum of ABox in order to provide us with all the possible response sets. After that, once the response sets are consistent, no repair is applied. Otherwise, the algorithm repairs the response sets. In addition, this paper uses DL-Lite Du and Shen (2013) due to its efficiency in conjunctive query answering and computing contradictory knowledge. Also, we relied only on conjunctive query, as it includes all basic queries, and many first-order queries can be written as conjunctive queries. 3. DL-Lite Knowledge Base The DL-Lite family (Artale et al., 2009; Poggi et al., 2008) is included in OWL2 QL syntax. The knowledge representation format for DLLite is as follows: NC is a set of atomic concepts, NR is a set of atomic roles and NI is a set of individuals or assertions. We consider three −

connectors ‘  ’, ‘  ’ and ‘ ’, which are used to describe complex concepts and complex roles as follows (Artale et al., 2009):

R1 → R2 or R1 → R1

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−

E → R1 or E → R1 Bc → Dc or B → R1 Cc → Bc or Cc → Bc

such that Dc represents an atomic concept, R1 represents an atomic role and R1- represents the inverse of R1. However, Bc represents basic concept, Cc represents complex concept, R1 represents basic role and E represents complex role. A DL-Litecore knowledge base K is a pair K = T, A (Benferhat et al., 1997). T = TBox is made up of a finite set of inclusion axioms between concepts of the form B  C or B  ¬C. A = ABox contains the finite set of assertions (facts) of atomic concepts and roles of the form D(a) and P(a, b). The DL-LiteF language extends DL-Litecore with the capability of functional specification on roles or their inverses of the form (functR). The DL-LiteR language extends DL-Litecore with the ability to specify inclusion axioms between roles in TBox of the form R  E. Note that DL-Lite language does not use connective or disjunctive operators. However, a logical transformation makes it possible to obtain conjunctions and disjunctions as follows: • •

A conjunction of the form B  C  D is equivalent to the pair of inclusion axioms B  C and B  D; A disjunction of the form C  D  B is equivalent to the pair of inclusion axioms C  B and D  B.

Note that all DL-Lite knowledge bases can be written as a First-Order Logic (FOL) knowledge base. In addition, we share the semantics of DL-Lite knowledge bases. A semantics is an interpretation I=(∆𝐼 ,∙𝐼 ) from a non-empty domain ∆𝐼 to interpret function∙𝐼 such that: {∀ x ∈ NI ,  xI ∈ ∆𝐼 , ∀ C ∈ NC ,  CI  ∆𝐼 and ∀ R ∈ NR and  R  ∆𝐼 x∆𝐼 }. Note that a DL-Lite knowledge base is inconsistent if it does not admit any model.

3.1. Prioritised Profile DL-Lite Knowledge Base: We claim that the prioritised profile DL-Lite knowledge base 𝐾𝑃 = < 𝑇, 𝑃𝑠 > for all sets of prioritised ABoxes such that T is a flat (standard) DL-Lite TBox, and Ps = {L1,…,Lm} is a prioritised ABox profile, where Li is a layer (stratum) i, which includes a list of assertions that have the same level of priority, and ∀ 𝑗 > 𝑖 Li is more important than Lj.

3.2. Conjunctive Query: We claim that the query Q={(v)| f(v) is a First-Order Logic formula when: • (v)=(v1,...,vn): free variables, • n: the arity of Q and atoms of f(v), • f(v): D(ti) or R(ti; tj), ∀ D ∈ NC and ∀ 𝑅 ∈ NR and ti, tj are terms. Note that f(v), of the form  (w).conj(v; w), and w are existentially quantified variables, and conj(x; y) is a conjunction of atoms of the form D(ti) or P (ti; tj). Q is said to be a conjunctive query (CQ). An answer to a CQ Q(x) ← conj(x; y) over 𝐾 =< 𝑇, 𝐴 > is a nonempty set of tuples s = (s1,…, sk) ∈ NI x…x NI such that < 𝑇, 𝐴 > ⊨ 𝑄(𝑠). Now, let Q(x) be a conjunctive query. We consider SPs = {S1 ,…, Sm} a set of responses about Q(x) under Ps, and Si = s ∈ NI x…x NI : < 𝑇, 𝐴 >⊨ 𝑄(𝑠) with certainty, when there is no answer to the query Q(x) with respect to Li, Si = ∅. Example 1: We consider 𝐾 =< 𝑇, 𝑃𝑠 > to be a prioritised DL-Lite

knowledge base. Thus, we have T ={C1  ¬C2, C2  ¬ C3, R1  R2 and Ps ={L1, L2, L3}, where L1 = {C2(a), R1(a, c), C1(a)}, L2 = {C1(b), R1(b, c), C3(e), R2(e, c)} and L3 = {C3(b), R1(b, c), C3(a), R1(a, c)}. We consider also the following conjunctive query Q, which requires any individual v have a relationship to c through the role R1: Q(v) =  v: R1(v,c). The list of responses QPs to this query are QL1 = {C1(a), C2(a)}, QL2 = {C1(b)} and QL3 = {C3(b), C3(a)}. 4. Consistent Unified Answers Reasoning In this section, we give a brief refresher, proposed by Benferhat et al. (1992). Then, we will use these concepts to present our approach. The Conflict Answer Sets (CA(QPs)) represent a minimal inconsistent subset CA of the assertions associated with SPs such that CA is inconsistent. Hence, ∀ α ∈ CA, CA \{α} is consistent with respect to TBox. The Free Answer Sets (free(QPs)) represent the subset of facts ∈ QPs that are not included with the Conflict Answer Sets CA in QPs with respect to TBox . We say that an assertion β ∈ QPs is free if ∀α ∈ C(QPs): 𝛽 ∉α. The free individual in a propositional logic context has been previously suggested by Lutz (2013). The answers repair RA (QL1,…,QLm) is a consistent subset, and it is denoted by MARA (maximally inclusion-based answers repair of QPs) if: <T, RA> is consistent and ∀RA  (QL1, …, QLm): RA ∉ R’A, R’A is inconsistent. This definition of MARA is similar to that defined in Lembo et al. (2010). We denote MARA(QPs) by the set of MARA of QPs with respect to T. Inconsistency in flat DL-Lite KBs can be accomplished using the principle of answers repair by applying standard request answers using the entire set of answers repair (AR-entailment (Lembo et al., 2010) or using only one answers repair. The preferred inclusion-based answers repair RARA(QPs) is the extension of the MARA definition, when the DL-Lite ABox is prioritised (Bienvenu et al., 2014). PARA(QPs) = PA1 ∪ … ∪ PAm of QPs such that : ∄MARA(QPs ): P’A1 ∪ … ∪ P’Am of QPs, and if i is an integer: PAi ∈ P’Ai , ∀j=1, …, (i-1), PAj = P’Aj. Example 2: We continue from the previous example. According to the definition of the Conflict Answer Sets, we have CA(QPs) = {(C1(a); C2(a)), (C2(a); C3(a))}. According to the definition of the Free Set Answers, we have free(QPs) = {(C1(b) ; C3(b))}. While, according to the definition of the preferred inclusion-based answers repair, we have PARA(QPs ) = {C1(a), C1(b), C3(b)}. The next section discusses a repair that is used as a selection of facts to deal with inconsistent answers and propose new approaches

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based on a lexicographic approach. The result of the given approaches is a consistent set of corresponding answers. 5. Approaches for Repairing Answers Profile For the rest of the paper, we consider the following settings: • 𝐾𝑃 =< 𝑇, 𝑃𝑠 > as a prioritised DL-Lite knowledge base; • Ps = {L1,…,Lm} as a prioritised ABox profile; • Q as a conjunctive query; • SPs = {S1 ,…, Sm} as a set of answers to a query Q with respect to Ps.; • QPs = (QL1,…,QLm) as a set of assertions associated with SPs; • QLi = {Q(s): s ∈ Si}, where QLi is a set of answers to the query Q for each Li.. For a given repair of answers, we start by interrogating each ABox with a conjunctive query. Then, we recover answers for each level of ABox. Finally, one of the proposed approaches will be run to repair the total set of responses. Algorithm 1 presents the steps necessary to obtain consistent unified answers under a prioritised profile DL-Lite knowledge base. Algorithm 1: Response processing from inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge bases Data: A prioritised DL-Lite KBs <T, (L1,…Lm)> Conjunctive query Q Result: Consistent unified answers Interrogation of each ABox Li by Q Recovery answers for each ABox <T, (QL1,…QLi)> If <T, (QL1,…QLm)> is consistent, then Consistent unified answers are returned Or Repairing using one of the proposed approaches Returns consistent unified answers End.

5.1. Non-Defeated Repair of Inconsistent Answers This new repair of inconsistent answers consists of evaluating the set of assertions associated with the answers to a given query in reference to the ABox profile proposed by Benferhat et al. (1992). The non-defeated repair of inconsistent responses is ndA(QPs ) = A’1 ∪ … ∪ A’m, where ∀i = 1… m; A’i = free(QL1 ∪ … ∪ QLi ); namely, ndA(QPs ) = free(QL1) ∪ free(QL1 ∪ QL2)∪…∪ free(QL1 ∪… ∪QLm). The non-defeated answers repair is computed in polynomial time in DL-Lite, as it appears in Algorithm 2. It starts by initialising the set of ndA repair. Then, it computes the set of free assertions in (QL1 ∪ … ∪ QLi ), which is done in polynomial time because the free set assertions can be computed in linear time with respect to the conflict set assertions. Hence, the computation of ndA(QPs) is also done in polynomial time. Algorithm 2: Non-Defeated Repair of Inconsistent Answers Data: A prioritised DL-Lite KBs <T, (L1,…Lm)> Conjunctive query Q Result: Consistent unified answers ndA(QPs) Interrogation of each ABox Li by Q Recovery answers for each ABox <T, (QL1,…QLm)>

nd (Q )  

A Ps for i=1 to m do

nd (Q )  nd A (QPs )  free(QL1  ...  QLi )

A Ps return ndA(QPs ) end.

Example 3: We continue from the previous example. We have free(QL1 ) = {∅}, free(QL2 ) = {C1(b)} and free(QL3 ) = {C3(b), C3(a)}. Hence, ndA(QPs ) = {C1(b); C3(b); C3(a)}. Clearly, A query Q is said to be a ndA(QPs)-the consequence of KPs, denoted by KPs ⊨ Q, if and only if KP = <T, ndA(QPs)> ⊨Q.

5.2. Lexicographic Repair of Inconsistent Answers In the propositional context, lexicographic inference has been commonly used by Benferhat et al. (1993). One approach to

lexicographic repair is PARLex(QPs) of inconsistent answers, which is based on the cardinality criterion instead of the set inclusion criterion. The lexicographic repair of inconsistent answers PARLex(QPs) is defined as follows: ∀ PQps = PA1 ∪ … ∪ PAm ∈ PARA(QPs): ∄ i such that |PAi| > |LAi| and ∀j < I, |PAj| = |LAi|, where |X| represent the cardinality of the set X. Clearly, using a lexicographic-based approach comes down to selecting among the set of repairs in PARA(QPs), particularly the ones having the maximal number of elements (See Algorithm 3). Algorithm 3: Lexicographic Repair of Inconsistent Answers Data: A prioritised DL-Lite KBs <T, (L1,…Lm)> Conjunctive query Q Result: Consistent unified answers PARLex(QPs) Interrogation of each ABox Li by Q Recovery answers for each ABox <T, (QL1,…QLm)>

PAR (QPs )  

Lex for i=1 to m do

PAR (Q )  PARLex (QPs )  PAR(QL1  ...  QLi )

Lex Ps return PARLex(QPs) end.

In particular, the large number of PARLex(QPs) that can be determined from an inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge base is one of the main PAR-entailment issues. However, Algorithm 3 proceeds from the first answers set to the less preferred ones. Thus, the assertions selected do not conflict with the ones in the first answers set in order to ensure the maximally prioritised returned set with respect to lexicographic ordering. Hence, this algorithm is based on checking for inconsistency, and its computational complexity is polynomial. Example 4: We continue from the previous example. We have PARLex(QPs) = {C2(a), C1(b), C3(b)}. Clearly, a query Q is said to be a PARLex(QPs)-the consequence of KPs, denoted by KPs ⊨ Q, if and only if KP = <T, PARLex(QPs)> ⊨ Q. The next subsection proposes an approach that consists of introducing a cardinality criterion instead of a set inclusion criterion and is based on non-defeated repair of inconsistent answers. We discuss lexicographic-based non-defeated repair of inconsistent answers.

5.3. Lexicographic-Based Non-Defeated Repair of Inconsistent Answers The lexicographic-based non-defeated repair of inconsistent answers denoted by ndLex(QPs) = L’1 ∪ … ∪ L’m is defined as follows: ∀i = 1 to m: Li = ∩ RA ∈ MARALex(L1 ∪ … ∪ Li) RA, where MARALex(Li) = RA: RA ∈ MARA(Li), and ∄ R’A ∈ MARA(L) such that |R’A| > |RA|. Algorithm 4: Lexicographic-Based Non-Defeated Repair of Inconsistent Answers Data: A prioritised DL-Lite KBs <T, (L1,…Lm)> Conjunctive query Q Result: Consistent unified answers PARLex(QPs Interrogation of each ABox Li by Q Recovery answers for each ABox <T, (QL1,…QLm)>

nd (Q )  

Lex Ps for i=1 to m do

nd (Q )  nd Lex (QPs )  PARLex (QLi )

Lex Ps return PARLex(QPs) end.

According to the Algorithm 4, the main advantage of the lexicographic-based non-defeated repair of inconsistent answers approach is the production of more conclusions than the standard non-defeated repair of inconsistent answers approach, ndA(QPs). Note that this algorithm is based on the previous polynomial algorithms. Hence, it is also done in polynomial time. Example 5: We continue from the previous example. We have ndLex(QPs )={C1(a); C1(b); C3(b); C3(a)}.

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Clearly, a query Q is said to be a ndLex(QPs)-the consequence of KPs denoted by KPs ⊨ Q, if and only if KP = <T, ndLex(QPs)> ⊨Q. 6. Experimental Analysis This section presents an experimental analysis of the running time and productivity of our proposed approaches.

6.1. Software and Hardware Environments We have implemented our algorithms to compute a consistent unified answer in Java programming language, Web Ontology Language Second Edition-Query Language (OWL2-QL) function syntax and a Structured Query Language Lite (SQLite) database engine for relational database manipulation. Then, we used: • The benchmark existing on https://code.google.com/p/combo-obda; • The TBox of ontology Lehigh University Benchmark ∃ (LUBM∃) 20 •

(Calvanese et al., 2005) and The Extended University Data Generator (EUDG) for generating the ABoxes.

All experiments were performed on an ASUS Sonic Master Introduction laptop Model X556QUK with an Intel (R) Core(TM) (i5) 7200 CPU @ 2.50 GHz 2.71 GHz. 4 GB DDR3 RAM. This hardware configuration is installed in a 64-bit operating system, x64 processor (Windows 10 Home).

6.2. Experimental Parameters The theoretical foundations of this work can be found in Calvanese et al. (2005)’s document. Their work explains how exactly we modified the original LUBM data generator and ontology. It consists an evaluation of the ABox, which stores relational database (DB) queries expressed from the negative closure of the TBox to exhibit whether the KBs contains conflicting elements. This negative closure of a KBs is made of the list of all negative axioms of the form (B  ¬C), which can be derived from TBox by applying positive rules onto negative ones. The LUBM∃ 20 ontology contains the axioms presented in Table I. Our proposed approaches are based on a DL-Lite ontology parser and an SQLite database engine. They are also specifically focused on some of the following operations: checking consistency and checking conflict. We emphasised that the process of computing the conflicts set would be realised once and for all and kept it in mind during all experimentations. After all the settings were available, we proceeded to repair the DL-Lite knowledge base using the different approaches proposed in this work. Axioms Classes Object Property Data Property Subclass Of Disjoint Class Of Subobject Property Of Inverse Object Properties Disjoint Object Properties Object Property Domain Object Property Range Data Property Domain

Table 1. Ontology LUBM Information Size Examples 129 FullProfessor, Faculty 28 HasFaculty, isPartOfUniversity 7 DataPropertyDomain(age Person) 153 SubclassOf(Professor Faculty) 643 DisjointClassOf (Techer, Student) 5 SubobjectPropertyOf(headOf worksFor) 3 InverseObjectProperties(HasSupervisor) 227 DisjointObjectPropertyOf(headOf advisor) 25 ObjectPropertyDomain(advisor Person) 22 ObjectPropertyRange(advisor Professor) 4 DataPropertyDomain(age Person)

6.3. Tests and Results We used an SQLite engine to calculate the conflict elements and to check for inconsistencies. This allowed for efficient management of inconsistency. Then, using EUDG, we generated an ABox, divided it into 2, 4 and 6 strata, each with 50, 100, 200, 300 and 500 sets of conflict elements. For each case, we launched conjunctive query, and we collected the corresponding answers. We focused on two important features: calculation time and productivity of answers repair to evaluate our proposed algorithms. We analysed our

approaches by evaluating the results observed in the following graphs: 6.3.1. Calculation Time of Answers Repair By calculation time of answers repair, we mean the time it took to compute our proposed algorithms of repairs. The set of graphs in Fig. 1 presents the results obtained in these experimentations.

128

Fig. 2. The assertions retained after the answers repair (the productivity in %)

Fig. 1. The time (in seconds) taken to calculate the answers repair

6.3.2 Productivity of Answers Repair By productivity, we mean all assertions that were retained from the answers that restore the answers’ consistency. The results obtained in this experiment are presented in Fig. 2.

6.4. Analysis and Evaluation of Results According to Fig 1, the running time to calculate the lexicographicbased answers repair using the non-defeated approach was greater than the lexicographic and non-defeated approaches. Thus, the running time was affected by increasing the number of conflicts and the number of strata. Similarly, the productivity of the answers repair shown in Fig 2 proves that the lexicographic-based non-defeated answers repair algorithm was more productive than the lexicographic and non-defeated approaches in all cases. Consequently, the productivity was affected proportionately by the size of the conflicts set and the number of strata in the ABox. More precisely, there was a convergence between all proposed approaches to running time and productivity when the size of the conflicts set was less than 200 elements. Nevertheless, we found significant increases in running time and productivity after that. These results proved that the productivity (number of answers returned by applying query) of an applied lexicographic base to nondefeated answers repair on prioritised KBs was more than the repairs standard approach to non-defeated answers repair. Generally, there was a high degree of efficiency when the

correspondence between the query and the number of requested assertions was significant. We also noticed that the lexicographicbased non-defeated approach was the best performing repair approach, compared to the other two approaches. Finally, we noted that the calculations of conflict sets had an important impact on our approaches due to having to continuously update the degree of inconsistency, which can be increased when new assertions are added. Hence, it suffices to account for the new conflicts that arise as a result of adding new assertions. Our investigation yielded some positive results, including the development of new polynomial algorithms, such as lexicographicbased non-defeated answers repair with conjunctive query. The analysis we conducted for consistent query answering in lightweight ontologies proved that our repairs were computed incrementally, starting from the first layer until the last one. In summary, the size of conflicting elements and the number of layers in the ABoxes are considered principal properties that directly influence the running time and the productivity of our approaches. Particularly, the lexicographic-based ndA-inference offers an important number of consistent answers compared to the ndAinference and the Lex-inference. 7. Conclusion In this article, we focused on the problem of inconsistent answers from prioritised DL-Lite KB. After giving the basic concepts of DL-Lite hierarchical knowledge bases and how to fix inconsistent responses of conjunctive queries, we presented an approach which relies on three algorithms in order to repair all possible answers, instead of fixing all the knowledge bases. Our approach consisted of, first, a non-defeated repair, then a lexicographic repair and, finally, a non-defeated repair based on the lexicographic of possible incoherent responses. These different repairs are done in a polynomial time, which allowed us to reduce the operating complexity and increase productivity while remaining efficient, as shown in the paragraph which presents the experimental study. In the future, we will expand interest through the following axes. The first axis is to compare in-depth our approach, and the main approaches in the literature, with other data collections in order to give researchers more studies and analyses about handling the problem of repairing inconsistent and/or contradictory responses in the context of priority queries in DL-Lite knowledge bases. Through this study, we hope to definitively confirm the performance and robustness of our proposed approach. As a second axis, we plan to study how to deal with missing information (conflict answer sets) in knowledge bases. And as a third axis, we will add how to repair knowledge bases starting with repairing answers. Biographies

Telli Abdelmoutia Department of Computer Science, Biskra University, Biskra, Algeria, 00213541340479, a.telli@univ-biskra.dz Dr Abdelmoutia is an Algerian senior lecturer. He received his PhD degree from Biskra University in Algeria in 2018 with a Co-tutelle from Artois University in Lille (France). His current research interests concern the representation of knowledge, the management of uncertainties and the management of conflicts in priority knowledge bases. In addition, he is a member of the CRIL-CNRS Lab (Artois University – France) and the PRFU project (M’sila University – Algeria).

129

orcid.org/0000-0002-2907-9782. Hamdi Ghassen MARS Research Laboratory, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia, 0021641655264, hamdighassan@gmail.com Dr Ghassen is a Tunisian teacher. He received his PhD degree in computer science from the Higher Institute of Computer Science and Communication Technologies of Hamman Sousse in Sousse, Tunisia in December 2020. His research activity is particularly focused on knowledge representation and reasoning. Moreover, he is a member of the Modelling of Automated Reasoning Systems (MARS) Research Laboratory.

Omri Mohamed Nazih MARS Research Laboratory, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia, 0021673369502, mohamednazih.omri@eniso.u-sousse.tn Prof. Nazih has been a Tunisian professor of computer science since 2011. He received his PhD degree from Jussieu University in Paris, France in 1994. He is a founding member of the Modelling of Automated Reasoning Systems (MARS) Research Laboratory. His group conducts research on information retrieval, Data Base and knowledge bases. He is a reviewer of many international journals, such as Information Fusion and Expert System and Application, and many international conferences: AMIA, ICNC-FSKD and AMAI. References Arenas, M., Bertossi, L. and Chomicki, J. (1999). Consistent query answers in inconsistent databases. In: Proceedings of the Eighteenth ACM

SIGMOD-SIGACT-SIGART Symposium on Principles of Database Systems, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 31/05–02/06/1999. (pp. 68-

79) Artale, A., Calvanese, D., Kontchakov, R. and Zakharyaschev, M. (2009). The DL-Lite family and relations. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 36(1), 1–69. Baget, J.F., Benferhat, S., Bouraoui, Z., Croitoru, M., Mugnier, M.L., Papini, O., Rocher, S. and Tabia, K. (2016). A general modifier-based framework for inconsistency-tolerant query answering. In:

Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'16),

Cape Town, South Africa, 04–25/04/2016. Baral, C., Kraus, S. and Minker, J. (1991). Combining multiple knowledge bases. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 3(2), 208–20. Baral, C., Kraus, S., Minker, J. and Subrahmanian, V.S. (1972). Combining knowledge bases consisting of first-order analysis. Comput. Intell. 8(1), 45–71. Benferhat, S., Bouraoui, Z. and Tabia, K. (2015). How to select one preferred assertional-based repair from Inconsistent and prioritised DL-lite knowledge bases? In: 24th International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 25/07– 01/08/2015. Benferhat, S., Bouraoui, Z., Croitoru, M., Papini, O. and Tabia, K. (2016). Non-objection inference for inconsistency-tolerant query answering. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New York, United States, 09–15/07/2016. Benferhat, S., Cayrol, C., Dubois, D., Lang, J. and Prade, H. (1993). Inconsistency management and prioritised syntax-based entailment. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Chambery, France, 28/08–03/09/1993. Benferhat, S., Dubois, D. and Prade, H. (1992). Representing default rules in possibilistic logic. In: Proc. of the 3rd Inter. Conf. on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning (KR'92), Cambridge, MA, USA, 09–25/10/1992. Benferhat, S., Dubois, D. and Prade, H. (1995). How to infer from inconsistent beliefs without revising? In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 05–20/08/1995. Benferhat, S., Dubois, D. and Prade, H. (1997). Some syntactic approaches to the handling of inconsistent knowledge bases: A comparative study part 1: The flat case. Studia Logica, 58(1), 17–45. Bertossi, L. (2011). Database repairing and consistent query answering. Synthesis Lectures on Data Management, 3(5), 1–121.

Bienvenu, M. (2012). On the complexity of consistent query answering in the presence of simple ontologies. In: Twenty-Sixth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 06–22/07/2012. Bienvenu, M. and Rosati, R. (2013). Tractable approximations of consistent query answering for robust ontology-based data access. In: TwentyThird International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Beijing, China, 03–09/08/2013. Bienvenu, M., Bourgaux, C. and Goasdoué, F. (2014). Querying inconsistent description logic knowledge bases under preferred repair semantics. In: AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Québec, Canada, 27– 31/07/2014. Bienvenu, M., Bourgaux, C. and Goasdoué, F. (2016). Query-driven repairing of inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge bases. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New York, United States, 09– 15/07/2016. Bienvenu, M., Bourgaux, C. and Goasdoué, F. (2019). Computing and explaining query answers over inconsistent DL-Lite knowledge bases. Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 64(n/a), 563–644. Boughammoura, R. and Omri, M.N. (2017). Querying deep web data bases without accessing to data. In: 13th International Conference on

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Nebel, B. (1994). Base revision operations and schemes: Semantics, representation, and complexity. In: 11th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 8–12/08/1994. Poggi, A., Lembo, D., Calvanese, D., De Giacomo, G., Lenzerini, M. and Rosati, R. (2008). Linking data to ontologies. Journal on Data Semantics X, 10(n/a), 133–73. Rescher, N. and Manor, R. (1970). On inference from inconsistent premisses. Theory and Decision, 1(2), 179–217. Staworko, S., Chomicki, J. and Marcinkowski, J. (2012). Prioritised repairing and consistent query answering in relational databases. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence, 64(2-3), 209–46. Telli, A., Benferhat, S., Bourahla, M., Bouraoui, Z. and Tabia, K. (2017). Polynomial algorithms for computing a single preferred assertionalbased repair. KI-Künstliche Intelligenz, 31(1), 15–30. Trivela, D., Stoilos, G. and Vassalos, V. (2019). Query rewriting for DL ontologies under the ICAR semantics. In: International Joint Conference on Rules and Reasoning, Macao, China, 10– 16/08/2019.

Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery (ICNC-FSKD), Guilin, China, 29–30/09/2017.

Boughammoura, R., Hlaoua, L. and Omri, M.N. (2015). G-form: A collaborative design approach to regard deep web form as galaxy of concepts. In, International Conference on Cooperative Design, Visualization and Engineering, Mallorca, Spain, 3–20/09/2015. Boughammoura, R., Omri, M.N. and Hlaoua, L. (2012). Information retrieval from deep web based on visual query interpretation. International Journal of Information Retrieval Research (IJIRR), 2(4), 45–59. Brewka, G. (1989). Preferred subtheories: An extended logical framework for default reasoning. In: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Detroit, MI, USA, 05–20/08/1989. Calvanese, D., De Giacomo, G., Lembo, D., Lenzerini, M. and Rosati, R. (2005). DL-Lite: Tractable description logics for ontologies. In: AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 09– 13/07/2005. Chomicki, J. (2007). Consistent query answering: Five easy pieces. In: International Conference on Database Theory, Barcelona, Spain, 02–10/01/2007. Dixit, A.A. (2019). CAvSAT: A system for query answering over inconsistent databases. In: Proceedings of the 2019 International Conference on Management of Data, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 30/05– 05/06/2019. Du, J., Qi, G. and Shen, Y.D. (2013). Weight-based consistent query answering over inconsistent SHIQ knowledge bases. Knowledge and Information Systems, 34(2), 335–71. Hamdi, G., Omri, M.N., Benferhat, S., Bouraoui, Z. and Papini, O. (2020). Query answering dl-lite knowledge bases from hidden datasets. Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence. DOI: 10.1007/s10472-02009714-2 Hamdi, G., Telli, A. and Omri, M.N., (2020). Querying of several DL-Lite knowledge bases from various information sources-based polynomial response unification approach. Journal of King Saud University-Computer and Information Sciences. DOI: 10.1016/j.jksuci.2020.06.002 Lembo, D., Lenzerini, M., Rosati, R., Ruzzi, M. and Savo, D. F. (2010). Inconsistency-tolerant semantics for description logics. In: International Conference on Web Reasoning and Rule Systems, Bressanone, Italy, 23–24/09/2010. Lenzerini, M. (2011, October 24–28). Ontology-based data management. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM International Conference On Information And Knowledge Management, Glasgow, Scotland, UK. Lukasiewicz, T., Martinez, M.V. and Simari, G.I. (2012). Inconsistency handling in datalog+/-ontologies. In: Proceedings of the 20th European Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Montpellier, France, 27– 31/08/2012. Lukasiewicz, T., Martinez, M. V., Pieris, A. and Simari, G. I. (2015). From classical to consistent query answering under existential rules. In: Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Austin Texas, USA, 25–30/01/2015. Lutz, C., Seylan, I., Toman, D. and Wolter, F. (2013). The combined approach to OBDA: Taming role hierarchies using filters. In: International Semantic Web Conference, Sydney, Australia, 21–25/10/2013. Martinez, M.V., Parisi, F., Pugliese, A., Simari, G.I. and Subrahmanian, V.S. (2008). Inconsistency management policies. In: Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning, Sydney, Australia, 16– 19/09/2008. Abdelmoutia, T., Ghassen, H. and Nazih, O.M. (2021). Al'iislah almuejimiu dimn alaistielam ean qawaeid almaerifat DL-Lite dhat al'awlawia ‘Lexicographic repair under querying prioritised DL-lite knowledge bases’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 124–30. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0054

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‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫معدل انتشار داء القلب اإلقفارى حسب اجلنس‬ ‫ السعودية‬:‫بني مرضى قسم الطوارئ‬

Gender-Specific Prevalence of Ischemic Heart Disease among EmergencyDepartment Patients: Saudi Arabia

‫عماد على الخوفى‬

Emad Ali Al Khoufi

‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية الطب‬،‫قسم الطب الباطني‬

Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫االستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/med/0038

05/10/2020

23/01/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

5043

2021

23/01/2021 22

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ َّ ‫ناقش عدد قليل من الدراسات الوبائية انتشار داء القلب اإلقفاري حسب الجنس؛ لذلك‬ ‫فإن‬ ‫كان هدفنا التحقق من معدل انتشار داء القلب اإلقفاري حسب الجنس بين املرض ى السعوديين‬ ّ ‫ ومعرفة ما إذا كان هذا املعدل يتأثر باإلصابة بداء السكري‬،‫الطوارئ‬ ُ ‫الذين يترددون على قسم‬ َ ْ ‫ مريض من املرض ى السعوديين املترددين‬300 ‫ أجريت الدراسة على‬.‫ أو ارتفاع ضغط الدم‬/ ‫و‬ ‫ وقد ُح ِّّدد‬.‫على قسم الطوارئ بمركز األمير سلطان للقلب باألحساء باململكة العربية السعودية‬ ‫ أو ضغط انبساطي‬/ ‫ و‬،‫ مم زئبق أو أكثر‬140 ‫ارتفاع ضغط الدم بـأنه ضغط انقباض ي يساوي‬ ً ‫ مم زئبق أو أكثر أو أن املريض‬90 ‫يساوي‬ ‫ وبعد‬،‫حاليا يتعاطى األدوية الخافضة للضغط‬ ‫تشخيص داء القلب اإلقفاري عن طريق مخطط كهربية القلب أو عالمات القلب أو اختبار‬ ‫ من اإلناث مصابون‬٪72‫ من الذكور و‬٪80 ‫ تبين أن‬،‫تمارين القلب أو تصوير األوعية التاجية‬ ‫) مقارنة‬٪62( ‫ ولوحظ وجود داء السكري بشكل ملحوظ أعلى عند اإلناث‬،‫بارتفاع ضغط الدم‬ ‫ من اإلناث مصابات بداء السكري وارتفاع ضغط الدم مقارنة بالذكور‬٪ 70 ‫ وأن‬،)٪48( ‫بالذكور‬ .‫ وقد لوحظ أن معدل حدوث داء القلب اإلقفاري في الذكور أعلى بكثير مقارنة باإلناث‬.)٪38( ‫) مقارنة بالذكور‬٪52( ‫ كان معدل حدوث احتشاء عضلة القلب أكبر عند اإلناث‬،‫ومع ذلك‬ ‫)؛ لذا قد يؤثر ارتفاع ضغط الدم والسكري املترافقين على انتشار احتشاء عضلة القلب‬٪38( ‫ ومن‬.‫بين الجنسين لدى مرض ى قسم الطوارئ مع مالحظة املزيد من حاالت االحتشاء بين اإلناث‬ .‫املمكن أن تساعد هذه النتائج في توجيه استراتيجية العالج في كال الجنسين‬

ABSTRACT Few epidemiological studies have discussed the gender-specific prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD). We aimed to investigate the gender-specific prevalence of IHD among Saudi patients visiting the emergency department and if it is affected by diabetes mellitus and/or hypertension. Three hundred patients were recruited from Prince Sultan Cardiac Center in Al Ahsa, KSA. Hypertension was identified as systolic pressure equal to or more than 140 mmHg and/or diastolic pressure equal to or more than 90 mmHg or by the patient currently being on antihypertensive medication, and coronary artery disease (CAD) was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, cardiac markers, cardiac exercise testing or coronary angiography. Hypertension was found in 80% of males and 72% of females. A significantly higher rate of diabetes was noted in females (62%) compared to males (48%) (p<0.012). Coexisting diabetes and hypertension was found in 70% of females as compared to 38% of males. The occurrence of IHD in males was significantly higher than that in females (p<0.001). However, the incidence of myocardial infarction was greater in females (52%) compared to males (38%) (p<0.035). Co-existing hypertension and diabetes may affect the gender prevalence of myocardial infarction among emergency department patients, with more infarctions being noted among females. This finding helps to guide the treatment strategy for both genders.

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Al Ahsa, cardiovascular risk, coronary artery disease, ischemic heart disease, systemic hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus ‫ داء القلب اإلقفارى‬،‫ داء السكري من النوع الثاني‬،‫ أمراض القلب واألوعية الدموية‬،‫ أمراض الشرايين التاجية‬،‫ ارتفاع ضغط الدم‬،‫األحساء‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Al Khoufi E.A. (2021). Gender-specific prevalence of ischemic heart disease among emergency-department patients: Saudi Arabia, ‘Mueadal aintishar da' alqalb al'iqfara hsb aljins bayn mardaa qism altwary: Alsewdy’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 131–5. DOI: 10.37575/b/med/0038 -131 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ السعودية‬:‫ معدل انتشار داء القلب اإلقفارى حسب الجنس بين مرض ى قسم الطوارئ‬.)2021( .‫ عماد علي‬،‫الخوفى‬ .135

1. Introduction The leading cause of death worldwide is still cardiovascular disease (Lopez, 1993). Two major risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease, are hypertension (HTN) and diabetes mellitus (DM) (Petrie et al., 2018). Mortality and morbidity of patients with diabetes originate from associated vascular complications (Kannel and McGee, 1979), hence the consideration of diabetes as a vascular disease. Hypertension is also considered an important cardiovascular risk factor. Hypertension has been shown to be the world's most significant risk for coronary artery disease (CAD), which is present in 80.3% of patients (Bhatt et al., 2006). According to the American Heart Association, 40% of deaths due to heart disease are associated with high arterial blood pressure (De Ferranti et al., 2014). The number of cases of hypertension, stroke and CAD are estimated to have doubled by the year 2050 (Fox et al., 2015). Evidence from epidemiological studies suggest a close correlation between CAD and hypertension. Most trials to detect the effect of Corresponding Author: Emad Ali Al Khoufi

hypertension control on the risk of CAD reported a modest short-term decrease in blood pressure, which provides a 16% reduction in CAD events. These trials were largely performed in men with uncomplicated, mild to moderate hypertension. However, it is unlikely that ischemic heart disease would be preventable in most hypertensive patients by treating high blood pressure alone (McInnes, 1995). Published results from a national study on CAD in Saudis Study (CADISS) in 2004 and 2007 revealed that the prevalence of CAD and hypertension in the general population of Saudi Arabia was around 5.5% and 26.1 %, respectively (Al-Nozha et al., 2004). Type 2 diabetes and hypertension are each clearly associated with cardiovascular disease, including coronary artery disease. In many instances systemic hypertension and diabetes co-exist from the start or develop sequentially in the same patient. This co-existence arises from the fact that they have common pathogenic mechanisms, including obesity, stress and insulin resistance (Wilson et al., 2005). The frequency of hypertension in patients with diabetes is double that of those without diabetes (Petrie et al., 2018). Moreover, the risk

ealkhoufi@kfu.edu.sa ,00966564909044

‫ عماد على الخوفى‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.135-131 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ السعودية‬:‫ معدل انتشار داء القلب اإلقفارى حسب الجنس بين مرض ى قسم الطوارئ‬.)2021( .‫ علي‬،‫ عماد‬،‫الخوفى‬

of diabetes rises in those with hypertension as compared to the general population (Kim et al., 2015). In patients with both DM and HTN, the chance of suffering from cardiovascular disease (CVD) is four times greater than in normotensive, non-diabetic control subjects (Stamler et al., 1993; Hu et al., 2007). The Framingham cohort research revealed that hypertensive patients at the time of diagnosis with diabetes, in addition to cardiovascular incidents, had a greater risk of all-cause mortality than diabetic subjects without hypertension (Chen et al., 2011). Despite the well-known effects of both type 2 diabetes and systemic hypertension on cardiovascular events, the interaction of these factors when they co-exist is not well characterised in studies. Furthermore, the effect of this co-existence of risk factors on the other characteristics of CVD risk specifications (e.g. gender-specific prevalence, severity or outcome) is not well studied. In this study we aimed to ascertain the consequences of co-existing hypertension and type 2 diabetes on ischemic heart disease in patients visiting the emergency room at the Prince Sultan Cardiac Center. We hypothesised that the presence of both hypertension and diabetes may affect the gender-specific prevalence of ischemic heart disease and, additionally, affect both the risk and outcome of coronary disease as compared to that expected with the presence of each condition alone. 2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Study Design: This is an observational cross-sectional study based on a random collection of data from the electronic files of patients visiting the emergency department at the Prince Sultan Cardiac Center Hospital, Al-hasa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 300 Saudi adult patients (126 men and 174 women) were enrolled. Sample size was calculated using a target population of all hypertensive people in Hofuf and Almubaraz. According to figures from 2010, the total population of Hofuf and Almubaraz was estimated to be 660,800 (Salam, 2013) and, with a projected growth rate of 2.41%, the estimated population in 2018 was 788,202. Considering hypertension affects 15.2 % of the population (Al-Turki et al., 2008), the estimated hypertensive population in the cities of Hofuf and Al Mubarraz is 119,806. The sample size was 272, determined using Steven Thompson's formula for sample size (2012), with the margin of error (confidence interval) determined as 5.65%, the confidence level as 95% and the total population as 119,806. This work was performed in compliance with the approval of the Committee for Ethics of the King Faisal University College of Medicine and the Helsinki Declaration and its amendments by the World Medical Association (WMA). After providing appropriate instructions on the study’s goals and results, written forms of consent were collected from the patients. The study was carried out during the year 2018. Hypertension was prospectively identified when systolic blood pressure equalled or exceeded 140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure equalled or exceeded 90 mmHg or when the patient was currently on antihypertensive medications. CAD was diagnosed by electrocardiogram, cardiac markers, cardiac exercise testing or a coronary angiography. Patients' data were collected from the electronic files. HTN was diagnosed by a correct blood pressure (BP) measurement. The standard precautions before measurement of arterial blood pressure were followed. It is made after the measurement of BP on 3–5 different visits. Saudi guidelines for hypertension, published online in 2017, were used as a reference. They state that 80% of the

132

arm should be encircled by the cuff bladder, and the cuff width should be 40% of the arm diameter. A sphygmomanometer was used in the initial diagnosis. Automated blood pressure machines were used only for follow-up visits. In the office or out-of-office (including home) setting, HTN can be diagnosed. None of the included patients were diagnosed using the ambulatory method. Diabetes mellitus was diagnosed according to the American Diabetes Association guidelines included in ‘Standards of medical care in diabetes 2018’, which consider the patient diabetic when the level of fasting blood glucose (FPG) is equal to or more than 126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L), the 2-hour plasma glucose (PG) is equal to or more than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) or if the glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C) is equal to or more than 6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The findings can be verified by repeated testing if unequivocal hyperglycaemia is absent (American Diabetes Association, 2018). Data for the presence of ischemic heart disease were collected from the electronic files based on one or more of the ischemic findings in resting 12-lead electrocardiogram, blood cardiac markers, cardiac stress testing and invasive coronary angiography. Ischemia was diagnosed using the guide of abnormalities of the ST-segment (Code4) and T-wave (Code5) of the Minnesota Code (Sawai et al., 2017). Other ECG abnormalities (e.g. arrhythmia, left ventricular hypertrophy and left bundle branch block) were taken into consideration. Troponins of the heart, namely troponin I (TnI) and troponin T (TnT), and creatinine kinase MB were used to help diagnose myocardial injury and ischemia, according to the 2014 guidelines of the American Heart Association, depending mainly on cardiac troponin T. The cut-off values were at the 99th percentile reference limit (Amsterdam et al., 2014).

2.2. Inclusion Criteria: Saudi adult male and female patients of 18 years of age or above with different presentations at the emergency room of the cardiac centre.

2.3. Exclusion Criteria: Patients with secondary diabetes or secondary hypertension, or those who were taking medications that affect diabetes or hypertension control (e.g. steroids and immunosuppressive drugs) were excluded from the study, as these factors may confound the results. Patients with autoimmune and rheumatologic conditions as well as patients with end-stage renal or liver disease were excluded. Additionally, the study excluded pregnant patients and those with rheumatic or valvular heart diseases.

2.4. Data Collection: The records of all patients enrolled in the study that included demographic data such as age, sex and educational/occupational status were revised. Details of hypertension history, duration and medication were obtained. The history of diabetes, including its duration, type, medications, complications and glycaemic control parameters, was assessed. CAD characteristics were evaluated, including age at CAD diagnosis, current protocols for management, complications, admission frequency and details of previous strokes or myocardial infarctions. Laboratory data on cardiac markers, lipid profile and diagnostic ECG, cardiac exercise testing and a coronary angiography were also evaluated. Detection of the primary end point was the cause of admission of select patients.

2.5. Management of Data and Analysis of Statistics: Data have been analysed using version 20.0 of SPSS (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL). Numerical data were tested for distribution normality.

Proportions, ratio and frequency of expression were used for categorical data, and Chi square and t-test were used for comparison. Using mean and standard deviation, continuous data was conveyed. Differences of p<0.05 were considered significant.

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significant effect on the presentation of hypertension in male or female subjects (p= 0.54), as shown in Figure 1. Figure 1. Presentation of blood pressure levels, fasting blood sugar (FBS) and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in male and female diabetic and non-diabetic subjects. In diabetic and non-diabetic subjects, systolic and diastolic pressures in men and women are not significantly different. (p<0.45 and p<0.58)

3. Results Out of the 300 participants in our study, 126 were male (42%) and 174 (58%) were female. The age differences between male (61.8±13.9 years) and female (57.6±19.4 years) subjects were not statistically significant. Among the 126 male subjects, 101 (80%) had hypertension and 60 (48 %) had diabetes, and 64 (51%) displayed evidence of the presence of ischemic heart disease. In the female subjects, 126 (72%) had hypertension and 108 (62 %) had diabetes, and 42 (24 %) showed symptoms of ischemic heart disease. A higher proportion of male subjects, 96 (76%), were hospitalised as compared to 78 female subjects (45%) (Table 1). Table 1: Clinical characteristics of the studied population Number Age HTN DM IHD Male 126 61.8±13.9 101 (126) (80%) 60 (126) (48%) 64 (126) (51%)* Female 174 57.6±19.4 126 (174) (72%) 108 (174) (62%)* 42 (174) (24%) Male (H) 96 (126) (76%)* 64.4±14.7 71 (96) (74%) 54 (96) (57%) 64 (96) (67%)* Female (H) 78 (174) (45%) 65.8±15.4 72 (78) (92%)* 59 (78) (75%)* 41 (78) (52%) Male (NH) 30 (126) (24%) 59.8±10.4 30 (30) (100%)* 6 (30) (20%) 0 (30) Female (NH) 96 (174) (55%) 62.3±7.4 54 (96) (56%) 48 (96) (50%)* 0 (96) Note. HTN [hypertension], DM [diabetes mellitus] and IHD [ischemic heart disease]. H [admitted to hospital] and NH [not admitted to hospital].

No statistically significant difference was found between male and female groups in regard to clinically established hypertension (p=0.08). However, significant difference was found between the prevalence of diabetes in male and female groups, with more instances of diabetes mellitus being found in females (p<0.012). The occurrence of ischemic heart disease was significantly greater in males than in females (p<0.001). A significantly higher prevalence of admission was noted in males (75%) as compared to females (44%) (p<0.001). Furthermore, females had a lower incidence of ischemic heart disease but a higher prevalence of myocardial infraction (52%) in comparison to the male subjects (38%); this difference is statistically significant (p<0.035). Stroke (12.6%) was reported in male subjects only (Table 2). Table 2: Clinical data of male and female subjects admitted to hospital N Age HTN DM IHD MI 96 (126) 62.4±14.7 71 (96) 54 (96) 64 (95) 36 (96) (75%) (74%) (57%) (67%) (38%) Female (H) 78 (174) 65.8±15.4 72 (78) 59 (78) 41 (78) 41 (78) (44%) (92%) (75%) (52%) (52%) P- value 0.001 0.178 0.003 0.004 0.001 0.031 Note. HTN [hypertension], DM [diabetes mellitus], IHD [ischemic heart disease] and MI infraction]. H [admitted to hospital]. N [number], significant at P-value <0.05. Male (H)

Stroke 12 (96) (12.6%) 0 (78) 0.001 [myocardial

The prevalence of myocardial infractions was higher in females with diabetes (71%) than in males with diabetes (22%), and there was a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001). This observation suggests that, for females, diabetes may be an important factor contributing to the occurrence of myocardial infraction (Table 3). A higher percentage of female subjects (70%) had both DM and HTN as compared to male subjects (38%), as shown in Table 4. Table 3: The clinical data of male and female subjects with diabetes mellitus who were admitted and not admitted to hospital N Age DM HTN IHD MI Male (H) 54 (96) 69.2±12.3 54 (54) 36 (54) 35 (54) 12 (54) (with DM) (56%) 100% 66% 65% 22% Female (H) 60 (78) 62.8±13.8 60 (60) 54 (60) 41 (60) 42 (60) (with DM) (76%) (100%) (90%) (69%) (71%) P-value 0.78 0.178 0.78 0.002 0.83 0.0001 Male (NH) 6 (30) 59.8±10.4 6 (6) 6 (6) 0 (6) 0 (6) (with DM) (20%) (100%) (100%) Female (NH) 48 (96) 62.3±7.4 48 (48) 42 (48) 0 (48) 0 (48) (with DM) (50%) (100%) (88%) P-value 0.3 0.7 0.78 0.358 0.7 0.8

Furthermore, patient data on fasting blood glucose and Hb1AC were analysed to investigate whether hypertension is modified in the presence of diabetes. It appears that the presence of diabetes has no

4. Discussion The current cross-sectional observational study performed on a random sample of emergency-room visitors at Prince Sultan Cardiac Center attempted to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension, type 2 DM and their co-existence, as well as their effects on the genderspecific prevalence of ischemic events among the studied group. The study revealed that the presence of co-existing diabetes mellitus and hypertension in females favours the prevalence of myocardial infarction (MI); however, the total number of ischemic events remained significantly higher in males. No statistically significant difference was found in age and body mass index between the male and female groups; hence, these will not confound the results. The prevalence of HTN and DM in both males and females is high among visitors to the emergency room in comparison to average population. The statistically significant difference appeared only with the prevalence of diabetes, which was higher in the female group. Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are common co-existing disorders, and hypertension is twice as common in diabetic patients as in non-diabetics. Patients with hypertension also display insulin resistance and are at greater risk of diabetes than people with normal blood pressure. Both diabetes and hypertension are important risk factors for the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease. For diabetics, the risk of CVD is increased by two to three times. Hypertension and diabetes are both independent risk factors for heart disease. Masoudkabir et al. (2015) studied 10,502 consecutive patients who underwent coronary angiography, regarding cardiovascular risk factors and their synergistic effects on the severity of CAD, and found that hypertension has a synergistic impact on DM and the severity of CAD in males. Interestingly, they did not find an interaction between hypertension and smoking, dyslipidaemia or a family history of CAD. Multiple studies have checked the effects of clustering cardiovascular risk factors on CVD incidence and outcome. The results of the Multiple Risk Factors Interventional Trial demonstrated the additional impact of diabetes along with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a cohort of 5,163 men taking diabetes medications and 342,815 who were not taking any drugs for diabetes. They found that the absolute risk of death due to CVD increased steeply in diabetic men compared to non-diabetic men. The absolute risk was thus increasingly higher in diabetic men, rather than in non-diabetic (Masoudkabir et al., 2015).

In this study, we did not consider cardiovascular death as an endpoint. Our endpoint was the prevalence of ischemic events. The measurable tool for this evaluation was the percentage of admissions and the diagnoses of ischemic events. In the current study, in spite of having a significantly lower percentage of admission and total prevalence of ischemic events, females display a significantly higher prevalence of diabetes and a statistically significant percentage of diagnoses of myocardial infarction. Studies have shown that diabetes mellitus substantially reduces the wellknown protective impact of being female on cardiovascular risk and can even reverse it (Booth et al., 2006; Kappert et al., 2012; Anand et al., 2008). Data from meta-analyses that examine the relative risk of catastrophic diabetes-related coronary heart disease in both women and men indicate an elevated risk in women (Huxley et al., 2011). The common view that the female ‘advantage’ in CAD incidence is caused only by the difference in sex hormones, the availability of oestrogen in particular, is not valid. Several other factors may play a role, including sexual dimorphism and sexual inequality in the management and treatment of cardiovascular risk factors, as well as genetic factors and sex chromosome genes in people with diabetes. The explanation of this effect on the gender-specific prevalence or outcome of CVD is not well explained. It has been postulated that among diabetic women there may be an increased constellation of multiple other cardiovascular risk factors or a decrease in risk-factor control (Madonna et al., 2019). The results of this study could be further explained by the known lack of exercise and outdoor activities among Saudi females as compared to males (Al-Hazzaa, 2018), which may explain the increased prevalence of diabetes and/or MI. Another factor is that, in this study, the subject ages were 57.6±19.4 years and, during this time, the suggested protective effect of gender hormones may be lost or attenuated. These findings may raise suspicions regarding the precision of gender difference in cardiovascular disease in older age groups. The risk prediction models (RPMs) currently available for CVDs, diabetes mellitus and hypertension were compared in a systematic analysis regarding their efficacy in properly identifying patients at risk of developing these diseases. This revealed that clear evidence is present only for the prediction of CVD; the Framingham score, by itself or in association with the Ankle-Brachial Index, and QRISK score can be considered as the gold standard. Further efforts must not be focused on the production of new scores but should, instead, focus on the external validation of existing scores, particularly in groups at high risk (Lucaroni et al., 2019). Results of this study and similar studies should add to the validation and/or modification of the RPMs that are currently available. The strength of this study comes from the fact that, to our knowledge, it is the first study to address genderspecific differences in CVD among the Saudi population. The limitation of this study is that it does not take into account some female-only factors that may confound the prevalence of CVD (e.g. exercise profile or intake of oral contraceptives). Additionally, we did not consider albuminuria, as it was not available for all patients. The sample size should be higher to increase the level of confidence. We recommend strict management of both diabetes and hypertension among females and further screening in symptomatic patients to detect early diabetes and early hypertension. Furthermore, the importance of lifestyle modification among Saudi women should be intensified. Additional studies are required to evaluate genderspecific CVD risk and outcome with different risk factor clustering. Furthermore, additional studies to determine the relative effects of control of these conditions on improving CVD outcome would be

134

beneficial. The limitations of this study are the relatively small sample size and single-centre experience, so further large-scale, and multi-centre studies are highly recommended. 5. Conclusion Co-existing diabetes and hypertension may have synergistic effects on ischemic heart disease events and the rate of admission for emergency-room patients. The presence of type 2 DM in women may modify or even reverse the gender-specific prevalence of myocardial infarction, but it has no effect on the total number of ischemic events. In this group, this could be explained by the association of DM with multiple CVD risk factors and the targeted management of these risks. Strict diabetes control, diabetes mellitus screening and implementation of a cardiovascular risk management plan should be intensified among Saudi women as well as men. The validation and/or modification of currently available cardiovascular disease RPMs is justifiable. Biography

Emad Ali Al Khoufi Internal Medicine Department, College of Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966564909044, ealkhoufi@kfu.edu.sa

Dr Emad obtained his MD equivalency from the Saudi Board of Internal Medicine in 2013. He is a Saudi assistant professor and has been head of the Internal Medicine Department since 2017. He is involved in teaching, academic research and researcher supervision and is a member of the strategic planning and curriculum committees in the College of Medicine. His research focuses on cardiac diseases, haematological disorders and infectious diseases. He was the chairperson of the International Conference on Hematological Diseases organising committee in 2019. He has publications in peerreviewed international journals such as GJHS, IJCR, and LAJP. He has two proposals underway on COVID-19. ORCID: 0000-0002-44278579. References Al-Hazzaa, H.M. (2018). Physical inactivity in Saudi Arabia revisited: a systematic review of inactivity prevalence and perceived barriers to active living. International Journal of Health Sciences, 12(6), 50– 64. Al-Nozha, M.M., Arafah, M.R., Al-Mazrou, Y.Y., Al-Maatouq, M.A., Khan, N.B., Khalil, M.Z., Al-Khadra, A.H., Al-Marzouki, K., Abdullah, M.A., Al-Harthi, S.S. and Al-Shahid, M.S. (2004). Coronary artery disease in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J, 25(9), 1165–71. Al-Turki, K.A., Al-Baghli, N.A., Al-Ghamdi, A.J., and El-Zubaier, A.G. (2008). Hypertension in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia: Results of a screening campaign. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 15(3), 95–101. Amsterdam, E.A., Wenger, N.K., Brindis, R.G., Casey, D.E., Ganiats, T.G., Holmes, D.R., Jaffe, A.S., Jneid, H., Kelly, R.F., Kontos, M.C. and Levine, G.N. (2014). 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with non–ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 64(24), e139–e228. Anand, S.S., Islam, S., Rosengren, A., Franzosi, M.G., Steyn, K., Yusufali, A.H., Keltai, M., Diaz, R., Rangarajan, S., and Yusuf, S. (2008). Risk factors for myocardial infarction in women and men: insights from the INTERHEART study. European Heart Journal, 29(7), 932–40. American Diabetes Association. (2018). 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: standards of medical care in diabetes–2018. Diabetes Care, 41(Supplement 1), S13–S27. Bhatt, D.L., Steg, P.G., Ohman, E.M., Hirsch, A.T., Ikeda, Y., Mas, J.L., Goto, S., Liau, C.S., Richard, A.J., Röther, J. and Wilson, P.W. (2006). International prevalence, recognition, and treatment of

cardiovascular risk factors in outpatients with atherothrombosis. Jama, 295(2), 180–9. Booth, G.L., Kapral, M.K., Fung, K. and Tu, J.V. (2006). Relation between age and cardiovascular disease in men and women with diabetes compared with non-diabetic people: a population-based retrospective cohort study. The Lancet, 368(9529), 29–36. Chen, G., McAlister, F.A., Walker, R.L., Hemmelgarn, B.R. and Campbell, N.R. (2011). Cardiovascular outcomes in Framingham participants with diabetes: the importance of blood pressure. Hypertension, 57(5), 891–7. De Ferranti, S.D., De Boer, I.H., Fonseca, V., Fox, C.S., Golden, S.H., Lavie, C.J., Magge, S.N., Marx, N., McGuire, D.K., Orchard, T.J. and Zinman, B. (2014). Type 1 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association. Circulation, 130(13), 1110–30. Fox, C.S., Golden, S.H., Anderson, C., Bray, G.A., Burke, L.E., De Boer, I.H., Deedwania, P., Eckel, R.H., Ershow, A.G., Fradkin, J. and Inzucchi, S.E. (2015). Update on prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus in light of recent evidence: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association and the American Diabetes Association. Circulation, 132(8), 691–718. Hu, G., Jousilahti, P. and Tuomilehto, J. (2007). Joint effects of history of hypertension at baseline and type 2 diabetes at baseline and during follow-up on the risk of coronary heart disease. European Heart Journal, 28(24), 3059–66. Huxley, R.R., Filion, K.B., Konety, S. and Alonso, A. (2011). Meta-analysis of cohort and case-control studies of type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of atrial fibrillation. The American Journal of Cardiology, 108(1), 56–62. Kannel, W.B. and McGee, D.L. (1979). Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: the Framingham study. Jama, 241(19), 2035–8. Kappert, K., Böhm, M., Schmieder, R., Schumacher, H., Teo, K., Yusuf, S., Sleight, P. and Unger, T. (2012). Impact of sex on cardiovascular outcome in patients at high cardiovascular risk: analysis of the telmisartan randomized assessment study in ACE-intolerant subjects with cardiovascular disease (TRANSCEND) and the ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global end point trial (ONTARGET). Circulation, 126(8), 934– 41. Kim, M.J., Lim, N.K., Choi, S.J. and Park, H.Y. (2015). Hypertension is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes: the Korean genome and epidemiology study. Hypertension Research, 38(11), 783–9. Lopez, A.D. (1993). Assessing the burden of mortality from cardiovascular diseases. World Health Stat Q., 46(2), 91–6. Lucaroni, F., Modica, D.C., Macino, M., Palombi, L., Abbondanzieri, A., Agosti, G., Biondi, G., Morciano, L. and Vinci, A. (2019). Can risk be predicted? An umbrella systematic review of current risk prediction models for cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and hypertension. BMJ Open, 9(12), 1–12. Madonna, R., Balistreri, C.R., De Rosa, S., Muscoli, S., Selvaggio, S., Selvaggio, G., Ferdinandy, P. and De Caterina, R. (2019). Impact of sex differences and diabetes on coronary atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 8(1), 98–116. Masoudkabir, F., Poorhosseini, H., Vasheghani-Farahani, A., Hakki, E., Roayaei, P. and Kassaian, S.E. (2015). Synergistic effect of hypertension with diabetes mellitus and gender on severity of coronary atherosclerosis: Findings from Tehran Heart Center registry. ARYA Atherosclerosis, 11(6), 317–322. McInnes, G.T. (1995). Hypertension and coronary artery disease: cause and effect. Journal of Hypertension. Supplement: Official Journal of the International Society of Hypertension, 13(2), S49– S56. Petrie, J.R., Guzik, T.J. and Touyz, R.M. (2018). Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: clinical insights and vascular mechanisms. Canadian Journal of Cardiology, 34(5), 575–84. Salam, A.A. (2013). Population and household census, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2010: facts and figures. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 3(16), 258–63. Sawai, T., Imano, H., Muraki, I., Hayama-Terada, M., Shimizu, Y., Cui, R., Kitamura, A., Kiyama, M., Okada, T., Ohira, T. and Yamagishi, K. (2017). Changes in ischaemic ECG abnormalities and subsequent risk of cardiovascular disease. Heart Asia, 9(1), 36–43. Stamler, J., Vaccaro, O., Neaton, J.D., Wentworth, D. and Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group. (1993). Diabetes, other risk factors, and 12-yr cardiovascular mortality for men screened in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Diabetes Care, 16(2), 434– 44. Thompson, S.K. (2012). Sampling, Third edition, P: 59–60. New York, NY: Wiley.

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Wilson, P.W., D’Agostino, R.B., Parise, H., Sullivan, L. and Meigs, J.B. (2005). Metabolic syndrome as a precursor of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Circulation, 112(20), 3066–72.

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‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫تقويم أمن البنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات يف‬ ‫الكبرية‬ ‫املنشآت‬ ّ

Security Assessment of Large-Scale IT Infrastructure Shouki A. Ebad

‫شوقي عبدهللا عباد‬

Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia LINK ‫الرابط‬

‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ عرعر‬،‫ جامعة الحدود الشمالية‬،‫ كلية العلوم‬،‫قسم علوم الحاسبات‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/cmp/0055

19/11/2020

23/01/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

7986

2021

23/01/2021 22

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ ً ‫ فإن أمن املعلومات‬،‫نظرا ألن املؤسسات في الوقت الراهن تعتمد على اإلنترنت في أعمالها‬ ‫ وقد‬.‫للعناصر املكونة للبنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات الخاصة بتلك املؤسسات أمر مهم‬ َّ ‫لبنية‬ ًّ ‫تقويما‬ ً - ‫ على مستوى املنشآت الكبيرة‬- ‫تحتي ٍة كهذه‬ ‫أظهرت الدراسات السابقة أن‬ ٍ ‫أمنيا‬ ً َ ‫لم‬ ً ً ‫اهتماما‬ ‫ تم‬،‫ في هذا البحث‬.‫كبيرا من الباحثين مقارنة بنظيره على مستوى البرمجيات‬ ‫يلق‬ ،‫فحص البنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات في إحدى املؤسسات الحكومية الكبيرة في السعودية‬ ‫ ً ووضع التوصيات املالئمة‬،‫وذلك من أجل تحديد الثغرات التي تهدد أمن املعلومات في بيئة كهذه‬ ‫ تم استخدام املنهج النوعي في هذه الدراسة؛ مشتمال على مجموعة التركيز‬.‫لكل ثغرة‬ ‫ نتائج الدراسة أظهرت َّأن أهم‬.‫واالجتماعات املباشرة واملالحظات والبيانات األرشيفية‬ ‫ عدم االلتزام بمبادئ‬:‫) الشبكات (مثال‬1( :‫التهديدات األمنية يمكن تقسيمها إلى ثالث فئات‬ ‫) املستخدم النهائي‬3( ،)‫ إدارة الباتش‬:‫) األنظمة والتخزين (مثال‬2( ،)‫التصميم اآلمن للشبكة‬ ‫ كما تمت اإلشارة إلى الدروس املستفادة من هذا‬.)‫ اإلجراءات التشغيلية‬:‫ومعلوماته (مثال‬ :‫ ومن تلك العوامل‬،‫التقويم من خالل مناقشة العوامل التي تعالج املخاطر والتهديدات األمنية‬ ‫ واتباع أفضل املمارسات في إدارة‬،‫ والتوثيق‬،‫ املراقبة اآلنية لألنظمة‬:‫إدارة البنية التحتية (مثال‬ ‫ وإعادة تصميم‬،)‫ تجديد رخص الدعم الفني‬:‫ وأعمال البرمجيات (مثال‬،)‫مشاريع التقنية‬ ‫ وإجراءات االستجابة للحوادث (من‬،)‫ تجنب التصميم املعتمد على نقطة مفردة‬:‫الشبكة (مثال‬ ً ‫علما َّأن هناك‬ ً .)‫واضحة وتنفيذها‬ ‫أنواعا من التهديدات يصعب اكتشافها‬ ‫اءات‬ ٍ ‫خالل تطوير إجر‬ ٍ ‫ ستساعد هذه الدراسة املختصين مثل مهندس ي املتطلبات‬.‫ مثل التهديدات املتتالية‬،‫وتقويمها‬ .‫ وواضعي اللوائح األمنية‬،‫ ومديري األنظمة‬،‫األمنية‬

ABSTRACT Due to today’s online interactions, the security of IT infrastructure components is important for organizations. The literature survey revealed that evaluation of security of an IT infrastructure has not received as much attention from the research communities as that of application security. This paper examined an example of Saudi IT infrastructure to identify the challenges that threaten security, along with recommendations to address these challenges. Different qualitative methods were used in data collection, including focus groups, direct meetings, observations, and archival data/documents. Key categories of security threats are found to be networking, (e.g., violation of the principles of secure design), systems and storage (e.g., patching management), and information/endpoint (e.g., operation procedures). The lessons learned indicated that these infrastructure security risks can be addressed through various means, including infrastructure management (e.g., monitoring, documentation, and compliance with project management practices), software business activities (e.g., renewal of vendor support service), network redesigning (e.g., avoiding single point of failure structure), and incident response procedures (through developing and implementing clear, formal procedures). Some kinds of infrastructure security threats, such as cascading threats, are difficult to discover and evaluate. This study will assist security requirements engineers, systems managers, and security compliance officers.

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Assessment, IT infrastructure, IT security, networking, security engineering, systems management ‫ هندسة األمان‬،‫ الشبكات‬،‫ تقويم‬،‫ البنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات‬،‫ أمن تقنية املعلومات‬،‫إدارة األنظمة‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Ebad, S.A. (2021). Taqwim 'amn albinyat altahtiat litaqniat almaelumat fi almunshat alkabira ‘Security assessment of large-scale IT infrastructure’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 136–43. DOI: 10.37575/b/cmp/0055 ّ .143-136 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تقويم أمن البنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات في املنشآت الكبيرة‬.)2021( .‫ شوقي عبدهللا‬،‫عباد‬

1. Introduction IT infrastructure includes everything that supports the processing and flow of information in an organization (Pearlson, 2019). It consists of different IT resources that provide a basis from which to enable current and future business applications. It includes four classes of components: (1) hardware components (e.g., personal computers (PCs) and servers, (2) software components (e.g., operating system (OS) platforms and database management systems, (3) data and storage components (e.g., data quantity, data format, data transfer, and storage media), (4) networking components (e.g., switches, hubs, and routers). Some writers on management information systems add non-technical elements such as ‘human’ as a fifth class of IT infrastructure components (Sousa and Oz, 2015). These components must also be combined in a coherent model if they are to represent usable infrastructure. IT infrastructure has an impact on an organization at three different levels: processes, assets, and individuals. This impact may be positive or negative depending on factors such as configuration, security, and energy consumption (Shrivastava, 2015). However, infrastructure longevity not only Corresponding Author: Shouki A. Ebad

depends on the organization’s strategic planning, but also on the degree of advances affecting the technologies on which the IT manager depends (Pearlson, 2019). The matter may become particularly complicated in the case of financial firms, which store their assets (e.g., gold and real estate) in digital form (Priem, 2020). Many technical issues should also be considered when choosing infrastructure; a frequently used criterion is security, which refers to how well an infrastructure component protects the organization against basic information security threats. In other words, it ensures that the infrastructure is configured to resist cyberattack (Sommerville, 2015). In essence, organizations want to protect their infrastructure components from those who may attempt to misuse them. Because organizations increasingly depend on their pervasive applications, vulnerabilities in their systems grows rapidly (Ahmed et al., 2017). This makes IT infrastructure security a critical business concern. Accordingly, IT infrastructure security is not only a technical or engineering issue, but also a managerial one, as system managers must set up their infrastructure to resist attacks (Sommerville, 2015). This requires a set of managerial tasks (e.g., user accounts management, attack management, and software maintenance).

shouki.abbad@nbu.edu.sa ,00966508808620

ّ ‫ شوقي عبدهللا‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬ ‫عباد‬

ّ .143-136 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تقويم أمن البنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات في املنشآت الكبيرة‬.)2021( .‫ شوقي عبدهللا‬،‫عباد‬

In addition, disruptions in IT infrastructure may have economic and social impacts on organizations (Ebad 2018a; Alanazi et al., 2020). This has been confirmed by previous studies. For instance, egovernment projects and enterprise resource planning projects may fail because of poor IT infrastructure at organizations (Shang and Seddon 2000; Alateyah et al. 2013; Ebad, 2018a). Project failure ranges from delays and cancellation to a loss of millions of dollars of technology Ebad, 2018a). It is therefore important that the continuous monitoring of IT infrastructure security becomes part of IT service management best practices (Marrone and Kolbe, 2011). Countries also depend on IT as a key factor in measuring their national e-readiness (Rabii and Abdelaziz, 2015). At a basic level, security is important because it ensures the integrity of the operations that take place on trusted computing infrastructure. As a consequence of this, organizations must conduct real-world security assessments of such infrastructure to ensure their security of the entire organization, through identifying possible security issues in every functional unit in the organization. However, performing these assessments in is a difficult, time-consuming task, as today’s IT infrastructure is increasingly complex and involves diverse relationships (Schoenfisch et al. 2018). This study tackles the problem using a qualitative approach, focusing on an example of large-scale infrastructure in the governmental sector in Saudi Arabia. Although the IT field in Saudi Arabia has received governmental subsidization, Saudi organizations still struggle to secure their ITbased systems (Ebad 2018a; Alanazi et al., 2020). The evaluation comprises the detection and diagnosis of the technical problems that threaten infrastructure security, along with recommendations for how to address such problems. Accordingly, the contribution of this study comes from the need to understand the security threats faced by real-world IT infrastructure at big organizations in the public sector. Such a disastrous case explains what happens, why, and where. To the best of our knowledge, while large-scale case studies have been used to assess application security, the research community has given less attention to using them for the assessment of the attribute security of IT infrastructure (Yasasin et al. 2020). Furthermore, using a real-world case allows an understanding of the consequences for the whole organization. This is because the focus is based on systems theory, which considers IT infrastructure components as a whole, rather than on traditional approaches, where the parts are examined separately. This improves the chances of converting future security failures into successes. The infrastructure studied herein is also much broader than in previous works (e.g., Antonino et al., 2010; Sanchez-Nielsen 2011; Schoenfisch et al. 2018). 2. Literature Review Sommerville (2015) introduced issues that should be considered when designing secure application systems, such as life-cycle risk assessment, operational risk assessment, architecture and design guidelines for secure systems development, and understanding system survivability. Antonino et al. (2010) developed a method for evaluating the security of service-oriented, architecture-based applications at architecture level. The method depends on recovering security-relevant facts about the application by using reverse engineering techniques and subsequently providing automated support for further interactive security analysis at the structural level. Using a questionnaire method, Shrivastava (2015) investigated the influence of IT infrastructure on information security at organization level. The major items in the questionnaire concerned privacy, integrity, vulnerability, unauthorized access, data leaks, forged identities, and email safety. The results showed that 97% of participants know the importance of security, including CCTV

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cameras and visitor registers, 92% admit that their organizations require a security assessment policy, 96% favor using licensed applications, and 94% admit there must be a backup policy in organizations. Chaturvedi et al. (2008) made an attempt to present a snapshot of cyber security infrastructure in an Indian context. The authors stated that their attempt was a precondition for all ecommerce and e-governance initiatives being taken the world over. Shoffner et al. (2013) developed the Secure Medical Research Workspace (SMWR) system to enable researchers to use medical data securely. The system minimizes the risk presented when using identifying medical data, thereby protecting researchers, patients, and institutions. It was built on a combination of data loss prevention software and virtualization. The SMWR system can be combined with other security approaches and scaled to production levels. To achieve high availability of services, Schoenfisch et al. (2018) proposed an approach for calculating the root cause of a failure in an IT infrastructure component. They used Markov Logic Networks, which combine logical formulas (to describe dependencies) and probabilities (to express various possible risks) in a single representation, and applied their approach to the small case study of a multifunctioning office printer. Zambon et al. (2010) introduced a new qualitative time dependency model and technique for the qualitative assessment of availability risks, based on the propagation of availability incidents in IT infrastructure. They applied the model to a real-world case by carrying out a risk assessment on the authentication and authorization system of a large multinational company. The model provided better results in terms of accuracy and reduced the number of subjective decisions taken by the risk assessor. Sanchez-Nielsen et al. (2011) designed and implemented a multiagent system to support incident management in IT infrastructure and restore normal service operation as quickly as possible. To illustrate the main features of their application, an experimental context simulating real-world IT infrastructure was used. Mastelic and Brandic (2013) introduced a method for comparing IT infrastructures, considering time and capacity. For time, they used two techniques: story points used by agile development teams to estimate project complexity, and Amdahl’s law for the possibility of modeling task parallelization. For capacity, they introduced an intuitive resource slicing approach that divides resources into their smallest usable configurations. They evaluated their method by comparing physical infrastructure with cloud infrastructure, focusing only on processor and memory resources. Hashizume et al. (2013) categorized security issues for cloud computing with respect to its models (SaaS, PaaS and IaaS). As a result, storage was the biggest security concern, followed by virtualization. Kirby (2015) discussed seven best practices that allow organizations to leverage their physical infrastructure as a strategic advantage and minimize risks. These include matching infrastructure capabilities to the business mission, knowing the risks, building vs. buying decisions (consider internal management vs. the demands of vendor oversight), starting with the end in mind, focusing on operations, trust but with verification, and efficiency. Ahmed et al. (2017) proposed an enterprise architecture model focused on security; it combined the essential elements, features, and relationships that make up a secure organizational framework. Compared with the existing models, theirs included kernel-based security architecture with risk and incidents management systems. Dalol (2018) measured the effectiveness of accounting information systems in light of IT infrastructure security and development. The results showed a strong, positive, significant correlation between the existence of IT infrastructure and the effectiveness of accounting information systems. There was also a nearly strong, positive, significant correlation between the existence of information security

Ebad, S.A. (2021). Taqwim 'amn albinyat altahtiat litaqniat almaelumat fi almunshat alkabira ‘Security sssessment of large-scale IT infrastructure’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences , 22(1), 136–43. DOI: 10.37575/b/cmp/0055

and the effectiveness of accounting information systems. Adu and Adjei (2018) investigated cyber security awareness in corporate organizations in Ghana. The main result was that awareness of cyber security remains limited. In addition, most organizations were not integrating legal features into their information security policies. Teymourlouei and Harris (2019) evaluated the importance of cybersecurity in small business organizations and provided recommendations about critical parts of an effective security plan. In conclusion, most of the previous research discussed focuses on other aspects of IT infrastructure, rather than on security. Some studies concentrate on specific types of infrastructure components, such as memory (Mastelic and Brandic, 2013), or on physical infrastructure components (Kirby, 2015). Some focus on quality attributes, such as availability (Schoenfisch et al. 2018; SanchezNielsen 2011; Zambon et al. 2010) or awareness (Adu and Adjei, 2018). Many studies focus on a specific kind of infrastructure, such as cloud computing (Mastelic and Brandic 2013; Hashizume et al. 2013), while others evaluate the security of IT infrastructure using the questionnaire method (Shrivastava 2015; Dalol 2018; Adu and Adjei 2018) or literature surveys (Hashizume et al. 2013). Such research methods are insufficient when it comes to identifying security issues because, while they may reflect opinions, they cannot address the “why” and “how” questions as effectively as the case study method, which addresses the case as a phenomenon. A few studies have evaluated, to some extent, the security of infrastructure, but only by focusing on a particular type of application, such as service-oriented, architecture-based applications (Antonino et al. 2010), medical applications (Shoffner et al. 2010), accounting information systems (Dalol 2018), or small organizations (Teymourlouei and Harris, 2019). Some researchers have performed assessments on simulated IT infrastructure. To the best of our knowledge, no existing study has presented an assessment of security in the real-world IT infrastructure of a large organization. This study investigates the security issues faced by practitioners, and discusses the lessons that can be learned. 3. Case Study Design Case studies are a research method conducted to investigate a contemporary phenomenon in its real-life context (Wohlin et al., 2012). They are used for empirical studies in various fields, such as medicine, policy, sociology, politics, psychology, and public administration, and are suitable for the evaluation of industrial ITrelated phenomena and establishing how or why they occur, as in this study.

3.1. Management and Business Context: A case study at a large government organization in Saudi Arabia (hereafter, Org.) was carried out. Org. has over 50 departments distributed throughout four branches in four cities. It employs approximately 5,000 staff members and has 20,000 clients and business partners. The procurement department provides every employee with a PC, laptop, or tablet, and the IT department (ITD) supports the business by offering several applications accessed via these devices. The ITD facilities for all branches are located at the headquarters, where this evaluation was conducted. ITD consists of six main functional units. Each unit has a head, who communicates with the top management (i.e., three hierarchical levels: unit staff, unit heads, and top management). Table 1 presents these units, sizes, and their responsibilities. Table 1: ITD units in Org. Unit description Responsibilities Unit #1 (a) the network foundation including incidents, virtual private network, protocols, Networking & servers). and creating/maintenance of wired/wireless access points (b) physical and logical

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Size: ~10 people.

servers including maintenance, security, hosting, and creation (c) administration of the active directory, and (d) domain name system (e) virtualization A data center houses and maintains Org.’s IT infrastructure for the continuity of daily operations. The data center operators are responsible for monitoring the status of equipment, cooling, heating, power, adding new equipment, removing equipment due to defects. They are also responsible for managing the entrance of ITD people or visitors to the data center. Unit #3 (E-services). Size: E-mail, Web site (e.g., maintenance & contents), message service, user accounts, ~5 people. application development Unit #4 (Technical Solving the employees’ problems related to hardware (e.g., PCs, laptops, tablets, support). Size: ~10 printers, scanners), software (e.g., OS, software update, antivirus) people. Unit #5 (Telephone Hardware/software-related issues or support of the landline phone, fax, e-fax, &Videoconferencing). and videoconference machines (e.g., installation, configurations). Size: ~5 people. Unit #6 (Business Maintaining enterprise systems, e.g., enterprise resource planning, eApplications). Size: ~4 corresponding, and document management. people. Unit #2 (Data center). Size: ~5 people.

Org. in its entirety relies on these units for the continuity of its services and business. Around 50% of the business applications are developed to assist Org.’s clients to access the necessary information. However, due to a lack of experienced IT professionals, the critical IT services and applications (e.g., email, network, and enterprise resource planning) are developed, operated, and maintained by a third party, through an approximately three-year contract. Despite this, the IT infrastructure contains numerous security issues, most of which were not addressed by the ITD’s top management.

3.2. Objective: The objective of this research can be expressed as follows: “To analyze the experience and perspectives of IT infrastructure practitioners in an industrial context, in order to identify the security threats pertaining to real-world IT infrastructure”.

3.3. Data Collection: In case studies, data come from interviews, documentation, direct observations, archival data, participant observation and physical artifacts (Wohlin et al., 2012). According to Lethbridge et al. (2005), there are three levels of data collection: (1) direct methods, in which the researcher directly contacts the subjects and collects data in real time, (2) indirect methods, in which the researcher directly collects data without actually interacting with the subjects, and (3) independent methods, in which the researcher uses compiled data or already-available artifacts. Herein, we, to some extent, used all three of the above techniques, as shown in Table 2. Table 2: Data collection methods Details Time Unstructured meetings. Several visits to the Open-ended nature. data center were focus groups/ subjective For effective and authoritative responses, done at different members of the focus group were the unit times. Direct heads described in Table 1. Most of the discussion rounds Observations in While meeting attendees interact with meetings/subjective each other, notes and feedback are taken. were on-site, while the rest were observations/ Multiple visits to the data center, with Direct/Indirect directobjective remote. discussion with people there. The team can access Reports generated by monitoring the systems at any Archival data/objective software, including NexThink and time/place via Network Node Manager. virtual private network. A number of meetings were conducted; only the considered people participated in the meetings. Few meetings/visits Independent were in Org.’s Org.’s network structure. Documentation/objective branches. The security policies. The assessment took around three months. Different samples of Network Node Manager and NexThink reports were taken (daily; weekly, monthly). Level

Technique

3.4. Technical Context: The network topology consists of Cisco-based networks and wireless devices. In Org.’s headquarters, the switch models vary between high-performance data center backbone switches (Model 6509) and

small access L2 switches (Models: 3560, 2960, and 3850). Unfortunately, the network was designed with no redundancy, i.e., if a core switch (6509) goes down, then all servers connected to this switch also go down. On the building floor, the users connect to the access switches using an RJ45 connection; the network traffic reaches these switches based on the ID of a virtual local area network, which is configured on the switch ports. The traffic is not balanced among servers because the load balancer is not connected. Access switches are connected to each other by cascade; only one link is connected to the distribution switch. Additionally, only one link is connected between point-to-point and WiMAX. Figure 1 provides a physical diagram of Org.’s network. This shows how the uplink and physical connectivity look. Details about the switch models used in every building/floor for each type of connection (P2P, WiMAX, and virtual private network) are available online. (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1ZV3tkkVgGNjdYcDXDQEx5FLbDMMyZ6wG/view?usp=sharing).

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Figure 2: Network logical diagram

Figure 1: Network physical diagram Data Center

Cisco Catalyst C6509 CORE A

Distribution Switch

Wi-MAX Link

Cisco Catalyst C6509 CORE B

Wi-MAX Link

Router(VPN)

Distribution Switch

ISP Router

Access Switches (Ground Floor)

ISP Router

Access Switches (1st Floor) Access Switches (Ground Floor) Router(VPN)

Access Switches (1st Floor)

Distribution Switches

Table 3 shows more information about the systems and storage components. Often, these devices and associated facilities are located in the data center, which houses and maintains them for the continuity of daily operations. In Org., the data center is based on the American Power Conversion Corporation by Schneider Electric. It contains over 200 virtual and physical servers, some of which are completely or partially unused. Table 3: Description of systems and storages components Disk type Disk size Hosts connected SAN 21.76 TB +50 (all blade servers in Org.’s data center) NL-SAS 43.3 TB SAS 14 TB 8 for two enterprise systems; 4 for each. +10 for e-corresponding system, archiving system, and SAS 14 TB others +10 for messaging systems including email, e-fax, and HP MS5000 SAS 40 TB SMS system HP EVA P6000 SAS 12 TB +10 for virtualization test environment and Hyper-V HP StoreOnce 4220 SAS N/A +10 for disk-based backup and data protection manager OSs: Windows server 2012 DC & Enterprise Red Hat Linux. Database management system: Oracle Database 11 g Enterprise Ed. & MySQL Server 2012. Wired and wireless networking: Cisco-based, including the IP Telephony & Call Manager. Most e-services offered: Microsoft, such as Active Directory (for network domain), Windows (for OS), Sharepoint (for Website environment), Exchange (for email), Lync/Skype for Business (for chat), Hyper-V (for virtualization), and Visual Studio (for development). Security appliances: BlueCoat proxy, and two Microsoft products: Windows Defender as the endpoint protection & data protection manager, DPM ver. 4.1.3465.0. End-user hardware: Dell & HP (for PCs, Intel processor), iPad (for tablets) Fujitsu (for laptops & scanners), Cannon & HP (for printers), & CiTrix (for virtual desktop). Business applications: enterprise resource planning by Oracle & document management by Laserfiche. Storage model HP 3PAR7400 EMC VNX 5300 EMC VNX 5100

Access Switches (Ground Floor)

3.5. Procedures for Evaluation Process: Access Switches (1st Floor)

Figure 2 is a logical diagram of Org.’s network. A clear violation of the design standards is that the Cisco 3845 router is a single point of failure for the entire network. In other words, if this router fails, the entire network stops. In addition, there is a single firewall (Model: ASA5585-SSP20) for the data center. The top managers at ITD stated that they were required to build the IT infrastructure quickly due to financial considerations (i.e., money versus quality).

The IT infrastructure evaluation was performed after a formal consent. The evaluation team consisted of five technicians who belong to an IT firm. Because the infrastructure is large and complex, the technical members were highly-qualified, and were chosen based on consultation. The profile of the team members is summarized in Table 4, which shows their experience, qualifications, ages, and current roles in their organizations. # 1 2

Table 4: Profile of the evaluation team members More Certificates Age Current Experience Role BS in IT Microsoft (MCSE). Cisco 35 Security 12 years managing (CCNP, CCIE). EMC (System Engineer small to enterprise Engineer). FireEye (Systems networks infrastructure Engineer Certification) MS in IT Microsoft (MCSE), Cisco < 40 Senior 7 years in system and (CCNP) EMC Certified on Systems network administration VMAX 10K and Backup/ Engineer Recovery, Red Hat Certified Systems Engineer BSc in Cisco (CCNA, CCNP). Foundry < 40 Head of 12 years in the IT Electronics & Networks Certified Network Technical industry, in the field of communications Engineer (FNCNE). Blue Coat Support systems and network Engineering (BCCPA, BCCPP, Blue Coat engineering. Certified Sales Consultant) BS in Engineering – Cisco (CCNA-Security, CCNP- 30 Network 7 years in data Electronics Security, CCIE- Data Center, Support communication, CCIP) Engineer networking & security Juniper (JNCIS-ER, JNCIA-EX, JNCIA-ER, JNCIA-JUNOS, JNCIS-SEC) Brocade (BCNE) BS in Electronics & Cisco (CCNA, Brocade (BCNE), 36 Network 15 years in network Communications Aruba Wireless Mesh Engineer engineering and Engineering Professional procurement Degree

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High Moderate Low

Table 5: Security threat level determination Description The corrective plan must be put in place as soon as possible, though the Serious current infrastructure component may continue to operate. A corrective plan is required so that it must be developed to integrate the Significant corrective actions within a reasonable period of time. The infrastructure component’s owner must determine whether a Marginal corrective plan is still needed or decide to accept the threat. Impact

4. Analysis of Results The resultant threats are divided into three classes: networking, systems/storage, and information/endpoint. Because the case study is a large, real-world organization (a representative example of organizations), the results of this kind of analysis are expected to assist not only IT professionals but also organization leaders. As mentioned in the introduction, in all organizations, regardless of size or level of sophistication, protecting the infrastructure components against possible threats remains a managerial challenge. Data were analyzed using categorization and tabulation, in which the data were organized in summary tables, as in most qualitative research. Table 6 presents the three classes of threats, the corresponding subcategories, and their cause and/or effect in the real-world situation. These threats may unintentionally form a security risk (e.g., be used to damage infrastructure resources or render them inaccessible to authorized users). The ‘Level’ column is determined based on the definitions in Table 5. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the concepts of security from networking, systems/storage, and information/endpoint aspects (e.g., link utilization, Telnet, patching, and malicious code). It is clear that the threats are interconnected, and consequently, the suggested solutions vary in nature, including networking, management, systems, and operational solutions.

Networking

Systems/ storage

Networking

Table 6: critical Org’s infrastructure security issues/threats Threat sub Threat cause or/and Level Suggested solution category effect Violation of the single point of failure design High Redundancy solution: configuring design standards Access switches are switches as redundancy connected by cascade only No stacking between switches Link utilization No monitoring High Monitoring all uplinks on daily basis in Org.’s headquarters, branches, and Unwanted traffic remote sites. The suggested software is from/within Org. may NetFlow Analyzer tool. cause link congestion Unwanted traffic from/within Org. may also cause services interruption Services & Flaws, bugs, and defects in Mid Monitoring CPU, memory, drivers, and performance software affect Org.’s other network perimeter devices, such degradation network devices/hardware as switches, routers, firewalls, resources modems, and hubs. Complexity in Permission delegation Mid Reconfiguring all network devices accessibility mechanism is not with a centralized authentication straightforward system. The suggested software is LDAP or RADIUS. All network devices are configurable with local administrative accounts Network protocols Use of Telnet to access Mid-High (a) For all supported devices, disabling some network devices clear text protocol (e.g., Telnet) and (Telnet is a clear text enabling SSH protocol (b) protocol that does not Unnecessary TCP/IP port must be encrypt data sent, including disabled or removed from all servers. passwords) System administrator must identify the required ports to be allowed from Unused open protocols the firewall Patching The server-level patching High Implementing an automated patching management process was not regular. system to manage vulnerability across This may allow a remote Org. attacker to compromise the system Troubleshooting Complexity in Mid Enhancing the end user experience troubleshooting process of through knowledge transfer, training, an application server etc. Unavailability One cause was performing High Similar to the production systems, maintenance tasks on the there is a need to build a virtual production systems, such as environment for test and upgrading and backup development, to test all major changes restoration prior to applying them to the production systems.

Systems/ storage

Threat # category

Information/ endpoint

Level

Threat # category

Threat sub Threat cause or/and category effect Active directory Auditing is disabled auditing Insufficient Use of SAS as storage storage technology. It is “out of support”. The current infrastructure of government resource planning Oracle ebusiness suite consists of two copies: production environment and test environment. The production environment is installed on one server. The server of the production environment is also used for the database backup (Figure 4(b) illustrates the current government resource planning infrastructure at Org.). Operation Org.’s personnel documentation (individuals, teams, and departments) work with no documentation for operational processes. Unauthorized This happens due to remote access allocation of the systems/server Malicious code (Note: the kinds of malicious code are virus, Trojans, logic bomb, time bomb, trapdoor/ backdoor, worm, and rabbit. Malicious code has different forms, including Java applets, ActiveX controls, and browser plugins (Mimura and Suga, 2019)) Spreading malicious code Data loss/theft

Password disclosure 16

Level Mid-High Mid-high

Suggested solution Enabling auditing after establishment of audit policy The minimum requirements are as follows: Two servers: one for application and one for data. Four copies of government resource planning suite: development environment, test environment, backup environment, and production environment. Both backup and production environments should be connected using cluster technology.

High

Implementing documentation to manage processes, changes, and risks.

Mid

Remote access should be restricted to the owner and/or administrator. It is recommended that allocation of the systems be on the basis of data classification. Remote buildings should not communicate with other buildings. It is recommended that traffic be denied by default and allowed by exception (e.g., for some vendors).

This occurred because of High unfiltered traffic from Org.’s remote sites/buildings. Malicious code can lead to ‘unauthorized remote access’ (Threat #12)

Information/ endpoint

After conducting several meetings, the team determined three issue levels that could be applied to each condition or problem. These were based on the action that would need to be taken, as shown in Table 5.

This took place because the Mid ITD did not define any security incident response procedure Some storage devices are Mid unsuitable physically; used with no testing Data restoration procedures Endpoints allow for access to removable storage devices (e.g., USB)

Procedures of passwordreset High Using weak passwords No certain threshold for failed log-in to critical systems Password changing is done manually

Defining IT security incident response procedures. This would control any security incident and reduce its impact (a) Implementing a new backup solution (b) Data restoration from backup media must be performed at least twice a year to ensure data and systems recovery (c) To ensure only legitimate business use and eliminate a common security blind spot, there is a need to deny endpoint access to removable storage device. (a) Self-reset password must be implemented to avoid any social engineering attack; this will make the password changing for end users automated, i.e., more secure (b) Password policy must also be implemented (c) Automatic alert must be generated after a certain number of failed log-in attempts.

5. Discussion and Lesson Learned

5.1. Infrastructure Management: Infrastructure management is the management of all operational components. This includes not only hardware, software, data/storage, and networking components but also processes, human resources, and policies. With effective infrastructure management, several threats could be addressed. For instance, the use of an efficient monitoring mechanism would mitigate threats #2, #3, and #11. Heads of ITD units, described in Table 1, could monitor their infrastructure components or systems. This would range from micro-level to macro-level monitoring, i.e., daily status, activity reports, weekly progress reports, risk and assumptions analysis reports, review reports, downtime reports, and defect reports (Pearlson, 2019). Network analyzer tools also play a vital role, allowing the diagnosis of performance problems across the networks and monitoring performance metrics. In addition, the lack of formal infrastructure documentation is another

management-related problem. Documentation often provides system maintainers with the necessary information (e.g., structure, features, and how to use the system). The lack of documentation was the main obstacle that the evaluation team faced in their assessment. Without documentation, a considerable time was spent trying to understand Org.’s infrastructure configuration. The ITD personnel work without documentation (threat #11). According to ITD management, the reason for the infrastructure management issues is an unacceptable level of ITD staff and manager turnover, especially in the branches. Another management-related problem is that the ITD personnel suffer from poor project management skills, and thus many of the IT projects were not completed or were cancelled. An example is the virtualization infrastructure/environment, which stopped after operating for only a few months. Besides enormous cost overruns, this resulted in large numbers of unused virtualization components, including servers and desktops. Security products, such as Forefront Identity Manager and DPM (for data protection and recovery), by Microsoft, could address several of the above threats. For example, threats #5 and #15 could be addressed (fully or partially) with DPM and Forefront Identity Manager, respectively. The evaluation team investigated the reasons for not running the above infrastructure components (i.e., virtualization and Microsoft security products). They found that Org.’s infrastructure was not suitable for virtualization because Org. was still growing, and traditional PCs were considered sufficient. Virtualization was adopted as a response to the 'surge in popularity of' virtualization technology, and no feasibility study was performed. The evaluation team recommended that the ITD use VMware rather than Hyper-V if there is a need to adopt virtualization. Although there is a need to adopt Microsoft products, these were a source of staff dissatisfaction due to a lack of relevant training. In addition, none of the ITD personnel were able to effectively operate the security products. This project management problem (inadequately qualified and experienced people) led to another security risk in Org., namely disabling the auditing feature in the Active Directory (threat #9). Although the Active Directory administrator was able to enable the auditing feature for a particular user and group of users, he was not sure about the side effects on other systems or subsystems. The administrator justified this by saying that he was waiting for the support service by Microsoft that often comes after the renewal of their product In addition, permission delegation (threat sub category in threat #4) can be categorized as infrastructure management. Permission delegation is a difficult organizational trade-off between operational speed/overheads (lots of delegation) and higher security awareness (centralized control).

5.2. Software Business: Software business refers to commercial activities such as licensing, vendor support, pricing, upgrading, and outsourcing of systems with a large amount of stored and processed data (Ebad, 2018b). A lack of awareness in relation to some of these activities was a root cause of several security threats in Org. According to the ITD staff, several security incidents happened because the patching process (threat #6) had not been automated. In addition, the patching/change/release process can essentially be delayed until the relevant vendor rolls out critical patches for the IT infrastructure components, i.e., some components remain in a known insecure state for some time. The evaluation team found some components were ”out of support” or that “licensing for this product has expired” (e.g., enterprise resource planning by Oracle and Red Hat OS). The head of the Business Applications Unit at ITD (unit #6 in Table 1) stated that some of their enterprise systems suffer from the downtime issue every 3-4 months (threat #8).. When such a problem occurs, the head of unit #6 contacts a third party for support (incurring more cost). The same happens with hardware components, such as the single

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network firewall shown in Figure 2 (Model: Cisco ASA 5545-SPP20), and proxy caches and web filters (by Bluecoat). These products were either unlicensed or “out of support”. In general, any cyber-attacker discovering a security vulnerability will wait until the vendor has stopped supporting the release before exploiting the vulnerability. Besides the security risk, the use of unlicensed software puts the whole organization at risk of legal consequences by vendors and developers.

5.3. Infrastructure Redesign: Some of the threats came from the current design of the network, which depends on a single point of failure structure (threat #1). The evaluation team proposed a new design for the network, taking into account the redundancy mechanism to optimize the utilization of the network links and avoid the single point of failure structure. Figure 3 illustrates the proposed design. Figure 3: The proposed network logical diagram

Insufficient storage (threat #10) is considered an important cause of software unavailability (Ebad, 2018b). The evaluation team established that Org. had used SAS storage technology. This was not only fairly old but was also “out of support”. Accordingly, the evaluation team’s recommendation was that either the current storage technology be replaced, or the technical support for the current storage resources be renewed. Otherwise, Org. infrastructure would be in danger because the servers, in their current state, are expected to fail in attaching to the storage. Another suggestion was to reconfigure the current government resource planning e-business suite so that at least two separate servers are created—a web server and a data server (illustrated in Figure 4(a))—in order to install it properly: This would improve the current design, shown in Figure 4(b), which puts the database backup with the applications in a single server. Figure 4: (a) A suggested design for the government resource planning e-business suite (b) Infrastructure of government resource planning e-business suite at Org. (a)

(b)

Furthermore, according to the evaluation team’s recommendation (threat #10), there should be four government resource planning suite copies rather than two: development environment, test environment, backup environment, and production environment (shown in Figure 5). This would allow a clearer separation of concerns between applications and infrastructure. Accordingly, developers could construct their applications and schedule them to be run in the production environment without a great deal of expertise. As shown in the figure, the cluster technology would be more suitable for connecting the backup environment to the production environment. Through this approach, several security threats shown in Table 6 would be addressed. Figure 5: A suggested design for the entire infrastructure

5.4. Security Incident Response Procedures: An important recommendation by the evaluation team was related to policies and procedures. The evaluation team was shocked to discover that the ITD has worked without clear, formal policies. At the present time, any security incident occurring in Org. is addressed based on the experience of the people present at the time. In some critical cases (e.g., ‘service temporarily unavailable’), where considerable time is required to solve the problem (mentioned in Section 6.2), the ITD asks for assistance from a third-party IT firm, which usually makes some modifications to important infrastructure components, including the production environment. Those changes are not managed properly due to the lack of policies. This means there is a high probability that the ITD personnel will not be able to deal with the same problem if it happens

142

again in the future. Furthermore, policies, including security incident response procedures, are the basis for accomplishing compliance to standards, and should be considered a living infrastructure artifact; that is, as the infrastructure changes at any level, the policies should change too (they must evolve over time). As policies evolve or change, the vulnerability to attacks typically degrades. A set of practices became de facto standards over the years, but are now actively dangerous or outdated (Topper, 2018). For example, password policy (threat #16) is considered a living artifact or evolving policy (in 2017, the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the U.S. published new rules on passwords, available at https://pages.nist.gov/800-63-3/sp800-63b.html). It is worth noting that the most important solution among those suggested by the evaluation team is the development and implementation of the security incident response procedures. It is clear that Org. was spending little effort on this important field. It has no chief information security officer, no security strategy, and no adequate monitoring of the network and systems. Dealing with security risks in this way is arguably reckless. With the correct procedures in place, several of the threats would be addressed, including threat #7 (troubleshooting), threat #11 (operation documentation), threat #14 (spreading malicious code), threat #14 (Data loss/theft - restoration procedures), and threat #16 (password disclosure - manual change). 6. Conclusion and Future Work IT infrastructure has an impact on an organization’s processes, assets, and personnel. Because today’s organizations depend on their online interactions, the security of infrastructure components is important when choosing infrastructure. This study identified the technical problems that threaten IT infrastructure security, and suggested how such problems might be addressed. The infrastructure examined in this study was much broader than that in previous research, and different qualitative methods were used in data collection, including focus groups, direct meetings, observations, archival data, and documents. Key categories of security threat were found to be networking, (e.g., non-compliance with the network design standards), systems and storage (e.g., patching management), and information/endpoint (e.g., operation procedures). The lessons learned indicated that infrastructure management (e.g., monitoring, documentation, and compliance with project management practices), software business activities (e.g., renewal of vendor support services), network redesign (e.g., avoiding the single point of failure structure), and incident response procedures (through developing and implementing clear, formal procedures) play a vital role in reducing infrastructure security risks. It is expected that this industry study will assist IT professionals, including systems engineers, network engineers, storage engineers, security requirements engineers, and organization leaders. There is an aspect of infrastructure security that requires more research. Cascading security threats are difficult to discover and evaluate. For instance, incidents affecting the security of infrastructure component X may propagate to other components in the same infrastructure. Such dependencies are important if security issues are to be identified. Malicious code (threat #13) may lead to another security threat by allowing remote access to the organization’s computers (threat #12). The situation is further complicated when infrastructures are interconnected. In such a case, a security incident may propagate (or provoke unexpected threats) not through different systems in the same infrastructure, but through different infrastructures within a city (i.e., infrastructure interoperability). In extreme cases, the incident propagation may be at higher levels, such as intra- or inter-country. In this situation, national laws and international agreements, respectively, play a significant role because the traditional evaluation approaches,

which depends on the experience and intuition of the evaluator, may then be insufficient to identify this kind of security threat. While the IT industry and researchers are attempting to solve the technological and operational issues that IT infrastructure faces, legislators and regulators should monitor the rapid development of IT infrastructure so as to identify the need for regulatory action, especially in the case of financial firms (Priem 2020). Biography

Shouki A. Ebad Department of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia, 00966508808620, shouki.abbad@nbu.edu.sa

Dr. Ebad received his Ph.D. in computer science and engineering from King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia, in 2012. He is an Associate Professor. He is a Sun-Certified Programmer for the Java 2 Platform. His current research interests are software engineering, IT project management, and information security. Acknowledgements This work was supported by Northern Border University under Grant SCI-2019-1-10-F-8406. References Adu, K.K. and Adjei, E. (2018). The phenomenon of data loss and cyber security issues in Ghana. Foresight, 20(2), 150–61. Ahmed, M.T.U., Bhuiya, N.I. and Rahman, M.M. (2017). A secure enterprise architecture focused on security and technology-transformation (SEAST), The 12th International Conference for Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, (ICITST-2017), Cambridge, UK, 11–4/12/2017. Alanazi, S.T., Anbar, M., Ebad, S.A., Karuppayah, S. and Al-Ani, H.A. (2020). Theory-based model and prediction analysis of information security compliance behavior in the Saudi healthcare sector. Symmetry, 12(9), 1544. DOI: 10.3390/sym12091544 Alateyah, S.A., Crowder, R.M. and Wills, G.B. (2013). Identified factors affecting the citizen’s intention to adopt e-government in Saudi Arabia. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology , 7(8), 904–12. Antonino, P., Duszynski, S., Jung, C. and Rudolph, M. (2010). Indicator-based architecture-level security evaluation in a service-oriented environment. In: The Fourth European Conference on Software Architecture: Copenhagen, Denmark, 23–26/08/2010. DOI: 10.1145/1842752.1842795. Chaturvedi, M., Gupta, M. and Bhattacharya, J. (2008). Cyber Security

Infrastructure in India: A Study, Emerging Technologies in EGovernment. Available at: http://www.csi-

sigegov.org/emerging_pdf/9_70-84.pdf (Accessed on 15/11/2020). Dalol, M.H. (2018). Effectiveness of Accounting Information Systems in Light of Development of IT Infrastructure and Information Security . Master’s Dissertation, The Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza, Palestine. Dooley, K. (2001). Designing Large Scale LANs: Help for Network Designers. USA: O'Reilly Media. Ebad, S. (2018a) An exploratory study of ICT projects failure in emerging markets. Journal of Global Information Technology Management, 21(2), 139–60. DOI: 10.1080/1097198X.2018.1462071. Ebad, S. (2018b). The influencing causes of software unavailability: A case study from industry. Software Practice and Experience, 48(5), 1056–76. DOI: 10.1002/spe.2569. Hashizume, K., Rosado, D.G., Fernández-Medina, E. and Fernandez, E.B. (2013). An analysis of security issues for cloud computing. Journal of Internet Services and Applications, 4(5), n/a. DOI: 10.1186/1869-0238-4-5. Kirby, L. (2015). Beyond Cyber Security: Protecting Your IT Infrastructure. Available at https://uptimeinstitute.com/images/Documents/ProtectingYourI TInfrastructure.pdf (accessed on 15/11/2020).

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Lethbridge, T.C., Sim, S.E. and Singer, J. (2005). Studying software engineers: Data collection techniques for software field studies. Empirical Software Engineering, 10(3), 311–41. Marrone, M. and Kolbe, L.M. (2011). Impact of IT service management frameworks on the IT organization. Business and Information Systems Engineering, 3(1), 5–18. Mastelic, T. and Brandic, I. (2013). TimeCap: Methodology for comparing IT infrastructures based on time and capacity metrics. In: The IEEE 6th International Conference on Cloud Computing, 131–8, Santa Clara, CA, USA, 28/06–03/07/2013. Mimura, M. and Suga, Y. (2019). Filtering malicious JavaScript code with Doc2Vec on an imbalanced dataset. In: The 14th Asia Joint Conference on Information Security (AsiaJCIS), Kobe, Japan, 24– 31/08/2019. Pearlson, K.E., Saunders, C.S. and Galletta, D.F. (2019). Managing and Using Information Systems. 5th edition, USA: Wiley. Popp, K. and Meyer, R. (2011). Profit from Software Ecosystems Models, Ecosystems and Partnerships in the Software Industry. Norderstedt, Germany: Books on Demand. Priem, R. (2020). Distributed ledger technology for securities clearing and settlement: Benefits, risks, and regulatory implications. Financial Innovation, 6(11), n/a. DOI: 10.1186/s40854-019-0169-6. Rabii, L. and Abdelaziz, D. (2015). Comparison of e-readiness composite indicators, The 15th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA), Marrakech, Morocco, 14–16/12/2015. Sanchez-Nielsen, E., Padron-Ferrer, A. and Marreo-Estevez, F. (2011). A multi-agent system for incident management solutions on IT infrastructures. In: The 14th Conference of the Spanish Association for Artificial Intelligence (CAEPIA 2011), La Laguna, Spain, 07– 11/11/2011. Schoenfisch, J, Meilicke, C., Stülpnagel, J.V. and Ortmann, J (2018). Root cause analysis in IT infrastructures using ontologies and abduction in Markov logic networks. Information Systems, 74(2), 103–16. Shang, S. and Seddon, P.B. (2000). A comprehensive framework for classifying the benefits of ERP systems. In: The 2000 American Conference of Information Systems, Long Beach, California, 10– 13/08/2000. Shoffner, M., Owen, P., Mostafa, J., Lamm, B., Wang, X., Schmitt, C.P. and Ahalt S.C. (2013). The secure medical research workspace: An IT infrastructure to enable secure research on clinical data. Clinical and Translational Science, 6 (3), 222–5. Shrivastava, A.K. (2015). The impact assessment of IT Infrastructure on information security: a survey report. In: International Conference on Information Security and Privacy (ICISP2015), Nagpur, India, 11–12/12/2015. Sommerville, I. (2015). Software Engineering. 10th edition, UK: Pearson. Sousa, K.J. and Oz, E. (2015). Management Information Systems. 7th edition, USA: Cengage Learning. Teymourlouei, H., and Harris, V. (2019). Effective methods to monitor IT infrastructure security for small business. In: The 2019

International Conference on Computational Science and Computational Intelligence (CSCI), Las Vegas, NV, USA, 5–

7/12/2019. Topper, J. (2018). Compliance is not security. Computer Fraud and Security, 2018(3), 5–8. DOI: 10.1016/S1361-3723(18)30022-8. Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Host, M., Ohlsson, M.C., Regnell, B. and Wesslen, A. (2012). Experimentation in Software Engineering. Germany: Springer. Yasasin, E., Prester, J., Wagner, G. and Schryen, G. (2020). Forecasting IT security vulnerabilities –an empirical analysis. Computers and Security, 88(n/a), n/a. DOI: 10.1016/j.cose.2019.101610. Zambon, E., Etalle, S., Wieringa, R.J. and Hartel, P. (2010). Model-based qualitative risk assessment for availability of IT infrastructures. Software and Systems Modeling, 10(4), 553–80.

144

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام‬ ‫امليتامترييال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬

Design of A Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Microwave Applications Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri

‫خالد سعيد لطيف البدري‬

Physics Department, College of Education, University of Samarra, Samarra, Iraq LINK ‫الرابط‬

‫ العراق‬،‫ سامراء‬،‫ جامعة سامراء‬،‫ كلية التربية‬،‫قسم الفيزياء‬ RECEIVED ‫االستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0050

08/11/2020

29/01/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

3779

29/01/2021

2021

ABSTRACT In this manuscript, a multi-band and low-profile metamaterial absorber with polarisation independence from 00 to 450 is presented. The proposed metamaterial structure is composed of a single ring with a rectangular patch, consisting of periodic unit cells with a size of 150mm × 250mm × 1.5mm. The structure exhibits three absorption peaks under normal incidence, which cover the Xband. According to the results, the desired material can excellently absorb the electromagnetic wave signal, with an outstanding absorption rate of about 95% at the microwave x-band frequency. The proposed structure shows three absorption bands where two of them exceed 90% absorption level. The results displayed a high Q-factor of 103.5 at a resonance frequency of 8.58 GHz and the figure of merit (FOM) is 98.4, which can be used to enhance the sensor sensing, narrowband band filter and image sensing. The proposed structure is fabricated, and experiments are carried out to validate the design principle. Strong agreements are observed between the measured and the corresponding simulated results.

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬

‫) الذي يتكون من خاليا‬metamaterial( ‫صمم النموذج املقترح من املواد الخارقة‬ ‫ تتكون كل واحدة منها من حلقة نحاسية‬،‫ ملم‬1.5× ‫ ملم‬250× ‫ ملم‬150 ‫متراصفة بحجم‬ ‫ لدراسة مدى تأثر النموذج املعرض للموجة الكهرومغناطيسية‬.‫و قطعة مستطيلة‬ ‫ أوضحت نتائج‬.X ‫الساقطة عموديا على مستوى التصميم التي تغطي حزمة التردد‬ ‫ إذ يفوق‬450 ‫ إلى‬00 ‫التجربة ظهور ثالث قمم امتصاص غير حساسة لالستقطاب من‬ ً ‫ الذي‬Q ‫ فضال عن ذلك تقدم النتائج عامل جودة‬.%90 ‫اثنان منهما مستوى امتصاص‬ 98.4 ‫ الذي يبلغ‬FOM ‫ جيجاهرتز ومعامل الجدارة‬8.58 ‫ عند تردد الرنين‬103.5 ‫يبلغ‬ ِّ ‫الذي يمكن استخدامه لتحسين أداء املستشعر ومرشح النطاق الضيق واستشعار‬ ً ‫ فضال عن ذلك أجريت دراسة بارامترية إلظهار قابلية التعديل امليكانيكي‬.‫الصورة‬ ‫تصنيع ًالنموذج املقترح ثم أجريت التجارب املختبرية للتحقق من نتائجه‬ ً ‫ وتم‬.‫للتصميم‬ .‫التي أظهرت تطابقا جيدا بين املقاسة واملحاكاة‬

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Absorber, high Q-factor , metamaterials, microwave, multi-band, sensor

َ ‫ ُم‬،‫ مستشعرات‬،‫ متعدد الحزم‬،‫ مايكروويف‬،‫مرتفعا‬ ً ِّ ‫مت‬ ‫ص‬ Q ‫ عامل جودة‬،)‫املواد الخارقة (امليتامتيريال‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Al-Badri, K.S.L. 2021. Tasmim mumtas mathali lilmawadi alfawqiat litatbiqat almykrwwyf ’Design of a perfect metamaetiral absorber for microwave applications’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 144–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0050 ‫ العلوم األساسية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬.)2021( .‫ خالد سعيد لطيف‬،‫البدري‬ .147-144 ،)1(22 ،‫والتطبيقية‬

1. Introduction METAMATERIAL (MTM) are materials that are not directly found in nature and exhibit unusual electromagnetic properties. In 1967– 1968, the metamaterial was first proposed by Veselago (1968) but has not received much interest from scientists for many years. Pendry et al., (2001) theoretically proposed that metamaterial can be done experimentally. In the following years, many studies were carried out on this subject. Today, metamaterial has a wide range of applications such as medical (Smith et al. 2004), imaging (Papaioannou et al. 2017), signal absorption (Shawkat et al. 2020; Al-badri 2020), invisibility cloak (Kanté et al. 2009; Al-Badri 2019), absorption tuning (Hameed et al. 2020; Ekmekci et al. 2016), antenna (Luo et al. 2019), sensor (Abdulkarim et al. 2020; Ksl et al. 2018), etc. However, metamaterial with the extra-electromagnetic properties of materials provides an increase in electromagnetic applications (Sabah et al. 2015). Landy et al. (2008) proved that metamaterial absorbers’ structure can absorb radiation of incoming electromagnetic wave inside the absorber. They exploited the impedance matching to get perfect absorption. These interesting results opened the door for a new absorber/isolators application, which is much smaller than the traditional ones (Abdulkarim et al., 2020). Metamaterial absorbers showed that absorption rate can reach the unity absorption level or 99% at an overall structure thickness of 1/30 or more (Hameed et al. 2019). Thus, electromagnetic metamaterial absorbers became a topic Corresponding Author: Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri

of interest in science and technology. In principle, metamaterial absorption develops from the E-field and/or the H-field resonance, which may lead to a narrow bandwidth absorption band. Consequently, to satisfy the practical requirements of the rapid development of sensors nowadays, it is necessary to enhance sensor sensitivity. A lot of metamaterial structures have led to a broken structure symmetry (Abdulkarim et al. 2020; Ksl et al. 2018). In this study, the signal absorption of metamaterial was discussed. As the electromagnetic signal is applied to the material, it is expected that the incoming signal will not be transmitted and absorbed in the resonance frequency range so that the signal is absorbed by the material. Since there will not be a 100% absorption, this value is supposed to be at least 90% after the losses are released. Such can also be referred to as materials that produce excellent signal absorption. For this case, the back of the material is covered with metal. Thus, the transmission value S21, which is very close to zero. With the resonator design and the dielectric used, the reflection value S11 obtained can be very close to zero (Mohammed et al. 2019). Material structure, thickness, dielectric value, loss tangent value, structure of resonator, etc. are the parameters directly affected by the absorption of the signal. There are various metamaterial signal absorption studies published (Watts, et al. 2012; Cui et al. 2014; Lim et al. 2016; He et al., 2018.). The dual-band absorption, in particular, is the most frequently discussed multi-band absorption structure and has subsequently been widely studied and reported. Some studies focused on the dualband absorption based on coplanar structural (Zhang et al. 2018;

khalidsaeed@uosamarra.edu.iq ,009647710762193

‫ خالد سعيد لطيف البدري‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

Song et al. 2018), implementation using the sandwich design (Wang et al. 2019; Xing Jian, 2018), and other designs presented by circular sector resonator (Luo and Chen, 2018), graphene–SiC (Qing et al. 2019) and cylinder MoS2-dielectric array (Qiu et al. 2019). In this study, the metamaterial is aimed to be absorbed in two bands in the x-band and to be an example of the recent studies by obtaining close to excellent absorption values at different bands. To achieve good absorption at different frequencies, the signal is absorbed by the simulation at multiple frequencies. This work can apply to many areas, such as medical, thermal imaging, military and so on. 2. Material and Method The design of the material-based signal-absorbing dielectric material is FR-4 with a layer thickness of 1.5 mm. FR-4 is made of glass fibre reinforced laminate and is composed of epoxy structure. It can be manufactured with double or single surface copper plating and can be used easily at high frequencies. Regarding the FR-4 structure, the relative dielectric permeability is 4.3 and the loss tangent value is 0.025. To keep the reflection value near zero, the back of the structure is covered with copper having a metallic property of 5.8 𝑥107 S/m and a thickness of 0.035mm. Similarly, the resonator on the front is made of copper. The dimensions of the given resonator structure are as follows: a = 17 mm, a = 10 mm, b = 6.7 mm, c = 1.75 mm, d = 5.75 mm, e = 1.76 mm, g = 0.25 mm, h = 1.45 mm, w = 0.5 mm. To obtain these values, a parametric study was performed, and the structure was optimised. When constructing the structure, Figure 1 shows the parameters and perspective views of the structure.

145

(FIT) is used for numerical analysis founded on the frequency domine solver. According to the result in Figure 2, the lowest obtained value of S11 was 0.18 in the frequency of 11.07 GHz. In addition, it is seen that the structure shows signal absorption at around 8.58 GHz and 10.24 GHz frequency values, and S11 values are below 0.7. Even though the frequency is absorbed by the signal at these frequency values, the best, perfectly resonant frequency at which the signal is absorbed is at 11.07 GHz. At this frequency, it can be seen that the structure performs 95.98% of signal absorption. Fig. 2. Numerical S11, S21 and absorption spectrum for the proposed Metamaterial absorber.

Fig. 3. Numerical absorption based on TE and TM mode for the proposed structure.

Fig. 1. Parameters values and perspective views of the designed metamaterial absorber.

Numerical studies of a 3D electromagnetic solution have been realized for the numerical results of the designed and optimised structure. Periodic boundary conditions are used to demonstrate the periodic arrangement of the proposed design, which are applied to the x- and y-axes, while the perfectly matched layers for absorbing unnecessary scattered light are applied to the z-axis. The electric field direction is applied along the x-direction and magnetic field is along y-direction and propagation wave is along the z-axis. The reflectance and transmission values of the structure were first determined. The metal plate behind the structure allows the transmission to be very close to zero, and the highest value of the signal absorption at the linear value is at the point where the reflection is the smallest in the signal absorption calculation. The signal absorption (Ekmekci et al. 2016) 𝐴 (𝑤) = 1 − (𝑅 (𝑤) + 𝑇 (𝑤)) (1) is calculated according to the formula and the results are given in Figure 2 and 3. Here the 𝑅 (𝑤) = |𝑆11 |2 and 𝑇 (𝑤) = |𝑆21 |2 , where 𝐴 (𝑤) the absorption rate can be calculated from the and reflection coefficient ( 𝑅 (𝑤) = |𝑆11 |2 ) and the transmission coefficient (𝑇 (𝑤) = |𝑆21 |2 ). The transmission coefficient of the absorber with the metallic ground is zero. Therefore, 𝐴 is determined by the reflectivity of the absorber.

4. Analysis and Discussion Figure 3 presents the characteristic of TE-polarisation and TMpolarisation responses. Due to the symmetry of the proposed design at a high 450 of sensitivity, from 00 to 450 angles for the TE mode of the dual-band absorption spectrum, the proposed absorber is polarisation sensitive. However, it can also be gathered from the TMpolarisation simulated results that the absorption spectrum presents a high degree of insensitivity under different polarisation angles from 00 to 450. In some cases, the cross-sectional areas of the structure are designed for the best absorption value to be produced. It is also adjusted depending on the frequency being kept constant at a certain band (i.e. x-band). Thus, the cross-sectional area from which the best result is obtained is determined. In other words, optimisation works are carried out to give the best result. To better understand the reason behind the results of the proposed design, a parametric analysis of the b cut wire length, c cut wire width, h substrate thickness and w ring width is carried out with respect to the design variables. It can be seen that the absorption spectrum for the two high frequencies changes straight to high frequencies with an increase in the b cut wire length and an increase in the absorption rate. However, only the absorption level increases when the c cut wire width increased. Moreover, the three absorption bands decreased in level when the h substrate thickness increased. When the width of the ring increases, the second absorption band shifted right until it merged with the third absorption band.

3. Result The CST Microwave Studio based on Finite Integration Technique Al-Badri, K.S.L.. (2021). Tasmim mumtas mathali lilmawadi alfawqiat litatbiqat almykrwwyf 'Design of a perfect metamaetiral absorber for microwave applications'. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 144–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0050

146

.147-144 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬.)2021( .‫ خالد سعيد لطيف‬،‫البدري‬ Fig. 4. (colour online) Dependence of the absorption spectrum on the changes of (a) b cut wire length, (b) c cut wire width, (c) h substrate thickness and (d) w ring width

Li et al. 2019 Burrow et al. 2019 Saadeldin et al. 2019 Xie et al. 2018 This work

8.5 15.5 22.1 58 103.5

0.85 17.5 2.94 7.5 98.4

Fig. 5. Experimental setup.

It is seen that outstanding absorption resulted in different frequency values where the b value increased. When the frequency range is kept between 8 and 12 GHz, the best absorption rate produced is 95% and the parametrical value is 6.1 mm. Similarly, when the applied frequency value is taken from 8 to 9 GHz, the best absorption rate outcome is 99.03% and the b cross-sectional area is 7.3 mm. In addition, when the frequency range falls between 10 and 12 GHz, the best absorption rate is 99.98% and the b cross-sectional area is 6.1 mm. This result indicated that the best absorption rate that can be produced depends on the frequency range applied. In previous studies examined in the introduction section, it was found that there are very few structures that provide excellent absorption at different frequencies. Satisfactory results were obtained in the simulation studies in the medical, image processing, military fields and so on, showing that it can be applied to many areas of work. In addition, the results of changing the c cut wire width, h substrate thickness and w ring width show excellent absorption when the frequency range is kept between 8 and 12 GHz for all parameters. It is confirmed that the best absorption rate is 99.89% at c=1.5mm, while the best absorption rate based on substrate thickness is seen at h=0.8mm. Finally, w=0.25mm has shown perfect absorption compared to other w ring width. Figure 3 also shows a satisfactory Q-factor result of 103.5 at a resonance frequency of 8.58 GHz. Where

5. Experimental Results Figure 6 shows the experimental sample. It is implemented by using the traditional circuit board etching technology. A 150X250 mm sample was etched on cells on a 1.5 mm thick FR4 dielectric board. In the absorbance material reflectivity test system, there are two broadband horn antennae connected to a vector network analyser by coaxial cable, used as the source and receiver ports to test the proposed structure as presented in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the different comparison of simulation and experimental results of the absorption rate. However, the measurement results are in strong agreement with the simulation results. Fig. 6. shows the different comparison of simulation and experimental results.

𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠

(2) 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 resonance frequency, 𝐹𝑊𝐻𝑀 is the full width at a half maximum of the resonance peak (He et al. 2018). Additionally, the FOM is 98.4, where: 𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =

𝐹𝑊𝐻𝑀

(3) 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the height amplitude of absorption at the resonance frequency. Meanwhile, the high Q-factor and FOM can be used to enhance the sensor sensing, narrowband band filter and image sensing (Abdulkarim et al. 2020). In this paper, a multi-band metamaterial absorber operating at xband frequency is presented. The absorber suggested here is designed using simple structures of cut wire and split ring, which was placed on a 0.8mm FR-4 substrate. Three absorption peaks with two bands near 100% absorbance were obtained. Based on this, the Qfactor and FOM performance of the proposed structure is discussed. The first absorption peak shows a high Q-factor=103.5 and FOM=98.4 at a resonance frequency of 8.58 GHz, which are significantly higher than many existing absorbers reported at GHz frequency. See Table 1. 𝐹𝑂𝑀 = 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑄_𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟

Table 1 Comparison of the Q-factor and FOM between the proposed structure and the other works References Q-Factor FOM Cong et al. 2015 11.6 2.3 Hu et al. 2016 8.5 4

6. Conclusion In this study, the signal absorbing material structure, which is one of the metamaterial applications that has become the focus of attention in recent years, is designed, and the numerical data analysis is carried out. To ensure the maximum absorption of the designed structure, the back portion is covered with a metal conductor and the results are tested with the sections on the front surface. According to the obtained numerical and experimental data, the b length is changed from 6.1 mm to 7.3 mm with a stipe length of 0.3 mm in order to achieve excellent outcomes. As a result of the values obtained in the simulation results, an absorption value of 99.98% is provided in the b length of 6.1 mm at a resonance frequency of 11.07 GHz and two other perfect absorption bands. Next, at 7.1 mm and two perfect absorption bands, it demonstrates the applicability of the numerical structure, which is designed to achieve a high Q-factor of 103.5 at a resonance frequency of 8.58 GHz. The FOM is 98.4, which can be used to enhance the sensor sensing, narrowband band filter and

Al-Badri, K.S.L.. (2021). Tasmim mumtas mathali lilmawadi alfawqiat litatbiqat almykrwwyf 'Design of a perfect metamaetiral absorber for microwave applications'. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 144–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0050

image sensing. For this purpose, this structure, which has been designed and has achieved excellent results with its mechanical adjustability feature, is used in medical, image processing, military fields and so on. It applies to many working areas. This work done on microwave applications is also adaptable for different frequency bands. Acknowledgements This work is supported by the University of Samarra Research Foundation (USRF) grants (USRF-2019-cic011912 and USRF-2019cic012012) funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MHESR), Republic of Iraq. Biography

Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri Physics Department, College of Education, University of Samarra, Samarra, Iraq, 009647710762193, khalidsaeed@uosamarra.edu.iq

Mr Al-Badri (from Iraq) earned a Master’s degree in Electronic and Communication Engineering from Süleyman Demirel University, Turkey in 2016. He is currently the Director of the Communications and Information Technology IT centre, University of Samarra, Iraq. He has written more than 25 papers that have been published in academic journals and conferences. He has been a member of five international conference committees in Japan, France, Iraq and Malaysia. ORCID: 0000-0003-3678-4954. References Abdulkarim, Y., Lianwen, D., Heng, L., Shengxiang H., Muharrem K., Olcay A. and Mehmet, B. (2020). Design and study of a metamaterial based sensor for the application of liquid chemicals detection. Journal of Materials Research and Technology, 9(5), 10291–304. Al-badri, K.S. (2019). Multi band metamaterials absorber for stealth applications. Law, State and Telecommunications Review, 11(1),133–44. Al-badri, K.S. (2020). Electromagnetic broad band absorber based on metamaterial and lumped resistance. Journal of King Saud University: Science, 32(1), 501–6. Burrow, J.A., Yahiaoui, R., Sims, W., Chase, Z.A., Tran, V., Sarangan, A. and Searles, T.A. (2018). Influence of symmetry breaking on Fano-like resonances in high Figure of Merit planar terahertz metafilms. Applied Physics, 1812(n/a), 1–7. Cong, L., Tan, S., Yahiaoui, R., Yan, F., Zhang, W. and Singh, R. (2015). Experimental demonstration of ultrasensitive sensing with terahertz metamaterial absorbers: A comparison with the metasurfaces. Applied Physics Letters, 106(3), 031107. Cui, Y., He, Y., Jin, Y., Ding, F., Yang, L., Ye, Y. and He, S. (2014). Plasmonic and metamaterial structures as electromagnetic absorbers. Laser and Photonics Reviews, 8(4), 495–520. Ekmekci, E., Cinar, A., Kose, U. and Ertan, O. (2016). Monochromatic tuning of absorption strength based on angle-dependent closed-ring resonator-type metamaterial absorber. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 16(n/a), 1060–3. Hameed, M.H., Shawkat, S.A. and Al-badri, K.S.L. (2020). Multi bands metamaterial absorber optimized by genetic algorithm in microwave regime. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2213(1), n/a. DOI: 10.1063/5.0000075. He, X., Lin, F., Liu, F. and Shi, W. (2018). Tunable high Q-factor terahertz complementary graphene metamaterial. Nanotechnology, 29(48), 1–24. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aae0d7. Hu, X., Xu, G., Wen, L., Wang, H., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y. and Chen, Q. (2016). Metamaterial absorber integrated microfluidic terahertz sensors. Laser and Photonics Reviews, 10(6), 962–9. Kanté, B., Germain, D. and de Lustrac, A. (2009). Experimental demonstration of a nonmagnetic metamaterial cloak at microwave frequencies. Physical Review B, 80(20), 1–4. DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.80.201104. Karacan N., Kucukoner, E. M. and Ekmekci, E. (2018). Sliding planar conjoined cut-wire-pairs: A novel approach for splitting and controlling the

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absorption spectra. Journal of Applied Physics, 124(10), 1–8. DOI: 10.1063/1.5040927. Landy, N. I., Sajuyigbe, S., Mock, J. J., Smith, D. R. and Padilla, W. J. (2008). Perfect metamaterial absorber. Physical Review Letters Phys. Rev. Lett., 100(20), 207402. Lim, D., Lee, D. and Lim, S. (2016). Angle-and polarization-insensitive metamaterial absorber using via array. Scientific Reports, 6(n/a), 1– 9. doi: 10.1038/srep39686. Luo, H. and Cheng, Y.Z. (2018). Ultra-thin dual-band polarization-insensitive and wide-angle perfect metamaterial absorber based on a single circular sector resonator structure. Journal of Electronic Materials, 47(1), 323–328. Luo, S., Li, Y., Xia, Y., and Zhang, L. (2019). A low mutual coupling antenna array with gain enhancement using metamaterial loading and neutralization line structure. Applied Computational Electromagnetics Society Journal, 34(3), 411–8. Mohammed F. Q. and Al-badri, K.S.L. (2019). Four band electromagnetic waves absorber using negative refractive index materials (metamaterials). Scientific Journal of King Faisal University, 21(1), 1– 11. Papaioannou, M., Plum, E., and Zheludev, N. I. (2017). All-optical pattern recognition and image processing on a metamaterial beam splitter. Acs Photonics, 4(2), 217–222. Pendry, J.B., Holden, A.J., Robbins, D.J. and Stewart, W.J. (1999). Magnetism from conduct and enhanced nonlinear phenomena. IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 47(11), 2075– 84. Qing, Y.M., Ma, H.F., Yu, S. and Cui, T.J. (2018). Tunable dual-band perfect metamaterial absorber based on a graphene-SiC hybrid system by multiple resonance modes. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 52(1), 15104–14. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aae75f. Qiu, C., Wu, J., Zhu, R., Shen, L. and Zheng, B. (2019). Dual-band near-perfect metamaterial absorber based on cylinder MoS2-dielectric arrays for sensors. Optics Communications, 451(n/a), 226–30. Saadeldin, A.S., Hameed, M.F.O., Elkaramany, E.M. and Obayya, S.S. (2019). Highly sensitive terahertz metamaterial sensor. IEEE Sensors Journal, 19(18), 7993–9. Sabah, C., Taygur, M.M. and Zoral, E.Y. (2015). Investigation of microwave metamaterial based on H-shaped resonator in a waveguide configuration and its sensor and absorber applications. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, 29(6), 819–31. Shawkat, S.A., Al-badri, K.S.L. and Al_Barazanchi, I. (2020). Three band absorber design and optimization by neural network algorithm. Journal of Physics, 1530(1), n/a. DOI: 10.1088/1742– 6596/1530/1/012129. Shelby, R., Smith, D., Nemat-Nasser, S. and Schultz, S. (2001). Microwave transmission through a two-dimensional, isotropic, left-handed metamaterial. Applied Physics Letters, 78(4), 489–91. Smith, D.R., Pendry, J.B. and Wiltshire, M.C. (2004). Metamaterials and negative refractive index. Science, 305(5685), 788–92. Song, J., Wang, L., Li, M. and Dong, J. (2018). A dual-band metamaterial absorber with adjacent absorption peaks. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 51(38), n/a. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aad7e1. Veselago, V.G. (1968). The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of and μ. Soviet Physics Uspekhi, 10(4), 517–26. Wang, B.X., Tang, C., Niu, Q., He, Y. and Chen, T. (2019). Design of narrow discrete distances of dual-/triple-band terahertz metamaterial absorbers. Nanoscale Research Letters, 14(1), 1–7. Watts, C.M., Liu, X. and Padilla, W.J. (2012). Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers. Advanced Materials. 24(23), OP98-OP120. Xie, Q., Dong, G.X., Wang, B.X. and Huang, W.Q. (2018). High-Q Fano resonance in terahertz frequency based on an asymmetric metamaterial resonator. Nanoscale research letters, 13(1), 294–301. Xing, R. and Jian, S. (2018). A dual-band THz absorber based on graphene sheet and ribbons. Optics and Laser Technology, 100(n/a), 129–32. Zhang, J., Tian, J. and Li, L. (2018). A dual-band tunable metamaterial near-unity absorber composed of periodic cross and disk graphene arrays. IEEE Photonics Journal, 10(2), 1–12.

148

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫الدراسات الباثولوجية النسيجية على املبيد‬ ‫أر (أوكسيدمييتون‬-‫احلشري ميتاسيستوكس‬ ‫ميثايل) على األرانب‬

Toxico-Pathological Studies of the Insecticide Metasystox-R (OxydemetonMethyl) in Rabbits Ahmed Jaafar Aljazzar 1 and Yehia Hussain 2

2 ‫ و يحيى حسين‬1 ‫أحمد جعفر الجزار‬

1 Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية الطب البيطري‬،‫ قسم العلوم اإلكلينيكية‬1 ‫ اململكة العربية السعودية‬،‫ األحساء‬،‫ جامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫ كلية الطب البيطري‬،‫ قسم علم األمراض‬2

2 Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi

Arabia

LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/vet/0065

20/12/2020

01/02/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

3686

01/02/2021

2021

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ ‫م‬ ‫أوكسيديميتون ميثايل هو أحد البيدات الحشرية الشائعة والذي ينتمي إلى ممركبات الفوسفات‬ َ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ ونتيجة إلى سرعة ذوبانه‬.‫ستخدم على نطاق واسع في الزراعة ومكافحة اآلفات‬ ‫العضوي موي‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫وكسيديميتون‬ ‫ ميثايل من الركبات التي لها تأثيرات‬‫ال‬ ‫ يعتبر م‬،‫وسرعة انتقاله في الصادر البيئية‬ ‫م‬ ‫ ولذلك تم تخطيط و إجر ماء هذه الدراسة لعرفة مدى تأثير هذا الركب‬.‫تراكمية بيولوجية عالية‬ ‫م‬ ‫إعطاء‬ ‫ حيث تم‬.‫على البيئة وذلك من خالل استخدام إناث الرانب النيوزيلندية كنموذج حيواني‬ 34 ‫ ميثايل عن طريق الفم بإضافته إلى مياه الشرب لألرانب بتركيز مقداره‬-‫الوكسيديميتون‬ ‫ وكانت العر م‬.‫ أسابيع‬6 ‫جزء في الليون لدة‬ ‫اض اإلكلينيكية السجلة على الحيوانات هي اإلسهال‬ َ ‫ كما لوحظ انخفاض شديد‬.‫والتقيؤ وسيالن اللعاب واإلدماع والرجفان وضعف في العضالت‬ ‫ زاد‬،‫ وفي القابل‬. ‫في عدد كرات الدم الحمراء وتركيز الهيموغلوبين ونسبة خاليا الدم الحمراء‬ ‫ وأظهر‬.‫ تم تثبيط إنزيم أساتيل استريز‬،‫ باإلضافة إلى ذلك‬.‫البيضاء بشكل كبير‬ ‫عدد كرات الدم‬ َ ‫م‬ َ َ ‫الف م‬ ‫وجود مناطق صغيرة من النخر الصاحبة لخاليا وحيدة النواة‬ ‫الباثولوجي للكبد‬ ‫حص‬ ‫م‬ ‫م‬ ‫ كانت هناك درجات متفاوتة من االلتهاب وأظهرت عضالت القلب وجود‬،‫ وفي الكلى‬.‫االلتهابية‬ َ ‫ مي‬،‫ وعليه‬.‫مبؤر َتنكس مع انتشار لخاليا وحيدة النواة االلتهابية‬ ‫ست م‬ ‫نتج من هذه الدراسة أن‬ ‫م‬ ‫شديد م‬ .‫السمية على البيئة‬ ‫ ميثايل‬-‫أوكسيديميتون‬

ABSTRACT One of the widely used insecticides in agriculture and urban pest control is oxydemeton-methyl, which is an organothiophosphate compound. It has a high bioaccumulation effect due to its increased solubility and mobility. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of oxydemeton-methyl toxicity on the environment, and female New Zealand rabbits were used as a model. The rabbits were given oxydemeton-methyl orally in drinking water at a concentration of 34 ppm for six weeks. The clinical signs were diarrhoea, emesis, salivation, lacrimation, fasciculation, muscle tremors and weakness. The haematological parameters, such as the RBCs count, the Hb concentration and the PCV % were significantly decreased. On the contrary, the WBCs count were significantly increased. In addition, an acetylcholinesterase enzyme was inhibited, and a histopathological examination on the liver showed small areas of oval and bridge necrosis infiltrated with mononuclear cells. In the kidneys, there was a variable degree of nephrosis, and the heart showed foci of myocardial degeneration infiltrated with mononuclear cells. Therefore, it is concluded that oxydemeton-methyl is highly toxic to the environment.

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Environments, insecticide, oxydemeton, pathology, pesticides, toxicity ‫ نسيج مرض‬،‫ مبيد‬،‫ تسمم‬،‫ البيئة‬،‫ باثولوجيا‬،‫أوكسيديميتون‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Aljazzar, A. and Hussain, Y. (2021). Aldirasat albathulujiat alnasijiat ealaa almubid alhashrii mytasystwks-ar (awksydymytwn mythayl) ealaa al'aranib ‘Toxico-pathological studies of the insecticide metasystox-r (oxydemeton-methyl) in rabbits’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 148–51. DOI: 10.37575/b/vet/0065 ‫ العلوم‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة اللك فيصل‬.‫أر (اوكسيديميتون ميثايل) على الرانب‬-‫ الدراسات الباثولوجية النسيجية على البيد الحشري ميتاسيستوكس‬.)2021( .‫ يحيى‬،‫ أحمد و حسين‬،‫الجزار‬ .151-148 ،)1(22 ،‫الساسية والتطبيقية‬

1. Introduction Although oxydemeton-methyl is restricted or banned in many countries due its high toxicity, it is still widely used in some parts of the world (Fan and Jackson, 1989; Kumar et al., 2016; Moses, 1989). It is an organothiophosphate (OP) insecticide, which is broadly used in agricultural and urban pest control. It has a large bioaccumulation and strong water solubility and mobility, which has led to its longlasting nature in the environment and wildlife. Due to this bioaccumulation, many studies have focused on its potential harm to humans and animals. Nonetheless, only a few studies have focused on oxydemeton-methyl contamination toxicity in the environment. Oxydemeton-methyl has been primarily used to control pests (Ghadamyari et al., 2008; Schuphan and Casida 1983; Anitha et al., 2004). Yet, it is one of the most frequently used OP insecticides. Therefore, due to its high-water solubility and mobility, its leaves potentially harmful residues in the environment. While studies on toxicity are generally performed on animal models, Corresponding Author: Ahmed Jaafar Aljazzar

such as rodents and rabbits (Bondarenko et al., 2013; Guilhermino et al, 2000), such studies on oxydemeton-methyl are lacking in literature. Nonetheless, similar studies have been conducted on other pesticides and can be used as a guide in this investigation. Kemabonta and Akinhanmi (2013) investigated the toxicological effects of three pesticides, chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos and alphacypermethrin, on the haematological parameters of adult mice. The results showed a significant decrease in the red blood count (RBC), the haemoglobin and the packed cell volume (PCV) and a significant increase in the white blood cells’ (WBCs) volume. The objective of this study is to simulate oxydemeton-methyl environmental water toxicity and study its effect of on organs, blood pictures and the cholinesterase enzyme. 2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Animals: Ten adult New Zealand rabbits weighing 2.8–3 kg were used. They were kept under hygienic conditions and were fed freshly prepared

ajazzar@kfu.edu.sa , 00966505896839

‫ أحمد جعفرالجزار‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.151-148 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم الساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة اللك فيصل‬.‫أر (اوكسيديميتون ميثايل) على الرانب‬-‫ الدراسات الباثولوجية النسيجية على البيد الحشري ميتاسيستوكس‬.)2021( .‫ يحيى‬،‫ أحمد و حسين‬،‫الجزار‬

commercial pellets. Water was offered ad-libitum.

2.2. Insecticide: Metasystox-R (oxydemeton-methyl, S-2-(ethyl-sulfinyl) ethyl O,ODimethyl phosphorothioate) (Bayer AG, Germany). It is a systemic and contact miticide and insecticide with a fairly long residual life. It is used mainly as a plant spray or for soil drenching to kill insects.

2.3. Assessment of the Experiment: The rabbits were divided into two groups of five. The first group received drinking water containing 34 ppm (1/10 LD50) of Metasystox-R for six weeks. The second group was kept as the control group and was offered insecticide-free drinking water. The animals were kept under observation throughout the experiment. They were then sacrificed at the end of the experiment (six weeks), and blood and tissue samples were collected for haematological and histopathological investigation.

2.4. Haematological Study: The haematological study of the effect of the oral administration of Metasystox-R included RBC and WBC counts, the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration and the PCV. Blood samples were taken from each rabbit in tubes containing Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) (Analar, BDH). The estimation of the preceding values was measured using a VET Scan Hm5 (Abaxis, Germany). Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase (ACHE) was estimated by an Ellman chemical test (Ellman et al., 1961). In this method, a reaction between chromogenic 5,50-dithiobis-2-nitrobenzoic acid and acetylthiocholine results in the formation of yellow ions of 5-thio-2nitrobenzoic acid. The rate of the increased formation of the yellow ions is measured at 412nm using a spectrophotometer.

2.5. Pathological and Histopathological Studies: At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and a postmortem examination was performed. Samples were taken from the following organs: the liver, the lungs, the kidneys, the heart and the spleen, which were fixed in 10% formalin, and then paraffin embedded. The samples were then sectioned at 4–6 microns and stained with haematoxylin and eosin to be examined microscopically (Suvarna, 2012).

2.6. Statistical Analysis: The results were analysed by a student’s-T test using an SPSS statistical analysis package. The results with a p value of P>0.05 were considered statistically significant. 3. Results

3.1. Symptoms of Oxydemeton-methyl Toxicity:

149

14g/dl and 42.8 ± 0.83%), respectively. The total leukocytic count showed a substantial increase and reached approximately (14.40 ± 0.43 X103/mm3) at the end of experiment. In addition, the cholinesterase of the treated rabbits was drastically inhibited at the end of the experiment. This might explain the effect on the neurotransmitting function on treated animals (table 2). Table 1: Shows a timeline effect on the haematological changes of the blood pictures between the control and treated groups after the oral administration of oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox) (1/10 LD50). Different superscripts designate significant differences between means within the rows; upper-case letters. Means ± SE Parameters Control 2 weeks 4 weeks 6 weeks RBCs 106/mm3 7.08a/ ± 0.53 6.47b/ ± 0.20 5.02c/ ± 0.13 3.98d/ ± 0.62 a b c Hb g/dl 135.90 / ± 14 104.80 / ± 21 75.70 / ± 17 46.80d/±0.31 PCV % 42.62 a/ ± 0.26 36.03 b/ ± 0.12 25.99c/±0.19 23.19d/±0.18 3 3 a b c WBCs 10 /mm 8.25 / ± 0.16 10.86 / ± 0.14 12.12 /±0.11 15.34d/±0.59 Table 2: Effect of oxydemeton-methyl (Metasystox) (1/10 LD50, 1.2 mg/kg body weight) on serum cholinesterase activity (U/L) in New Zealand rabbits at the end of the experiment. Different superscripts designate significant differences between means within the rows; upper-case letters. Experimental Control U/l Metasystox U/l Inhibition % period/week 2 4556.20 a/ ± 81.48 3201.20 b/ ± 59.12 29.74 a b 4 4465.60 / ± 71.42 3170.00 / ± 17.96 29.02 a c 6 4478.40 / ± 56.69 2303.40 / ± 9.6 48.57

3.3. Pathological and Histopathological Changes: In the liver, clear hepatitis was observed among all the treated animals. This manifested as multiple areas of mononuclear cell aggregation in the parenchyma and portal areas. In addition, there were small areas of zonal and bridge necrosis infiltrated with mononuclear cells, hyperplastic Kupffer cells and/or biliary epithelial cells (Fig. 1). Figure 1: Note area of necrosis (Asterix) infiltrated with mononuclear cell (arrow) in addition to Kupffer cells (arrowhead) (H & E X 200).

In the kidneys, there was a negative impact on their function, as demonstrated by the variable degrees of nephrosis, which was characterised by cortical tubular cell degeneration lined with flattened epithelium (Fig. 2). Furthermore, there were multiple areas of dilated cortical tubules and areas of atrophied cortical tubule associated with interstitial fibrosis (Fig. 3). Figure 2: Note atrophied renal tubule (arrow) on cortical area with interstitial fibrosis (arrowhead) (H & E X 100).

The rabbit group that received 34 ppm (1/10 LD50) of Metasystox-R for six weeks showed clinical signs, such as diarrhoea, emesis, salivation, lacrimation, muscle tremors and weakness, which suggested possible toxicity.

3.2. Results of Haematological Examination and Cholinesterase Investigation: The haematological findings of the RBC count, the haemoglobin and the PCV of the rabbits intoxicated by oxydemeton-methyl showed a severe decline from the normal parameters (table 1). They reached approximately (3.84 ± 0.35x106/mm3, 46.80 ± 0.31g/dl and 23.19 ± 1.30 %), respectively, at the end of the experiment. The control group showed normal parameters of (7.14 ± 0.30x 106/mm3, 110.90 ± Aljazzar, A. andHussain, Y. (2021). Aldirasat albathulujiat alnasijiat ealaa almubid alhashrii mytasystwks-ar (awksydymytwn mythayl) ealaa al'aranib ‘Toxico-pathological studies of the insecticide metasystox-r (oxydemeton-methyl) in rabbits’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 148–51. DOI: 10.37575/b/vet/0065

The spleen, on the other hand, showed extensive hemosiderosis, as seen in the red pulp of some animals whereby the counts are due to haemolysis and the inhibition of the RBC count in the treated animals (Fig. 4). In the lungs, the treated animals showed depletion of lymphoid tissue. The heart of the treated animals showed small foci of myocardial degeneration, which is associated with interstitial round cell aggregation (Fig. 5). These results suggest systemic and multi-organ toxicity on the treated animals. Figure 4: Note extensive hemosiderosis in red pulp(arrow) (H & E X200).

Figure 5: Note the foci of myocardial degeneration (arrow) infiltrated with mononuclear cells (arrowhead) (H & E X 200).

4. Discussion Although the structures are diverse in nature, the mechanism by which the OP insecticides caused their toxicity is through matching, and it is related to the inhibition of the ACHE enzyme in the nervous tissue. This enzyme is responsible for the breakdown and termination of the physiological activity of acetylcholine’s neurotransmitting function. The aforementioned results showed that the administration of Metasystox-R (oxydemeton methyl) at 34 ppm (1/10 LD50) in

150

drinking water for six weeks is capable of causing signs of toxicity. These clinical signs were diarrhoea, meiosis, emesis, salivation, lacrimation, fasciculation and muscle tremors and weakness. This indicates that the dose administered was enough to cause inhibition of the cholinesterase enzyme and that it creates clinical signs. The results were parallel, to some extent, with the clinical signs observed by Mehta et al. (2006) and Baba et al. (2017) were treated animals such as calves and rabbits showed similar response to chlorpyrifos treatment. The haematological changes in this experiment, the RBCs, the Hb concentration and the PCV showed a significant decrease when compared with the control group. In addition, the WBCs showed a significant increase (P≤ 0.05). The results agree with those mentioned by Ali (1983) and Brown et al. (2015), who observed a decrease in the RBCs, Hb concentration and PCV in the buffalo calves, the sheep, the goats and the rats after exposure to toxic doses malathion, dimethoate, cyolane, methidathion and dichlorvos respectively. Kemabonta and Akinhanmi (2013) also observed similar results in mice after their exposure to chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos and alphacypermethrin. Riaz and Yousafzai (2017) and Ali (1983) recorded an increase in the WBCs of rabbits, chickens and goats in the case of toxicity with malathion, malathion, cyolane and methidathion, respectively. Therefore, one way to test the liver function is the ChE level in the serum, which is considered as a confirmatory indicator of organophosphorus insecticide poisoning. This conclusion is supported by the clinical signs of anticholinesterase action represented by diarrhoea, loss of appetite, drowsiness and mild tremors and muscle weakness, which were observed in organophosphorus poisoning in the treated rabbits (Kumar et al., 2010; Narang et al., 2015; Al malihi, 2016). These figures were parallel with Tutudaki et al. (2003) and Karanth et al. (2006), who reported the same effect with diazinon and chlorpyrifos on New Zealand rabbits. The histopathological investigation revealed chronic toxic hepatitis as well as nephrosis in almost all the treated animals. These changes are attributed to the toxicity of organophosphorus on the liver and kidneys at a dose level of 34 ppm. Similar results were obtained by Lin and Hsueh (1993), Nishina et al. (1998), Owoeye et al. (2012) and Brown et al. (2015) on rat’s livers. In human beings, nephropathy after organophosphate toxicity appears mainly as a result of renal tubular damage (Peiris-John et al., 2005; Yurumez et al., 2007; Kaya et al., 2018). Similarly, we found renal tubular damage in our study, which suggests a similar cause of the neurological signs seen in the treated rabbits. The direct cause of the tissue damage observed in these animals is yet to be defined, but Pope (1999) stated that oxidative stress at the renal tubular level might lead to renal tubular damage. Chronic interstitial pneumonitis is considered as more significant in relation to oxydemeton-methyl administration. A similar picture was observed by Tsao et al. (1990), Nishina et al. (1998) and Wang et al. (2010). Moreover, myocardial degeneration and the infiltration by inflammatory cells was observed in treated group similar to the result of Ali (1983) and Anand et al. (2009). The spleen showed only extensive hemosiderosis in some animals; this result matches the results obtained by Alakabi (2017) and Elshewey et al. (2013) under the effects of a low concentration of dimethoate in rabbits and rats, respectively. This may be due to an increase in the rate of the breakdown of erythrocytes after exposure to pesticides (van Banning, 1984). In addition, no gastrointestinal changes could be detected in the treated animals. However, Clarke and Clarke (1995) reported gastroenteritis in guinea pigs.

Biographies

Ahmed Jaafar Aljazzar Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966505896839, ajazzar@kfu.edu.sa

Dr Aljazzar, Saudi, is a 2016 Royal Veterinary College (United Kingdom) graduate and assistant professor with five publications in Q1 journals. His research interest is comparative pathological studies using different animal models. He is part of a national team that is concerned with one health concept. In addition, he is a member of different scientific societies, such as ECTS (European Calcified Tissue Society), and AAVP (Arab Association of Veterinary Pathologist).

Yehia Hussain Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966501258073, yali@kfu.edu.sa

Prof. Hussain received his PhD from Alexandria University, Egypt in 1986. He has been an Egyptian professor of forensic medicine and toxicology since 1994. He has over 60 publications in highly regarded journals. His research focuses on pesticides and environmental and animal toxicity. Furthermore, he works in King Faisal Veterinary Teaching Hospital. His job includes the examination, diagnosis and treatment of poisoned animals that visit the hospital, the analysis of feed and serum samples for the presence of toxic and poisonous substances and writing forensic and toxicology reports. References Ali, F.R. (1983). Determination of Cyolane Residues in Tissues and Milk of Goats. PhD Thesis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria

University, Egypt. Al Malihi, B. Kh. (2016). Hepatic and Renal Toxicity of Dichlorvos in Male Domestic Rabbits. Master’s Dissertation, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, the Islamic University, Gaza, Palestine. Anand, S., Singh, S., Nahar, S., UBhalla, A., Paul S.Y. and Singh, D. (2009). Cardiac abnormalities in acute organophosphate poisoning. Clinical Toxicology (Phila), 47(n/a), 230–5. Alakabi, R.S. (2017). Study of the histopathological and hematological changes due to dimtethoate toxicity in rabbits. Wasit Journal for Science and Medicine, 10(1), 78–91. Anitha, K., Mohan, S. and Reddy, S. (2004). Development of acetylcholinesterase silica sol–gel immobilized biosensor—an application towards oxydemeton methyl detection. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 20(4), 848–56. Baba, O., Darzi, M., Mir, M., Hussain, S., Kamil, S. and Shafi, M. (2017). Chlorpyrifos induced sub-acute toxicity in rabbits: Clinical, hematological and biochemical alterations. International Journal of Livestock Research, 7(8), 208–213. Bondarenko, O., Juganson, K., Ivask, A., Kasemets, K., Mortimer, M. and Kahru, A. (2013). Toxicity of Ag, CuO and ZnO nanoparticles to selected environmentally relevant test organisms and mammalian cells in vitro: A critical review. Archives of Toxicology, 87(7), 1181– 200. Brown, H., Kenananagha, B. and Onwuli, D.O. (2015). Haematopathological effect of dichlorvos on blood picture and liver cells of albino rats. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, 7(2), 18–23. Clarke, E.G. and Clarke, L.M. (1995). Veterinary Toxicology. 1st edition. London: Bailliere Tindall. Ellman, G., Courtney, K., Andres, V. and Featherstone, R. (1961). A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochemical Pharmacology, 7(2), 88–95. Kim, S. (2012). Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques EBook. 7th edition. UK: Elsevier. Elshewey, E., Elzoghby, R.R., Hamouda, A.F., Adel-fatah, A. and Farouq, M. (2013), Teratological and histopathological effects of Dimethoate 40 EC pesticides in albino rats. In: The 6th Animal Wealth Research Conference in the Middle East and North Africa, Hurghada Information Center, Hurghada, Egypt, 27–30/09/2013. Fan, A.M., and Jackson, R.J. (1989). Pesticides and food safety. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 9(2), 158–74. Ghadamyari, M., Talebi, K., Mizuno, H. and Kono, Y. (2008). Oxydemeton-

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methyl resistance, mechanisms, and associated fitness cost in green peach aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101(4), 1432–8. Guilhermino, L., Diamantino, T., Silva, M.C. and Soares, A.M. (2000). Acute toxicity test with 295 Daphnia magna: An alternative to mammals in the prescreening of chemical toxicity? Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 46(3), 357–62. Karanth, S., Liu, J., Mirajkar, N. and Pope, C. (2006). Effects of acute chlorpyrifos exposure on in vivo acetylcholine accumulation in rat striatum. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 216(1), 150–6. Kemabonta, K.A. and Akinhanmi, F.O. (2013). Toxicological effects of chlorpyrifos, dichlorvos and alpha cypermethrin on adult albino mice, Mus musculus. Production, Agriculture and Technology, 9(2), 1–17. Riaz, M. and Yousafzai, A. (2017). Toxic effects of insecticides malathion and cypermethrin on hematological parameters in blood of male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies, 5(3), 154–158. Kumar, S.V., Fareedullah, M.D., Sudhakar, Y., Venkateswarlu, B. and Kumar, E.A. (2010). Current review on organophosphorus poisoning. Archives of Applied Science Research, 2(4), 199–215. Kumar, S., Kaushik, G. and Villarreal-Chiu, J.F. (2016). Scenario of organophosphate pollution and toxicity in India: A review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(10), 9480–91. Lin, J.L. and Hsueh, S. (1993). Acute nephropathy of organotin compounds. American Journal of Nephrology, 13(2), 124–8. Mehta, G., Singh, S.P., Pandey, S.K., Hore, S.K. and Zafer, A. (2006). Clinicohaematological alterations in buffalo due to chlorpyrifos dermal toxicity. Veterinary Practitioner, 7(1), 7–9. Moses, M. (1989). Pesticide-related health problems and farmworkers. American Association of Occupational Health Nurses Journal, 37(3), 115–30. Narang, U., Narang, P. and Gupta, O. (2015). Organophosphorus poisoning: A social calamity. Journal of Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, 20(1), 46–51. Nishina, K., Mikawa, K., Takao, Y., Shiga, M., Maekawa, N. and Obara, H. (1998). Intravenous lidocaine attenuates acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid aspiration in rabbits. Anesthesiology, 88(5), 1300–9. Owoeye, O., Edem, F.V., Akinyoola, B.S., Rahaman, S., Akang, E.E. and Arinola, G. O. (2012). Histological changes in liver and lungs of rats exposed to dichlorvos before and after vitamin supplementation. European Journal of Anatomy, 16(3), 190–8. Peiris-John, R. J., Ruberu, D.K., Wickremasinghe, A.R. and van-der-Hoek, W. (2005). Low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides leads to restrictive lung dysfunction. Respiratory Medicine, 99(10), 1319–24. Pope, C.N. (1999). Organophosphorus pesticides: Do they all have the same mechanism of toxicity. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health - Part B: Critical Reviews, 2(2), 161–81. Schuphan, I. and Casida, J.E. (1983). Metabolism and degradation of pesticides and xenobiotics: Bioactivations involving sulfurcontaining substituents. in mode of action, metabolism and toxicology. Human Welfare and the Environment, 3 (n/a), 287– 294. Tsao, T.C., Juang, Y.C., Lan, R.S., Shieh, W.B. and Lee, C.H. (1990). Respiratory failure of acute organophosphate and carbamate poisoning. Chest, 98(3), 631–6. Tutudaki, M., Tsakalof, A.K. and Tsatsakis, A.M. (2003). Hair analysis used to assess chronic exposure to the organophosphate diazinon: A model study with rabbits. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 22(3), 159–64. van Banning, P. (1984). An atlas of fish histology. Normal and pathological features. Aquaculture, 37(3), 287. Wang, C.Y., Wu, C.L., Tsan, Y.T., Hsu, J.Y., Hung, D.Z. and Wang, C. H. (2010). Early onset pneumonia in patients with cholinesterase inhibitor poisoning. Respirology, 15(6), 961–8. Kaya, Y., Bas, O., Hanci, H., Cankaya, S., Nalbant, I., Odaci, E., Uydu, A. and Aslan, A. (2018). Acute renal involvement in organophosphate poisoning: Histological and immunochemical investigations. Renal Failure, 40(1), 410–5. Yurumez, Y., Ikizceli, I., Sozuer, E.M., Soyuer, I., Yavuz, Y., Avsarogullari, L. and Durukan, P. (2007). Effect of interleukin-10 on tissue damage caused by organophosphate poisoning. Basic and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, 100(5), 323–7.

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫التوافق بالتطعيم الدقيق بني صنفني من‬ ‫اللوز وأربعة أنواع برية‬

Micrografting Compatibility Between Two Almond Cultivars and Four Wild Species

Wafaa Mohamed Koaym 1, Mohamed Abdul Razzaq Battha 1 and Mhasen Mohamed Taher Twaklna 2

2 ‫ محاسن محمد طاهر توكلنا‬،1 ‫ محمد عبد الرزاق بطحة‬،1 ‫وفاء محمد قعيم‬

‫ سوريا‬،‫ دمشق‬،‫ جامعة دمشق‬،‫ كلية الزراعة‬،‫ قسم علوم البستنة‬1 ،‫ دمشق‬،‫ الهيئة العامة للبحوث العلمية الزراعية‬،‫ إدارة بحوث البستنة‬،‫ قسم بحوث اللوزيات‬2 ‫سوريا‬

1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria

2 Department of Almonds Research, Horticulture Research Wing, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural

Research, Damascus, Syria

LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/agr/0057

20/11/2020

03/02/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

5289

ABSTRACT Micropropagation and micrografting techniques are important methods used to obtain high quality plants. This research aimed to investigate the effect of wild almond species (Prunus communis, P. orientalis, P. korschinskii, and P. arabica) on the success of micrografting almond cultivars (Prunus dulcis cvs. Shami Furk and Dafadii)and determine which combination of growth regulators lead to the highest rate of multiplication in micrografted cultivars. The shoot tips were grafted onto the rooted rootstocks by inverted T-budding. The results indicated that Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium, supplemented with 1 mg/l benzyl adenine (BA), 0.1 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and 0.2mg/l gibberellic acid (GA3), achieved the highest shoot multiplication with an average of 5.31 and 3.67 shoots per explant and an average of 6.23cm and 4.98cm shoot length in cultivars Shami Furk and Dafadii, respectively. The highest grafting success rates were 80% and 74.26% obtained from Shami Furk/P. arabica and Dafadii/P. arabica combinations, respectively, while the lowest success rate was 50.63% with the Dafadii/P. orientalis combination. The liquid MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IBA achieved the highest micrografting success and scion shoot length. This research can be used to improve almond cultivation.

03/02/2021

2021

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ ‫تعد تقنيات التكاثر الخضري الدقيق والتطعيم الدقيق من الطرق الهامة للحصول على‬ ،‫ يهدف هذا البحث إلى دراسة تأثير أنواع اللوز البرية (الشائع‬.‫نباتات عالية الجودة‬ ‫ العربي) في نسبة نجاح التطعيم الدقيق لصنفين محليين من اللوز‬،‫ الكورشنسكي‬،‫الشرقي‬ ‫ وكذلك لتحديد أفضل التوافقات الهرمونية التي تؤدي إلى أعلى‬،)‫(شامي فرك وضفادعي‬ ‫ تم تطعيم القمم النامية‬.‫معدل للتكاثر وإلى نجاح التطعيم الدقيق للصنفين املدروسين‬ ‫ أوضحت النتائج أن وسط‬.‫ املعكوس‬T ‫على األصول املجذرة باستخدام طريقة شق‬ ‫ل حمض‬/‫( ملجم‬BA) + 0.1 ‫ل بنزيل أدنين‬/‫ملجم‬1 ‫) املزود بـ‬MS( ‫موراشيج وسكوج‬ ‫) حقق أعلى معدل للتكاثر بلغ‬GA3( ‫ل حمض الجبرلين‬/‫( ملجم‬IBA) َ + 0.2 ‫البوتيريك‬ ‫ سم) لكال‬4.98 ،‫ سم‬6.23( ‫جزء نباتي) وبمتوسط طول للنمو‬/‫ نموا‬3.67 ‫ و‬5.31( ‫ وتم الحصول على أعلى نسبة نجاح للتطعيم الدقيق عند تطعيم‬،‫الصنفين على التوالي‬ ‫) لكل منهما‬%74.26‫ و‬%80( ‫الصنفين شامي فرك وضفادعي على اللوز العربي والتي بلغت‬ ‫) عند‬%50.63( ‫ في حين تم الحصول على أدنى نسبة لنجاح التطعيم الدقيق‬،‫على التوالي‬ 0.5 ‫ السائل واملزود بـ‬MS ‫ كما حقق الوسط‬،‫تطعيم الصنف ضفادعي على اللوز الشرقي‬ ‫ أعلى نسبة لنجاح التطعيم الدقيق وأعلى متوسط لطول‬IBA ‫ل‬/‫ ملجم‬0.1 ‫ و‬BA ‫ل‬/‫ملجم‬ .‫ يمكن االستفادة من هذا البحث في التوسع بزراعة اللوز‬.‫املطاعيم‬

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Almond, compatibility, growth regulators, microscions, rootstocks, tissue culture ‫ منظمات نمو‬،‫ طعوم دقيقة‬،‫ زراعة أنسجة‬،‫ توافق‬،‫ اللوز‬،‫أصول وراثية‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Koaym, W.M., Battha, M.A.R. and Twaklna, M.M.T. (2021). Altawafuq bialtateim aldaqiq bayn sinfayn min allawz warbet 'anwae bariya ‘Micrografting compatibility between two almond cultivars and four wild species’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 152–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/agr/0057 ‫ العلوم‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ التوافق بالتطعيم الدقيق بين صنفين من اللوز وأربعة أنواع برية‬.)2021( .‫ محاسن محمد طاهر‬،‫ وتوكلنا‬،‫ محمد عبدالرزاق‬،‫ بطحة‬،‫ وفاء محمد‬،‫قعيم‬ .157-152 ،)1(22 ،‫األساسية والتطبيقية‬

1. Introduction The cultivated almond (Prunus dulcis Mill.) belongs to the sub-genus Amygdalus from the Rosaceae family and the Prunoideae sub-family and is adapted to dry and semi dry areas (Al-Ghzawi et al., 2009). Almonds have great nutritional value, high fat content, and are added to many nutritional products (Ahrens et al.,2005). Martins et al. (2004) reported that almond trees are widely spread throughout the Mediterranean region. They are considered one of the most important and ancient nut trees. They also represent the largest nut tree crop produced around the world (Kester and Gradziel, 1996; Sorkheh et al., 2009). In addition to the industrial uses of the almond tree, it is also used as an ornamental tree (Isıkalan et al., 2008). Syria is rich in genetic diversity among wild species of almond, such as P. orientalis, P. arabica, P. communis, P. korschinskii and P. spartioids (Ladizinsky, 1999), which are used for stabilizing water sheds and controlling soil corrosion (Mortazavi, 1986).In addition, they are a rich source of important characteristics used by breeding programs to improve cultivars (Gradziel et al., 2001, Rahemi et al., Corresponding Author: Wafaa Mohamed koaym

2010). Numerous difficulties are encountered in almond cutting during the process of propagation due to the tree’s poor rooting ability. The traditional method of almond propagation is through T-budding either in the late spring or in the fall (Hartmann et al., 1997), which is an exhaustive and time-consuming method. Hence, the need for new and rapid methods for propagation is growing, and that is possible only through micropropagation (Jain and Häggman, 2007). The biggest drawback to field grafting is that a whole year of production is lost in order to produce new grafts; therefore, micrografting was used to overcome this problem (Miguelez-Sierra et al., 2016). Micrografting requires much less space and is a much quicker process compared to grafting (Isıkalan et al., 2011). The micrografting technique is used for several purposes, such as the elimination of viruses, the rejuvenation tissues in plants, the production of plants throughout the year, and the study of compatibility between rootstocks and scions (Richardson et al., 1996). The success of micrografting is affected by several factors, such as scion length, scion source, grafting method, medium used, rootstock age, and the compatibility of reactions between grafting

w.koaym90@gmail.com , 00963996081806

‫ وفاء محمد قعيم‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

partners (Hu and Mis, 2015). Liquid media is used to supply more nutrients and growth regulators to the microshoots (Hussain et al., 2014). Micrografting is a safe and alternative way to produce genetically uniform in vitro propagated plants. Therefore, the aim of this research was to investigate the effect of the wild rootstock type on the success of micrografting almond cultivars Shami Furk and Dafadii, (which are important, economical woody trees)and to determine the best combination of growth regulators to use in order to achieve the highest rate of multiplication in the micrografted cultivars.

Figure 1. Micropropagation of wild almond species.

a. P. communis, b. P. orientalis, c. P. korschinskii, d. P. Arabica Figure 2. Rooting of wild almond species in ½MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l IBA.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Plant Materials: This research was carried out in the Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plants of the National Commission for Biotechnology/ Damascus, during the period between 2018–2020. The source of plant materials was the in vitro-cultured shoots of four wild almond types (Prunus orientalis Mill, P. communis L,P. korschinskii, and P. arabica Olivier.) obtained from different origins throughout Syria and nodal segments of two local almond varieties, Prunus dulcis cvs. ‘Shami Furk’ and ‘Dafadii’ that are grown at the Homs Research Centre of the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research. The studied rootstocks and cultivars have a major economical prominence in the breeding process.

2.2. Establishment of In Vitro Rootstocks: In vitro-cultured shoots of P. communis and P. orientalis in MS medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) (Table 1), supplemented with 1 mg/l benzyl adenine (BA) + 0.2 mg/l Gibberellic acid (GA3), and micropropagated shoots of P. arabica and P. korschinskii in MS medium, supplemented with 1mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l GA3 + 0.1 mg/l indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) (Figure 1), were used as explants for the establishment of rootstocks. For root induction, shoots (2–3 cm in length) were excised during the multiplication stage and cultured in ½MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l IBA. During the rooting stage, the shoots were incubated in constant darkness for one week, then transferred to a growth chamber at 22±1 °C, with 16h of photoperiod, and a light intensity of 30 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by cool daylight fluorescent lamps for three weeks. In vitro-rooted shoots were used as rootstocks for grafting (Figure 2). Table 1: Composition of MS Medium (Murashige and Skoog, 1962) Ingredients Amounts (mg/ litre) Macronutrients NH4NO3 1650 KNO3 1900 CaCL2. H2O 0440 MgSO4.7H2O 0370 KH2PO4 0170 Micronutrients KI 0.830 H3BO3 06.20 MnSO4. H2O 15.60 ZnSO4.7H20 08.60 Na2MoO4.2H2O 0.250 CuSO4.5H2O 0.250 CoSo4.6H2O 0.025 FeSO4.7H2O 27.80 Na2EDTA 37.30 Vitamins Thiamine HCl 0.100 Pyridoxine HCl 0.500 Nicotinic acid 0.500 Myo- inositol 100 Others Glycine 2mg/l Sucrose 30g/l Agar 7 g/l pH 5.7

` a. P. communis, b. P. orientalis, c. P. korschinskii, d. P. Arabica

2.3. Establishment of In VitroShoot Cultures for Scion Source: New shoots of 15-20cm in length were collected in mid-May from ten-year-old trees of almond cultivars (Shami Furk and Dafadii) and brought to the laboratory. After removing the leaves, shoots were cut into nodal cuttings, which contained 1-2 lateral buds and with lengths that ranged from 0.5 to 1 cm. For the purpose of disinfection, the explants were washed with running water for one hour. Next, they were surface sterilized by dipping in 70% (v/v) ethanol for 30 seconds, then in 0.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)containing 2 drops of Tween for ten minutes, and in 0.1% mercuric chloride (HgCl2) for 30 seconds. Finally, they were rinsed three times (forfive minutes each time) in distilled water. Surface sterilization was performed in sterilized conditions. After sterilization, each explant was cultured in an MS medium. All the cultured tubes were placed and observed for four weeks in a growth chamber at 22±1 °C , with 16 h of photoperiod, and at a light intensity of 30 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by cool daylight fluorescent lamps (Figure 3). Figure 3. New shoot of Dafadii cultivar at the end of initiation stage.

After that, the newly-formed microshoots were sub-cultured in MS medium including various types of growth regulators in order to achieve shoot multiplication: • • • •

MS1: MS + 0.5 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l GA3. MS2: MS + 1 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l GA3. MS3: MS + 2 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/l GA3. MS4: MS + 1 mg/l BA + 0.2 mg/lGA3 + 0.1 mg/l IBA.

In vitro regenerated shoots were micropropagated and sub-cultured every three weeks. All of the cultivated tubes were placed in a growth chamber at 22±1 °C, with 16 h of photoperiod, and a light intensity of Koaym, W.M., Battha, M.A.R. and Twaklna, M.M.T. (2021). Altawafuq bialtateim aldaqiq bayn sinfayn min allawz warbet 'anwae bariya ‘Micrografting compatibility between two almond cultivars and four wild species’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 152–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/agr/0057

30 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by cool daylight fluorescent lamps. Shoot tips were used as a source of microscions for micrografting experiments.

2.4. Micrografting of Scion Cultivars onto Rooted Rootstock: Inverted T-budding grafting was applied in micrografts under aseptic conditions. Micrografting was achieved by grafting the microscions onto the rooted rootstocks. For the rootstocks, the leaves and their axillary buds were removed from 2-3 cm long stems and all lateral shoots were removed under the stereomicroscope (Figure 4.a). The rootstock shoot was decapitated approx. 1.5-2 cm above the medium surface, and roots were cut to a length of 2-3 cm. After that, the inverted-T slit was done through making a columnar slit of 1 mm length at the decapitation position, followed by a level slit of 1-2 mm width. Shoot-tip explants (meristem plus 2-3 leaf primordia) were excised from the scion donor plants under stereomicroscope (Figure 4.b) and placed directly in contact with the level slit surface of the rootstock (Figure 4.c). Micrografts were cultured in liquid media, with a paper bridge as a fastening device (Figure 4.d), with three different treatments: • • •

MS0: hormone-free MS. MS5: MS + 0.5 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IBA. MS6: MS + 0.5 mg/l IBA + 0.1 mg/l BA.

The micrografts were then placed in a growth chamber at 22±1 °C, with16 h of photoperiod, and a light intensity of 30 μmol m-2 s-1 provided by cool daylight fluorescent lamps for six weeks.Then, successful graft union percentage and shoot growth length were determined. Figure. 4. Inverted T-budding grafting applied in micrografts under aseptic conditions.

(ANOVA) method to determine the significant differences between the means of all treatments. Duncan's multiple range test was used at 1% level of significance to assess the significance of difference among means using the Genstat 12 statistical program. Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different. 3. Results

3.1. The Effect of Different Plant Growth Regulator Combinations on the Shoot Multiplication of Almond Microscions: The data in Table 2 show the effect of different concentrations of BA in combination with GA3 at 0.1 mg/l alone or with GA3 at 0.1 mg/l and IBA at 0.1 mg/l on the average number of shoots produced per explant as well as the mean length of the shoots. According to the data, the MS medium culture supplemented with 1 mg/l BA plus 0.2 GA3 plus 0.1 IBA, resulting in a mean number of 4.49shootswith an average shoot length of 5.60 cm, is the most suitable treatment. As for the interactions between studied cultivars and growth regulator combinations, the results clarified that the highest significant average number of shoots/explant (5.31 and 3.67) and the longest shoot (6.23 and 4.98 cm) for both Shami Furk and Dafadii cultivars, respectively, were obtained in a medium supplemented with BA at 1 mg/l plus GA3 at 0.2 mg/l plus IBA at 0.1 mg/l (Figure 5). Table 2. Micropropagation of Shami Furk and Dafadiimicroscions in MS medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators combinations Avg No of shoots/ explants mean Avg length of shoots (cm) mean Media Shami Furk Dafadii Shami Furk Dafadii MS1 1.34 f 1.12 g 1.23 d 2.53 d 2.40 g 2.46 c MS2 3.22 c 3.15 d 3.18 b 2.62 c 2.43 f 2.52 b MS3 2.34 e 1.07 h 1.7 c 2.46 e 2.02 h 2.24 d MS4 5.31 a 3.67 b 4.49 a 6.23 a 4.98b 5.60 a Cultivars 0.01 l.S.D Media 0.17 (0.01) Interaction 0.24 Figure 5. Shoot culture at the end of multiplication stage in MS medium supplemented with BA at 1 mg/l plus GA3 at 0.2 mg/l plus IBA at 0.1 mg/l:a. Dafadii cv., b. Shami Furk cv.

3.2. The Effect of Different Types of Rootstocks and Scions on the Success of Micrografting:

a. Cutting off the top of the rooted rootstock. b. Preparation of the shoot tip. c. Insertion of the microscion in therootstock. d. Micrografting shoot in liquid MS media.

2.5. Experimental Design and Statistical Analysis All experiments were carried out according to completely randomized design. The multiplication experiment contained two almond cultivars, four proliferation treatments, three replicates, and 20 explants per replicate, while the micrografting experiment included two almond cultivars, four wild rootstocks, three micrografting media, three replicates, and 20 micrografts per replicate. The results were analysed using the analysis of variance

In this study, the success rates of grafting were investigated for different cultivar/rootstock combinations. It was found that the P. arabica was a more compatible rootstock for the tested almond cultivars compared to the rest of the rootstocks tested in micrografting. Two different scion types (Shami Furk and Dafadii) showed clear differences in micrografting success, as Shami Furkperformed a higher success rate (70.28%) than Dafadii (62.65%) (Table 4). The interaction between the rootstock and scion was significant (Table 3). The highest grafting success rate was obtained from Shami Furk cultivar grafted on P. Arabica (80%), which was followed by the combination of Dafadii/P. arabica with a rate of 74.26% (Figure 6). The lowest success rate was with the Dafadii/P. orientalis combination (50.63%). In addition, the micrografts growth differed significantly relying on the rootstock type.The shoot length ranged between1.14 cm for Shami Furk/P.korschinskii and 0.50 cm for Dafadii/P. orientalis (Table 4).

.157-152 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ التوافق بالتطعيم الدقيق بين صنفين من اللوز وأربعة أنواع برية‬.)2021( .‫ محاسن محمد طاهر‬،‫ توكلنا‬،‫ محمد عبدالرزاق‬،‫ بطحة‬،‫ وفاء محمد‬،‫قعيم‬ Table 3. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the effects of the rootstock type and cultivar on the success of in vitro micrografting Degrees of Sum of Squares Mean Square Source of variation Freedom F-Value P-Value (D.F) (S.S) (M.S) Rootstocks 3 1646.9535 548.9845 4388.80 <.001 Cultivars 1 349.3014 349.3014 2792.46 <.001 Interaction (Rootstocks. 3 12.3933 4.1311 33.03 <.001 Cultivars) Residual 16 2.0014 0.1251 Total 23 2010.6496 Table 4. The effects of the rootstock type and cultivar on the success of in vitro micrografting and the shoot length. Success of micrografts (%) Shoot length (cm) Rootstocks Mean Shami Dafadii Mean Shami Furk Dafadii (Rootstocks) Furk (Rootstocks) P. communis 70.57 d 61.42 f 66 c 0.85 c 0.72 d 0.78 b P. orientalis 57.37 g 50.63 h 54 d 0.54 f 0.50 g 0.52 d P. korschinskii 73.18 c 64.29 e 68.73 b 1.14 a 1.04 b 1.09 a P. arabica 80 a .7426b 77.13 a 0.70 d 0.57 e 0.63 c Mean (Cultivars) 70.28 a 62.65b 1.80 a 1.70 b Cultivars 0.42 0.011 Rootstocks 0.60 0.016 L.S.D Interaction 0.01 0.84 0.023 (Cultivars*Rootstocks) Figure. 6.Formation union point

a.Formation union point between Shami Fruk cv. (scion) and P. korschinskii (rootstock) after 28 days of in vitro grafting. b. Successful Shami Furk cv. micrografted on P. korschinskiirootstock after 45 days of in vitro grafting in MS liquid media + 0.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1 IBA. c. Dafadii cv. micrografted on P. arabica rootstock after 21 days of in vitro grafting. d. Successful Dafadii cv. micrografted on P. korschinskiirootstock after 45 days ofin vitro grafting.

3.3. The Effects of BA and IBA on the Success of Micrografting: The data illustrated in Tables 5 and 6show a significant effect of the media on the success of micrografting and the shoot mean length (cm) of two tested scions types grafted onto rootstocks in this experiment. The maximum micrografting success rate (73.85%), and the longest length of micrografts (0.90 cm) were obtained when all of the grafted rootstocks were cultured in an MS medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/l BA + 0.1 mg/l IBA, while the lowest rate was recorded inthe controlled medium (58.46%). As for the interaction between the two scions and rootstocks in this experiment, both of the tested cultivars (Shami Furk and Dafadii) showed the highest micrografting success rates (86.83 and 79.50%, respectively) when grafted on P. arabica and planted in an MS medium containing BA at 0.5 mg/l plus 0.1 mg/l at IBA. Meanwhile, the tested cultivars achieved the longest shoot lengths (1.50 and 1.33 cm, respectively) when grafted onto P. korschinskii and planted in an MS medium containing BA at 0.5 mg/l plus IBA at 0.1 mg/l, with significant differences from the rest of the treatments. Table 5. Effects of culture media on the success of micrografts (%) after six weeks of micrografting Success of micrografts (%)

Shami Furk

Dafadii

P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. Media communis orientalis korschinskii arabica communis orientalis korschinskii arabica MS0 MS5 MS6

55.50 s 48.50 v 78.77 c 67.30 l 77.44 e 56.33 r Rootstocks L.S.D Cultivars 0.01 Media Interaction

65.30 n 78.71 d 75.50 f

74.50 h 51.74 t 46.85 w 86.83 a 68.82 j 60.55 p 78.70 d 64.71 o 50.50 s 0.008 0.006 0.007 0.021

Mean (Media)

56.83 q 68.44 k 58.46 c 70.33 i 79.50 b 73.85 a 65.71 m 74.86 g 67.97b

Table 6. Effects of culture media on shoot mean length (cm) after six weeks of micrografting Shoot mean length (cm) Mean Shami Furk Dafadii (Media)

P. P. P. P. P. P. P. P. Media communis orientalis korschinskii arabica communis orientalis korschinskii arabica MS0 0.75 g 0.48 lm 0.89 e 0.64 hi 0.60 ij 0.45 m 0.85 e 0.50 l 0.64 c MS5 1.03 c 0.60 ij 1.50 a 0.80 f 0.80 f 0.55 k 1.33 b 0.65 h 0.90 a MS6 0.78 fg 0.55 k 1.03 c 0.65 h 0.76 fg 0.50 l 0.95 d 0.56 jk 0.72 b Rootstocks 0.017 0.012 L.S.D Cultivars 0.01 Media 0.015 Interaction 0.043

4. Discussion Micropropagation is a convenient and rapid procedure to obtain a large number of genetically identical plants (Antonopoulou et al., 2005). Prior research indicates that almond is difficult to micropropagate effectively from mature explants (Akbas et al., 2009). However, each plant species propagated in vitro needs different requirements and concentrations of plant growth regulators. Most of them are based on BAP and auxins IBA, IAA and NAA (Channuntapipat, 2002). Brison et al. (1995) found that the simultaneous presence of cytokinin, giberellin and auxin in the media was more effective for Prunus rootstocks in vitro. In this research, MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BA, 0.1 mg/l IBA, and 0.2 GA3 was chosen as the optimum medium for multiplication and development of Shami Furk and Dafadii shoots. When BA and IBA were added together to the medium, the shoots number multiplied and their growth increased. Gürel and Gülşen (1998) obtained the best rate of shoot multiplication for almond by using the combination of 0.1 mg/l IBA and 1.0 mg/l BA. However, on the contrary, Isıkalan et al. (2008) obtained the highest rate of shoot multiplication for almond cultivar ‘Nonpareil’ in an MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/l BA. It was indicated that the cytokinin, such as BA, encourages cell division by activating DNA synthesis, inducing growth of lateral buds, and promoting shoot formation (Dobranszki and Silva, 2010). The selection of BA as a cytokinin was due to its effect in vitro with several woody plants (Bennett and Davies, 1986). In this regard, it is important to observe that the multiplication medium should be supplied with more cytokinin in relation to auxin (Murashige, 1974). The effect of cytokinins on tissue or organ cultures differs based on the culture type, the cultivar used, and explant age (George et al., 2007). The auxins control cytokinin levels through repressing its synthesis ratio and its gathering size (Nordstrom et al., 2004). Kodad et al. (2020) showed that the regulators’best concentration and type depends on the genotype to get a successful multiplication rate of various almond explants. The results obtained from Isıkalan et al. (2011) proved that the medium supplied with only BAP were more beneficial than themedium containing IBA and BAP for shoot development of almond cultivars (Nonpareil). In this research, micrografting both Shami Furk and Dafadii microscions on P. arabica rootstock showed higher success than the other studied rootstocks. This may be due to either the different genotypes and the variation of genes responsible for the numbers of formed cells or their size in plants in terms of growth and development (Guo et al., 2009).Meanwhile the micrografting of both Shami Furk and Dafadii microscions on P. korschinskii rootstock showed longer shoot length of micrografts than the other studied rootstocks and indicates the strength of this rootstock, which was reflected in the length of the microscions.This variation in the success

of micrografting and the shoot length of micrografts may be due to the different genotypes of the wild species used (Al-Ghzawi et al., 2009). Forming the graft union depends mainly on putting the microscion correctly onto the rootstock in order to ensure perfect contact (Wu et al., 2007). Izadi et al. (2014) showed that the compatibility between rootstock and scion has a significant role for the complete union of the two. Channuntapipat et al. (2003) achieved a micrografting success rate of 50% and 65%, respectively, when they micrografted 1.5 cm long almond scions ‘Nonpareil 15- 1’ and ‘Ne-Plus Ultra’ onto rootstock stems and cultured in a rooting medium. These results also agreed with Wu et al. (2007), who obtained the highest micrografting success rate by using untreated microscions. Moreover, applying an equiponderant rate of auxins and cytokinins in vitro will have a critical impact on the proportion of micrografting success. 5. Conclusions This study indicated the possibility of investing in wild almond species P. Arabica and P. korschinskiias rootstocks for grafting almond varieties Shami Furk and Dafadii. This micrografting technique can be used to produce almond cultivars Shami Furk and Dafadii widely and spread their cultivation. The protocol described in this research is easy and inexpensive as it does not demand any preprocessing of microscions before grafting, and it is important for the effective rejuvenation of adult plants upon implementation of genetic diversity to the almond. Biographies

Wafaa Mohamed Koaym Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria, 00963996081806, w.koaym90@gmail.com

Mrs. Koaym is a Syrian PhD student. She works as an assistant researcher at the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research. She received her MSc (rating of excellence) in vegetative propagation through hard and soft wood cuttings from the same university in 2016. She works as assistant researcher at the General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research. Her research scope of interest is propagation of plants, tissue culture, and anatomy. She participated in many training workshops and scientific symposia about almonds trees.

Mohamed Abdul Razzaq Battha

Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Damascus University, Damascus, Syria, 00963966548939, dr.mohammed.battha@gmail.com

Dr. Battha is a Syrian professor. He received his PhD in the production of fruit trees in 1991 from Russia. He is the head of the Department of Horticulture. He has over ten years of academic teaching, research, and consultation experience in agricultural science. His research scope of interest is plant breeding, improvement of the yield for fruit trees, and production of transgenic plants. He has written four books specialized in the production of fruit trees. He has judged many postgraduate letters.

Mhasen Mohamed Taher Twaklna

Department of Almonds Research, Horticulture Research Wing, General Commission for Scientific Agricultural Research, Damascus, Syria, 00963933602589, mhasentwa@gmail.com

Dr. Twaklna is a Syrian researcher. She obtained her PhD from Aleppo University, Aleppo, Syria in 2012. She is the head of the Department of Almonds Research. She has supervised several postgraduate students. Her research scope of interest is propagation of wild rootstocks through traditional and modern methods, establishing orchards of fruit trees, survey and evaluation of wild types, as well as local and entrance varieties of fruit trees. She has participated in

committees for adopting new varieties of vegetables and fruit trees since 2014. References Ahrens, S., Venkatachalam, M., Mistry, A., Lapsley, K. and Sathe, S. (2005). Almond (Prunus dulcis L.) protein quality. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 60(3), 123–8. Akbas, F., Isikalan, C., Namli, S. and AK, B.E. (2009). Effect of plant growth regulators on in vitro shoot multiplication of Amygdalus communis L.cv.Yaltsinki. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8(22), 6168–74. Al-Ghzawi, A.A, Rawashdehb, I.M. and Al-Tawaha, A. (2009). Genetic relatedness among wild and cultivated almond genotypes using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers in Jordan. Jordan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(2), 89–96. Antonopoulou, Ch., Dimassi, K., Therios, I., Chatzissavvidis, Ch. and Tsirakoglou, V. (2005). Inhibitory effects of riboflavin (Vitamin B2) on the in vitro rooting and nutrient concentration of explants of peach rootstock GF 677 (Prunus amygdalus * P. persica). Sci. Hort. 5(106), 268–72. Bennett, L.K. and Davies, F.T. (1986). In vitro propagation of Quercus shumardii seedlings. Horti Science, 21(4), 1045–7. Brison, M., de Boucaud, M.T. and Dosba, F. (1995). Cryopreservation of in vitro grown shoot tips of two interspecific Prunus rootstocks. Plant Sci, 105(2), 235–42. Channuntapipat, C. (2002). Almond Improvement via Micropropagation, Cryopreservation, and S-allele Identification. PhD Thesis, Adelaide University, Adelaide, Australia. Channuntapipat, C., Sedgley, M. and Collins, G. (2003). Micrografting of almond cultivars Nonpareil and Ne Plus Ultra and the hybrid rootstock Titan x Nemaguard. Sci. Hort, 98(4), 473–84. Dobranszki, J. and Teixeira da Silva, J.A. (2010). Micropropagation of apple – A review. Biotechnology Advances, 28(4), 462–88. George, E.F., Michael, H. and de Klerk, G.J. (2007). Plant growth regulators II: Cytokinins, their analogues and antagonists. In: Edwin, G, Hall, M., and Greet-Jan, de Klerk (eds.) Plant Propagation by Tissue Culture, Volume1. The background. 3rd edition. Switzerland: Springer. Gradziel, T.M., Martinez-Gomez, P., Dicenta F. and Kesterv, D.E. (2001). The utilization of related Prunus species for almond variety improvement. Journal American Pomological Society, 55(2), 100– 8. Guo, Y., Qin, G., Gu, H. and Qu, L. (2009). Dof5.6/HCA2, a Dof transcription factor gene, regulates interfascicular cambium formation and vascular tissue development in Arabidopsis. The Plant Cell, 21(11), 3518–34. Gürel, S. and Gülen, Y. (1998). The effects of different sucrose, agar and pH levels on in vitro shoot production of almond (Amygdalus communis L.). Turkish Journal of Botany, 22(n/a), 363–73. Hartmann, H.T., Kester, D.E., Davies, F.T.Jr. and Geneve, R.G. (1997). Plant Propagation, Principles and Practices. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall International Inc. Hu, R. and Mis, G. (2015). Micrografting of fruit crops-A review. Journal of Horticulture 2(3), 151. DOI:10.4172/2376-0354.1000151. Hussain, G., Wani, M.S., Mir, M.A., Rather, Z.A. and Bhat, K.M. (2014). Micrografting for fruit crop improvement. African Journal of Biotechnology, 13(25), 2474–83. Isıkalan, Ç., Adıyaman Akbaş F., Namlı, S., Tilkat, E. and Başaran, D. (2008). In vitro micropropagation of almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonpareil). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1875–80. Isıkalan, C., Namli, S., Akbas, F. and Ak, B.E. (2011). Micrografting of almond (Amygdalus communis) cultivar ‘Nonpareil’. AJCS, 5(1), 61–5. Izadi, Z., Zarei, H. and Alizadeh, M. (2014). Effect of time, cultivar and rootstock on success of rose propagation through stenting technique. Am J Plant Sci, 5(11), 1644. Jain, S.M. and Häggman, H.M. (2007). Protocols for Micropropagation of Woody Trees and Fruits. The Netherland: Springer-Verlag. Kester, D.E. and Gradziel, T.M. (1996). Almond (Prunus). In: J. Janick and J.N. Moore (eds.) Fruit Breeding. Nuts. New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons. Kodad, S., Melhaoui, R., Boukharta, M., Addi, M., Serghini, H., Elamrani, A., Abid, M. and Mihamou, A. (2020). Micropropagation of selected almond genotypes (Prunus dulcis Mill.) cultivated in Eastern Morocco based on their pomological studies. In: 25th National Symposium for Applied Biological Sciences (NSABS), Gembloux, Belgium, 31/01/2020. Ladizinsky, G. (1999). On the origin of almond. Genetic Resources and Crop

Evolution, 46(n/a), 143–7. Martins, M., Sarmento, D. and Oliveria, MM. (2004). Genetic stability of micro propagated almond plantlets, as assessed by RAPD and IAAR markers. Plant Cell Reproduction, 23(7), 492–96. DOI: 10.1007/s00299-004-0870-3. Miguelez-Sierra, Y., Hernandez-Rodriguez, A., Acebo-Guerrero, Y., Baucher, M. and El Jaziri, M. (2016). In vitro micrografting of apical and axillary buds of cacao. J Hortic Sci Biotech, 92(1), 1–6. Mortazavi, M. (1986). Problems of grafting of cultivated almond on wild almond. Iranian Scientific and Specific Journal in Agriculture “Zeitun”, 71(n/a), 15–21. Murashige, T. (1974). Plant propagation through tissue culture. Annual Review of plant Physiology, 25(n/a), 135–66. Murashige, T. and Skoog, F. (1962). A revised medium for rapid growth and bioassays with tobacco cell cultures. Physiologia Plantarum, 15(n/a), 473–97. Nordstrom, A., Tarkowski, P., Tarkowska, D., Norbaek, R., Astot, C., Dolzel, K. and Sandberg, S. (2004). Auxin regulation of cytokinins biosynthesis in the Arabidopsis thaliana: A factor of potential importance for auxin-cytokinin-regulated development. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 101(21), 8039–44. Rahemi, A., Reza Fatahi, R., Ali Ebadi, A., Taghavi, T., Hassani, D., Gradziel, T. and José Chaparro. (2010). Genetic variation of S-alleles in wild almonds and their related Prunus species. AJCS, 4(8), 648–59. Richardson, F.V.M., Mac Ant Saoir, S. and Harvey, BMR. (1996). A study of the graft union in vitro micrografted apple. Plant Growth Regulation, 20(n/a), 17–23. Sorkheh, K., Shiran, B., Rouhi, V., Asadi, E., Jahanbazi, H., Moradi, H., Gradziel, TM. and Martı´nez-Go´mez, P. (2009). Phenotypic diversity within native Iranian almond (Prunus spp.) species and their breeding potential. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 56(n/a), 947–61. Wu, H.C., Du Toit, E.S. and Reinhardt, C.F. (2007). Micrografting of protea cynaroides. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture, 89(1), 23–8.

158

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

‫ مراجعة‬:‫الرائحة يف التصميم الصناعي‬ ‫منهجية‬

Smell in Industrial Design: A Systematic Review

Zati Hazira Ismail 1 2, Basyarah Hamat 1, Astuty Amrin 1 and Abeer Allahham 3

3 ‫ عبير اللحام‬،1 ‫ أستوتي أمرين‬،1 ‫ بشارة حمت‬،2 1 ‫اتي هزيرة‬

1 Science, Design and Management Department, UTM Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics,

LINK ‫الرابط‬

RECEIVED ‫الستقبال‬

ACCEPTED ‫القبول‬

PUBLISHED ONLINE ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

VOLUME ‫رقم اجمللد‬

ISSUE ‫رقم العدد‬

https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0063

30/11/2020

05/02/2021

NO. OF WORDS ‫عدد الكلمات‬

NO. OF PAGES ‫عدد الصفحات‬

YEAR ‫سنة العدد‬

6008

‫ز‬

،‫ جامعة ماليزيا للتكنولوجيا‬،‫ كلية رزق للتكنولوجيا واملعلوماتية‬،‫ قسم العلوم والتصميم واإلدارة‬1 ‫ ماليزيا‬،‫كواالملبور‬ ‫ السعودية‬،‫ الدمام‬،‫ جامعة اإلمام عبد الرحمن بن فيصل‬،‫ كلية التصاميم‬،‫ قسم التصميم الصناعي‬2 ‫ السعودية‬،‫ الدمام‬،‫ جامعة اإلمام عبد الرحمن بن فيصل‬،‫ كلية التصاميم‬،‫ قسم التصميم الداخلي‬3

University of Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia 2 Industrial Design Department, College of Design, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia 3 Interior Design Department, College of Design, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

2021

05/02/2021 22

01/06/2021 1

‫امللخص‬ ّ ‫ُت‬ ‫عرف الرائحة في تصميم املنتجات الصناعية بأنها الوعي باألبعاد املختلفة املتعلقة بها خالل‬ ‫ وقد أدى التطور النظري لدور الرائحة في التصميم إلى زيادة كبيرة في‬.‫عملية إنتاج التصميم‬ ‫ وعلى الرغم من تعدد الدراسات حول الرائحة في‬،‫ ولكن‬.‫تطبيق ذلك في التصميم الصناعي‬ ‫ لذا‬.‫ إال أنه ال توجد حتى اآلن دراسات منهجية شاملة حول ذلك‬،‫مجال التصميم الصناعي‬ ‫يتضمن هذا البحث مراجعة منهجية فيما يتعلق بالرائحة كما وردت في املقاالت األكاديمية في‬ ‫ حيث اعتمد البحث في منهجية املراجعة على معايير إعداد التقارير‬،‫مجال التصميم الصناعي‬ ‫ أما قواعد البيانات األكاديمية التي رجع لها فهي‬.)ROSES( ‫الخاصة بتوليفات األدلة املنهجية‬ ‫ وقد وجد من الدراسة أن‬.Google Scholar ‫ و‬Web of Science ‫ و‬Science Direct ‫ و‬Scopus ‫) الرائحة كسمة‬1 :‫دراسات الرائحة في التصميم الصناعي تناولت املوضوع من ثالثة جوانب هي‬ .‫) تقييمات املنتجات املتضمنة للرائحة‬3 ،‫) إدراك املستخدم للرائحة‬2 ،‫من سمات التصميم‬ ‫ويمكن للممارسين واألساتذة والباحثين االستفادة من هذه املراجعة املنهجية للتحقق من‬ .‫االحتياجات الحسية للرائحة في تصميم املنتجات الحالية‬

ABSTRACT A smell in industrial product design is defined as an awareness of the dimensions in design creation. Theoretical development for the role of smells in design has led to a significant increase in industrial design. However, despite numerous studies on smells within industrial design, a holistic overview through systematic reporting remains unavailable. In this paper, the authors conducted a systematic review of studies on smells in academic articles on industrial design. The review method was adopted from the Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES). The academic databases involved are Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science and Google Scholar. This study discovered that studies on smells in industrial design have researched the following aspects: 1) smells as design attributes; 2) users' perceptions based on smells; and 3) appraisals of smells embedded in products. Practitioners, educators and researchers can use this systematic review to examine the needs of smellrelated sensorial concerns in the current product design applications.

KEYWORDS ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

Multisensory design, smell sensory, smell experience, product design, user experience ‫ تجربة املستخدم‬،‫ تصميم املنتجات‬،‫ تجربة الشم‬،‫ حاسة الشم‬،‫التصميم متعدد الحواس‬ CITATION ‫اإلحالة‬

Ismail, Z.H., Hamat, B., Amrin, A. and Allahham, A. (2021). Alrrayihat fi altasmim alsnaey: Murajaeatan manhajia ‘Smell in industrial design: A systematic review’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 158–64. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0063 -158 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ مراجعة منهجية‬:‫ الرائحة في التصميم الصناعي‬.)2021( .‫ عبير‬،‫ واللحام‬،‫ أستوتي‬،‫ وأمرين‬،‫ بشارة‬،‫ وحمت‬،‫ زاتي‬،‫هزيرة‬ .164

1. Introduction A smell is a sensory input, along with sight, touch, hearing and taste. A sense of smell enables the interpretation of chemical signals in the environment and supports human functions, such as identifying and recognising substances (Nakamoto, 2013). Smell in product design is defined as the awareness of its dimension in design creation either as an inherent or applied substance (Henshaw et al., 2017). Researchers state that smell can enhance design concepts, assist product usability, change user behaviour, trigger memories, increase aesthetic values and support brand recognition (Feng et al., 2019; Kim, 2015; Ludden et al., 2009; Spence, 2016). Design researchers and designers have realised the value that smell can bring to the design field. Theoretical development for smell in design has led to a significant increase in its application within multiple design fields in recent years (Metatla et al., 2019). A smell is not typically applied in industrial products, even though technological development allows designers to incorporate smells into design and manufacturing (Bual, 2020). However, products, such as furniture, technological devices, cars and clothes, could benefit from the application of designed smells by evoking positive feelings (Lawson et al. 2016). In the future of interactive product design, a Corresponding Author: Zati Hazira Ismail

smell is likely to be a new element that provides interactive reminders in addition to ringing, vibration and flickering (Liu and Duan, 2019). The application of smell sensors in automotive design enables air quality assessments and foul detection, stimulates the new car experience and increases product presences (Lawson et al., 2016). Despite numerous studies on smell within industrial design, a holistic overview through systematic reporting remains unavailable. The closest similar scope of available studies are systematic reviews of smell factors in consumer behaviour and product marketing (Nibbe and Orth, 2017; Rimkute et al., 2016). Therefore, it is necessary to investigate studies on smell within the scope of industrial design. The advantages of conducting a systematic review for this study are that the article-retrieving process is transparent, and the research bias is controlled with more significant objectives. Furthermore, there is a higher motivation to produce quality evidence with more significant results (Xiao and Watson, 2019). It is also highly beneficial to conduct an overview of the applications of smell in current products developed in the industrial design field. This will provide the answer to the following research question: what aspects of smell have been researched in the industrial design field? This review paper provides a systematic review of current research

zhazira2@graduate.utm.my ,00966537828166

‫ زاتي هزيرة‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬

.164-158 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ مراجعة منهجية‬:‫ الرائحة في التصميم الصناعي‬.)2021( .‫ عبير‬،‫ واللحام‬،‫ أستوتي‬،‫ وأمرين‬،‫ بشارة‬،‫ وحمت‬،‫ زاتي‬،‫هزيرة‬

works on smell in industrial design. The articles have been retrieved from the following databases: 1) Scopus; 2) Science Direct; 3) Web of Science; and 4) Google Scholar. The reviewed articles were published between June 2010 and June 2020. Practitioners, educators and researchers can use this review paper to better understand smell from academia's perspective and how it can be applied in the design of products. 2. Review Procedure This study employs the Reporting Standards for Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) review protocol. ROSES was initially used as a systematic review method for the environmental management field (Gusenbauer and Haddaway, 2018). ROSES aims to guide researchers to report information with an appropriate level of detail. Haddaway (2018) stated that ROSES can be adapted across other fields with similar levels of complexity of topics and methods. Therefore, this review protocol is suitable for adaptation, as no further specific requirements are needed when applying this review protocol in the field of industrial design. When conducting this review protocol, three searching strategies are employed. The first search strategy consists of the following three main sub-processes: identifying, screening and determining the eligibility criteria of exclusion and inclusion of the articles to be reviewed. The next search strategy is assessing the quality of the articles. Finally, the third search strategy is abstracting, analysing and validating the data from the articles.

2.1. Search Strategy: The first search strategy consists of identifying, screening and assessing articles' eligibility for exclusion and inclusion. Identifying is important to search for synonyms, related terms and variations of a topic's keywords. Screening filters the identified articles in multiple stages using the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Assessing the eligibility of articles refers to the process of manually selecting articles from the previously screened articles to ensure that the articles reviewed in this study fall within the scope of the study. All articles utilised in this systematic review were published between 2010 and June 2020. In this study, the search for academic articles used the following four (4) databases: Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholars. The search keywords were used consistently for all four databases. The search process was limited to these four databases after repetitive content was found within the third and fourth databases. The synonyms and spelling possibilities that were considered in the use of search strings and keywords were as follows: product/industrial, design/development and smell/scents/odour/odour/olfaction/olfactory/fragrant/fragrances/ perfume/odorants. A total of 256 articles were collected from the identification processes from all databases combined. Thirty-three duplicate articles were removed, and the remaining articles were brought forward to the next stage. The second stage was to screen the search results. This study's screening process was conducted using the advanced search options available within the academic databases, which are explicitly designed for systematic screening purposes. The advanced search options enriched the searching and screening processes by enabling full search strings using the Boolean operator, phrase search, truncation, wild card and field code functions. These options were available on the three central databases of Scopus, Science Direct and Web of Science. This study's screening inclusion criteria were the English language, along with industrial or product design keywords. The exclusion criteria were carried out by unchecking articles from

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journal fields other than design, material, ergonomic, applied science and marketing. Google Scholar was the fourth additional database used. Google Scholar was selected as a supporting database in the systematic review process, as it produced tremendous results compared to other databases (Gusenbauer and Haddaway, 2018). Therefore, in this study, an additional condition was applied to the Google Scholar database; the publication resources were manually pre-validated through the provided links. The total number of screened articles from all five databases was 185. Table 1 depicts the search strings used for the respective databases. Table 1: Search strings used for the respective databases

In this study, the eligibility stage was divided into two steps. In the first step, articles were selected after scanning their abstracts, and in the second step, articles were selected after full-text readings. This process involved scanning the titles and abstracts of 185 articles. Articles that were not related to the definition of smell, as in this study, were excluded. Additionally, articles outside the boundary of the design field were excluded. The excluded articles included studies in the field of programming that used the term 'code smell' to define a programming error. Eighty-seven articles remained after the full-text reading of the eligibility stage. Throughout the full-text reading process, notes on the relevant content of smell related to this study's aims and scope were highlighted. In the full-text article screening, the studies where the primary concern of smell was focused on the spatial environment design, products for virtual experience and digital interaction were excluded. Through the eligibility process, 56 articles were left for the following quality appraisals.

2.2. Quality Assessment: The appropriate articles' quality was ensured because the appointed research professionals and topic experts validated these articles during the quality assessment stage. First, academic articles were scanned using SCImago, which is a portal used to rank journals that provides indicators to measure the scientific influence of scholarly journals. This step was conducted to ensure that all articles were published in indexed journals. In addition, all eligible articles were presented to two independent researchers in the industrial design field for quality appraisals. Experts ranked the articles into the following three (3) categories; high, moderate, and low. According to Rodgers et al. (2009), only high- and moderately-ranked articles should be reviewed to ensure the quality of analysis and discussion outcomes. Both appraisers mutually agreed on all the final articles chosen for the review in this study. Disagreements were discussed before deciding on the inclusion or exclusion of the articles. During this process, 21 academic articles were excluded. Academic articles were excluded because they were published in non-indexed journal articles or unreputable conferences articles. The final number of academic

Ismail, Z.H., Hamat, B., Amrin, A. and Allahham, A.. (2021). Alrrayihat fi altasmim alsnaey: Murajaeatan manhajia ‘Smell in industrial design: A systematic review’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 158–64. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0063

articles was 35. Figure 1 illustrates the process or flow of selecting the final 35 academic articles for the review. Figure 1: The flow diagram for the process of selecting academic articles

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authors on the built themes and their alignment within the theoretical framework. The themes and data were then visualised in a table. These findings are discussed in the next section. 3. Background of the Reviewed Articles This study obtained 35 selected academic articles for review from the methodology section's procedures. Figure 2 shows the year ranges of the published academic articles that were selected for this review. The chart shows one published design between 2000 and 2005, eight articles published between 2006 and 2010, 13 articles published between 2011 and 2015 and 13 articles published in the last five years. Figure 2: Selected articles published by the range of years

Based on the thematic analysis and academic articles, the following three themes were developed: 1) attributes; 2) perceptions; and 3) appraisals. Table 2 shows the developed themes and codes based on these articles. The remaining articles were then used in the next stage of the abstraction and analysis process.

2.3. Data Abstraction and Analysis: The integrative review method was employed as it enables the reviewing of diverse research designs. In this stage of article abstraction, all 35 academic articles were read and analysed. Particular attention was given to the articles' study objectives, results and discussions. The data abstraction process was conducted according to the research questions of this study. Any data from the reviewed academic articles that could answer the research questions was noted. The notes were then abstracted and placed into a table. Next, the themes that emerged from the articles were identified through a thematic analysis. Notes that were collected from the abstraction process of both data sets guided the themes. This process involved noting patterns, clustering words, counting repeated terms and noting the similarities and relationships within the abstracted data (Yin, 2017). The first step of the thematic analysis for the data set was to detect potential clusters to build themes. During this process, the patterns that emerged among the abstracted data were identified. Similar or related data was organised into groups and possible subgroups. Next, the accuracy of the themes was reviewed. The possible codes under each theme were examined to ensure their usefulness and relevance to the research questions. Next, the themes were analysed for the theme group naming process. Throughout the development of the themes, codes under each theme were discussed among the authors to detect any inconsistencies. The plausible concepts associated with the research topic and industrial design field were also discussed. After the themes were developed, the similarities and differences of each developed theme were compared. Codes and terminologies under each theme were analysed, and any associations with the theoretical framework were synthesised. The themes were then aligned, and the use of its information was examined. Finally, the themes were finalised through a mutual agreement among the

Themes

Attributes

Perception

Appraisals

Table 2: Theme codes developed from the articles Theme Codes Solution Properties, Information Transmitter, Dominant Function, Added Value, Influence, Cross-Modalities, Meaningful Association, Textile Properties, Sign, Meanings, Metaphor, Consumer Attributes, Cultural Elements, Purification Aesthetic Pleasures, Emotional Domain, Memory Trigger, Evoke Surprise, Quality Impression, Memory Recall, Nostalgia, Behaviour Encouragement, Behaviour Motivation, Cognitive Interpretation, Proximity Positive Evaluation, High Evaluation, Determine Product Liking, Product Preferences, Application Evaluation, Product Perception

4. The Articles' Reviews ‘Attributes’, ‘perception’ and ‘appraisals’ were the themes that emerged from the smell sensory-related articles in the industrial design field. ‘Attributes’ refers to smells as design attributes in these articles. In contrast, ‘perception’ refers to the cognitive responses of smells from products, and ‘appraisals’ is derived from studies investigating consumers' evaluations of smells embodied in products.

4.1. Smells as Design Attributes: Academic articles within this theme highlighted a smell as follows; 1) an element of a design solution; 2) an information transmitter; 3) a dominant function; 4) an added value; 5) an influencer's perception; 6) a component of the cross-modalities design approach; 7) a medium for a meaningful association, sign or metaphor; 8) an attribute of consumer personalities; 9) a cultural element; and 10) an element of purification. Attributes of smell that have been highlighted in these studies suggest that a smell needs to be the following: (1) applied congruently within a context; (2) a supplementary design element association; (3) aligned as a cultural appropriation; and (4) applied to a suitable product category. A smell is one of the sensory attributes that receives product information. Therefore, the experiences heavily depend on the targeted product users. A smell can be a solution to problems that are usually activated by other sensory attributes (Crilly et al., 2004). Additionally, attributes of a smell can powerfully convey particular meanings in a product, namely cultural meaning, colour and taste prediction (Kauppinen-Räisänen et al., 2018). Moreover, removing an unwanted smell is an essential attribute in selected product design categories, such as in the design of air purifiers and cleaning products

(Cho et al., 2019). A smell can be employed as a product design metaphor either on its own or combined with other congruent properties (Hekkert and Cila, 2015). According to Fenko et al. (2010), the different modalities' roles during use are product-dependent. During use, the dominant sensory modality mainly depends on the primary product function; a smell is primary for a particular product category, such as food and cleaning products. From the perspective of purchasing behaviour, Kivioja (2017) suggests that a scent for single products and product categories should only represent the main product’s attribute. One relevant smell is applicable for all similar accessories, such as wallets, bags, shoes and belts, where consumers perceive all these accessories as one category. A smell offers meaningful product interactions when placed within a relevant product category (Hekkert and Cila, 2015). Multiple studies highlight that a smell provides added value to textile products and their accessories. Material with a smell can affect users' perceptions and influence designers in their material selection process. Therefore, scents provide the possibility of being an essential factor in material development either as the main functional element or an added value (Koncar, 2016).

4.2. Smell Perception: Within the theme ‘perception’, studies indicate that a smell does the following: 1) provides aesthetic pleasures; 2) arouses an emotional realm; 3) evokes surprise; 4) gives a quality impression to products; 5) recalls memories and brings back nostalgia; 6) encourages and motivates a particular behaviour; 7) stimulates cognitive interpretation; and 8) gives product proximity. When sensorial roles are determined separately, olfactory takes the leading role within the emotional domain, the association of memories, and intensity of experiences (Schifferstein and Desmet, 2007). According to Kim (2015), the following five emotional responses arise from applying a smell to a product: refreshment, ecofriendly, romantic, intensity and aesthetic. These emotional responses emerged from her study on smell responses from scented clothing materials. In addition, smell intensity gives an impression of product quality (Schifferstein et al., 2013). A smell provides aesthetic pleasures and increases users' proximity to a product, as well as the appeal of products through scented product advertising (Ruzeviciute et al., 2020). A particular smell to a person is positively associated with memory recall. A smell created by an object or an image is referred to as melancholia connected to the nostalgic memory recall that triggers episodic data. The episodic data can influence products' usability concepts (Chamorro-Koc et al., 2009). The way that a smell can trigger memories can be incorporated into the design to encourage meaningful associations with a product (Nibbe and Orth, 2017). Although scents are usually applied as a design attribute congruently with a product’s context and its design element, incongruent scents may create surprise responses. According to Ramirez (2014), olfactory incongruity is a strategy to elicit surprise. However, Ramirez also underlined that appropriation is crucial to receive a complimentary evaluation. Ludden et al. (2012) stated that surprises evoked by olfactory incongruities are less direct in comparison to other sensorial mismatches. Ludden adds that olfactory congruities can be thought of as ‘discovery surprises’, as users have to hold products closer to sniff before they can feel the ‘surprise’ (Ludden et al., 2012). Scents can be priming stimuli in everyday products that motivate behaviour changes (Cash et al., 2017). Zuo (2016) stated that scents applied to a wearable design enhance wellness by stimulating behavioural responses. Smell properties are cognitive information

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interpreted through design intention in wearable and fashionable products (Wang et al., 2018; Zuo et al., 2016). Other than wearable products, the olfactory properties are also known to enhance one's dining experience. Spence (2017) noted that an olfactory experience in future dining products should encourage healthier eating behaviour.

4.3. Appraisals of Smell-Embedded Products: Within the theme ‘appraisals’, studies have indicated that scented products do the following: 1) consistently receive a positive evaluation; 2) receive a high evaluation if applied to a suitable product category; 3) are a factor that determines product liking; 4) boost product preferences; and 5) provide a positive design perception. An iterative process of applying and evaluating the application of odours during the design process is essential. Within studies that assess scented textile, the consistent positive evaluation was received from potential customers. However, despite the positive evaluation for scent-infused products, technology needs to deliver a pleasing fragrance for at least multiple cycles of product use. Products that received a high positive evaluation and showed potential in enhancing pleasures were products that were scent-infused, and this application matched with their colours (Lin and Sun, 2018; West and Carroll, 2014). Designers should consider the evaluation of olfactory factors within product applications. This is because scents are related to the product category and the context of its application, and in product assessment, these factors determine product liking (Ludden and Schifferstein, 2009). For instance, a study on how children assessed food found that the smell and colour of a food product positively influenced their perception of preferences (Gollety and Guichard, 2011). Moreover, smell factors are evaluated in studies for their purchasing potential. For instance, the packaging's scent can enhance the likelihood of purchase (Spence, 2016). Zuo et al.’s (2016) findings agree with this because in their study, it was noted that the initial perception of a product was based on sensory properties, such as colours, textures, sounds, smells and tastes (Zuo et al., 2016). 5. Discussion The scholarly articles show an increase of smell related studies in industrial design products from 2011 until recent years. Studies related to smell sensory attributes focus on smells as attributes in design. Additionally, they focus on users' perceptions of the smells of products and appraisals of smells embedded in products (see Figure 3). These three aspects were identified from thematic categorisations that were partially lead by deductive coding from previous frameworks within research areas, such as the affective responses model, consumer responses to product design and the human-product interaction model (Diego-Mas et al., 2016; Yoon et al., 2018).

Within the perspective of smells as attributes in design, studies show that a smell is regarded as an element in the design of products that transmits information and acts as an element of association and component of prediction. As an element in the design of a product, a smell acts as an information transmitter that includes being an informant for the level of hygiene, the origin of the material used and the signal of the deterioration of food products. Additionally, a smell can transmit information by giving precautions when other sensors are occupied or disabled. Other design elements, such as the design concept, identity and context of use in products, are also associated with smell attributes. Moreover, a smell in products can also be used to predict other information that is sensed by other sensorial receptors, such as taste, colour and size. A smell is a dominant factor within leather, wood, edible, beauty and cleaning products. However, it can also be observed that the attributes of a smell are simply added values for other product categories. Therefore, it is essential for designers to understand product application categories when applying smells in their designs. Studies related to examining users' perceptions of smell reported that a smell can elevate users' emotions, trigger memories, increase experience intensities and initiate behaviour changes. In addition, studies indicated that a smell can be used to recall personal nostalgia, initiate brand recognition and trigger users' episodic data to communicate product usability and improve their proximity to a product. The intensity of the users' product experience may be increased through smells, which relates to their impression of product quality and aesthetics pleasures. Furthermore, users may respond to smells by being motivated to adopt better-eating behaviours. However, the congruency of elements within a product is vital for products to receive positive user responses. Interestingly, although smell incongruency may cause surprise emotions, this response may be complimentary if it is adopted appropriately. Regarding appraisals for smell embedded products, studies within this category are often initiated by the development of new materials. Studies have been conducted using empirical tests to examine consumers' evaluations of product applications that utilise the newly developed scented materials. Therefore, assessment studies for scented products are commonly found in the fields of material engineering and product marketing. For example, these studies' common objective is to test the length of scented material performances, investigate the influence of scented products on customer purchasing preferences and test the segmentation of products within the different stages of consumer interaction. To summarise, smell-related studies within the industrial design field have examined three different aspects. First, several studies examined smell as design attributes. Second, other studies

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investigated users' perceptions of smells in products, and third, some studies appraised smell-embedded products. Next, in terms of smell as design attributes, studies indicated that smell transmits information and acts as an element of association and an attribute to predict the sensation from other sensors. Regarding the users' perceptions of smell in products, studies indicated that smell affects emotional realms, triggers memories, intensifies experiences and initiates behaviour change. Lastly, within the perimeter of product appraisals, studies are commonly conducted to test the performance of newly developed materials and examine customers' preferences and purchasing decisions. 6. Conclusion Academic investigations on the smells of products should inspire fresh design ideas and spark new design possibilities. Practitioners and product developers should consider theoretical development suggested by academic findings to ensure the effectiveness of innovations and use it to guide their design process and product development decisions. Based on this systematic review of studies on smells, several areas for future research are recommended. First, throughout the product development process, it would be beneficial for practitioners to understand the smell's attributes. For example, practitioners may first consider whether an intended smell element acts as a primary attribute or adds value to a product. Second, it is recommended that users' perceptions within the perimeter of the smell attributes of materials is applied to or embedded in a product. Responses to the same smell may be tested in different embodiments, design concepts, product categories and target markets. Third, it is recommended that users' appraisals of the smell dimension within the product are evaluated when deciding whether the smell should be embedded in materials or used in the smell diffusing function. Overall, practitioners, educators and researchers can use this systematic review to address the needs of smell-related sensorial concerns in the current industrial product design field. Biographies

Zati Hazira Ismail Science, Design and Management Department, UTM Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, University of Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 0060126309716, zhazira2@graduate.utm.my Industrial Design Department, College of Design, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 00966537828166, zhismail@iau.edu.sa

Ms Ismail is a Malaysian PhD researcher and an industrial design instructor. She obtained her master’s degree from the University of Technology Malaysia. She has 15 years of experience in the industrial design field and has been involved in national and international design projects in Malaysia, Thailand, Australia, Oman and Saudi Arabia. She has experience teaching in higher institutions in Malaysia and Saudi Arabia since 2015, and she has participated in multiple seminars and conferences held in Malaysia, Thailand and Saudi Arabia. ORCID: 0000-0002-3265-4872.

Basyarah Hamat Science, Design and Management Department, UTM Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, University of Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 006013707060, basyarah@utm.my

Dr Hamat is a Malaysian with nine years of design education experience. She received her PhD from TU Delft in the Netherlands and specialises in design mindsets, design methods and creativity within the field of industrial design education. Her interest is in using mixed research methods to triangulate both qualitative coding and

statistical analyses within the field of social science. She has participated in several seminars, workshops and conferences held in Malaysia, Singapore and Europe. ORCID: 0000-0002-2786-3119

Astuty Amrin Science, Design and Management Department, UTM Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics, University of Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 006012601220, astuty@utm.my

Dr Amrin is a Malaysian associate professor. She received her PhD from the University of Technology Malaysia. She is the dean of UTM Razak Faculty of Technology and Informatics at the University of Technology Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur. She is an experienced researcher and academician with a high citation in multiple highranked publications in Material Engineering for Industrial Application. Her expertise includes many areas, such as material engineering, material corrosion and high-temperature oxidation. Website: https://pure.utm.my/Scholar/ScholarInfoDetails/dA4w. ORCID: 0000-0003-3885-0265

Abeer Allahham Interior Design Department, College of Design, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia. 00966505861271, dr.allahham@hotmail.com

Dr. Allahham is Jordanian associate professor. She was the coordinator of the scientific documentation and editing team for the project of the Third Expansion of the Holy Mosque in Mecca. She is a regional editor for MENA in Archnet-IJAR, published by Emerald. She was awarded the King Hussein Award in Jordan. She earned five international awards for publishing two books on the project of the Holy Mosque Expansion, and one of her articles won an Emerald Literati Award, 2020. ORCID: 0000-0002-7746-4669. Acknowledgements The authors wish to express their utmost appreciation and gratitude to Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) for supporting this study through the Tier 2 Research University Grant (Vote No: Q.K130000.2656.17J65), the Research Management Centre (RMC) UTM and the Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia. The authors want to thank Dr.Fadzli Irwan Bahrudin of Universiti Islam Antarabangsa, Malaysia, and Dr.Sarah Sirah Suib of Ki Culture, the Netherlands, for the quality assessment procedure. References Bual, M. (2020). Scent as a modality: Study on the olfactory sense in multisensorial design. In: International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics, San Diego, California, USA, 1620/07/2020. Cash, P., Holm-Hansen, C., Olsen, S.B., Christensen, M.L., and Trinh, Y.M.T. (2017). Uniting individual and collective concerns through design: Priming across the senses. Design Studies, 49(n/a), 32–65. Chamorro-Koc, M., Popovic, V. and Emmison, M. (2009). Human experience and product usability: Principles to assist the design of userproduct interactions. Applied Ergonomics, 40(4), 648–56. Cho, M., Lee, S. and Lee, K.P. (2019). How do people adapt to use of an IoT air purifier? From low expectation to minimal use. International Journal of Design, 13(3), 21–38. Crilly, N., Moultrie, J. and Clarkson, P.J. (2004). Seeing things: Consumer response to the visual domain in product design. Design Studies, 25(6), 547–77. Diego-Mas, J.A. and Alcaide-Marzal, J. (2016). Single users' affective responses models for product form design. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 53(n/a), 102–14. Feng, A., Chen, Y.V., Li, R. and Ding, L. (2019). How smell can help visually impaired in health and well-being–A cognitive experiment. The Design Journal, 22(sup1), 371–86. Fenko, A., Schifferstein, H.N. and Hekkert, P. (2010). Shifts in sensory dominance between various stages of user-product

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Product Experience in Food and Beverages: A Road-Map to Consumer Satisfaction. Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing.

Spence, C. (2017). Enhancing the experience of food and drink via neuroscience-inspired olfactory design. The Senses and Society, 12(2), 209–21. Wang, Y., Yu, S. and Ma, N. (2018). A requirement-scenario-experience

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framework for evaluating wearable and fashionable design: Presenting underlying factors of user loss. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 68(n/a), 137–48. West, A.J. and Carroll, K. E. (2014). A critical review of aroma therapeutic applications for textiles. Journal of Textile and Apparel, Technology and Management, 9(1), 1–11. Xiao, Y. and Watson, M. (2019). Guidance on conducting a systematic literature review. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 39(1), 93–112. Yin, R.K. (2017). Case Study Research and Applications: Design and Methods. 6th edition. California, USA: Sage Publications. Yoon, S.H., Kim, Y.W. and Ji, Y.G. (2018). Conceptual framework for affective and cognitive product design. In: The 7th International Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 1520/07/2018. Zuo, H., Jones, M., Hope, T. and Jones, R. (2016). Sensory perception of material texture in consumer products. The Design Journal, 19(3), 405–27.

‫‪165‬‬

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

‫‪The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University‬‬ ‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬ ‫‪Basic and Applied Sciences‬‬

‫التنبؤ مبقاييس إجهاد القص يف حالة التصلب‬ ‫والتصرف باستخدام أساليب الذكاء االصطناعي‬

‫‪Predicting Shear Stress Parameters in‬‬ ‫‪Consolidated Drained Conditions Using‬‬ ‫‪Artificial Intelligence Methods‬‬

‫بن بوراس محمد األمين‬

‫‪Benbouras Mohammed Amin‬‬

‫قسم التكنولوجيا‪ ،‬املدرسة العليا ألساتذة التعليم التكنولوجي‪ ،‬سكيكدة‪ ،‬الجزائر‬

‫‪Technology Department, Higher Normal School of Technological Education of Skikda, Skikda, Algeria‬‬ ‫‪ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE‬‬ ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬

‫‪PUBLISHED ONLINE‬‬ ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬

‫‪ACCEPTED‬‬ ‫القبول‬

‫‪ISSUE‬‬ ‫رقم العدد‬

‫‪VOLUME‬‬ ‫رقم اجمللد‬

‫‪01/06/2021‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬

‫‪26/02/2021‬‬ ‫‪22‬‬

‫‪RECEIVED‬‬ ‫االستقبال‬

‫‪LINK‬‬ ‫الرابط‬

‫‪26/02/2021‬‬

‫‪27/12/2020‬‬

‫‪https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0069‬‬

‫‪YEAR‬‬ ‫سنة العدد‬

‫‪NO. OF PAGES‬‬ ‫عدد الصفحات‬

‫‪NO. OF WORDS‬‬ ‫عدد الكلمات‬

‫‪2021‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫امللخص‬ ‫يعتبر استخدام اختبار القص املباشر لتقدير مقاييس إجهاد القص ذا أهمية محورية‬ ‫لتحسين وتقوية التربة‪ ،‬لتقدير حمولتها وللتنبؤ باألخطار املتوقع أن تضر باألساسات‪ .‬مع‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ذلك يعتبر تنفيذ االختبار في شروط التصلب والتصرف ً‬ ‫نسبيا ويستغرق ً‬ ‫مكلفا ً‬ ‫وقتا طويال‬ ‫في املختبر قد يصل ل ثالثة أشهر في الغضار شديد التصلب‪ .‬حسب معرفتنا‪ ،‬في سبيل‬ ‫ت قدير هذه املقاييس تجريبيا‪ ،‬اقترح عدد قليل فقط من الباحثين نماذج تنبؤ بسيطة في‬ ‫شروط عدم التصرف‪ .‬ومع ذلك‪ ،‬في املشاريع الكبرى ودراسة املنحدرات تكون شروط‬ ‫التصرف والتصلب أكثر أهمية ومحاكاة للواقع‪ .‬تهدف الدراسة الحالية إلى اقتراح نموذج‬ ‫رياض ي لتقدير مقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف اعتمادا على معلمات‬ ‫سهلة الحساب في املخبر‪ .‬تم اختبار موثوقية النهج من خالل مقارنة عدة نماذج لثالث‬ ‫أساليب من الذكاء االصطناعي‪ ،‬وهي تحليل االنحدار املتعدد‪ ،‬البرمجة الجينية والشبكات‬ ‫العصبية االصطناعية متعددة الطبقات‪ .‬تم تطبيق هذه النماذج على ‪ 98‬عينة جمعت‬ ‫من تربة الجزائر العاصمة‪ .‬أظهرت نتائج املقارنة كفاءة الشبكة العصبية االصطناعية مع‬ ‫طبقتين مخفيتين والتي قدمت النموذج األكثر مالءمة وقربا إلى القيم التجريبية مقارنة‬ ‫بالنماذج والصيغ األخرى‪ً .‬‬ ‫بناء على هذه النتائج‪ ،‬تقترح هذه الدراسة مخططا هيكليا‬ ‫لتقدير مقاييس إجهاد القص بشكل فعال في الدراسات املستقبلية‪.‬‬

‫‪6926‬‬

‫‪ABSTRACT‬‬ ‫‪Using the direct shear stress test for estimating shear stress parameters is‬‬ ‫‪considered to be of great importance, mainly for enhancing and strengthening‬‬ ‫‪soils, assessing their bearing capacity, and predicting potential risks that could‬‬ ‫‪bring harm to foundations. However, conducting the test in consolidated‬‬ ‫‪drained conditions is quite expensive and time-consuming (e.g., up to three‬‬ ‫‪months in consolidated clay). To our knowledge, few researchers have‬‬ ‫‪suggested simple models in undrained conditions to experimentally estimate‬‬ ‫‪these parameters. However, in large projects and slope studies, testing in‬‬ ‫‪consolidated drained conditions is more important because these conditions‬‬ ‫‪mimic reality. The current study aims to suggest a new model for estimating‬‬ ‫‪shear stress parameters. The reliability of the approach was tested through‬‬ ‫‪comparing several models of multiple regression analysis, genetic‬‬ ‫‪programming, and artificial neural networks. These models were tested on 98‬‬ ‫‪samples of Algiers soil. The results showed the efficiency of the artificial neural‬‬ ‫‪network method with two hidden layers, which provided the best appropriate‬‬ ‫‪model, and the most approached results to experimental data, as compared‬‬ ‫‪with the other models. Based on these findings, this study proposes a structural‬‬ ‫‪flowchart for effectively predicting shear stress parameters effectively in future‬‬ ‫‪studies.‬‬

‫‪KEYWORDS‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬

‫‪Artificial neural networks, cross-validation approach, direct shear test, genetic programming, multiple regression analysis, shear stress parameters‬‬ ‫البرمجة الجينية‪ ،‬الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية‪ ،‬تحليل االنحدار املتعدد‪ ،‬صندوق القص املباشر‪ ،‬مقاييس إجهاد القص‪ ،‬نهج التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع‬ ‫‪CITATION‬‬ ‫اإلحالة‬

‫‪Benbouras, M.A. (2021). Tuaqie mueamalat 'iijhad alqas fi zuruf altasrif almuahadat biastikhdam 'asalib aldhika' alaistinaeii ‘Predicting shear stress parameters in consolidated‬‬ ‫‪drained conditions using artificial intelligence methods’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 165–71. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0069‬‬ ‫األمين‪ ،‬بن بوراس محمد‪ .)2021( .‬التنبؤ بمقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف باستخدام أساليب الذكاء االصطناعي‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪،‬‬ ‫‪.171-165 ،)1(22‬‬

‫‪ .1‬مقدمة‬ ‫الدراسة الجيوتقنية هي املرحلة األولى من أي مشروع هيكلي‪ .‬تتناول دراسة‬ ‫شاملة للموقع من خالل الظروف املورفولوجية‪ ،‬الجيولوجية‪ ،‬املحلية‬ ‫واإلقليمية عبر مجموعة من الخطوات املتتالية واملتكاملة‪ ،‬تهدف بشكل‬ ‫أساس ي إلى توفير املعلومات الضرورية والكافية حول الخصائص الطبيعية‬ ‫للموقع‪ .‬إلى جانب ذلك‪ ،‬فإنها تسمح بتحديد املعلومات واملعايير الالزمة‬ ‫لحساب األسس‪ ،‬مما يؤدي إلى استقرار الهياكل من مختلف املخاطر‪ ،‬على‬ ‫سبيل املثال ال الحصر‪ :‬االنتفاخ‪ ،‬الهبوط‪ ،‬االنحدار والتمييع ‪(Benbouras.,‬‬ ‫)‪ .et al., 2018a; Hunt, 2006‬ومع ذلك‪ ،‬فإن خطوات العملية الجيوتقنية‬ ‫متنوعة ومتكاملة للغاية‪ .‬وكثيرا ما تستغرق وقتا طويال‪ ،‬وفي كثير من‬ ‫الحاالت‪ ،‬تكون تكاليف الحساب عالية جدا‪ .‬على سبيل املثال‪ ،‬يمكن أن‬ ‫يستغرق اختبار صندوق القص املباشر في الشروط التصلب والتصرف‬ ‫الذي يتم إجراؤه في املختبر مدة تصل إلى ‪ً 90‬‬ ‫يوما في الغضار شديد التصلب‪.‬‬ ‫عالوة على ذلك‪ ،‬النمذجة التأسيسية الكالسيكية القائمة على نظريات‬ ‫املرونة واللدونة لديها قدرة محدودة على محاكاة السلوك الحقيقي للتربة‪.‬‬ ‫ويعزى ذلك إلى أسباب مرتبطة بتعقيد تركيبة التربة وتغايرها ‪(Shahin,‬‬ ‫)‪ .2013‬لهذه األسباب‪ ،‬حاول الباحثون الجيوتقنيون تطوير نماذج جديدة‬ ‫املؤلف املراسل‪ :‬بن بوراس محمد األمين‬

‫أكثر أمانا واقتصادا‪ ،‬باستخدام أنظمة متأثرة بالعديد من العوامل‪ ،‬مثل‬ ‫املعايير الفنية واالقتصادية والبيئية والهندسية‪ .‬تسمى هذه األنظمة‬ ‫بالذكاء االصطناعي (‪.)AI‬‬ ‫تعرف مقاومة التربة للقص بأقص ى إجهاد مقاوم لتشكيل القص مؤثر على‬ ‫كتلة أو حبيبات التربة‪ ،‬عند زيادة االجهاد عن مقاومة التربة إلجهاد القص‬ ‫فإن انهيار القص يحدث نتيجة الحركة االنزالقية للتربة حيث يتحرك جزء‬ ‫منها على الجزء اآلخر‪ .‬في عام ‪ 1883‬م درس كولوم العالقة بين مقاومة التربة‬ ‫للقص وقوة الضغط العمودي واملؤثرة على سطح التربة‪ ،‬أشارت أبحاثه أن‬ ‫العالقة تتكون من مركبين أساسين‪ .‬االحتكاك الداخلي بين حبيبات التربة‬ ‫(‪ )Ø‬والتي تعرف بانها مقاومة االنزالق أو الحركة الناشئة بين سطح التالمس‬ ‫لحبيبات التربة عند حركة إحداها على األخرى وتسمى قوة االحتكاك‪ ،‬حيث‬ ‫تزيد بزيادة خشونة حبيبات التربة والقوى العمودية املؤثرة على السطح‬ ‫وتكون كبيرة في التربة الرملية والزلطية وقليلة في التربة الطينية والطمية‪.‬‬ ‫العامل الثاني هو تماسك أو تالصق التربة )‪ (C‬وهي قوة تماسك بين حبيبات‬ ‫التربة‪ .‬تعتمد هذه األخيرة على التجاذب والتالصق بين حبيبات التربة والذي‬ ‫بدوره يعتمد على التركيب البلوري للحبيبات وكبر مساحتها السطحية‬ ‫بالنسبة لسمكها وعلى التركيب الكيميائي للمياه‪ .‬تكون هذه القوة كبيرة في‬ ‫التربة الطينية والطمية ومنعدمة في التربة الرملية‪ .‬يتم حساب هذين‬

‫‪mouhamed_amine.benbouras@g.enp.edu.dz ,00213657345666‬‬

‫‪Corresponding Author: Benbouras Mohammed Amin‬‬

‫‪166‬‬

‫األمين‪ ،‬بن بوراس محمد‪ .)2021( .‬التنبؤ بمقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف باستخدام أساليب الذكاء االصطناعي‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪.171-165 ،)1(22 ،‬‬

‫العاملين في املخبر‪ ،‬حيث يعتبر كل من اختبار صندوق القص واختبار‬ ‫تنفيذ االختبار في‬ ‫استخداما‪.‬‬ ‫الضغط الثالثي األكثر‬ ‫من جهة أخرقى‪ً ،‬يعتبر ً‬ ‫والتصرف ً‬ ‫مكلفا ً‬ ‫وقتا طويال‪.‬‬ ‫نسبيا ويستغر‬ ‫شروط التصلب‬ ‫الكثير من الدراسات حاولت ربط مقاييس إجهاد القص بالخصائص‬ ‫الفيزيائية للتربة مثل املحتوى املائي‪ ،‬الكثافة الجافة‪ ،‬حد السيولة‪ ،‬معامل‬ ‫اللدونة ونسبة الحبيبات الدقيقة باستخدام االنحدار الخطي والالخطي‬ ‫( ‪Bowles, 1996; Collotta et al., 1989; Hatanaka and Uchida, 1996; Kayadelen et‬‬ ‫;‪al., 2009; Mesri and Shahien, 2003; Skempton, 1964; Stark and Eid, 1994‬‬ ‫‪ .)Wesley, 2003, 2004‬ومع ذلك‪ ،‬فقد لوحظت بعض النقائص‪ .‬يشير العدد‬

‫الكبير من االرتباطات التي تم نشرها لنفس الخصائص إلى ّ‬ ‫تغير متأصل أثناء‬ ‫استخدامها‪ .‬ولذلك‪ ،‬فإن تطبيق االرتباطات في مواقع ذات ظروف أخرى‬ ‫يؤدي إلى نتائج غير فعالة )‪ .(Onyejekwe et al., 2015‬إلى جانب ذلك‪ ،‬تعتمد‬ ‫هذه األساليب بشكل عام على افتراضات مبسطة‪ ،‬مثل السلوك الخطي أو‬ ‫االستدالل اإلنتاجي‪ ،‬مما يجعل أساليب تحليل ّاالنحدار أقل فاعلية عندما‬ ‫تستخدم ملحاكاة السلوك الغير متجانس املعقد للتربة ‪(Benbouras et al.,‬‬ ‫)‪.2019; Shahin et al., 2009‬‬ ‫في سبيل تجاوز النقائص التي تعاني منها طريقة االرتباطات البسيطة‪،‬‬ ‫استخدم الكثير من الباحثين طرق الذكاء االصطناعي والتي أعطت نتائج‬ ‫حسنة ومبهرة‪ .‬نذكر منها (على سبيل املثال ال الحصر) بعض الدراسات التي‬ ‫حاولت تطوير معادالت ونماذج لتوقع قيم إجهاد القص في السطور‬ ‫القادمة‪ .‬انطوت أبحاث )‪ Lee et al. (2003‬على التنبؤ بقوى القص غير‬ ‫املشبعة في التربة بفرض أن ضغط املياه املسامية تتطور في التربة غير‬ ‫املشبعة مما تؤدي إلى زيادة قوى القص فيها‪ .‬على إثر ذلك قام الباحثون‬ ‫باستخدام طريقة الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية للتنبؤ بقيم االحتكاك‬ ‫الداخلي وتالصق التربة‪ .‬وأخيرا وليس أخرا اقترحوا نموذجا قويا قادرا على‬ ‫توقع مقاييس إجهاد القص في التربة غير املشبعة‪ .‬من ناحية أخرى‪ ،‬قام‬ ‫)‪ Tiryaki (2008‬باستخدام الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية‪ ،‬االنحدار‬ ‫املتعدد والغابة العشوائية للتنبؤ بقيم القص والضغط األحادي لعدة أنواع‬ ‫من الصخور‪ .‬تعود اإلشكالية املطروحة إلى صعوبة استخراج عينات‬ ‫الصخور شديدة التصدع أو املعرضة لعوامل النحت والتعرية أثناء حفر‬ ‫الجسات‪ ،‬رغم األهمية املحورية لحساب هذه البارامترات السيما في املشاريع‬ ‫الكبرى ودراسة املنحدرات بغية معرفة طبقة التربة الصلبة‪ .‬أثبتت أبحاث‬ ‫هذا األخير القدرة التنبؤية للشبكات العصبية االصطناعية والتي أعطت‬ ‫نموذجا قويا قادرا على التنبؤ بالقيم محل الدراسة بجودة عالية‪ .‬في سياق‬ ‫أخر‪ ،‬في سبيل تقدير قيم إجهاد القص والضغط للصخور الجيرية قام‬ ‫)‪ Baykasoglu et al. (2008‬باستخدام طريقة البرمجة الجينية في منطقة غازي‬ ‫بتركيا‪ .‬اقترح الباحثون نموذجا قويا وفعاال للتنبؤ بالقيم محل الدراسة في‬ ‫الدراسات القادمة مثبتين قدرة البرمجة الجينية على توليد النتائج على‬ ‫شكل بنية شجرية قابلة للتحويل الى معادلة عامة على غرار الشبكات‬ ‫العصبية االصطناعية صعبة التطبيق في الدراسات املستقبلية‪ .‬بالعودة الى‬ ‫الدراسات املنجزة حول التربة الطينية‪ ،‬قام الباحثان ‪Das and Basudhar‬‬ ‫للتنبؤ بقيم زاوية‬ ‫االصطناعية‬ ‫)‪ (2008‬باستخدام الشبكات‬ ‫للدونة‪ّ ،‬‬ ‫العصبية ّ‬ ‫وحد السيولة وحد‬ ‫(حد ا‬ ‫االحتكاك الداخلي بداللة حدود أتربرغ‬ ‫االنكماش)‪ .‬قام الباحثان باقتراح مخطط تفسيري عصبي ً‬ ‫بناء على أوزان‬ ‫وتحيزات نموذج الشبكة العصبية املطور‪ ،‬للتنبؤ بقيم زاوية االحتكاك‬ ‫الداخلي في الدراسات املستقبلية من جهة وملعرفة التأثير املباشر أو‬ ‫العكس ي لخصائص التربة على االحتكاك الداخلي للتربة من جهة أخرى‪ .‬كما‬ ‫قام الباحثان بإنشاء معادلة نموذجية للتنبؤ بقيم زاوية االحتكاك‬ ‫باستخدام أوزان الشبكة العصبية كمعلمات نموذجية‪ .‬بالرجوع إلى العام‬ ‫‪ 2009‬م اقترح الباحثون )‪ Çanakcı et al. (2009‬نموذجا قويا للتنبؤ بقيم‬ ‫القص والضغط األحادي للبازلت في منطقة غازي بتركيا‪ .‬ارتكزت دراستهم‬ ‫على استخدام الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية‪ ،‬البرمجة الجينية وتحليل‬ ‫االنحدار املتعدد لتقدير قيم القص والضغط للبازلت بداللة بارامترات‬ ‫سهلة الحساب في املخبر‪ .‬أثبتت الدراسة تفوق الشبكات العصبية‬ ‫االصطناعية على البرمجة الجينية واالنحدار املتعدد‪ .‬في سياق أخر‪ ،‬قام‬ ‫الباحثون )‪ Kayadelen et al. (2009‬بنمذجة زاوية االحتكاك الداخلي للتربة‬ ‫بداللة نسبة الحبيبات الدقيقة (‪ ،)FC‬نسبة الحبيبات الخشنة (‪ ،)GC‬حد‬

‫السيولة (‪ )WL‬والكثافة الظاهرية (‪ )BD‬مستخدمين في ذلك طريقة الشبكات‬ ‫العصبية االصطناعية ‪ ،ANN‬الشبكات العصبية الضبابية ‪ ANFIS‬والبرمجة‬ ‫الجينية ‪ .GP‬أثبتت أبحاثهم تفوق البرمجة الجينية في استحداث نموذج قوي‬ ‫وفعال للتنبؤ بقيم زاوية االحتكاك الداخلي في تربة تركيا‪ .‬أيضا دراسة أخرى‬ ‫تم إجراؤها من قبل )‪ Khanlari et al. (2012‬أين قام الباحثون بتطبيق‬ ‫الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية متعددة الطبقات‪ ،‬الشبكات العصبية‬ ‫االصطناعية‪ ،‬االنحدار الخطي واالنحدار الالخطي في سبيل التنبؤ بقيم‬ ‫إجهاد القص بداللة البارامترات الفيزيائية للتربة‪ .‬أثبتت نتائج البحث تفوق‬ ‫الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية متعددة الطبقات والتي أنتجت نموذجا‬ ‫قويا ذا معامل االرتباط ‪ R‬األعلى و جذر متوسط الخطأ التربيعي (‪، )RMSE‬‬ ‫ومتوسط الخطأ املطلق (‪ )MAE‬األقل‪.‬‬ ‫لكن حسب اطالعنا‪ ،‬ليس هناك أي نموذج مقترح للتربة في شروط التصلب‬ ‫والتصرف‪ ،‬رغم كونها الشروط األكثر أهمية ومحاكاة للواقع على املدى‬ ‫الطويل‪ .‬كذلك لم يتم استخدام أي طريقة لتقييم قدرة النماذج املقترحة‬ ‫على تجاوز مشكلة االستقراء الزائد واالستقراء الناقص على غرار نهج‬ ‫التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع الذي تم اعتماده في الدراسة الحالية‪ً .‬‬ ‫وبناء‬ ‫على هذه الخلفية‪ ،‬فإن الهدف األساس ي للدراسة الحالية هو املساهمة في‬ ‫اقتراح مقاربة بديلة تقوم على بناء نموذج ذكي للتنبؤ بمقاييس إجهاد القص‬ ‫بداللة خصائص التربة سهلة الحساب في املخبر‪ .‬وتستند املنهجية على ‪5‬‬ ‫طيات عبر نهج التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع بين نماذج ‪ ANN ،GP‬و‪.MRA‬‬ ‫استخدمنا مجموعة واسعة من البيانات تتكون من ‪ 98‬عينة تم جمعها في‬ ‫منطقة الجزائر العاصمة‪ .‬من أجل توفير شروط أحسن لتدريب شبكات‬ ‫‪ ،ANN‬تم استخدام طبقتين مخفيتين ومعامالت إدخال متعددة‪ ،‬بما في ذلك‬ ‫املحتوى املائي‪ ،W‬الكثافة الجافة ‪ ، ρd‬الكثافة الرطبة ‪ ،ρh‬نسبة الفراغات‬ ‫‪ ،e0‬حد السيولة ‪ ،WL‬معامل اللدونة ‪ ،PI‬نسبة الحبيبات الدقيقة ‪ FC‬ونوع‬ ‫التربة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬منهجية الدراسة واألدوات املستعملة‬

‫‪ .2.1‬لشبكة العصبية االصطناعية (‪:)ANN‬‬ ‫الشبكة العصبية االصطناعية (‪ )ANN‬هي تقنية ذكاء اصطناعي مستوحاة‬ ‫من طريقة عمل الدماغ البشري‪ ،‬وتتكون من خاليا عصبية معروفة باسم‬ ‫"عناصر املعالجة"‪" ،‬العقد" أو "الوحدات"‪ .‬وعادة ما يتم تنظيمها في‬ ‫طبقات‪ :‬طبقة املدخالت‪ ،‬طبقة املخرجات‪ ،‬وطبقة وسيطة واحدة أو أكثر‬ ‫تسمى بالطبقات املخفية‪ .‬ترتبط كل وحدة في طبقة معينة كليا أو جزئيا‬ ‫بالعديد من العقد في الطبقات األخرى إلجراء حسابي ذو ديناميكية‬ ‫متكررة )‪.(Benbouras et al., 2019; Benbouras., et al., 2018a‬الشكل ‪ 1‬يوضح‬ ‫نموذج للشبكات العصبية االصطناعية‪.‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)1‬نموذج لشبكات عصبية اصطناعية‬

‫تتكون الفلسفة األساسية للشبكات العصبية االصطناعية من نهج متكامل‬ ‫يتكون عادة من ثالث مراحل‪ :‬التدريب واالختبار والتحقيق‪ .‬الهدف األسمى‬ ‫التالية هي إجراء‬ ‫هو تقليل األخطاء بين القيم املستهدفة واملقدرة‪ .‬الخطوة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫سلسلة من التعديالت لألوزان والتحيزات بشكل متكرر‪ ،‬عادة عن طريق‬ ‫استخدام مخطط التدريب املشترك "خوارزمية االنتشار الخلفي" من أجل‬ ‫تحديد بعض معايير التوقف‪ً .‬‬ ‫أخيرا‪ ،‬يتم اقتراح النموذج األكثر مالءمة‪،‬‬ ‫والذي يتكون عادة من مصفوفة األوزان والتحيزات‪ ،‬والتي من خاللها يمكن‬ ‫التنبؤ بشكل فعال بالقيمة املستهدفة عبر إدخال البارامترات الجيوتقنية‪،‬‬ ‫مع أقل خطأ ممكن )‪ .(Benbouras et al., 2019‬تم إجراء نمذجة ‪ ANN‬في هذه‬

‫‪167‬‬

‫الدراسة باستخدام برنامج ماتالب‪ .‬تم اختيار البرنامج ً‬ ‫نظرا ملالءمته‬ ‫ونتائجه الحسنة التي كشفت عنها الدراسات السابقة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2.2‬تحليل االنحداراملتعدد (‪:)MRA‬‬ ‫االنحدار املتعدد هو تعميم لالنحدار البسيط‪ .‬عادة ما تحدد العالقة بين‬ ‫متغير تابع ومتغيرات مستقلة من خالل تركيب معادلة خطية‪ .‬تسمح هذه‬ ‫الطريقة بتقييم تأثير املتغيرات املتعددة‪ .‬الهدف هو التنبؤ بمتغير‬ ‫االستجابة ‪( Y‬مقاييس إجهاد القص في هذه الحالة) ليس فقط من خالل‬ ‫مؤشر واحد ‪ ،X‬ولكن من عدة متغيرات ‪ ،m‬برموز ‪Xm ،... ،X2 ،X1‬‬ ‫(الخصائص الجيوتقنية في هذه الدراسة أي ‪ .)PI, WL, FC, e0, ρh, W, ρd‬بحيث‬ ‫ترتبط كل قيمة للمتغير املستقل بقيمة املتغير التابع‪ .‬تقدم املعادلة ‪1‬‬ ‫الشكل الرياض ي لطريقة تحليل االنحدار املتعدد لتقدير متغير االستجابة‬ ‫‪ Y‬كدالة للمؤشرات ‪ ، Xk ،... ،X2 ،X1‬باستخدام العينات التي تم جمعها‬ ‫)‪.(Benbouras et al., 2019‬‬

‫‪ .2.5‬املنهجية املتبعة‪:‬‬ ‫من أجل العثور على أنسب نموذج للتنبؤ بقيمة مقاييس إجهاد القص‬ ‫باستخدام البارامترات الجيوتقنية سالفة الذكر‪ ،‬تم اعتماد املنهجية‬ ‫امللخصة في املخطط الهيكلي بالشكل ‪ .2‬بشكل عام‪ ،‬بغية العثور على‬ ‫النموذج تم اعتماد الخطوات التالية‪:‬‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫= 𝑖 ‪𝑌 = 𝑎0 + 𝑎1 𝑥𝑖1 + 𝑎2 𝑥𝑖2 + 𝑎3 𝑥𝑖3 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑘 𝑥𝑖𝑘 𝑡𝑞:‬‬ ‫)𝑛 ‪(1, 2, 3, … ,‬‬ ‫)‪(1‬‬

‫‪ .2.3‬البرمجة الجينية ‪:GP‬‬ ‫البرمجة الجينية (‪ )GP‬هي امتداد لطريقة الخوارزميات الجينية (‪ .)GA‬كالهما‬ ‫يعتبر من أهم أساليب الذكاء االصطناعي ويقوم كل منهما على محاكاة مبادئ‬ ‫الوراثة واالنتقاء الطبيعي‪ .‬في حين يكمن الفرق الرئيس ي بين الطريقتين هو‬ ‫الحل من خالل سلسلة من األرقام واملعادالت‪ ،‬في‬ ‫تمثيل الحل؛ تمثل ‪GA‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫حين يوفر ‪ GP‬في الغالب حلوال في شكل بنية شجرية‪ ،‬يتم التعبير عنها بلغة‬ ‫برمجة عملية )‪ .(Alavi et al., 2013; Benbouras et al., 2019‬البرمجة الجينية هي‬ ‫أسلوب لحل املعضالت الرياضية والهندسية مبني على محاكاة طريقة‬ ‫الجينات لتكاثر الكائنات الحية‪ .‬بحيث تسمح بشكل أساس ي لبرنامج‬ ‫كمبيوتر بالتعلم من خالل ًخوارزمية تطورية‪ .‬تأخذ خطوات النمذجة‬ ‫بواسطة ‪ GP‬عدة مراحل‪ .‬أوال‪ ،‬مرحلة التهيئة التي تتمثل في جمع قاعدة‬ ‫عشوائيا على شكل أولي للكروموسومات لبدء محاكاة البرنامج‪ .‬تتكون‬ ‫القاعدة أساسا من مجموعتين (الدوال‪ ،‬واملحطات)؛ بحيث يجب على‬ ‫املستخدم تحديدهم بعناية بشكل يناسب طبيعة املشكلة العملية‪ .‬ثم يتم‬ ‫تطوير عدة نماذج على شكل بنية شجرة‪ ،‬تتكون أساسا من الدوال‬ ‫واملحطات‪ .‬كما يجدر اإلشارة أن املحطات قد تأخذ شكل عمليات حسابية‬ ‫(على سبيل املثال ‪ ، )* ، + ،/ ،-‬أو وظائف منطقية (على سبيل املثال ‪،OR ،‬‬ ‫‪ ، )NOT ،AND‬أو دوال جيبية (مثل ‪ ، )cos ،sin ،‬أو أي محطات أخرى‬ ‫يحددها املستخدم‪ .‬من جهة أخرى‪ ،‬تتكون الدوال من ثوابت عددية أو‬ ‫ثوابت منطقية أو متغيرات‪ .‬وأخيرا‪ ،‬يتم الحصول على عدد معين من‬ ‫النماذج‪ ،‬مما يجعل من املمكن محاكات املشكلة رياضيا‪ .‬املرحلة األخيرة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫اعتمادا على قدرته على حل املشكلة‪ .‬عادة‬ ‫تتمثل في تقييم النموذج األمثل‬ ‫ما يكون معامل االرتباط ومتوسط مربعات الخطأ هما املعياران الرئيسيان‬ ‫للحكم على أداء النماذج وقدرتها على التوقع )‪.(Benbouras et al., 2019‬‬

‫•‬

‫إنشاء قاعدة بيانات جيوتقنية لتربة الجزائر‪ :‬تم جمع ‪ 98‬عينة من مختبرات‬ ‫تقنية تخص بعض املشاريع الجيوتقنية الجارية اإلنجاز أو املنجزة من قبل‪.‬‬ ‫تحليل البيانات باستخدام طريقة تحليل االنحدار املتعدد ‪ ،MRA‬واملطبقة‬ ‫باستخدام برنامج ‪ ،SPSS‬حيث يتم تغيير عدد املتغيرات في كل نموذج‪ .‬مع‬ ‫التنويه أنه تم استخدام معامل االرتباط والخطأ املعياري لتحديد النموذج‬ ‫األنسب‪.‬‬ ‫تطبيق طريقة البرمجة الوراثية عبر استخدام برنامج ‪ ،HeuristicLab‬حيث‬ ‫يتم تعيين النموذج األمثل بعد تدريب يتألف من ‪ 10000‬محاولة‪ .‬قسمت‬ ‫البيانات إلى جزئيين‪ ٪80 ،‬للتدريب و‪ ٪20‬لالختبار‪.‬‬ ‫إجراء تحليل ‪ ANN‬عبر برنامج ‪ ،MATLAB‬باستخدام مزيج من دوال‬ ‫التنشيط ‪ logsigmoid, tansigmoid‬و‪ً purlin‬‬ ‫نظرا لكونها الدوال األكثر‬ ‫استخداما لحل مشاكل االنحدار املعقدة‪ .‬تم اعتماد طبقتين مخفيتين‬ ‫إلضافة املرونة إلى الشبكات‪ ،‬مع عدد من العقد املتغيرة في كل طبقة مخفية‬ ‫من أجل العثور على أفضل نموذج (‪ 20-1‬عقدة في الطبقة املخفية األولى‬ ‫و‪ 20-1‬في الثانية)‪ ،‬مما أدى إلى استحداث ‪ 400‬نموذج ‪ .ANN‬يتم الفصل‬ ‫في النموذج األمثل عن طريق معامل االرتباط األكبر و الخطأ املعياري األقل‪.‬‬ ‫بالنسبة لهيكلة ‪ ، ANN‬تم استخدام ثمانية بارامترات في طبقة املدخالت‪،‬‬ ‫وهي كالتالي املحتوى املائي‪ ،W‬الكثافة الجافة ‪ ، ρd‬الكثافة الرطبة ‪،ρh‬‬ ‫نسبة الفراغات ‪ ،e0‬حد السيولة ‪ ،WL‬معامل اللدونة ‪ ،PI‬نسبة الحبيبات‬ ‫الدقيقة ‪ FC‬ونوع التربة‪ .‬كذلك تم اعتماد عدد متغير من العقد في كل طبقة‬ ‫مخفية‪ ،‬وأخيرا االحتكاك الداخلي ‪ Ø‬وتالصق التربة ‪ C‬في طبقة املخرجات‪.‬‬ ‫عالوة على ذلك‪ ،‬لتطوير نماذج ‪ ،ANN‬من الشائع تقسيم البيانات إلى‬ ‫جزأين‪ ٪80 ،‬للتدريب بهدف بناء النماذج و ‪ ٪20‬للتحقيق بغية تقييم أداء‬ ‫النماذج املدربة‪.‬‬ ‫الختيار النموذج األفضل واألنسب للتنبؤ بقيم إجهاد القص للتربة‪ ،‬يتم‬ ‫استخدام نهج التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع بخمس طيات‪ ،‬لتقييم األداء‬ ‫التنبئي بين النماذج املقترحة في كل طريقة‪ ،‬ومعرفة قدرة كل نموذج على‬ ‫تجاوز مشكلة االستقراء الزائد واالستقراء الناقص‪.‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)2‬املخطط الهيكلي ملنهجية البحث‬

‫‪ .2.4‬نهج التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع ذو ص‪-‬طية‪:‬‬ ‫يتم تقييم األداء التنبؤي للنماذج املقترحة باستخدام نهج التحقق من‬ ‫الصحة املتقاطع ذو ص‪-‬طية‪ .‬توفر هذه الطريقة ً‬ ‫مزيدا من الدقة واملرونة‬ ‫لتقييم قدرة األداء التنبؤي لكل نموذج على تخطي االستقراء الزائد‬ ‫والناقص للبيانات بحيث تم استخدامها في كثير من الدراسات السابقة‬ ‫)‪ .(Benbouras et al., 2019‬هذا النهج يتمثل أساسا في تقسيم مجموعة‬ ‫البيانات إلى ص طية (أو مجموعة) متساوية األحجام‪ .‬ومن ثم‪ ،‬يتم‬ ‫استخدام في كل مرة (ص‪ )1-‬للتدريب والبقية للتحقيق‪ .‬تتكرر هذه العملية‬ ‫على التوالي حتى يتم استخدام جميع الطيات في خطوة التحقيق ‪(Goetz et‬‬ ‫)‪ .al., 2015‬امليزة الرئيسية لهذه الطريقة هي أن جميع البيانات التي تم جمعها‬ ‫تستخدم بشكل كامل في كل من خطوات التدريب والتحقيق ‪(Benbouras et‬‬ ‫)‪ .al., 2019‬وقد برهن بريمان وسبكتور (‪ )1992‬أن ص=‪ 5‬أو ص=‪ 10‬يمثالن‬ ‫أفضل اختيار لتقييم النماذج )‪ .(Breiman and Spector, 1992‬في هذا العمل‪،‬‬ ‫اخترنا التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع بـ ص=‪ 5‬ملقارنة القدرة التنبئية لكل‬ ‫نموذج‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬نتائج الدراسة‬

‫‪ .3.1‬جمع قاعدة بيانات جيوتقنية‪:‬‬ ‫تتكون قاعدة البيانات املستخدمة في هذه الدراسة من ‪ 98‬عينة تم معالجتها‬ ‫في املخبر باختبار صندوق القص املباشر وغيرها من االختبارات الجيوتقنية‬ ‫التي تم الحصول عليها من ‪ 88‬حفرة سبر بمنطقة الجزائر العاصمة‪ .‬سبب‬ ‫اختيار منطقة الجزائر لكونها تعاني من عدة مخاطر جيوتقنية ‪(Benbouras‬‬ ‫)‪ ،et al., 2017; Debiche et al., 2018‬مما يجعل قاعدة البيانات ذات مجموعة‬ ‫واسعة من النتائج‪ ،‬كفيلة بجعل دراستنا على مستوى عالي من املوثوقية‪.‬‬ ‫يتراوح عمق الجسات بين ‪ 0.5‬إلى ‪ 41.5‬متر بمتوسط ‪ 6.66‬متر‪ .‬يقدم الشكل‬

‫‪168‬‬

‫‪ 3‬خريطة للعينات التي تم جمعها من منطقة الدراسة‪ .‬تم تحديد‬ ‫الخصائص الجيوتقنية في املختبر ً‬ ‫وفقا للمعايير األوروبية الدولية‪.‬‬ ‫يبين الجدول ‪ 1‬اإلحصاء الوصفي للعينات التي تم جمعها‪ .‬تمت الدراسة‬ ‫باستخدام برنامج ‪ .SPSS‬الجدول يوضح البيانات الوصفية للعينات‪ ،‬مثل‬ ‫الوسط‪ ،‬الوسيط‪ ،‬النمط‪ ،‬االنحراف املعياري‪ ،‬التباين‪ ،‬االلتواء‪ ،‬التفرطح‪،‬‬ ‫املدى‪ ،‬الحد األدنى والحد األقص ى‪ .‬توضح قيم االلتواء والتفرطح أن جميع‬ ‫املتغيرات موزعة بانتظام‪ .‬عالوة على ذلك‪ ،‬تشير النتائج إلى أن قاعدة‬ ‫البيانات تضم مجموعة واسعة من البيانات‪ .‬وعليه‪ ،‬بناء على ذلك يمكن‬ ‫استخدام قاعدة البيانات هذه لتطوير معادالت تجريبية جديدة ومقارنة‬ ‫أداء الصيغ املوجودة‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3.2‬االرتباط بين مقاييس إجهاد القص والخصائص الجيوتقنية‪:‬‬

‫ً‬ ‫إحصائيا بالعالقة بين مقاييس إجهاد القص وبقية خواص التربة‪ ،‬تم‬ ‫للتنبؤ‬ ‫استخدم برنامج ‪ .SPSS‬قمنا بعرض معامل ارتباط سبيرمان ‪ R‬ومستوى‬ ‫داللته بين مقاييس إجهاد القص وغيرها من املعلمات الجيوتقنية في‬ ‫الجدول ‪ .2‬تشير النتائج إلى كون مستوى الداللة (‪ )ρ‬أقل من ‪ 0.05‬في بعض‬ ‫الداخلي‪ .‬مما يعني أنها‬ ‫االرتباطات فقط‪ ،‬خاصة مع زاوية‬ ‫االحتكاكى‪ً ،‬‬ ‫ووفقا لتصنيف سميث‬ ‫أخر‬ ‫ناحية‬ ‫ارتباطات ذات داللة إحصائية‪ .‬من‬ ‫ً‬ ‫(‪ ،)1986‬فإن مقاييس إجهاد القص ترتبط ارتباطا ضعيفا بمعلمات التربة‬ ‫سالفة الذكر‪ .‬تشير النتائج إلى أن هذه املعلمات من املفترض أن يكون لها‬ ‫عالقة غير خطية معقدة مع ظاهرة إجهاد القص‪ .‬عالوة على ذلك‪ ،‬من أجل‬ ‫محاكاة هذه الظاهرة املعقدة بشكل موثوق‪ ،‬نقترح تطبيق أساليب ذكاء‬ ‫صناعي جديدة‪.‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)3‬العينات التي تم جمعها من منطقة الدراسة‬

‫‪FC‬‬ ‫‪WL‬‬ ‫‪PI‬‬ ‫‪Ccd‬‬ ‫‪Øcd‬‬

‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط‬ ‫‪Sig‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط‬ ‫‪Sig‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط‬ ‫‪Sig‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط‬ ‫‪Sig‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط‬ ‫‪Sig‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫‪-0.017‬‬ ‫‪0.872‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.117‬‬ ‫‪0.251‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.020‬‬ ‫‪0.843‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪0.182‬‬ ‫‪0.074‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.017‬‬ ‫‪0.871‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫**‪0.759‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.622‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.557‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.033‬‬ ‫‪0.750‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪-0.262‬‬ ‫‪0.009‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫‪-0.025‬‬ ‫‪0.804‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.115‬‬ ‫‪0.258‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.060‬‬ ‫‪0.560‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪0.096‬‬ ‫‪0.348‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪0.133‬‬ ‫‪0.191‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫**‪0.723‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.571‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.546‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.015‬‬ ‫‪0.880‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫*‪-0.237‬‬ ‫‪0.019‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.764‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.678‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪0.115‬‬ ‫‪0.260‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪-0.431‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫**‪0.764‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.894‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪0.036‬‬ ‫‪0.728‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪-0.424‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫**‪0.678‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪0.894‬‬ ‫‪0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.049‬‬ ‫‪0.629‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪-0.330‬‬ ‫‪0.001‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫‪-0.431** 0.115‬‬ ‫‪0.000 0.260‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.424** 0.036‬‬ ‫‪0.000 0.728‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.330** -0.049‬‬ ‫‪0.001 0.629‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.343** 1.000‬‬ ‫‪0.001‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‪1.000 -0.343‬‬ ‫‪0.001‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫‪ .3.3‬تقدير قيم مقاييس إجهاد القص عبر استخدام تحليل‬ ‫االنحداراملتعدد‪:‬‬ ‫أسفر تحليل االنحدار املتعدد‪ ،‬الذي تم إجراؤه باستخدام ‪ ،SPSS‬عن‬ ‫املعادالت التي تبين معامل االرتباط والخطأ املعياري للنماذج املختلفة‪ ،‬كما‬ ‫هو موضح في الجدول ‪ .3‬تثبت النتائج إلى أن مقاييس إجهاد القص ترتبط‬ ‫باملعلمات الجيوتقنية ارتباطا متوسطا نسبيا‪ ،‬يبلغ معامل االرتباط في‬ ‫النموذج األول ‪ ،0.3‬في حين يصل ل ‪ 0.32‬في النموذج الثاني‪ .‬تشير القيم‬ ‫املعقولة إلى نموذج استقرائي متوسط‪ .‬تتميز طريقة االنحدار املتعدد‬ ‫بالسهولة والسرعة في االستخدام‪ ،‬بحيث تكون النتائج على شكل معادلة‬ ‫خطية بسيطة قابلة لالستخدام والتطبيق‪ .‬من جهة أخرى‪ ،‬يعتمد هذا‬ ‫األسلوب على افتراضات مبسطة‪ ،‬مثل السلوك الخطي أو االستداللي‪ ،‬مما‬ ‫يجعلها أقل فعالية عند استخدامها ملحاكاة السلوك غير املتجانس املعقد‬ ‫للتربة‪.‬‬ ‫رقم النموذج‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫جدول (‪ :)3‬االرتباطات بين مقاييس إجهاد القس ومختلف املعلمات الجيوتقنية‬ ‫معامل االرتباط‬ ‫املعادلة‬ ‫‪+0 ,076 FC + 0-3,290e Ccd =2,921 ϒd+ 0,877 w +0,010ϒh‬‬ ‫‪0,3‬‬ ‫‪1,028 WL -2,488 PI -13,172‬‬ ‫‪+0,050FC -0Ø cd =0,334 ϒd +0,157 w +0,088 ϒh -1,564e‬‬ ‫‪0,321‬‬

‫الخطأ املعياري‬ ‫‪27,05311‬‬

‫‪0,614 WL +0,443 PI +19,720‬‬

‫‪6,83764‬‬

‫‪ .3.4‬تقدير قيم مقاييس إجهاد القص عبر استخدام البرمجة‬ ‫الوراثية‪:‬‬

‫جدول (‪ :)1‬اإلحصاء الوصفي للعينات التي تم جمعها‬ ‫‪WL‬‬ ‫‪FC‬‬ ‫‪e0‬‬ ‫‪ρh‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫عدد العينات‬ ‫‪53.007 90.43 0.71 19.79 24.48 16.67‬‬ ‫املتوسط‬ ‫‪55.00 96.00 0.72 19.90 24.00 16.81‬‬ ‫الوسيط‬ ‫‪57.00a 98.00 0.82 19.30 24.00 16.90‬‬ ‫املنوال‬ ‫‪7.13‬‬ ‫‪11.52 0.19‬‬ ‫‪1.07‬‬ ‫‪5.365‬‬ ‫االنحراف املعياري ‪1.56‬‬ ‫‪50.923 132.74 .037 1.161 28.791 2.441‬‬ ‫التباين‬ ‫‪-0.531 -1.462 3.308 -1.127 -.055 -.329‬‬ ‫االلتواء‬ ‫‪-0.312 1.007 22.23 3.310 -0.754 -0.080‬‬ ‫التفرطح‬ ‫‪33.62 41.00 1.63‬‬ ‫‪6.50‬‬ ‫‪26.00‬‬ ‫‪8.30‬‬ ‫املجال‬ ‫‪34.00 59.00 0.41 15.70 12.00 12.10‬‬ ‫القيمة الدنيا‬ ‫القيمة الكبرى‬ ‫‪67.62 100.00 2.04 22.20 38.00 20.40‬‬

‫البارامترات‬ ‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط ‪1.000‬‬ ‫‪ρd‬‬ ‫‪Sig‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط ‪-0.092‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪0.369 Sig‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط ‪0.165‬‬ ‫‪ρh‬‬ ‫‪0.105 Sig‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬ ‫معامل‬ ‫االرتباط ‪-.008‬‬ ‫‪e0‬‬ ‫‪0.941 Sig‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪N‬‬

‫‪PI‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪26.91‬‬ ‫‪28.00‬‬ ‫‪29.00‬‬ ‫‪4.46‬‬ ‫‪19.920‬‬ ‫‪-0.421‬‬ ‫‪1.676‬‬ ‫‪29.00‬‬ ‫‪10.00‬‬ ‫‪39.00‬‬

‫جدول (‪ :)2‬مصفوفة االرتباطات بين املعلمات الجيوتقنية‬ ‫‪PI‬‬ ‫‪WL‬‬ ‫‪FC‬‬ ‫‪e0‬‬ ‫‪W‬‬ ‫‪ρh‬‬ ‫‪-0.020 -0.117 -0.017 -0.008 0.165 .0920‬‬‫‪0.843 0.251 0.872 0.941 0.105 0.369‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪0.557** 0.622** 0.759** 0.918** -0.004 1.000‬‬ ‫‪0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.970‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.060 -0.115 -0.025 0.017 1.000 -0.004‬‬ ‫‪0.560 0.258 0.804 0.870‬‬ ‫‪0.970‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫**‬ ‫**‬ ‫**‬ ‫‪0.546 0.571 0.723‬‬ ‫**‪1.000 0.017 0.918‬‬ ‫‪0.000 0.000 0.000‬‬ ‫‪0.870 0.000‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫‪Ccd‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪49.29‬‬ ‫‪43.00‬‬ ‫‪43.00‬‬ ‫‪27.29‬‬ ‫‪744.82‬‬ ‫‪2.087‬‬ ‫‪5.831‬‬ ‫‪153.00‬‬ ‫‪15.00‬‬ ‫‪168.00‬‬

‫‪Øcd‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪13.72‬‬ ‫‪13.00‬‬ ‫‪13.00‬‬ ‫‪6.95‬‬ ‫‪48.35‬‬ ‫‪4.187‬‬ ‫‪26.54‬‬ ‫‪59.91‬‬ ‫‪3.09‬‬ ‫‪63.00‬‬

‫‪Øcd‬‬ ‫‪Ccd‬‬ ‫‪-0.017 0.182‬‬ ‫‪0.871 0.074‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.262** -0.033‬‬ ‫‪0.009 0.750‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪0.133 0.096‬‬ ‫‪0.191 0.348‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪-0.237* -0.015‬‬ ‫‪0.019 0.880‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬

‫تحليل البرمجة الوراثية تم إجراؤه باستخدام برنامج ‪ ،HeuristicLab‬والذي‬ ‫أنتج معامالت االرتباط والجذر التربيعي ملتوسط مربعات الخطأ (‪ )RMSE‬لكل‬ ‫من بيانات التدريب واالختبار‪ ،‬كما هو موضح في الجدول ‪ .4‬وعليه‪ ،‬فإن‬ ‫عدد دوال ومحطات املعلمات الجيوتقنية تم تغييرها ومعالجتها من إجمالي‬ ‫‪ 10000‬محاولة في كل نموذج‪ .‬تشير النتائج املتحصل عليها الى استقراء‬ ‫متوسط للنماذج املقترحة‪ ،‬حيث بلغ في النموذج األول معامل االرتباط‬ ‫لبيانات التدريب ‪ Rtraining = 0.89‬ولبيانات االختبار ‪Rtest = 0.34‬؛ بينما بلغ في‬ ‫النموذج الثاني املؤهل لتقدير قيم زاوية االحتكاك الداخلي )‪ (Øcd‬في كل من‬ ‫بيانات التدريب ‪ Rtraining = 0.81‬ولبيانات االختبار ‪.Rtest = 0.42‬‬ ‫رقم النموذج‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫جدول (‪ :)4‬مختلف نماذج البرمجة الوراثية لتقدير قيم مقاييس إجهاد القص‬ ‫‪R test‬‬ ‫‪RMSE training RMSE test‬‬ ‫املتغيرات‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬ ‫‪32.13‬‬ ‫‪35.16‬‬ ‫)‪Ccd=f(W, ϒh, , ϒd, e, FC, WL, PI‬‬ ‫‪0.42‬‬ ‫‪96.2‬‬ ‫‪11.10‬‬ ‫)‪Øcd =f(W, ϒh, , ϒd, e, FC, WL, PI‬‬

‫‪R training‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪0.81‬‬

‫تم تدريب النموذج بنجاح في الدورة رقم ‪ 9952‬من إجمالي ‪ 10000‬محاولة‬ ‫تم محاكاتها في الخوارزمية‪ .‬تشير النتائج إلى أن معظم األخطاء بين القيم‬ ‫املستهدفة واملقدرة تتراوح بين ‪ -20‬و‪ 20‬في النموذج األول‪ ،‬بينما تراوحت ما‬ ‫بين ‪ 8-‬و ‪ 8‬في النموذج الثاني‪ .‬يوضح الشكل ‪ 4‬مخطط التشتت للقيم‬ ‫املقدرة واملستهدفة لبيانات التدريب واالختبار في نموذج ‪ GP‬األكثر مالءمة‪.‬‬ ‫األلوان البرتقالية والحمراء ترمز على التوالي لبيانات التدريب واالختبار‪.‬‬ ‫وجود معامل ارتباط جيد‪ 0.89 ،‬لبيانات التدريب و‪0.34‬‬ ‫تشير النتائج إلى‬ ‫االختبار‪ً .‬‬ ‫وفقا لتصنيف سميث (‪ ،)1986‬يشير هذا إلى أن مقاييس‬ ‫لبيانات‬ ‫إجهاد القص ترتبط باعتدال بـ ‪ W, ϒh, , ϒd, e, FC, WL, PI‬وفق النموذج املقترح‬ ‫باستخدام نهج البرمجة الوراثية‪.‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)4‬مخطط التشتت بين القيم املقدرة واملستهدفة باستخدام نموذج ‪ GP‬األكثرمالئمة‬

‫‪169‬‬

‫التعرض ملشاكل التكيف الزائد أو الناقص‪ .‬أخيرا‪ ،‬لتسهيل االستفادة من‬ ‫النموذج املقترح في الدراسات املستقبلية‪ ،‬قمنا باقتراح مخطط هيكلي في‬ ‫الشكل ‪ 6‬يعرض خطوات حساب مقاييس إجهاد القص باستخدام نموذج‬ ‫‪ ANN‬األمثل‪ ،‬كما يجدر الذكر أنه تم تلخيص جميع املصفوفات املكونة‬ ‫لهندسة النموذج املقترح في نفس الشكل‪.‬‬ ‫شكل (‪ :)5‬مخطط التشتت بين القيم املقدرة واملستهدفة باستخدام نموذج ‪ ANN‬األكثرمالئمة‬

‫بصفة عامة أعطت طريقة البرمجة الجينية نتائج جيدة في مرحلة التدريب‪،‬‬ ‫لكنها متوسطة في مرحلة التحقيق مما يشير إلى إمكانية وجود استقراء‬ ‫ناقص في قدرة النموذج املقترح على توليد النتائج في مستقبل الدراسات‪ .‬من‬ ‫جهة أخرى‪ ،‬تتميز بصعوبة االستخدام مستقبال‪ ،‬بحيث يوفر ‪ GP‬في الغالب‬ ‫ً‬ ‫حلوال في شكل بنية شجرية‪ ،‬يتم التعبير عنها بلغة برمجة أو بمخطط هيكلي‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3.5‬تقدير قيم مقاييس إجهاد القص عبر استخدام الشبكات‬ ‫العصبية االصطناعية‪:‬‬ ‫يتم اختيار الهندسة املثالية لنماذج الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية وفقا‬ ‫للقيم الدنيا ملتوسط مربعات الخطأ ‪ MSE‬والحد األقص‬ ‫من بيانات التدريب والتحقيق‪ .‬ملعالجة هذه املشكلة‪ ،‬تم استخدام سبع‬ ‫مجموعات من دوال التنشيط‪ .‬في كل واحد منها‪ ،‬نغير عدد العقد في كلى‬ ‫الطبقتين املخفيتين (‪ 20-1‬عقدة في كل طبقة)‪ ،‬مما أدى إلى ظهور ‪400‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫استنادا إلى إجمالي ‪ 2800‬نموذج ‪ ،ANN‬تشير‬ ‫نموذج ‪ ANN‬في كل مجموعة‪.‬‬ ‫النتائج إلى أن أفضل أداء تم الحصول عليه برز في نموذج ‪ ANN‬املتكون من‬ ‫‪ 11‬عقدة في الطبقة املخفية األولى و‪ 4‬عقد في الطبقة الثانية (‪،)8-11-4-2‬‬ ‫واملدرب عن طريق مزيج من دوال التنشيط (‪ (tan-sigmoid‬بين طبقة‬ ‫املدخالت والطبقة املخفية األولى والثانية‪ ،‬الدالة الخطية بين الطبقة‬ ‫املخفية الثانية وطبقة املخرجات‪ .‬تم تدريب هذا النموذج بنجاح في ‪ 19‬دورة‪.‬‬ ‫وتشير النتائج إلى أن أفضل ‪ MSE‬هو الخاص باملحاولة ‪ 13‬بينما معظم‬ ‫األخطاء بين القيم املستهدفة واملقدرة تتراوح بين ‪ -6,87‬و ‪.6.34‬‬ ‫من جهة أخرى‪ ،‬يظهر الشكل ‪ 5‬مخطط التشتت بين القيم املقدرة‬ ‫واملستهدفة في بيانات التدريب والتحقيق في نموذج ‪ ANN‬األكثر مالءمة (‪-2‬‬ ‫‪ .)8-11-4‬تشير النتائج إلى وجود معامل ارتباط قوي جدا‪ R = 0,94 :‬لبيانات‬ ‫التدريب ‪ 0.99 ،‬لبيانات التحقق و‪ 0.94‬لجميع البيانات‪ .‬حسب تصنيف‬ ‫سميث (‪ )1986‬تشير هذه النتائج إلى وجود ارتباط قوي بين مقاييس إجهاد‬ ‫القص واملعلمات الجيوتقنية ‪ W, ϒh, , ϒd, e, FC, WL, PI‬ونوع التربة‪ ،‬كما تثبت‬ ‫وجود قدرة تنبؤيه قوية وفعالة للنموذج املقترح (‪.)8-11-4-2‬‬ ‫بصفة عامة أعطت طريقة الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية نتائج جيدة‬ ‫سواء في مرحلة التدريب أو التحقيق‪ ،‬مما يشير عادة إلى عدم وجود استقراء‬ ‫ناقص في قدرة النموذج املقترح على توليد النتائج في مستقبل الدراسات‪ .‬من‬ ‫جهة أخرى ً‪ ،‬تتميز بصعوبة االستخدام مستقبال‪ ،‬بحيث يوفر ‪ ANN‬في‬ ‫الغالب حلوال على شكل مصفوفات رياضية من األوزان والتحيزات تربط بين‬ ‫املدخالت واملخرجات‪ .‬أيضا تصف الدراسات السابقة النماذج املقترحة‬ ‫بطريقة الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية على أنها صندوق أسود‪ ،‬ال غبار‬ ‫على جودة النتائج عادة‪ ،‬لكن تكمن املشكلة في عدم القدرة على تفسيرها أو‬ ‫تأويلها فيزيائيا‪.‬‬

‫شكل (‪ :) 6‬مخطط هيكلي خوارزمي لتقدير قيم إجهاد القص بواسطة نموذج ‪ ANN‬املقترح‬

‫ى ملعامل االرتباط ‪R‬‬

‫‪ .3.6‬مقارنة بين نماذج ‪ GP ،MRA‬و ‪:ANN‬‬ ‫لقد تم استخدام نهج التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع ذو ‪ 5‬طيات لتقييم‬ ‫األداء التنبؤي للنماذج األكثر مالءمة لكل طريقة‪ .‬يوضح الجدول ‪ 5‬مقاييس‬ ‫األداء ألفضل نماذج ‪ MRA ،ANN‬و‪ .GP‬تشير النتائج إلى أن نموذج ‪ ANN‬لديه‬ ‫أقوى أداء مقارنة مع ‪ GP‬و‪ .MRA‬كما يظهر جليا مشكل التكيف الزائد في كل‬ ‫من املجموعة الرابعة ل ‪ (Rval_split4=0 ,34( GP‬وأيضا في املجموعة الثانية ‪MRA‬‬ ‫أين تم العثور على ‪ . Rval_split2 = 0.07‬وباملقابل‪ ،‬يتراوح ‪ Rval_ANN‬بين ‪ 0.89‬و‪0.99‬‬ ‫في املجموعات الخمس‪ ،‬مما يدل على القدرة التنبؤية لنموذج ‪ ANN‬األكثر‬ ‫مالءمة وقوتها االستقرائية لتعلم البيانات وتوليد أخرى جديدة من دون‬

‫جدول (‪ :)5‬مقاييس األداء لنماذج ‪ MRA ANN‬و‪ GP‬باستخدام نهج التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع ذو ص=‪5‬‬ ‫مجموعة ‪5‬‬ ‫مجموعة ‪4‬‬ ‫مجموعة ‪3‬‬ ‫مجموعة ‪2‬‬ ‫مجموعة ‪1‬‬ ‫‪0.27‬‬ ‫‪0.39‬‬ ‫‪0.15‬‬ ‫‪0.07‬‬ ‫‪0.5‬‬ ‫)‪Rval (MRA‬‬ ‫‪0.55‬‬ ‫‪0.34‬‬ ‫‪0.82‬‬ ‫‪0.72‬‬ ‫‪0.7‬‬ ‫)‪Rval (GP‬‬ ‫‪0.95‬‬ ‫‪0.99‬‬ ‫‪0.96‬‬ ‫‪0.89‬‬ ‫‪0.95‬‬ ‫)‪Rval (ANN‬‬

‫‪ .4‬مناقشة النتائج‬

‫‪ .4.1‬التحقق من صحة النتائج‪:‬‬ ‫الدافع الرئيس ي لهذه الدراسة هو استكشاف قدرة أساليب الذكاء الصناعي‬ ‫إلنشاء نموذج رياض ي موثوق يهدف إلى التنبؤ بسهولة بقيم إجهاد القص في‬ ‫شروط التصلب والتصرف‪ .‬الجدير بالذكر أن قيم إجهاد القص هي من أكثر‬ ‫املعلمات الجيوتقنية التي ال غنى عنها سواء لتقدير حمولة التربة‪ ،‬لتحسين‬ ‫وتقوية التربة وفي استقرار املنحدرات‪ً .‬‬ ‫بناء على ذلك‪ ،‬تم تطبيق ثالث طرق‬ ‫متقدمة من طرق الذكاء الصناعي وهي الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية‬ ‫متعددة الطبقات‪ ،‬البرمجة الجينية وتحليل االنحدار املتعدد لنمذجة‬ ‫مجموعة املدخالت املعروف سلفا تأثيرها على بارامترات إجهاد القص وهي‬ ‫كالتالي املحتوى املائي ‪ ،W‬الكثافة الجافة ‪ ،ρd‬الكثافة الرطبة ‪ ،ρh‬نسبة‬ ‫الفراغات ‪ ،e0‬حد السيولة ‪ ،WL‬معامل اللدونة ‪ ،PI‬نسبة الحبيبات الدقيقة‬ ‫‪ FC‬ونوع التربة‪ .‬تم تقييم أداء النماذج املقترحة من خالل نهج التحقق من‬ ‫الصحة املتقاطع ذو خمس طيات‪ .‬االستنتاج الذي خلصنا إليه بعد تقييم‬ ‫النماذج هو تفوق نموذج ‪ ANN‬املتكون من طبقتين مخفيتين (‪ 11‬عقدة في‬ ‫الطبقة االولى و‪ 4‬في الثانية)‪ ،‬واملدرب بدوال تحويل تتألف من‪tansigmoid- :‬‬ ‫‪ .tansigmoid-linear‬أعطى هذا النموذج معامل االرتباط األعلى والذي يتراوح‬ ‫بين ‪ 0.89‬إلى ‪ 0.99‬في الطيات الخمسة‪ .‬بينما يظهر جليا مشكل التكيف‬ ‫الزائد في الطية الرابعة من نموذج ‪ GP‬األمثل (‪ )Rval_split4 = 0.34‬والطية الثانية‬ ‫من نموذج ‪ MRA‬االمثل (‪ .)Rval_pli2 = 0.075‬أخيرا لتطبيق النموذج األمثل في‬ ‫الدراسات املستقبلية تم اقتراح مخطط هيكلي يحوي على كل خصائص‬ ‫النموذج املقترح‪ ،‬للتنبؤ بدقة أكبر في الدراسات املستقبلية بمقاييس إجهاد‬ ‫القص في شروط التصلب والتصرف بداللة معلمات جيوتقنية سهلة‬ ‫الحساب في املخبر‪.‬‬

‫‪170‬‬

‫‪ .4.2‬األهمية العلمية لنتائج البحث‪:‬‬ ‫تمثل النتائج التي توصلنا إليها مساهمة حاسمة في مجال ميكانيك التربة‪.‬‬ ‫النموذج املفصل في دراستنا يمثل أداة موثوقة لتقدير مقاييس إجهاد القص‬ ‫في شروط التصلب والتصرف دون إجراء اختبار القص املباشر وهذا ما‬ ‫يساعد املهندسين واملصممين على عملية اتخاذ القرار األمثل مع ربح الوقت‬ ‫والجهد واملال‪ .‬من وجهة نظر عامة‪ ،‬بعد أزمة النفط في سبعينيات القرن‬ ‫املاض ي‪ ،‬تم استخدام طرق الذكاء الصناعي والخرائط املدعمة بنظم‬ ‫املعلومات الجغرافية كأدوات علمية محكمة في البلدان املتقدمة الشمالية‬ ‫ملساعدة املصممين ومتخذي القرار في عديد من املجاالت سواء املدنية منها أو‬ ‫العسكرية‪ .‬اليوم‪ ،‬العديد من البلدان في جنوب الكرة األرضية‪ ،‬ملزمة بتحقيق‬ ‫أهداف هذه الكفاءة‪ .‬هذه البلدان تعاني من نقص كبير وتأخر ملموس في‬ ‫استخدام أساليب اتخاذ القرار‪ ،‬السيما تلك املتعلقة بالبناء ( ‪Semahi et al.,‬‬ ‫‪ .)2020‬لذلك‪ ،‬فإن أهمية استخدام هذه األساليب في البلدان ذات املشهد‬ ‫السياس ي الضعيف كبيرة جدا‪ .‬وعليه‪ ،‬نحتاج لكثير من الدراسات في العديد‬ ‫من املجاالت مللء هذه الفجوة‪ .‬من وجهة نظر جيوتقنية‪ ،‬فإنه على الرغم من‬ ‫األهمية البالغة ملقاييس إجهاد القص كما أسلفنا الذكر‪ ،‬فقد أظهرت‬ ‫الدراسات السابقة أوجه قصور كبيرة‪ ،‬نذكر منها الثمن الباهظ للعتاد‬ ‫واألجهزة ًاملستخدمة‪ ،‬كونها تحتاج عماال مؤهلين ومدربين بعناية وتستغرق‬ ‫ً‬ ‫وقتا طويال لحسابها‪ .‬وعليه‪ ،‬في بعض الظروف الخاصة أين نواجه أخطار‬ ‫طبيعية والتي قد تنطوي على خسائر في األرواح والبنايات‪ .‬قد تعد هذه‬ ‫األخطار كرسائل غير مباشرة لتذكير الناس بشكل دوري بأن مفهوم انعدام‬ ‫الواقع‪ .‬لكن في معظم‬ ‫املخاطر والسالمة التامة غير موجود على‬ ‫أرضأح ً‬ ‫يانا يكون الوقت ً‬ ‫حرجا‬ ‫الحاالت‪ ،‬ال يقبل املجتمع بكوارث التربة التقنية‪.‬‬ ‫وغير كاف النتظار نتائج العينات في املخبر ويتعين على املهندس اتخاذ قرار‬ ‫حاسم وسريع ملعالجة الخطر محل الدراسة ومعرفة مسبباته‪ .‬رد فعل‬ ‫املجتمع جراء هذه الكوارث الطبيعية‪ ،‬الذي تدعمه وسائل اإلعالم وتضخمه‬ ‫إلى حد كبير ألسباب اقتصادية بحتة‪ ،‬قد يكون سلبيا ويؤدي الى غالبا إلى اتهام‬ ‫املهندسين وربما متابعتهم قضائيا‪ً .‬‬ ‫بناء على ما سبق‪ ،‬من أجل التغلب على‬ ‫أوجه القصور املذكورة أعاله‪ ،‬ال تزال املختبرات والشركات الجيوتقنية تبحث‬ ‫عن طرق جديدة سريعة وفعالة ملساعدة املهندسين في مهام صنع القرار‬ ‫املتعلقة بتقدير املخاطر املحتملة و التنبؤ بالبارامترات الخاصة بها مع مراعاة‬ ‫السلوك املعقد لظواهر التربة مع ربح الوقت والجهد ‪(Benbouras and Petrisor,‬‬ ‫)‪ .2021‬قدمت طرق الذكاء الصناعي وتعلم األلة حال تقنيا رائعا وسريعا سواء‬ ‫في حاالت التوقع أو التصنيف‪ .‬أثبتت الدراسات السابقة قدرة هذه الطرق في‬ ‫تقديم معادالت ونماذج رياضية تساعد على التنبؤ بالكثير من بارامترات التربة‬ ‫بدقة متفاوتة ومن بينها مقاييس إجهاد القص (‪.)Benbouras and Petrisor, 2021‬‬ ‫بالنظر إلى األدبيات وجدنا فجوة في الدراسات التي طورت نماذج رياضية‬ ‫لتقدير البارامترات سابقة الذكر في حاالت التصلب والتصرف‪ .‬أغلب‬ ‫الدراسات ركزت على البارامترات املطورة في شروط عدم التصرف كونها األكثر‬ ‫توفرا في أرشيف املختبرات‪ .‬لكن‪ ،‬من وجهة نظر جيوتقنية شروط التصرف‬ ‫والتصلب تعتبر أكثر محاكاة للواقع على املدى البعيد‪ .‬كما أن النماذج املقترحة‬ ‫في األدبيات تفتقد إلى تقييم قدرتها على تجاوز مشكلة االستقراء الزائد‬ ‫والناقص‪ .‬ملعالجة هذا النقص تمت هذه الدراسة على ‪ 98‬عينة من تربة‬ ‫الجزائر العاصمة‪ .‬تم تطوير أداء التقدير بدرجة عالية باستخدام نهج‬ ‫التحقق من الصحة املتقاطع ذو خمس طيات للمقارنة بين مختلف النماذج‬ ‫املقترحة‪ .‬توفر الطريقة سالفة الذكر أيضا أداة فعالة للكشف على قدرة‬ ‫النماذج املقترحة على تجاوز مشكلة االستقراء الزائد والناقص‪ .‬في نهاية‬ ‫نموذج فعال وقوي للتنبؤ بقيم إجهاد القص للتربة في حالة‬ ‫املطاف‪ ،‬تم اقتراح‬ ‫والتصلب‪ .‬و ً‬ ‫فقا لهذه البيانات‪ ،‬يمكننا أن نستنتج أن طريقة‬ ‫التصرف‬ ‫الشبكات العصبية االصطناعية‪ ،‬التي تم تطبيقها في هذه الدراسة ألول مرة‬ ‫لنمذجة مقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف‪ ،‬يمكن أن تسفر‬ ‫عن نتائج أكثر فعالية ودقة من طريقة تحليل االنحدار املتعدد والبرمجة‬ ‫الجينية في نمذجة الظواهر الجيوتقنية‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4.3‬حدود الدراسة واتجاهات البحث املستقبلية‪:‬‬ ‫على الرغم من النتائج املتعددة الرائعة املقدمة في هذه الدراسة‪ ،‬هناك عدد‬ ‫من النقائص الهامة التي يجب أخذها بعين االعتبار أثناء استخدام طرق‬

‫الذكاء الصناعي‪ .‬العيب األكثر أهمية يعزى في حقيقة أن نماذج الذكاء‬ ‫الصناعي املقترحة تعاني من صعوبة االستخدام في الدراسات املستقبلية‪.‬‬ ‫تقدم هذه الطرق نماذج رياضية معقدة تربط بين املدخالت واملخرجات‪.‬‬ ‫بشكل عام‪ ،‬للتغلب على هذا القيد‪ ،‬يقدم الباحثون عادة نماذج مفصلة في‬ ‫شكل واجهة مبرمجة أو نص بسيط بلغة برمجة معروفة مثل ماتالب أو‬ ‫بايثون‪ ،‬أو يقترحون مخططات تلخص أهم العوامل واملراحل املساعدة في‬ ‫استخدام النموذج في الدراسات املستقبلية‪ .‬أحد القيود األخرى الستخدام‬ ‫هذا النوع من البيانات يرجع إلى عدم قدرته على تعميم الظروف الجديدة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫التي لم يتم استخدامها في بيانات التدريب‪ .‬استخدم املحققون‬ ‫عموما‬ ‫البيانات الضخمة املجمعة عن طريق نقل املعرفة فيما بينهم‪ .‬هذه قضية‬ ‫مهمة للبحوث املستقبلية الستخدام املزيد من البيانات وجمعها من بلدان‬ ‫متعددة من أجل استحداث نماذج أفضل تدريبا وأكثر موثوقية ‪Benbouras‬‬ ‫)‪ .)and Petrisor, 2021‬كتوصيات في الدراسات القادمة أيضا‪ ،‬يفضل‬ ‫استخدام أساليب أخرى من أساليب الذكاء الصناعي وتعلم األلة‪ ،‬على‬ ‫سبيل املثال ال الحصر‪ ،‬آلة التعلم القصوى‪ ،‬الشبكة العصبية العميقة‪،‬‬ ‫دعم انحدار املتجهات‪ ،‬الغابة العشوائية‪ ،‬انحدار ‪ ،LASSO‬انحدار املربعات‬ ‫الصغرى الجزئية‪ ،‬انحدار ‪ ،Ridge‬االنحدار التدريجي‪ .‬االستخدام الصحيح‬ ‫لهذه الطرق املتقدمة من شأنه أن يعطينا نتائج أكثر موثوقية ودقة‬ ‫(‪.)Benbouras and Petrisor, 2021‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬اخلامتة‬ ‫في هذه الدراسة‪ ،‬تم استخدام االنحدار املتعدد‪ ،‬والبرمجة الجينية‬ ‫والشبكات العصبية إلجراء تحليل تجريبي يهدف الى إنشاء نموذج رياض ي‬ ‫يعمل على التنبؤ بمقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف‪.‬‬ ‫املقاييس تم ربطها ببعض املعلمات الفيزيائية الجيوتقنية سهلة الحساب في‬ ‫املخبر‪ ،‬بما في ذلك املحتوى املائي‪ ،‬الكثافة الجافة‪ ،‬الكثافة الرطبة‪ ،‬نسبة‬ ‫الفراغات‪ ،‬حد السيولة‪ ،‬معامل اللدونة ونسبة الحبيبات الدقيقة‪ ،‬في أربع‬ ‫أنواع من التربة‪ .‬قمنا باختبار أداء الدراسة الحالية باستخدام ‪ 98‬عينة تم‬ ‫الحصول عليها من ‪ 88‬سبر‪ ،‬تم تحليلها في املختبرات الجيوتقنية املختلفة‬ ‫بواسطة اختبار صندوق القص املباشر الذي يعتبر مستهلكا للوقت ومكلفا‬ ‫ً‬ ‫نسبيا‪ .‬تشير الدراسة املقارنة للنماذج املختلفة استنادا إلى نهج التحقق من‬ ‫الصحة املتقاطع ذو ‪ 5‬طيات إلى تفوق نموذج ‪ ANN‬املتكون من طبقتين‬ ‫مخفيتين (‪ 11‬عقدة في الطبقة االولى و‪ 4‬في الثانية)‪ ،‬املدرب بدوال تحويل‬ ‫تتألف من‪ .tansigmoid-tansigmoid-linear :‬هذا النموذج له أعلى معامل‬ ‫االرتباط يتراوح بين ‪ 0.89‬إلى ‪ 0.99‬في الطيات الخمسة‪ .‬بينما يظهر جليا‬ ‫مشكل التكيف الزائد في الطية الرابعة من نموذج ‪ GP‬األمثل )‪(Rval_split4 =ً 0.34‬‬ ‫والطية الثانية من نموذج ‪ MRA‬االمثل (‪ .)Rval_pli2 = 0.075‬استنادا إلى هذه‬ ‫النتائج‪ ،‬تقترح هذه الدراسة مخططا هيكليا للتنبؤ بدقة أكبر في الدراسات‬ ‫املستقبلية بمقاييس إجهاد القص في شروط التصلب والتصرف بداللة‬ ‫معلمات جيوتقنية سهلة الحساب في املخبر‪ .‬تمثل النتائج التي توصلنا إليها‬ ‫مساهمة علمية نافعة في املجال الجيوتقني‪ ،‬النموذج املقترح في دراستنا‬ ‫يعتبر أداة موثوقة لتقدير قيم إجهاد القص دون إجراء اختبار صندوق‬ ‫القص‪ .‬كتوصيات في الدراسات القادمة‪ ،‬يفضل استخدام أساليب أخرى‬ ‫من أساليب تعلم االلة‪ ،‬على سبيل املثال ال الحصر‪ ،‬آلة التعلم القصوى‪،‬‬ ‫الشبكة العصبية العميقة‪ ،‬دعم انحدار املتجهات‪ ،‬الغابة العشوائية‪،‬‬ ‫انحدار ‪ ،LASSO‬انحدار املربعات الصغرى الجزئية‪ ،‬انحدار ‪ ،Ridge‬االنحدار‬ ‫التدريجي‪ .‬االستخدام الصحيح لهذه الطرق املتقدمة من شأنه أن يعطينا‬ ‫نتائج أكثر موثوقية ودقة‪.‬‬ ‫شكر وتقدير‬ ‫يشكر املؤلف جزيل الشكر كل من املركز الوطني للبحث املطبق في هندسة‬ ‫الزالزل )‪ ،(CGS‬املختبر املركزي لألشغال العمومية )‪ ، (LCTP‬ومترو الجزائر‬ ‫العاصمة ‪ ،‬وترام الجزائر العاصمة ‪ ،‬كوسيدار للهندسة ‪ ،‬كوسيدار للبناء‬ ‫و سابتا لتوفير البيانات الجيوتقنية املستخدمة في هذه الدراسة‪ .‬كما ال‬ ‫يفوتني أن أشكر املهندس عبد السالم مسعي ملساهمته الفعالة في التدقيق‬ ‫اللغوي وضبط األلفاظ العلمية‪.‬‬

.171-165 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ التنبؤ بمقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف باستخدام أساليب الذكاء االصطناعي‬.)2021( .‫ بن بوراس محمد‬،‫األمين‬

Hunt, R. (2006). Geotechnical Investigation Methods: A Field Guide for Geotechnical Engineers. New York, United States: CRC Press. DOI: 10.1201/9781420042757 Kayadelen, C., Günaydın, O., Fener, M., Demir, A. and Özvan, A. (2009). Modeling of the angle of shearing resistance of soils using soft computing systems. Expert Systems with Applications, 36(9), 11814– 26. DOI: 10.1016/j.eswa.2009.04.008 Khanlari, G.R., Heidari, M., Momeni, A.A. and Abdilor, Y. (2012). Prediction of shear strength parameters of soils using artificial neural networks and multivariate regression methods. Engineering Geology, 131(1), 11–8. DOI:10.1016/j.enggeo.2011.12.006 Lee, S.J., Lee, S.R. and Kim, Y.S. (2003). An approach to estimate unsaturated shear strength using artificial neural network and hyperbolic formulation. Computers and Geotechnics, 30(6), 489–503. DOI:10.1016/S0266-352X(03)00058-2 Mesri, G. and Shahien, M. (2003). Residual shear strength mobilized in firsttime slope failures. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering, 129(1), 12–31. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)10900241(2003)129:1(12) Onyejekwe, S., Kang, X. and Ge, L. (2015). Assessment of empirical equations for the compression index of fine-grained soils in Missouri. Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 74(3), 705–16. DOI: 10.1007/s10064-014-0659-8 Shahin, M.A. (2013). 'Artificial intelligence in geotechnical engineering: Applications, modeling aspects, and future directions'. In: X. S. Yang, A. H. Gandomi, S. Talatahari, and A. H. Alavi, (eds.) Metaheuristics in Water, Geotechnical and Transport Engineering. Newnes, Australia: Elsevier. Shahin, M.A., Jaksa, M.B. and Maier, H.R. (2009). Recent advances and future challenges for artificial neural systems in geotechnical engineering applications. Advances in Artificial Neural Systems, 9(1), 2–10. DOI: 10.1155/2009/308239. Skempton, A.W. (1964). Long-term stability of clay slopes. Geotechnique, 14(2), 77–102. Semahi, S., Benbouras, M.A., Mahar, W.A., Zemmouri, N. and Attia, S. (2020). Development of spatial distribution maps for energy demand and thermal comfort estimation in Algeria. Sustainability, 12(15), 60–66. DOI: 10.3390/su12156066. Stark, T.D. and Eid, H.T. (1994). Drained residual strength of cohesive soils. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 120(5), 856–71. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1994)120:5(856) Tiryaki, B. (2008). Predicting intact rock strength for mechanical excavation using multivariate statistics, artificial neural networks, and regression trees. Engineering Geology, 99(2), 51–60. Wesley, L.D. (2003). Residual strength of clays and correlations using Atterberg limits. Geotechnique, 53(7), 669–72. DOI: 10.1680/geot.2003.53.7.669 Wesley, L.D. (2004). Discussion-Residual strength of clays and correlation using Atterberg limits. Geotechnique, 54(7), 503–4. DOI: 10.1680/geot.2004.54.7.503

171

‫نبذة عن املؤلف‬

‫بن بوراس محمد األمين‬ ،‫ الجزائر‬،‫ سكيكدة‬،‫ املدرسة العليا ألساتذة التعليم التكنولوجي‬،‫قسم التكنولوجيا‬ mouhamed_amine.benbouras@g.enp.edu.dz ،00213657345666

‫ ومستشار تقني في املخبر الوطني لألشغال‬،‫ أستاذ باحث‬،‫ جزائري‬،‫ األمين‬.‫د‬ ‫ وشارك في أكثر من‬،‫أو سكوبس‬/‫ و‬ISI ‫ نشر عدة أوراق بحثية‬،‫العمومية‬ ‫ صاحب مشروع‬.‫ رومانيا‬،‫ الجزائر‬،‫ املغرب‬،‫ثمانية عشر ملتقى دولي في تونس‬ ‫ تحت عنوان "تحديد املخاطر الطبيعية والجيوتقنية باستخدام‬PRFU ‫بحث‬ ‫ كما يقدم العديد من البرامج التدريبية والدروس‬."‫تقنيات الذكاء الصناعي‬ -0003-0000 :‫ رقم اوركيد‬.‫في مجال تقنيات الذكاء الصناعي وتعلم األلة‬ .9885-4986 ‫املراجع‬ Alavi, A.H., Gandomi, A.H., Mollahasani, A. and Bazaz, J.B. (2013). 'Linear and tree-Based genetic programming for solving geotechnical engineering problems'. In: X. S. Yang, A. H. Gandomi, S. Talatahari, and A. H. Alavi, (eds.) Metaheuristics in Water, Geotechnical and Transport Engineering. Newnes, Australia: Elsevier. Doi: 10.1016/B978-0-12398296-4.00012-X Baykasoglu, A., Gullu, H., Canakci, H. and Ozbakir, L. (2008). Prediction of compressive and tensile strength of limestone via genetic programming. Expert Systems with Applications, 35(2), 111–23. Doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2007.06.006 Benbouras, M.A. and Petrisor, A.I. (2021). Prediction of swelling index using advanced machine learning techniques for cohesive soils. Applied Sciences, 11(2), 5–36. Doi: 10.3390/app11020536. Benbouras, M.A., Kettab Mitiche, R., Zedira, H., Petrisor, A.I., Mezouar, N. and Debiche, F. (2019). A new approach to predict the compression index using artificial intelligence methods. Marine Georesources and Geotechnology, 37(6), 704–20. DOI: 10.1080/1064119X.2018.1484533 Benbouras, M.A., Kettab, R.M., Debiche, F., Lagaguine, M., Mechaala, A., Bourezak, C. and Petrişor, A.-I. (2018a). Use of geotechnical and geographical information systems to analyze seismic risk in Algiers area. Revista Şcolii Doctorale de Urbanism, 3(1), 15–24. Benbouras, M.A., Kettab, R.M., Zedira, H., Debiche, F. and Zaidi, N. (2018b). Comparing nonlinear regression analysis and artificial neural networks to predict geotechnical parameters from standard penetration test. Urbanism Architecture Constructions, 9(1), 275–88. Benbouras, M.A., Kettab, R.M., Zedira, H., Petrisor, A.-I. and Debiche, F. (2017). Dry density in relation to other geotechnical proprieties of Algiers clay. Revista Şcolii Doctorale d’Urbanism, 2(1), 5–14. Bowles, L.E. (1996). Foundation Analysis and Design. New York, United States: McGraw-hill. Breiman, L. and Spector, P. (1992). Submodel selection and evaluation in regression, the X-Random Case. International Statistical Review, 60(3), 291–319. DOI: 10.2307/1403680 Çanakcı, H., Baykasoğlu, A. and Güllü, H. (2009). Prediction of compressive and tensile strength of Gaziantep basalts via neural networks and gene expression programming. Neural Computing and Applications, 18(8), 1031–41. Doi: 10.1007/s00521-008-0208-0 Collotta, T., Cantoni, R., Pavesi, U., Ruberl, E. and Moretti, P.C. (1989). A correlation between residual friction angle, gradation and the index properties of cohesive soils. Geotechnique, 39(2), 33–45. Doi: 10.1680/geot.1989.39.2.343 Das, S.K. and Basudhar, P. K. (2008). Prediction of residual friction angle of clays using artificial neural network. Engineering Geology, 100(3), 142–5. Doi: 10.1016/j.enggeo.2008.03.001 Debiche, F., Kettab, R.M., Benbouras, M.A., Benbellil, B., Djerbal, L. and Petrisor, A.-I. (2018). Use of GIS systems to analyze soil compressibility, swelling and bearing capacity under superficial foundations in Algiers region, Algeria. Urbanism Architecture Constructions, 9(2), 357–70. Goetz, J.N., Brenning, A., Petschko, H. and Leopold, P. (2015). Evaluating machine learning and statistical prediction techniques for landslide susceptibility modeling. Computers and Geosciences, 81(1), 1–11. Doi: 10.1016/j.cageo.2015.04.007 Hatanaka, M. and Uchida, A. (1996). Empirical correlation between penetration resistance and internal friction angle of sandy soils. Soils and Foundations, 36(4), 1–9. DOI: 10.3208/sandf.36.4_1

Benbouras, M.A. (2021). Tuaqie mueamalat 'iijhad alqas fi zuruf altasrif almuahadat biastikhdam 'asalib aldhika' alaistinaeii ‘Predicting shear stress parameters in consolidated drained conditions using artificial intelligence methods’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences , 22(1), 165–71. DOI: 10.37575/ b/sci/0069

2020, 2nd Edition

‫ الطبعة الثانية‬،2020

)‫إرشادات التسليم (اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

Submission Guidelines (The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University)

1. General Information • The Journal publishes in English and Arabic. • There are no submission or publication fees. • It takes up to 100 days from submission to publication. • Manuscripts must be submitted to the appropriate associate editor: ▪

▪

The Associate Editor of Basic and Applied Sciences: secretary-b@kfu.edu.sa. The associate editor will check if the author has followed the Submission Instructions. If not, the manuscript will be sent back to the author. If the instructions are followed, the associate editor will create an account and send the author the username and password to log in using our online submission system (ScholarOne): https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/sjkfub. Humanities and Management Sciences (educational manuscripts only): sjkfuassed@kfu.edu.sa. The associate editor will check if the author has followed the Submission Instructions. If not, the manuscript will be returned to the author. If followed, the associate editor will create an account and send the author the username and password to log in using our online submission system (ScholarOne): https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/sjkfuh. Humanities and Management Sciences (non-educational manuscripts): sjkfuhm@kfu.edu.sa. The associate editor will check if the author has followed the Submission Instructions. If not, the manuscript will be returned to the author. If followed, the associate editor will create an account and send the author the username and password to log in using our online submission system (ScholarOne): https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/sjkfuh.

2. Pre-Submission Guidelines • Content: Authors must ensure a clearly articulated academic contribution to the field, clarity of abstracts, quality of and conformity to the stated aims and scope of the Journal and readability of their manuscripts. • Manuscript Word Limit: Manuscripts must not exceed 8,000 words, considering all inclusions (e.g. references, tables, figures). • Abstract Word Limit: Abstracts must not exceed 200 words. • Title Word Limit: Manuscript titles must not exceed 15 words. • Keyword Limit: Keywords must not exceed six words and must not be used in the manuscript title. • Number of Tables and Figures: Tables, figures, abbreviations and footnotes must be kept to a minimum. Tables and figures must not exceed six, each. • Reference Limit: There must be no more than 40 references unless the manuscript is a review article or equivalent. • Quotations: A quotation must not exceed 50 words. Longer quotations required due to the nature of the academic field must be justified in the cover letter. • Appendixes: Appendixes are not allowed. If readers would like to access appendixes, they can reach out to corresponding authors. • Linguistic Quality: Manuscripts must be written at an acceptable language level. • Plagiarism: The Journal maintains a strict plagiarism policy. • Reviewers: Authors must suggest five reviewers, who are specialised in the field of the manuscript, are not affiliated with authors’ institutions, are at least associate professors and have not worked on joint projects with authors. Reviewers’ names, phone numbers, email addresses, academic field, academic rank and institutions must be provided. • Documents Required: Title page (with author details) and main document (without author details): ▪

▪

Title Page: It must consist of the following: the manuscript title, author details, minor and major field of the topic, 80-word bio and acknowledgements (optional). Below are explanations of how the author details and bio are written. Main Manuscript: It must be submitted in MSWord format. It must consist of the following: manuscript title, abstract, keywords, main body and references.

Editor-in-Chief, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University

•

Author Details: Author details must be included in the following order: full name, department, college, university, city and country (or the equivalent). In the absence of an employer, one may write ‘Independent Researcher’. Ranks (e.g. Dr and Prof.) must not be included. A star ‘*’ should be placed next to the corresponding author’s name. Below is an example: Abdulrahman Essa Al Lily*

•

Department of Curriculum and Teaching Methods, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia

Bio: The bio must be in the following format: the author’s name, under which is written the author’s department, college, university, city, country (or equivalent), the author’s contact number and email address, under which is written an 80-word description of the author. Author’s names and affiliations are not part of the 80word count. If the author has an ORCID number or personal website, this can be included at the end of the description. Below is an example: Abdulrahman Essa Al Lily

Department of Curriculum and Teaching Methods, College of Education, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 00966540015996, aallily@kfu.edu.sa

Dr Al Lily is an Oxford graduate, Saudi associate professor, a former national-centre director, editor-in-chief (Scopes) and bestselling author (Amazon). He has coined 4 theories (e.g. ‘Multiple Stupidities’, “Retroactivism’ and ‘On-the-Go Sourcing’) and 3 notions (‘Crowd-Authoring’, ‘Crowd-Reflecting’ and ‘Door-Knocking’). His work is translated into 7 languages (including Spanish, Filipino, Indonesian, Chinese and Italian). His interviews is in 5 languages (including, French, Spanish and German). He has published 24 ISI/Scopus-indexed articles with the globally largest publishers (Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, SAGE, Cogent, Palgrave, Nature Research & Oxford). His work is cited by 35 countries (Including Hungary, Serbia, Russia, Peru, Korea, Colombia, Switzerland, Netherlands, Sweden, Finland and Latvia) in 6 languages (including Turkish and Lithuanian). He has worked as a consultant for such institutions as Wikipedia and the University of Hanover. He worked during the summer in New Zealand and Italy. He has participated in conferences in Singapore, Greece, Spain, US, Japan & Bulgaria. ORCID: 0000-0002-5116-422X. Website: https://abdulallily.wordpress.com/

3. Post-Reviewing Guidelines • Page Settings: Page size is A4. Margins are 2.5 cm, each side. Any standard font is acceptable. • Headings: There must be no more than three levels of headings. The first level of headings must be numbered: 1., 2., 3., etc. The second level of headings must be numbered: 1.1., 1.2., 1.3., etc. The third level of headings must be numbered: 1.1.1., 1.1.2., 1.1.3, etc. The headings for abstracts, bios and references must not be numbered. • Tables and Figures: Captions must be above tables and figures. In the body, ‘see above’ or ‘see below’ must not be used. Instead, use ‘see Table 1’ or ‘see Figure 1’. • Measuring Units: In the case of using local measuring units in the manuscript, the equivalent of international units must be included. Scientific rather than provincial terms must be used. Currencies must be in U.S. dollars. • Footnotes: Footnotes must be kept to a minimum. They must be referred to in the text in uppercase numbers. Footnotes must appear at the bottom of the page on which they are introduced. • References: Authors must follow the APA style of referencing. References must be arranged alphabetically. The reference list must not be numbered. Non-English references must be “romanised” into English. • Digital Object Identifier (DOI): If a reference has a DOI, it must be included. Proofreading Certificates: Once accepted, manuscripts must be sent by authors to an accredited proofreading company. A proofreading certificate must be submitted to the Journal. A suggested company is: proofreadmyessay.co.uk •

scijkfu@kfu.edu.sa

‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬،‫رئيس هيئة التحرير‬

‫‪2‬‬

‫إرشادات التسليم‪ .‬املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل (العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية و العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية)‪ ،‬الطبعة التاسعة‪2021/05/24 ،‬‬

‫‪ .1‬معلومات عامة‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫أخالقيات البحث‪ :‬ال تقبل املجلة استالم أي ورقة أو تحكيم‬ ‫يتضمن أي نوع من أنواع التحامل أو العدوانية أو التطرف أو‬ ‫التشدق األيديولوجي (سواء كان ذلك موجها لشخص‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫كما‬ ‫مدرسة فكرية‪ ،‬أو طائفة‪ ،‬أو جنس‪ ،‬أو أيديولوجية بعينها)‪ً .‬‬ ‫املحكمين التي تحمل أفكارا‬ ‫ال تقبل استالم‬ ‫األبحاث أو تقييمات ُ‬ ‫تناهض األمن الفكري‬ ‫عزز اإلرهاب واألفكار‬ ‫واملجتمعي‪ ،‬أو ت ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫تحض عليها تصريحا أو تلميحا‪.‬‬ ‫املتطرفة‪ ،‬أو‬ ‫أوقات العمل‪ :‬تقوم املجلة بمهمة استالم األوراق العلمية على‬ ‫مدار العام‪ ،‬وفي حالة وجود توقف سيتم وضع رد تلقائي على‬ ‫البريد اإللكتروني‪.‬‬ ‫رسوم النشر‪ :‬املجلة ال تتقاض ى أي أجر أو ً رسوم مالية مقابل‬ ‫اءاته (النشر مجانا لجميع الباحثين)‪.‬‬ ‫عملية النشر العلمي وإجر ً‬ ‫لغة النشر‪ :‬تقبل املجلة أبحاثا مكتوبة باللغة العربية أو اللغة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‪.‬‬ ‫مدة النشر‪ :‬بعد انضمام املجلة إلى املعرف الرقمي العاملي‬ ‫املوحد (‪ )DOI‬أصبح بإمكان أي بحث جديد مرسل للمجلة أن‬ ‫ينشر على املوقع اإللكتروني للمجلة برقم املعرف الرقمي (‪)DOI‬‬ ‫في غضون فترة ال تزيد عن ‪ 100‬يوم عمل منذ تسليمه للمجلة‬ ‫وإعطائه رقم قيد‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫آلية تسليم الورقة‪ :‬يجب تسليم الورقة للمحرر املناسب‪ ،‬وفقا‬ ‫لآلتي‪:‬‬ ‫▪‬

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‫تسلم أوراق العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية إلى سعادة محرر‬ ‫فرع العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‪.secretary-b@kfu.edu.sa :‬‬ ‫سيقوم املحرر بتدقيق الورقة للتأكد من اتباعها لـ "تعليمات‬ ‫النشر"‪ .‬في حال عدم اتباع التعليمات‪ ،‬فستعاد الورقة‬ ‫للمؤلف‪ .‬في حال اتباع التعليمات‪ ،‬فسيقوم املحرر بإنشاء‬ ‫حساب للمؤلف وتزويده باسم املستخدم وكلمة السر‬ ‫لتسليم ورقته من خالل نظام التسليم اإللكتروني‬ ‫(‪.https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/sjkfub :)ScholarOne‬‬ ‫تسلم أوراق العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية (األبحاث التربوية‬ ‫فقط) إلى سعادة محرر فرع العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‬ ‫للقضايا التربوية‪ .sjkfu-assed@kfu.edu.sa :‬سيقوم املحرر‬ ‫بتدقيق الورقة للتأكد من اتباعها لـ "تعليمات النشر"‪ .‬في حال‬ ‫عدم اتباع التعليمات‪ ،‬فستعاد الورقة للمؤلف‪ .‬في حال اتباع‬ ‫التعليمات‪ ،‬فسيقوم املحرر بإنشاء حساب للمؤلف وتزويده‬ ‫باسم املستخدم وكلمة السر لتسليم ورقته من خالل نظام‬ ‫(‪:)ScholarOne‬‬ ‫اإللكتروني‬ ‫التسليم‬ ‫‪.https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/sjkfuh‬‬ ‫تسلم أوراق العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية (األبحاث غير‬ ‫التربوية) إلى سعادة محرر فرع العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‬ ‫للقضايا غير التربوية‪ .sjkfu-hm@kfu.edu.sa :‬سيقوم املحرر‬ ‫بتدقيق الورقة للتأكد من اتباعها لـ "تعليمات النشر"‪ .‬في حال‬ ‫عدم اتباع التعليمات‪ ،‬فستعاد الورقة للمؤلف‪ .‬في حال اتباع‬ ‫التعليمات‪ ،‬فسيقوم املحرر بإنشاء حساب للمؤلف وتزويده‬ ‫باسم املستخدم وكلمة السر لتسليم ورقته من خالل نظام‬ ‫(‪:)ScholarOne‬‬ ‫اإللكتروني‬ ‫التسليم‬ ‫‪.https://mc04.manuscriptcentral.com/sjkfuh‬‬

‫الرسائل العلمية‪ :‬تقبل املجلة األوراق املستلة من الرسائل‬ ‫العلمية‪ ،‬على أن يتم النص على ذلك‪.‬‬ ‫الحقوق الفكرية‪ :‬جميع حقوق الطبع والنشر محفوظة‬ ‫للمجلة‪ ،‬وال يسمح بإعادة طبع أو نشر أي جزء من املجلة أو‬ ‫نسخه بأي شكل وبأي وسيلة كانت إلكترونية أو آلية بما في ذلك‬ ‫التصوير والتسجيل واإلدخال في أي نظام حفظ معلومات أو‬ ‫استعادتها دون الحصول على موافقة كتابية من رئيس هيئة‬ ‫التحرير‪.‬‬ ‫آراء املؤلفين‪ :‬اآلراء املضمنة في األوراق املنشورة تعبر عن‬ ‫وجهات نظر كتابها وال تعبر بالضرورة عن وجهة نظر املجلة‪.‬‬ ‫فلسفة األوراق العلمية‪ :‬ال تستقبل املجلة األوراق العلمية التي‬ ‫ال تراعي املحاور اآلتية وال تحقق مدى عاليا في كل محور‪:‬‬ ‫‪ o‬مدى احتمالية اقتباس الورقة من ِقبل بحوث أخرى في‬ ‫كالريفيت وسكوبس خالل عامين قادمين؛ حيث إن هذا‬ ‫يعد أحد املتطلبات املهمة لتصنيف املجلة في قاعدة‬ ‫بيانات سكوبس‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬مدى فائدة الورقة للقارئ الدولي ومدى ُاتساع جمهور‬ ‫الورقة خارج نطاق املكان والزمان واللغة‪ .‬يعرف القارئ‬ ‫الدولي هنا بأنه "شخصية اعتباريةُ محايدة (سواء‬ ‫شخص‪ ،‬مجموعة‪ ،‬جهة‪ ،‬مؤسسة أو منظمة) ال تشترك‬

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‫ُ‬ ‫مع املؤلف في الحدود الزمانية واملكانية واللغوية التي كتبت‬ ‫بها الورقة"‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ضرورة اتباع اإلرشادات‪ :‬وفقا لسياسة املجلة‪ ،‬فإنه ًيتوجب‬ ‫على أصحاب السعادة الباحثين ًضبط ورقتهم وفقا مللف‬ ‫"إرشادات التسليم"‪ ،‬واتباعها حرفيا وبدقة متناهية وعالية‬ ‫جدا ً‪ ،‬حيث إن عدم االلتزام بها بأي وجه من األوجه سيمثل‬ ‫عائقا لنشر الورقة‪ .‬نؤكد الضرورة القصوى لالتباع الحرفي‬ ‫جاهدة أن تكون‬ ‫والدقيق لهذه اإلرشادات‪ .‬إن املجلة تسعى‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مصنفة في عدد من قواعد البيانات املتميزة عامليا مما يتطلب‬ ‫الورقة‪ ،‬وعليه وجب توخي الحذر التام في‬ ‫دقة عالية في ضبط‬ ‫ً‬ ‫كيفية ضبط الورقة وفقا للمطلوب‪ ،‬حيث إن آلية صياغة‬ ‫املراجع‪ ،‬على سبيل املثال‪ ،‬هي العنصر األهم لقواعد البيانات‬ ‫العاملية‪ .‬في حالة قيام املؤلف بإرسال الورقة إلى املجلة‪ ،‬وتبين‬ ‫لهيئة التحرير وجود بعض اإلرشادات لم يتم اتباعها‪ ،‬فإنه‬ ‫سيتم إرجاع الورقة للمؤلف‪ ،‬وسيتم إخباره بعدم اتباعه‬ ‫للرشادات‪ ،‬بدون تحديد أي من اإلرشادات لم يتم اتباعها‪،‬‬ ‫وذلك ألن الوقت لألسف ال يتسع للمجلة ألن تزود كل مؤلف‬ ‫بتغذية فردية عن أي من اإلرشادات لم يتم مراعاتها‪ ،‬كما أنه‬ ‫بناء على سياسة املجلة فإن السادة الباحثين هم املعنيون‬ ‫بالدرجة األولى من التأكد من اتباع كافة اإلرشادات‪ .‬ولذلك‬ ‫ضبط الورقة‪،‬‬ ‫ننصح سعادة املؤلف الرئيس‪ ،‬بعد االنتهاء من ً‬ ‫بأن يقوم بإرسال الورقة للمؤلفين اآلخرين (وأيضا لزميل من‬ ‫غير املؤلفين) للتأكد من أن جميع اإلرشادات قد ً اتبعت‪ .‬كما‬ ‫ننصح أصحاب السعادة املؤلفين أن يقوموا أيضا باالستعانة‬ ‫بطرق واستراتيجيات أخرى يرون أنها قد تساعدهم في التأكد‬ ‫من اتباع كافة اإلرشادات؛ فعلى سبيل املثال‪ ،‬القيام بطباعة‬ ‫ملف "إرشادات التسليم"‪ ،‬ثم وضع عالمة "صح" بجانب كل‬ ‫فقرة من اإلرشادات للتأكد من تغطية جميع اإلرشادات‪ .‬تؤكد‬ ‫املجلة ألصحاب السعادة املؤلفين أنها من خالل خطتها‬ ‫االستراتيجية الحالية تسعى ألن تكون منار التميز في العالم‬ ‫العربي (بجميع ما يتطلبه التميز من عمل شاق ودقة)‪ ،‬وهذا قد‬ ‫يزيد العبء على املجلة واملؤلف واملحكمين وجميع "أصحاب‬ ‫الشأن" على حد سواء‪.‬‬ ‫متعارضات‪ :‬في حالة تضارب توصيات املحكمين مع إرشادات‬ ‫النشر‪ ،‬فيتم استبعاد توصيات املحكمين وتعتمد إرشادات‬ ‫النشر‪ ،‬مع ضرورة إعالم املحرر بهذا التضارب‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬شروط ال يتم استالم الورقة دونها‬ ‫• املستندات املطلوبة‪ :‬يجب تسليم ملفين على صيغة الوورد‬ ‫(‪ ،)DOC‬وهما كالتالي‪:‬‬ ‫‪ o‬امللف األول تحت مسمى "بيانات الباحث" (‪:)Title Page‬‬ ‫يجب ترتيب هذا امللف كالتالي‪:‬‬ ‫▪‬ ‫▪‬

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‫عنوان الورقة بالعربي (غير مطلوب إذا كانت الورقة‬ ‫باللغة اإلنجليزية)‪.‬‬ ‫بيانات املؤلف بالعربي (على أن يتضمن اسم املؤلف‪،‬‬ ‫اسم القسم‪ ،‬اسم الكلية‪ ،‬اسم الجامعة‪ ،‬اسم املدينة‪،‬‬ ‫واسم الدولة‪ ،‬البريد اإللكتروني‪ ،‬رقم الواتساب)‪ .‬في‬ ‫حالة عدم وجود قسم أو كلية أو جامعة‪ ،‬يكتب ما‬ ‫يعادلها‪ .‬في حالة عدم االنتساب لجامعة‪ ،‬يكتب "باحث‬ ‫مستقل" (غير مطلوب إذا كانت الورقة باللغة‬ ‫اإلنجليزية)‪.‬‬ ‫عنوان الورقة باإلنجليزي‪.‬‬ ‫بيانات املؤلف باإلنجليزي (على أن يتضمن اسم املؤلف‪،‬‬ ‫اسم القسم‪ ،‬اسم الكلية‪ ،‬اسم الجامعة‪ ،‬اسم املدينة‪،‬‬ ‫واسم الدولة‪ ،‬البريد اإللكتروني‪ ،‬رقم الواتساب)‪ .‬في‬ ‫حالة عدم االنتساب لجامعة‪ ،‬يكتب ‪“Independent‬‬ ‫”‪.Researcher‬‬ ‫تحديد تخصص الورقة‪ )1 :‬التخصص العام‪)2 ،‬‬ ‫التخصص الدقيق ‪ )3 ،‬التخصص األدق من الدقيق‪.‬‬ ‫نبذة من ‪ 80‬كلمة عن كل مؤلف‪ .‬أدناه توضيح عن‬ ‫كيفية كتابة النبذ (إذا كانت الورقة بالعربي فتكتب‬ ‫النبذة بالعربي‪ ،‬وإذا كانت الورقة باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬فتكتب‬ ‫النبذة باإلنجليزي)‪.‬‬ ‫شكر وتقدير (اختياري)‪.‬‬

‫امللف الثاني تحت عنوان "ملف البحث"‬ ‫‪ :)Document‬تتبع املجلة سياسة التحكيم املزدوج مجهول‬ ‫الهوية‪ ،‬وعليه يجب على املؤلف عدم تضمين ما يكشف‬ ‫هويته في "ملف البحث"‪ ،‬حيث ان "ملف البحث" سيرسل‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫( ‪Main‬‬

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‫كما هو للمحكمين‪ .‬يجب ترتيب امللف كالتالي‪:‬‬ ‫▪‬ ‫▪‬ ‫▪‬

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‫عنوان الورقة بالعربي (غير مطلوب إذا كانت الورقة‬ ‫باللغة اإلنجليزية)‪.‬‬ ‫ملخص الورقة بالعربي (غير مطلوب إذا كانت الورقة‬ ‫باللغة اإلنجليزية)‪.‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية بالعربي (غير مطلوب إذا كانت الورقة‬ ‫باللغة اإلنجليزية)‪.‬‬ ‫عنوان الورقة باإلنجليزي‪.‬‬ ‫ملخص البحث باإلنجليزي‪.‬‬ ‫الكلمات املفتاحية باإلنجليزي‪.‬‬ ‫مضمون البحث‪.‬‬ ‫املراجع‪.‬‬

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‫"نبذة عن املؤلف"‪ :‬يجب تزويد نبذة عن كل مشارك في البحث‪.‬‬ ‫تتضمن النبذة االسم‪ ،‬ثم أدناه اسم القسم‪ ،‬الكلية‪ ،‬الجامعة‪،‬‬ ‫املدينة‪ ،‬الدولة (أو ما يوازيه)‪ ،‬رقم الواتساب مع فتح الخط‬ ‫اإللكتروني‪ ،‬ثم أدناه نبذة عن الباحث (من ‪80‬‬ ‫الدولي‪ ،‬البريد‬ ‫ً‬ ‫كلمة لكل باحث‪ ،‬علما أن اسم الباحث و مكان العمل ال يحسب‬ ‫من هذه الـ ‪ 80‬كلمة)‪ .‬إذا كان لدى الباحث رقم أوركيد و‪/‬أو‬ ‫تتضمن‬ ‫صفحة شخصية‪ ،‬فيدرج في نهاية النبذة‪ .‬يجب أن‬ ‫ُ‬ ‫النبذة جنسية املؤلف‪ ،‬وأعلى درجة علمية حصل عليها (مثال‪،‬‬ ‫ماجستير‪ ،‬دكتوراه) واسم الجامعة التي حصل منها على هذه‬ ‫الدرجة‪ .‬يمكن للمؤلف الكتابة في النبذة عن نشاطه البحثي‬ ‫واهتماماته البحثية ومدى التأثير الوطني والعاملي الذي حققه‬ ‫ومدى قدرته على التواصل خارج نطاق مكان عمله وش يء من‬ ‫نشاطه في املؤتمرات والدورات التدريبية‪ .‬النبذة هي وسيلة مهمة‬ ‫ذاته؛‬ ‫يستطيع الباحث من خاللها التعريف بنفسه وتسويق‬ ‫ً‬ ‫فينبغي أن تحظى باهتمام عال من قبل املؤلف‪ .‬ترتب النبذ وفقا‬ ‫لترتيب املؤلفين‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫عبدالرحمن عيس ى الليلي‬

‫قسم املناهج وطرق التدريس‪ ،‬كلية التربية‪ ،‬جامعة امللك فيصل‪،‬‬ ‫األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‪،00966540015997 ،‬‬

‫‪aallily@kfu.edu.sa‬‬

‫د‪ .‬الليلي دكتوراه (أكسفورد)‪ ،‬سعودي‪ ،‬أستاذ مشارك‪،‬‬ ‫مدير مركز وطني‪ ،‬رئيس هيئة تحرير (سكوبس)‪ ،‬أعماله في‬ ‫‪ 7‬لغات (منها‪ ،‬إسباني‪ ،‬فلبيني‪ ،‬إندونيس ي‪ ،‬صيني‪ ،‬إيطالي)‪،‬‬ ‫مقابالته في ‪ 5‬لغات (منها‪ ،‬فرنس ي‪ ،‬إسباني‪ ،‬أملاني)‪ ،‬مؤسس‬ ‫‪ 4‬نظريات (منها‪ "Multiple Stupidities" ،‬و"‪"Retroactivism‬‬ ‫و"‪ )"On-the-Go Sourcing‬و ‪ 3‬منهجيات ("‪"ً Crowd-Authoring‬‬ ‫و"‪ "Crowd-Reflecting‬و"‪ ،)"Door-Knocking‬أكثر مبيعا‬ ‫(أمازون)‪ ،‬نشر مع أكبر دور نشر ( ‪Nature Research, Cogent,‬‬

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‫‪Palgrave, Elsevier, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Wiley, Sage,‬‬

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‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

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‫‪ ،)Oxford‬نشر ‪ 24‬ورقة في ‪ ISI‬و‪/‬أو سكوبس‪ ،‬أبحاثه‬ ‫مقتبسة من قبل ‪ 35‬دولة (منها املجر‪ ،‬صربيا‪ ،‬روسيا‪،‬‬ ‫بيرو‪ ،‬كوريا‪ ،‬كولومبيا‪ ،‬سويسرا‪ ،‬هولندا‪ ،‬السويد‪ ،‬فنلندا‪،‬‬ ‫التفيا) في ‪ 6‬لغات (منها‪ ،‬التركية و الليتوانية)‪ ،‬عمل خالل‬ ‫ات‬ ‫الصيف في نيوزلندا وإيطاليا‪ .‬شارك بأوراق في مؤتمر ً‬ ‫سنغافورة‪ ،‬اليونان‪ ،‬اليابان‪ ،‬بلغاريا وغيرها‪ .‬عمل مستشارا‬ ‫ملؤسسات منها الويكيبيديا و جامعة هانوفر‪.‬‬ ‫رقم األوركيد (‪X422-5116-0002-0000 :)ORCID‬‬ ‫املوقع الشخص ي‪https://abdulrahmanallily.wordpress.com :‬‬

‫عدد كلمات الورقة‪ :‬أال يتجاوز عدد كلمات الورقة ‪ 8000‬كلمة‬ ‫في أي حال من األحوال (شاملة كل ش يء‪ ،‬بما في ذلك املراجع‬ ‫والجداول واألشكال وامللخص وبيانات املؤلفين والهوامش‬ ‫والرومنة وكل ش يء)‪.‬‬ ‫امللخص‪ :‬أال يزيد امللخص عن ‪ 200‬كلمة‪ .‬ال يسمح بإدراج‬ ‫مراجع أو اقتباسات في امللخص‪.‬‬ ‫عدد كلمات العنوان‪ :‬أال يزيد عنوان الورقة عن ‪ 15‬كلمة‪.‬‬ ‫عدد الكلمات املفتاحية‪ :‬أن تحتوي الورقة على ست كلمات‬ ‫مفتاحية باللغة العربية وترجمتها باإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ويجب أال يكون‬ ‫قد سبق ذكرها في العنوان‪ ،‬كما يجب أال تزيد كل كلمة‬ ‫مفتاحية عن كلمتين‪.‬‬ ‫عدد الجداول والرسومات‪ :‬ينبغي تقليص عدد الجداول‬ ‫والرسومات واالختصارات والحواش ي السفلية‪ ،‬قدر املستطاع‪.‬‬ ‫تتضمن الورقة أكثر من (‪ )6‬جداول و (‪)6‬‬ ‫يجب أال‬ ‫ً‬ ‫صور‪/‬أشكال‪ .‬علما أن عدم وجود أشكال بالورقة ال يعني أن‬ ‫عدد الجداول يمكن أن يزيد عن (‪ ،)6‬وعدم وجود جداول‬ ‫بالورقة ال يعني أن عدد األشكال يمكن أن يزيد عن (‪ .)6‬يجب‬ ‫أال يزيد عدد السطور عن ‪ 20‬وعدد األعمدة عن ‪ 7‬في كل جدول‬ ‫من الجداول‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مكتوبا بمستوى لغوي‬ ‫الجودة اللغوية‪ :‬يجب أن يكون البحث‬ ‫صحيح مقبول‪ .‬كما يجب على املؤلف الضغط على أيقونة‬

‫•‬

‫"املراجعة اللغوية" في ملف الوورد للتأكد من عدم وجود أخطاء‬ ‫لغوية‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مرجعا (إال في‬ ‫عدد املراجع‪ :‬يجب أال يزيد عدد املراجع عن ‪40‬‬ ‫حالة كون الورقة "مراجعة أدبية")‪.‬‬ ‫االقتباس‪ :‬يجب أن تكون نسبة االقتباس غير املشروع ‪.%0‬‬ ‫‪ o‬يسري ذلك على نوعي االقتباس‪ :‬االقتباس الذاتي و‬ ‫االقتباس من اآلخرين‪ .‬ويقصد باالقتباس الذاتي أن ينقل‬ ‫الباحث من عمل آخر له قام بنشره من قبل دون أن يشير‬ ‫إلى النقل‪.‬‬ ‫االقتباس غير املشروع تلك العبارات والجمل‬ ‫من‬ ‫‪ o‬يستثنى‬ ‫املتداولة التي ال ُتمثل انتهاكا لحقوق اآلخرين‪ ،‬وال تطعن في‬ ‫األصالة العلمية؛ مثل عبارة‪:‬‬ ‫والجدول ُيوضح معامالت متغيرات الدراسة التي‬ ‫وضعت في قائمة االستقصاء التي اعتمد عليها‬ ‫الباحث في تجميع البيانات األولية‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫‪ o‬في حالة االقتباس الحرفي ولجعل االقتباس مشروعا‪،‬‬ ‫فيجب أال يزيد عن ‪ 30‬كلمة‪ ،‬وتوضع في عالمة تنصيص‪،‬‬ ‫ويذكر اسم املرجع ورقم الصفحة‪ .‬مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫إلى أنه "يعد التعليم عن بعد في زمن‬ ‫ويجدر اإلشارة ً‬ ‫الكورونا مختلفا بشكل أساس ي وجوهري عن‬ ‫"التعليم عن بعد" التقليدي من عدة ًأوجه‪ ،‬أولها‬ ‫كونه مفاجئا وغير مخطط له مسبقا" (العلي‪،‬‬ ‫‪.)15 :2020‬‬ ‫‪ o‬غير مسموح باالقتباس الحرفي إال في حالة الضرورة‬ ‫القصوى واملبررة؛ حيث مفترض من املؤلف أن يعيد‬ ‫صياغة أي اقتباس بأسلوبه الشخص ي‪.‬‬ ‫‪ o‬في حالة كون أن طبيعة التخصص تتطلب اقتباسات‬ ‫مطولة‪ ،‬فيجب تبرير ذلك في الخطاب املوجه للمجلة أثناء‬ ‫التسليم‪.‬‬ ‫العبارات غير األكاديمية‪ :‬يجب أن تكون اللغة املكتوب بها‬ ‫الورقة لغة علمية أكاديمية مباشرة تبتعد عن اإلسهاب الذي ال‬ ‫عالقة له بالورقة من الناحية العلمية‪ ،‬وأيضا تبتعد عن تكرار‬ ‫الجمل واملعاني املعلومة بالضرورة؛ ومن األمثلة على ذلك ما يرد‬ ‫في مقدمة البحث وخاتمته لدى بعض الباحثين‪( :‬فإن أكن‬ ‫أصبت فمن هللا وحده وله املنة على ذلك‪ ،‬وإن تكن الثانية فمن‬ ‫نفس ي ومن الشيطان‪ ،‬وهللا الهادي إلى سواء السبيل‪( ،)..‬أحمد‬ ‫هللا أن أعانني ويسر لي إتمام هذا البحث بعدما القيت فيه من‬ ‫عناء وجهد طيلة شهور متتابعة‪ ،‬فإن أصبت فإمساك‬ ‫بمعروف‪ ،‬وإن تكن األخرى فتسريح بإحسان‪( ،)..‬حفظه هللا‬ ‫ورعاه وسدد على طريق الخير خطاه‪( ،)..‬رحمه هللا وطيب‬ ‫ثراه‪ ،)..‬ونحو ذلك‪ ،‬ويستثنى من ذلك ما يتعلق باألنبياء‬ ‫واملرسلين‪( :‬صلى هللا عليه وسلم)‪( ،‬عليه السالم)‪.‬‬ ‫املرفقات‪/‬املالحق‪ :‬أال تتضمن الورقة مرفقات‪ ،‬وفي حال‬ ‫ضرورة املرفقات فإنها توضع في املتن‪ ،‬أو يتم وضع رابط‬ ‫للمرفقات على اإلنترنت (يتم تزويد امللحقات فقط في حالة طلب‬ ‫املحكمين لها)‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬إجراءات يطلب من املؤلف عملها فقط بعد صدور قرار‬ ‫احملكمني‬ ‫• مقاس الصفحة‪ :‬يكون مقاس الصفحة ‪ ،A4‬على عمود واحد‪،‬‬ ‫الهوامش ‪ 2.5‬سم من جميع الجهات‪ ،‬ويكون نوع الخط من‬ ‫الخطوط الدارج استخدامها‪ ،‬ويكون حجم الخط مقبوال‪.‬‬ ‫• جودة اللغة‪ :‬يجب التأكد من الخلو التام من وجود أي‬ ‫مالحظات لغوية‪.‬‬ ‫• العناوين‪:‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫ال يزيد عدد مستويات العناوين عن ثالثة‪ .‬أي يسمح فقط‬ ‫بعناوين أساسية‪ ،‬وفرعية وفرعية فرعية فقط‪ .‬أي كون هناك‬ ‫عناوين فرعية فرعية فرعية غير مسموح لتجاوزها ثالثة‬ ‫مستويات‪ .‬األساسية والفرعية‪ .‬يجب ترقيمها كالتالي‪،.2 ،.1 :‬‬ ‫‪ ،.3‬وتحت ‪ .1‬يكون ‪ ،1.3 ،.1.2 ،.1.1‬وتحت ‪ .1.1‬يكون ‪،.1.1.1‬‬ ‫‪ ،1.1.3 ،.1.1.2‬وهكذا‪ .‬يجب أال يتم ترقيم عنوان امللخص‪،‬‬ ‫والنبذة عن املؤلف واملراجع‪.‬‬ ‫املجلة ال تستقبل عناوين األبحاث التي تدور حول فرد بعينه أو‬ ‫الشعرية في شعر‬ ‫بعينه؛ مثل‪" :‬املفارقة‬ ‫قصيدة بعينها أو كتاب‬ ‫الكالمي في ّ‬ ‫ّ‬ ‫مقدمة دالئل‬ ‫"حجية املنجز‬ ‫أبي الحسن القيرواني"‪،‬‬ ‫اإلعجاز لعبد القاهر الجرجاني"‪" ،‬هرمية املصطلح البالغي‬ ‫والنقدي عند الجاحظ"‪" ،‬النسق البنيوي في قصيدة أبي ذؤيب‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫‪4‬‬

‫الهذلي في رثاء أوالده الخمسة"‪.‬‬ ‫نظرا لكون املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل مجلة متعددة‬ ‫التخصصات تندرج ضمن املنصات العاملية للبحث العلمي فإن‬ ‫هذا يتطلب من الباحثين كتابة عنوان الورقة وملخصها باللغة‬ ‫العلمية املباشرة بصياغة سهلة بعيدة عن التعقيد مما ييسر‬ ‫لكل قارئ في مختلف التخصصات فهم مضمون الورقة‬ ‫وعنوانها وملخصها‪.‬‬ ‫ال تنشر املجلة األوراق التي تتحدد بذكر مدينة أو محافظة‬ ‫بعينها في العنوان البحثي (يمكن االكتفاء بذكر اسم الدولة‬ ‫بعينها‬ ‫فقط إذا لزم األمر)‪ ،‬وذلك ألن تخصيص اسم مدينة ً‬ ‫يحدد من نسبة االستشهادات للورقة بعد نشرها‪ ،‬ألنه غالبا ما‬ ‫تكون هذه املدينة غير معلومة أو غير ذات اهتمام من القراء‪،‬‬ ‫وهذا يتعارض مع سياسة املجلة في استقطاب األوراق ذات‬ ‫العمومية واالنتشار الواسع‪ .‬وإذا أراد الباحث أن يخصص‬ ‫محافظة أو مدينة ما‪ ،‬فيمكنه اإلشارة لذلك في ملخص الورقة‬ ‫وحدودها املكانية وليس في العنوان‪.‬‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬

‫التواريخ واألرقام‪ :‬يجب أن تكون جميع تواريخ الورقة بامليالدي‬ ‫وبأرقام إنجليزية (سواء في املتن أو املراجع)‪.‬‬ ‫الجداول‪ :‬يتم كتابة رقم وعنوان الشكل أو ً الجدول‬ ‫أعاله‪ .‬في‬ ‫املتن‪ ،‬يتم اإلشارة إلى الجدول أو الشكل دائما برقمه ً‬ ‫سواء قبل‬ ‫أو بعد وضعه‪ ،‬وترقم الجداول تسلسليا حسب تسلسل ذكرها‬ ‫في املتن‪.‬‬ ‫العمالت‪ :‬يجب كتابة القيمة بالدوالر بين قوسين‪ ،‬بعد أي قيمة‬ ‫مذكورة بالريال السعودي أو أي عملة أخرى‪.‬‬ ‫االختصارات‪ :‬عند استخدام رموز الختصار مصطلح‪ ،‬فيجب‬ ‫أن يذكر نص املصطلح كامال في أول مرة يرد فيها في نص البحث‪.‬‬ ‫علما أن املسموح به ثالث اختصارات على األكثر‪.‬‬ ‫املقاييس الرياضية‪ :‬يجب استخدام االختصارات املقننة دوليا‬ ‫بدال من كتابة الكلمة كاملة مثل سم‪ ،‬ملم‪ ،‬كلم و‪( %‬لكل من‬ ‫سنتمتر‪ ،‬مليمتر‪ ،‬كيلومتر والنسبة املئوية‪ ،‬على الترتيب)‪ .‬يفضل‬ ‫استخدام املقاييس املترية وفي حالة استخدام وحدات أخرى‬ ‫يكتب املعادل املتري لها بين أقواس مربعة‪ .‬في حالة ذكر وحدات‬ ‫قياس أو أسماء دارجة إقليميا للكائنات الحية في املتن يذكر‬ ‫عقبها مباشرة املقابل لها بالوحدات القياسية أو االسم الالتيني‬ ‫للكائن‪ .‬يجب أن تكون جميع العمالت بالدوالر األمريكي‪.‬‬ ‫الحواش ي‪ :‬يفضل تقليص الحواش ي‪ ،‬ولكن في حالة الحاجة لها‪،‬‬ ‫فيشار إلى الحاشية في املتن بأرقام بين قوسين مرتفعة عن‬ ‫السطر‪ ،‬ترقم الحواش ي داخل املتن وتكتب حواش ي كل صفحة‬ ‫أسفلها مفصولة عن املتن بخط وال تجمع في نهاية املتن‪ .‬يعاد‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ابتداء من الرقم ‪ 1‬مع بداية كل صفحة جديدة‪.‬‬ ‫ترقيم الحواش ي‬ ‫السفلية‪ :‬تأخذ املراجع املدرجة في الحواش ي السفلية‬ ‫الهوامش‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ً‬ ‫ترقيما متسلسال لكل صفحة بحيث يوضع رقم الحاشية بين‬ ‫قوسين علويين ()‪ ،‬وتكون جميع العناصر الببليوجرافية لكل‬ ‫مرجع مرتبة وفقا للترتيب املذكور في قائمة املراجع‪ ،‬سواء ذكرت‬ ‫البيانات كاملة أو مختصرة‪ ،‬كما يجب التأكد من أن جميع‬ ‫املراجع الواردة في املتن والحواش ي مذكورة في قائمة املراجع‪ ،‬كما‬ ‫يجب أال تكون هنالك مراجع بالقائمة لم يشر إليها في املتن‪.‬‬ ‫روابط املراجع‪:‬‬ ‫▪‬

‫▪‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫للمراجع العربية‪ :‬في حالة الرغبة في إدراج رابط ملرجع عربي‪،‬‬ ‫فيكتب بعد املرجع "متوفر بموقع‪ ":‬ثم يدرج الرابط‪ ،‬وبعد‬ ‫الرابط يفتح قوس ويكتب "تاريخ االسترجاع‪ ":‬ثم يدرج التاريخ‬ ‫على هذه الصيغة "‪ ،"2020/07/27‬ثم يغلق القوس‪.‬‬ ‫للمراجع اإلنجليزية‪ :‬في حالة الرغبة في إدراج رابط ملرجع‬ ‫إنجليزي‪ ،‬فيكتب بعد املرجع "‪ ":Available at‬ثم يدرج الرابط‪،‬‬ ‫وبعد الرابط يفتح قوس ويكتب "‪ "accessed on‬ثم يدرج التاريخ‬ ‫على هذه الصيغة "‪ ،"2020/07/27‬ثم يغلق ًالقوس‪.‬‬

‫ترتيب قائمة املراجع‪ :‬يجب ترتيب املراجع هجائيا‪ .‬ويجب عدم‬ ‫ترقيم قائمة املراجع‪.‬‬ ‫مرجعان ملؤلف في سنة واحدة‪ :‬في حالة وجود مرجعين ملؤلف‬ ‫واحد في سنة واحدة‪ ،‬فللتمييز بينهما يكتب حرف بجانب التاريخ‬ ‫كاآلتي‪2020( :‬أ)‪2020( ،‬ب)‪ ،‬وباإلنجليزي )‪(b2020) ،(a2020‬‬ ‫‪ DOI‬للمرجع‪ :‬عند استعمال مراجع لها رقم ‪ ،DOI‬يجب ذكر هذا‬ ‫الرقم‪.‬‬ ‫املراجع داخل املتن‪ :‬بخصوص آلية كتابة املراجع داخل املتن‪:‬‬

‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬

‫إذا كان املرجع في بداية الجملة‪ ،‬يكتب اسم عائلة‬ ‫الباحث‪/‬الباحثين يليها تاريخ النشر بين قوسين‪ .‬مثال‪" :‬ذكر‬ ‫الصالح واألحمد (‪ )2020‬بأن‪"...‬‬ ‫إذا كان املرجع في نهاية الجملة‪ ،‬فيكتب بين قوسين اسم عائلة‬ ‫الباحث‪/‬الباحثين‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم تاريخ النشر‪ .‬مثال‪" :‬وهذا هو‬ ‫أساس املشكلة (الصالح واألحمد‪".)2020 ،‬‬

‫‪o‬‬

‫•‬ ‫•‬ ‫•‬

‫•‬

‫في حالة كون املرجع ألكثر من باحثين فيكتب اسم عائلة الباحث‬ ‫األول متبوعا بكلمة "وآخرون"‪ .‬مثال‪" :‬ذكر املحمد وآخرون‬ ‫(‪ )2020‬بأن‪ "...‬أو "وهذا ما يسمى بالتعليم املدمج (العلي‬ ‫وآخرون‪".)2020 ،‬‬ ‫يجب تدوين رقم الصفحة املقتبس منها داخل املتن‪ .‬أدناه أمثلة‬ ‫على كيفية عمل هذا التدوين‪:‬‬

‫▪ "وهذه من القضايا األساسية التي ستساهم في تطور التعليم‬ ‫العالي" (املحمد‪.)15 :2020 ،‬‬ ‫▪ ذكر املحمد (‪ )15 :2020‬أن هذه "من القضايا األساسية التي‬ ‫ستساهم في تطور التعليم العالي"‪.‬‬ ‫▪ ذكر املحمد (‪ )2020‬أن هذه "من القضايا األساسية التي‬ ‫ستساهم في تطور التعليم العالي" (ص‪.)15 .‬‬ ‫املراجع في قائمة املراجع‪ :‬ال يتم استخدام كلمة "وآخرون" (‪et .‬‬ ‫‪ )al‬في قائمة املراجع‪.‬‬

‫صفحات الويكيبيديا‪ :‬ال يسمح باقتباس صفحات الويكيبيديا‪.‬‬ ‫تعريف الرومنة‪ :‬يجب رومنة‪/‬ترجمة قائمة املراجع العربية‪.‬‬ ‫يقصد بالرومنة النقل الصوتي للحروف إلى اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬أي‬ ‫تحويل منطوق الحروف العربية إلى حروف إنجليزية‪ .‬تتم‬ ‫‪،)http://translate.google.com‬‬ ‫الرومنة عن طريق مترجم قوقل (‬ ‫ً‬ ‫حيث إن في كتابة أي جملة في مترجم قوقل (مثال‪ " :‬إنجازات‬ ‫جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها")‪ ،‬فستكون رومنة هذه‬ ‫الجملة متوفرة بأسفل النص " ‪iinjazat jamieat almalik faysal‬‬ ‫‪ ،"mundh tasisiha‬وترجمتها متوفرة على الجنب ( ‪Achievements‬‬ ‫‪ .)of King Faisal University since its foundation‬رومنة املراجع‬ ‫اجع العربية‪ .‬فاملراجع العربية‬ ‫العربية ال يعني ًحذف املر ً‬ ‫اجع‬ ‫واملرومنة تبقى سويا‪ .‬توضع أوال املراجع العربية‪ ،‬يليها املر ً‬ ‫املرومنة واإل ًنجليزية‪ .‬تدمج املراجع املرومنة واإلنجليزية سويا‬ ‫وترتب هجائيا‪.‬‬ ‫هيئة التحريرعلى عنوان الورقة‪ّ :‬‬ ‫يحق لهيئة التحرير‬ ‫تعديالت‬ ‫الورقة في املرحلة األخيرة للنشر (قبل‬ ‫إعادة صياغة عنوان ً‬ ‫لعدد)‪ ،‬وذلك وفقا ملقتضيات التوجه التطويري العام‬ ‫اإلحالة‬ ‫ً‬ ‫للمجلة حاليا‪ ،‬والذي يتطلب االقتصار على نشر العناوين‪:‬‬ ‫"املوجزة‪ ،‬والبسيطة‪ ،‬والواضحة‪ ،‬والعامة التي ال تشتمل على‬ ‫صف دراس ي بعينه أو جامعة أو محافظة أو مدينة بعينها في‬ ‫العنوان" وبالتالي سيتم استبعاد ّأية كلمة غير ضرورية من‬ ‫تحد من نسبة انتشار البحث‪،‬‬ ‫العنوان ألن هذه املصطلحات‬ ‫وشموليته‪ ،‬وتقلل من نسبة اقتباسه واستشهاداته من قبل‬ ‫الباحثين‪.‬‬ ‫شهادة مراجعة لغوية‪ :‬في حالة قبول الورقة للنشر‪ ،‬فإنه‬ ‫سيطلب من املؤلف إرسال ورقته لشركة معتمدة ملراجعة‬ ‫الورقة من قبل متحدثي اللغة اإلنجليزية كلغة أم‪ ،‬وموافاة‬ ‫املجلة بشهادة إثبات مراجعة لغوية من قبل الشركة‪ .‬إذا كانت‬ ‫الورقة باللغة العربية‪ ،‬فإن املراجعة تكون لعنوان الورقة‬ ‫وامللخص باللغة اإلنجليزية‪ .‬وإذا كانت الورقة باللغة اإلنجليزية‪،‬‬ ‫فإن املراجعة تكون على الورقة كاملة‪ .‬تكون هذه املراجعة‬ ‫اللغوية كمرحلة أخيرة قبل نشر الورقة وبعد إدخال كامل‬ ‫مالحظات املحكمين واملحررين وهيئة التحرير‪ .‬أدناه إحدى هذه‬ ‫الشركات والتي تقوم باملراجعة اللغوية خالل ‪ 24‬ساعة‪:‬‬ ‫‪https://proofreadmyessay.co.uk‬‬

‫‪ .4‬آلية كتابة الدوريات واجملالت يف املراجع (يطلب عملها‬ ‫فقط يف حالة قبول الورقة للنشر)‬

‫‪ .4.1‬كتابة الدوريات واملجالت العربية في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول‬ ‫واسم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "و"‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم املجلة يكون مكتوبا بشكل‬ ‫بشكل عريض‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫مائل‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم رقم املجلد مكتوبا ً‬ ‫يكتب رقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬علما أنه ال يوجد مسافة بين رقم‬ ‫املجلد ورقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم رقم أول صفحة للبحث‪ ،‬ثم عالمة "‪"-‬‬ ‫ثم رقم آخر صفحة للبحث‪( .‬مع مراعاة أن حرف العطف "و" يوضع دائما‬ ‫قبل املؤلف األخير ًّأيا كان عدد املؤلفين)‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬

‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬املجلة العلمية‬ ‫لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬فرع العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‪.223-213 ،)2(13 ،‬‬ ‫في حالة عدم وجود تاريخ‪ ،‬فتكتب العبارة التالية "د‪.‬ت‪ ".‬في مكان التاريخ‪،‬‬ ‫سواء في املتن أو املرجع‪ .‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪( .‬د‪.‬ت‪ .).‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬املجلة العلمية‬ ‫لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬فرع العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‪.223-213 ،)2(13 ،‬‬ ‫في حالة عدم وجود رقم مجلد‪ ،‬فتكتب العبارة التالية "بدون رقم مجلد" في‬ ‫مكان رقم املجلد‪ .‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬املجلة العلمية‬ ‫لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬فرع العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‪ ،‬بدون رقم مجلد‬ ‫(‪.223-213 ،)2‬‬ ‫في حالة عدم وجود رقم عدد‪ ،‬فتكتب العبارة التالية "بدون رقم عدد" في‬ ‫مكان رقم العدد‪ .‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬املجلة العلمية‬ ‫لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬فرع العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‪(13 ،‬بدون رقم‬ ‫عدد)‪.223-213 ،‬‬ ‫في حالة عدم وجود أرقام صفحات‪ ،‬فتكتب العبارة التالية "بدون أرقام‬ ‫صفحات" في مكان أرقام الصفحات‪ ،‬أو رقم مسلسل البحث في مجالت‬ ‫األونالين‪ .‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬املجلة العلمية‬ ‫لجامعة امللك فيصل‪ :‬فرع العلوم اإلنسانية واإلدارية‪ ،)2(13 ،‬بدون أرقام‬ ‫صفحات‪.‬‬

‫‪ .4.2‬كتابة الدوريات واملجالت اإلنجليزية في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪small‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك‬ ‫الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء األماكن وأسماء الجنسيات‬ ‫واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل‬ ‫‪ ،)capital‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم املجلة يكون مكتوبا بشكل مائل والحرف األول‬ ‫من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير‬ ‫والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪"in‬‬ ‫وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم رقم املجلد مكتوبا ًبشكل عريض‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫يكتب رقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬علما أنه ال يوجد مسافة بين رقم‬ ‫املجلد ورقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم رقم أول صفحة للبحث‪ ،‬ثم عالمة "‪"-‬‬ ‫ثم رقم آخر صفحة للبحث‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). The history of‬‬ ‫‪agriculture in Al Ahsa. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University:‬‬ ‫‪Humanities and Management Sciences, 13(2), 213-222.‬‬

‫في حالة عدم وجود تاريخ‪ ،‬فيكتب "‪ ."n/a‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬

‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (n/a). The history of‬‬ ‫‪agriculture in Al Ahsa. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University:‬‬ ‫‪Humanities and Management Sciences, 13(2), 213-222.‬‬

‫في حالة عدم وجود رقم مجلد‪ ،‬فيكتب "‪ ."n/a‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). The history of‬‬ ‫‪agriculture in Al Ahsa. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University:‬‬ ‫‪Humanities and Management Sciences, n/a(2), 213-222.‬‬

‫في حالة عدم وجود رقم عدد‪ ،‬فيكتب "‪ ."n/a‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). The history of‬‬ ‫‪agriculture in Al Ahsa. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University:‬‬ ‫‪Humanities and Management Sciences, 13(n/a), 213-222.‬‬

‫في حالة عدم وجود أرقام صفحات‪ ،‬فيكتب "‪ ."n/a‬على سبيل املثال‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). The history of‬‬ ‫‪agriculture in Al Ahsa. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University:‬‬ ‫‪Humanities and Management Sciences, 13(2), n/a.‬‬

‫‪ .4.3‬رومنة‪/‬ترجمة الدوريات واملجالت غير اإلنجليزية في قائمة‬ ‫املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث (مرومن) بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪ ،)small‬ثم‬ ‫فتح عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث مترجما بحروف صغيرة‬ ‫(صمول ‪small‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء‬ ‫األماكن وأسماء الجنسيات واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف‬ ‫األول منها بحروف كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم املجلة مترجما (أو مرومن) يكون مكتوبا بشكل مائل والحرف‬ ‫األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات‬ ‫التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و‬ ‫"‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم رقم املجلد مكتوبا ًبشكل عريض‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫يكتب رقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬علما أنه ال يوجد مسافة بين رقم‬ ‫املجلد ورقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم رقم أول صفحة للبحث‪ ،‬ثم عالمة "‪ "-‬ثم رقم آخر‬ ‫صفحة للبحث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[‪ "]in Arabic‬أدناه مثال على رومنة‬ ‫املرجع العربي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A., Al Ali, I.S. and Al Salah, A.M. (2020). Iinjazat jamieat almalik‬‬ ‫‪faysal mundh tasisiha ‘Achievements of King Faisal University since its‬‬ ‫‪foundations’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and‬‬ ‫]‪Management Sciences, 13(2), 213-223. [in Arabic‬‬

‫في حالة كون املرجع بلغة غير العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬وهذه اللغة تستخدم‬ ‫حروف غير إنجليزية‪ ،‬فتتم رومنة العنوان بالطريقة نفسها التي تتم بها‬ ‫رومنة العناوين العربية‪ .‬ولكن‪ ،‬في حالة كون الدورية بلغة غير العربية وغير‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة تستخدم الحروف اإلنجليزية نفسها‪ ،‬فال‬ ‫حاجة لرومنة عنوان البحث‪ ،‬ويكتفى بإبقاء العنوان في لغته األصل ووضع‬ ‫الترجمة في عالمة تنصيص‪ .‬فعلى سبيل املثال‪ ،‬في حالة كون الدورية باللغة‬ ‫األملانية‪ ،‬فيبدأ املرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف‬ ‫األول من االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫‪6‬‬

‫الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪"and‬‬ ‫(وليس "&") ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫من االسم األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق‬ ‫القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث باللغة األملانية (صمول ‪ ،)small‬ثم فتح‬ ‫عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث مترجما بحروف صغيرة (صمول‬ ‫‪small‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء األماكن‬ ‫وأسماء الجنسيات واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف األول منها‬ ‫بحروف كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫اسم املجلة مترجما يكون مكتوبا بشكل مائل والحرف األول من كل كلمة‬ ‫يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل‬ ‫"‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪"and‬‬ ‫و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية‬ ‫اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم رقم‬ ‫مكتوبا بشكل عريض‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم يكتب رقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم يغلق‬ ‫املجلد‬ ‫ً‬ ‫القوس‪ ،‬علما أنه ال يوجد مسافة بين رقم املجلد ورقم العدد‪ ،‬ثم رقم أول‬ ‫صفحة للبحث‪ ،‬ثم عالمة "‪ "-‬ثم رقم آخر صفحة للبحث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫تكتب "[‪ "]in German‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A., Al Ali, I.S. and Al Salah, A.M. (2020). Erfolge der King Faisal‬‬ ‫‪University seit ihrer gründung ‘Achievements of King Faisal University since‬‬ ‫‪its foundations’. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities‬‬ ‫]‪and Management Sciences, 13(2), 213-223. [in German‬‬

‫‪ .5‬آلية كتابة املؤمترات والندوات وامللتقيات يف املراجع‬ ‫(يطلب عملها فقط يف حالة قبول الورقة للنشر)‬

‫‪ .5.1‬كتابة املؤتمرات والندوات وامللتقيات العربية في قائمة‬ ‫املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول‬ ‫واسم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "و"‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "في‪ ":‬ثم يكتب اسم املؤتمر‬ ‫بشكل مائل‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مكان انعقاد املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫مدينة املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم تاريخ‬ ‫انعقاد املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪( .‬مع مراعاة أن حرف العطف "و" يوضع دائما‬ ‫قبل املؤلف األخير ًّأيا كان عدد املؤلفين)‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬املوهبة في التعليم العالي‪ .‬في‪ :‬امللتقى الوطني األولى ملنسقي‬ ‫املوهوبين‪ ،‬جامعة امللك فيصل‪ ،‬األحساء‪ ،‬اململكة العربية السعودية‪،‬‬ ‫‪.2020/03/05-03‬‬

‫‪ .5.2‬كتابة املؤتمرات والندوات وامللتقيات اإلنجليزية في قائمة‬ ‫املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ .‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪small‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك‬ ‫الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء األماكن وأسماء الجنسيات‬ ‫واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل‬

‫‪ ،)capital‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "‪ ،":In‬ثم يكتب اسم املؤتمر يكون مكتوبا‬ ‫بشكل مائل والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى‬ ‫من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل‬ ‫"‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول‬ ‫منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول‬ ‫منها بحروف كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مكان املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫مدينة املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم تاريخ‬ ‫انعقاد املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). Giftedness and‬‬ ‫‪creativity. In: The First National Symposium for the Coordinators of the‬‬ ‫‪Gifted, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 03-05/03/2020.‬‬

‫‪ .5.3‬رومنة‪/‬ترجمة املؤتمرات والندوات وامللتقيات غيراإلنجليزية‬ ‫في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪ "and‬ثم اسم‬ ‫العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ .‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫عنوان البحث (مرومن) بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪ ،)small‬ثم فتح عالمة‬ ‫تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث مترجما بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪small‬؛‬ ‫يستثنى من ذلك الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء األماكن وأسماء‬ ‫الجنسيات واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب‬ ‫"‪ ،":In‬ثم يكتب اسم املؤتمر مترجما (أو مرومن) يكون مكتوبا بشكل مائل‬ ‫والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك‬ ‫أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و‬ ‫"‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها‬ ‫بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها‬ ‫بحروف كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مكان املؤتمر مترجما (أو مرومن)‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب اسم مدينة املؤتمر باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة‬ ‫املؤتمر باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم تاريخ انعقاد املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب‬ ‫"[‪ "]in Arabic‬أدناه مثال على رومنة املرجع العربي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). Al'iibdae fi‬‬ ‫‪altaelim aleali ‘Creativity in higher education’. In: The First National‬‬ ‫‪Symposium for the Coordinators of the Gifted, King Faisal University, Al‬‬ ‫]‪Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 03-05/03/2020. [in Arabic‬‬

‫في حالة كون املرجع بلغة غير العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬وهذه اللغة تستخدم‬ ‫حروف غير إنجليزية‪ ،‬فتتم رومنة العنوان بالطريقة نفسها التي تتم بها‬ ‫رومنة العناوين العربية‪ .‬أما في حالة كون املرجع بلغة غير العربية وغير‬ ‫اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة تستخدم الحروف اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬فال حاجة‬ ‫لرومنة عنوان البحث‪ ،‬ويكتفى بإبقاء العنوان في لغته األصل ووضع‬ ‫الترجمة في عالمة تنصيص‪ .‬فعلى سبيل املثال‪ ،‬في حالة كون املرجع باللغة‬ ‫الفرنسية‪ ،‬فيبدأ املرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف‬ ‫األول من االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪"and‬‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ .‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث باللغة الفرنسية (صمول ‪ ،)small‬ثم فتح عالمة‬ ‫تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان البحث مترجما بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪small‬؛‬ ‫يستثنى من ذلك الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء األماكن وأسماء‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫‪7‬‬

‫الجنسيات واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب‬ ‫"‪ ،":In‬ثم يكتب اسم املؤتمر مترجما يكون مكتوبا بشكل مائل والحرف األول‬ ‫من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير‬ ‫والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪"in‬‬ ‫وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مكان املؤتمر مترجما‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب اسم‬ ‫مدينة املؤتمر باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة املؤتمر باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم تاريخ انعقاد املؤتمر‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "[‪ ."]in French‬أدناه‬ ‫مثال على رومنة املرجع الفرنس ي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). Créativité dans‬‬ ‫‪l'enseignement supérieur ‘Creativity in higher education’. In: The First‬‬ ‫‪National Symposium for the Coordinators of the Gifted, King Faisal‬‬ ‫]‪University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia, 03-05/03/2020. [in French‬‬

‫‪ .6‬آلية كتابة الكتب يف قائمة املراجع (يطلب عملها فقط‬ ‫يف حالة قبول الورقة للنشر)‬ ‫مالحظات‪:‬‬ ‫• إذا كانت طبعة الكتاب هي الطبعة األولى‪ ،‬فال يكتب أي ش يء‬ ‫بخصوص رقم الطبعة‪.‬‬ ‫• تصاغ مراجع التقارير والدراسات الصادرة عن وزارات ومؤسسات‬ ‫حكومية وغير حكومية بالطريقة نفسها التي تصاغ بها الكتب‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6.1‬كتابة الكتب العربية في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول‬ ‫واسم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "و"‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الكتاب بخط مائل‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مدينة الناشر‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة الناشر‪ ،‬ثم نقطتين رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم اسم الناشر‪( .‬مع‬ ‫مراعاة أن حرف العطف "و" يوضع دائما قبل املؤلف األخير ًّأيا كان عدد‬ ‫املؤلفين)‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬السعودية‪:‬‬ ‫مكتبة جرير‪.‬‬ ‫في حالة وجود رقم طبعة‪ ،‬فيكتب التالي‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬الطبعة‬ ‫الثانية‪ .‬الرياض‪ ،‬السعودية‪ :‬مكتبة جرير‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫مترجما‪ ،‬فيكتب بعد اسم املؤلف‪" :‬ترجمة‪ :‬اسم‬ ‫في حالة كون الكتاب‬ ‫العائلة‪ ،‬االسم األول اسم األب"‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫وايت‪ ،‬جولي‪ .‬ترجمة‪ :‬األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح‬ ‫والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ‬ ‫تأسيسها‪ .‬الطبعة الثانية‪ .‬الرياض‪ ،‬السعودية‪ :‬مكتبة جرير‪.‬‬ ‫ً‬ ‫في حالة كون الكتاب محققا‪ ،‬فيكتب بعد اسم املؤلف‪" :‬تحقيق‪ :‬اسم‬ ‫العائلة‪ ،‬االسم األول اسم األب"‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫الخالد‪ ،‬محمد‪ .‬تحقيق‪ :‬األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات‬ ‫جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬الطبعة الثانية‪ .‬الرياض‪ ،‬السعودية‪:‬‬ ‫مكتبة جرير‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6.2‬كتابة الكتب اإلنجليزية في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الكتاب بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون‬ ‫كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و‬ ‫"‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و‬ ‫"‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية‬ ‫اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫مدينة الناشر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة الناشر‪ ،‬ثم نقطتين رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫اسم الناشر‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). The History of‬‬ ‫‪Agriculture in Al Ahsa. Saudi Arabia: Jarir Bookstore.‬‬

‫في حالة وجود رقم طبعة‪ ،‬فيكتب التالي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). The History of‬‬ ‫‪Agriculture in Al Ahsa. 2nd edition. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Jarir Bookstore.‬‬

‫‪ .6.3‬رومنة‪/‬ترجمة الكتب غير اإلنجليزية في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬عند رومنة‪/‬ترجمة مراجع الكتب العربية فإنه ال يكتب اسم‬

‫املحقق‪.‬‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الكتاب (مرومن) بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من كل‬ ‫كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم فتح عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان‬ ‫الكتاب مترجما والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛‬ ‫يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف‬ ‫الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى‬ ‫الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون‬ ‫الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة) والكلمة غير مائلة‪ ،‬ثم إغالق عالمة‬ ‫التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مدينة الناشر مترجمة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫دولة الناشر مترجمة‪ ،‬ثم نقطتين رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم اسم الناشر مترجما (أو‬ ‫مرومن)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[‪ "]in Arabic‬أدناه مثال على رومنة املرجع‬ ‫العربي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A., Al Ali, I.S. and Al Salah, A.M. (2020). Iinjazat Jamieat Almalik‬‬ ‫‪Faysal Mundh Tasisiha ‘Achievements of King Faisal University since its‬‬ ‫]‪Foundations’. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Jarir Bookstore. [in Arabic‬‬

‫في حالة كون الكتاب بلغة غير العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة‬ ‫تستخدم حروف غير إنجليزية‪ ،‬فتتم رومنة العنوان بالطريقة نفسها التي‬ ‫تتم بها رومنة العناوين العربية‪ .‬ولكن‪ ،‬في حالة كون الكتاب بلغة غير‬ ‫العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة تستخدم الحروف اإلنجليزية‬ ‫نفسها‪ ،‬فال حاجة لرومنة عنوان الكتاب‪ ،‬ويكتفى بإبقاء العنوان في لغته‬ ‫األصل ووضع الترجمة في عالمة تنصيص‪ .‬فعلى سبيل املثال‪ ،‬في حالة كون‬ ‫الكتاب باللغة األملانية‪ ،‬فيبدأ املرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫‪8‬‬

‫الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول‬ ‫للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&") ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح‬ ‫قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الكتاب‬ ‫باللغة األملانية بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل‬ ‫‪ ،)capital‬ثم فتح عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الكتاب مترجما والحرف‬ ‫األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات‬ ‫التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و‬ ‫"‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة) والكلمة غير مائلة‪ ،‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫مدينة الناشر مترجمة للنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة الناشر مترجمة‬ ‫للنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم نقطتين رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم اسم الناشر مترجما للنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[‪ "]in German‬أدناه مثال على رومنة املرجع األملاني‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A., Al Ali, I.S. and Al Salah, A.M. (2020). Erfolge der King Faisal‬‬ ‫‪University seit ihrer Gründung ‘Achievements of King Faisal University since‬‬ ‫]‪its Foundations’. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Jarir Bookstore. [in German‬‬

‫‪ .7‬آلية كتابة فصل من كتاب يف قائمة املراجع (يطلب‬ ‫عملها فقط يف حالة قبول الورقة للنشر)‬

‫‪ .7.1‬كتابة فصل في كتاب عربي في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول‬ ‫واسم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "و"‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الفصل‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "في‪ ":‬ثم يكتب االسم األول‪،‬‬ ‫ثم اسم األب‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب االسم‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم اسم األب‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "و"‪،‬‬ ‫ثم يكتب االسم األول‪ ،‬ثم اسم األب‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫يفتح قوس ويكتب "محررون" (أو محرر إذا كان مفردا)‪ ،‬ثم يغلق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم اسم الكتاب بخط مائل‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مدينة الناشر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪،‬‬ ‫ثم اسم دولة الناشر‪ ،‬ثم نقطتين رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم اسم الناشر‪( .‬مع مراعاة أن‬ ‫حرف العطف "و" يوضع دائما قبل املؤلف األخير ًّأيا كان عدد املؤلفين)‪.‬‬ ‫أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬املوهبة في التعليم العالي‪ .‬في‪ :‬محمد الصالح‪ ،‬إبراهيم‬ ‫العبدالرحمن وصالح الخالد (محررون) اإلبداع في العالم العربي‪ .‬الرياض‪،‬‬ ‫السعودية‪ :‬مكتبة العبيكان‪.‬‬

‫‪ .7.2‬كتابة فصل في كتاب إنجليزي في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الفصل بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪small‬؛ يستثنى من‬ ‫ذلك الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء األماكن وأسماء الجنسيات‬ ‫واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل‬

‫‪ ،)capital‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "‪ ،":In‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من االسم األول‬ ‫للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ً ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة كامال للمؤلف األول‪ ، ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب الحرف‬ ‫األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ً ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة كامال للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف‬ ‫العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‪ ،‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ً ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪،‬‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة كامال للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم يفتح قوس ويكتب "‪( ".eds‬أو "‪".ed‬‬ ‫إذا كان مفردا)‪ ،‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬ثم اسم الكتاب بخط مائل والحرف األول‬ ‫من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير‬ ‫والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪"in‬‬ ‫وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مدينة الناشر‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة الناشر‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطتين رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم اسم الناشر‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). Giftedness and‬‬ ‫‪creativity. In: A.E. Al Ibrahim, A.L. Al Salim and R.E. Al Rashid (eds.) Creativity‬‬ ‫‪in the Arab World. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Obeikan Bookstore.‬‬

‫‪ .7.3‬رومنة‪/‬ترجمة فصل في كتاب غيرإنجليزي في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الفصل (مرومن) بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪ ،)small‬ثم‬ ‫فتح عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الفصل مترجما بحروف صغيرة‬ ‫(صمول ‪small‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء‬ ‫األماكن وأسماء الجنسيات واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف‬ ‫األول منها بحروف كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "‪ ،":In‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ً ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫اسم العائلة كامال للمؤلف األول‪ ، ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ً ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة كامال للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف‬ ‫"‪( "and‬وليس "&")‪ ،‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثالث‪،‬‬ ‫ثم نقطة‪ً ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫العائلة كامال للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم يفتح قوس ويكتب "‪( ".eds‬أو "‪ ".ed‬إذا كان‬ ‫مفردا)‪ ،‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬ثم اسم الكتاب (مرومن) بخط مائل والحرف‬ ‫األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم فتح عالمة تنصيص‬ ‫واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الكتاب مترجما والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا‬ ‫(كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و‬ ‫"‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و‬ ‫"‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم‬ ‫املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مدينة‬ ‫الناشر مترجمة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم دولة الناشر مترجما‪ ،‬ثم نقطتين‬ ‫رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم اسم الناشر مترجما (أو مرومن)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[ ‪in‬‬ ‫‪ "]Arabic‬أدناه مثال على رومنة املرجع العربي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). Al'iibdae fi‬‬ ‫‪altaelim aleali ‘Creativity in higher education’. In: M. Al Saleh, I. Al‬‬ ‫‪Abdulrahman and S. Al Khalid (eds.) Al'iibdae Fi Alealam Alearabii ‘Creativity‬‬ ‫]‪in the Arab World’. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Obeikan Bookstore. [in Arabic‬‬

‫في حالة كون الفصل بلغة غير العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة‬ ‫تستخدم حروف غير إنجليزية‪ ،‬فتتم رومنة العنوان بالطريقة نفسها التي‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫‪9‬‬

‫تتم بها رومنة العناوين العربية‪ .‬ولكن‪ ،‬في حالة كون الفصل بلغة غير‬ ‫العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة تستخدم الحروف اإلنجليزية‬ ‫نفسها‪ ،‬فال حاجة لرومنة عنوان الفصل والكتاب‪ ،‬ويكتفى بإبقاء العنوان‬ ‫في لغته األصل ووضع الترجمة في عالمة تنصيص‪ .‬فعلى سبيل املثال‪ ،‬في‬ ‫حالة كون الفصل باللغة األملانية‪ ،‬فيبدأ املرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول‬ ‫للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&") ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح‬ ‫قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الفصل‬ ‫باللغة األملانية بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪ ،)small‬ثم فتح عالمة تنصيص‬ ‫واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الفصل مترجما للنجليزية بحروف صغيرة (صمول ‪small‬؛‬ ‫يستثنى من ذلك الكلمة األولى وأسماء األشخاص وأسماء األماكن وأسماء‬ ‫الجنسيات واللغات واألسابيع والشهور فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة‪ ،‬كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب‬ ‫ثم‬ ‫"‪ ،":In‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ً ،‬‬ ‫الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة كامال‬ ‫للمؤلف األول‪ ، ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من االسم األول‬ ‫للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم ًالحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة كامال للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪"and‬‬ ‫(وليس "&")‪ ،‬ثم يكتب الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم ًالحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫العائلة كامال للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم يفتح قوس ويكتب "‪( ".eds‬أو "‪ ".ed‬إذا كان‬ ‫مفردا)‪ ،‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬ثم اسم الكتاب باللغة األملانية بخط مائل‬ ‫والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم فتح عالمة‬ ‫تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الكتاب مترجما للنجليزية والحرف األول من‬ ‫كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير‬ ‫والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪"in‬‬ ‫وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم اسم مدينة الناشر مترجمة للنجليزية‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫اسم دولة الناشر مترجما للنجليزية‪ ،‬ثم نقطتين رأسيتين‪ ،‬ثم اسم الناشر‬ ‫مترجما للنجليزية‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[‪ "]in German‬أدناه مثال على رومنة‬ ‫املرجع األملاني‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). Kreativität in‬‬ ‫‪der hochschulbildung ‘Creativity in higher education’. In: M. Al Saleh, I. Al‬‬ ‫‪Abdulrahman and S. Al Khalid (eds.) Kreativität in der Arabischen Welt‬‬ ‫‪‘Creativity in the Arab World’. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: Obeikan Bookstore. [in‬‬ ‫]‪German‬‬

‫‪ .8‬آلية كتابة رسائل املاجستري والدكتوراه يف قائمة‬ ‫املراجع (يطلب عملها فقط يف حالة قبول الورقة للنشر)‬

‫‪ .8.1‬كتابة رسائل املاجستيروالدكتوراه العربية في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم‬ ‫األب للمؤلف‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الرسالة بخط مائل‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "رسالة‬ ‫ماجستير" أو "رسالة دكتوراه"‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم الجامعة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪،‬‬ ‫ثم اسم املدينة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم الدولة‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ .)2020( .‬تأمالت في اإلبداع‪ .‬رسالة دكتوراه‪،‬‬ ‫جامعة امللك فيصل‪ ،‬األحساء‪ ،‬السعودية‪.‬‬

‫‪ .8.2‬كتابة رسائل املاجستير والدكتوراه اإلنجليزية في قائمة‬

‫املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫عنوان الرسالة بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل‬ ‫‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪"the‬‬ ‫وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪"or‬‬ ‫فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة‬ ‫فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب " ‪Master’s‬‬ ‫‪ "Dissertation‬إذا كانت رسالة ماجستير أو "‪ "PhD Thesis‬إذا كانت رسالة‬ ‫دكتوراه‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم الجامعة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم املدينة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم الدولة‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ .‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A. (2020). The History of Agriculture in Al Ahsa. PhD Thesis,‬‬ ‫‪King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia .‬‬

‫‪ .8.3‬رومنة‪/‬ترجمة رسائل املاجستير والدكتوراه غير اإلنجليزية في‬ ‫قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الرسالة (مرومن) بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من كل‬ ‫كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم فتح عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان‬ ‫الرسالة مترجما والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛‬ ‫يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف‬ ‫الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى‬ ‫الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون‬ ‫الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة) والكلمة غير مائلة‪ ،‬ثم إغالق عالمة‬ ‫التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "‪ "Master’s Dissertation‬إذا كانت رسالة‬ ‫ماجستير أو "‪ "PhD Thesis‬إذا كانت رسالة دكتوراه‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم‬ ‫الجامعة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم املدينة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم الدولة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[‪ "]in Arabic‬أدناه مثال على رومنة املرجع العربي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A. (2020). Tamalat Fi Al'iibdae ‘Reflections on Creativity’. PhD‬‬ ‫]‪Thesis, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. [in Arabic‬‬

‫في حالة كون الرسالة بلغة غير العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة‬ ‫تستخدم حروف غير إنجليزية‪ ،‬فتتم رومنة العنوان بالطريقة نفسها التي‬ ‫تتم بها رومنة العناوين العربية‪ .‬ولكن‪ ،‬في حالة كون الرسالة بلغة غير‬ ‫العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة تستخدم الحروف اإلنجليزية‬ ‫نفسها‪ ،‬فال حاجة لرومنة عنوان الرسالة‪ ،‬ويكتفى بإبقاء العنوان في لغته‬ ‫األصل ووضع الترجمة في عالمة تنصيص‪ .‬فعلى سبيل املثال‪ ،‬في حالة كون‬ ‫الرسالة باللغة األملانية‪ ،‬فيبدأ املرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ‬ ‫بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الرسالة باللغة األملانية‬ ‫بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم‬ ‫فتح عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم عنوان الرسالة مترجما والحرف األول من‬ ‫كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير‬ ‫والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪"in‬‬ ‫وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف‬ ‫كبيرة) والكلمة غير مائلة‪ ،‬ثم إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب‬ ‫"‪ "Master’s Dissertation‬إذا كانت رسالة ماجستير أو "‪ "PhD Thesis‬إذا كانت‬ ‫رسالة دكتوراه‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم الجامعة باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫اسم املدينة باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم الدولة باإلنجليزي‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪،‬‬ ‫ثم تكتب "[‪ "]in German‬أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A. (2020). Überlegungen zur Kreativität ‘Reflections on‬‬ ‫‪Creativity’. PhD Thesis, King Faisal University, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia. [in‬‬

‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

‫‪10‬‬

‫]‪German‬‬

‫‪ .9‬آلية كتابة موقع إلكرتوني يف قائمة املراجع (يطلب‬ ‫عملها فقط يف حالة قبول الورقة للنشر)‬ ‫مالحظة‪ :‬املراجع املأخوذة من شبكة املعلومات يلزم فيها كتابة العنوان‬ ‫التفصيلي الذي يفتح الصفحة الخاصة باملرجع مباشرة وليست الصفحة‬ ‫العامة للموقع‪ .‬يجب أال يزيد عدد حروف الرابط عن ‪ 120‬حرف‪.‬‬

‫‪ .9.1‬كتابة موقع إلكتروني عربي في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول‬ ‫واسم األب للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "و"‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم االسم األول واسم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ‪ ،‬ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫نقطة‪ ،‬ثم العنوان بخط مائل‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "متوفر بموقع‪ ":‬ثم يدرج‬ ‫الرابط‪ ،‬وبعد الرابط يفتح قوس ويكتب "تاريخ االسترجاع‪ ":‬ثم يدرج التاريخ‬ ‫على هذه الصيغة "‪ ،"2020/07/27‬ثم يغلق القوس‪( .‬مع مراعاة أن حرف‬ ‫العطف "و" يوضع دائما قبل املؤلف األخير ًّأيا كان عدد املؤلفين)‪ .‬أدناه‬ ‫مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫األحمد‪ ،‬محمد عبدالرحمن‪ ،‬العلي‪ ،‬إسماعيل صالح والصالح‪ ،‬أحمد‬ ‫محمد‪ .)2020( .‬إنجازات جامعة امللك فيصل منذ تأسيسها‪ .‬متوفر‬ ‫بموقع‪https://www.kfu.edu.sa/ar/Departments/Sjournal/Pages/home.aspx :‬‬ ‫(تاريخ االسترجاع‪)2020/07/27 :‬‬

‫‪ .9.2‬كتابة موقع إلكتروني إنجليزي في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق‬ ‫القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم العنوان بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من كل كلمة‬ ‫يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل‬ ‫"‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪"and‬‬ ‫و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية‬ ‫اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة)‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب‬ ‫"‪ ":Available at‬ثم يدرج الرابط‪ ،‬وبعد الرابط يفتح قوس ويكتب " ‪accessed‬‬ ‫‪ "on‬ثم يدرج التاريخ على هذه الصيغة "‪ ،"2020/07/27‬ثم يغلق القوس‪.‬‬ ‫أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, K.A., Al Muhammed, S.F. and Al Saleh, A.F. (2020). The History of‬‬ ‫‪Agriculture in Al Ahsa. Available at:‬‬ ‫‪https://www.kfu.edu.sa/ar/Departments/Sjournal/Pages/home.aspx‬‬ ‫)‪(accessed on 10/12/2020‬‬

‫كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم فتح عالمة تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫العنوان مترجما والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛‬ ‫يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل "‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف‬ ‫الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪ "and‬و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى‬ ‫الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية اسم املجلة فيكون‬ ‫الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة) والكلمة غير مائلة‪ ،‬ثم إغالق عالمة‬ ‫التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "‪ ":Available at‬ثم يدرج الرابط‪ ،‬وبعد‬ ‫الرابط يفتح قوس ويكتب "‪ "accessed on‬ثم يدرج التاريخ على هذه الصيغة‬ ‫"‪ ،"2020/07/27‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[‪ ."]in Arabic‬أدناه مثال على‬ ‫رومنة املرجع العربي‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A., Al Ali, I.S. and Al Salah, A.M. (2020). Iinjazat Jamieat Almalik‬‬ ‫‪Faysal Mundh Tasisiha ‘Achievements of King Faisal University since its‬‬ ‫‪Foundations’. Available at:‬‬ ‫‪https://www.kfu.edu.sa/ar/Departments/Sjournal/Pages/home.aspx‬‬ ‫]‪(accessed on 10/12/2020) [in Arabic‬‬

‫في حالة كون املوقع بلغة غير العربية وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة‬ ‫تستخدم حروف غير إنجليزية‪ ،‬فتتم رومنة العنوان بالطريقة نفسها التي‬ ‫تتم بها رومنة العناوين العربية‪ .‬ولكن‪ ،‬في حالة كون املوقع بلغة غير العربية‬ ‫وغير اإلنجليزية‪ ،‬ولكن هذه اللغة تستخدم الحروف اإلنجليزية نفسها‪ ،‬فال‬ ‫حاجة لرومنة عنوان املوقع‪ ،‬ويكتفى بإبقاء العنوان في لغته األصل ووضع‬ ‫الترجمة في عالمة تنصيص‪ .‬فعلى سبيل املثال‪ ،‬في حالة كون املوقع باللغة‬ ‫األملانية‪ ،‬فيبدأ املرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف‬ ‫األول من االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪"and‬‬ ‫(وليس "&") ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫من االسم األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب‬ ‫للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪،‬‬ ‫ثم إغالق القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم العنوان باللغة األملانية بحروف مائلة‬ ‫والحرف األول من كل كلمة يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪ ،)capital‬ثم فتح عالمة‬ ‫تنصيص واحدة‪ ،‬ثم العنوان مترجما للنجليزية والحرف األول من كل كلمة‬ ‫يكون كبيرا (كابتل ‪capital‬؛ يستثنى من ذلك أدوات التنكير والتعريف مثل‬ ‫"‪ "a‬و "‪ "an‬و "‪ "the‬وحروف الجر مثل "‪ "to‬و "‪ "of‬و "‪ "in‬وأدوات الربط "‪"and‬‬ ‫و "‪ "but‬و "‪ "or‬فيبقى الحرف األول منها بحروف صغيرة‪ ،‬إال إذا كانوا في بداية‬ ‫اسم املجلة فيكون الحرف األول منها بحروف كبيرة) والكلمة غير مائلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫إغالق عالمة التنصيص‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم يكتب "‪ ":Available at‬ثم يدرج‬ ‫الرابط‪ ،‬وبعد الرابط يفتح قوس ويكتب "‪ "accessed on‬ثم يدرج التاريخ على‬ ‫هذه الصيغة "‪ ،"2020/07/27‬ثم يغلق القوس‪ ،‬ثم تكتب "[‪."]in German‬‬ ‫أدناه مثال على ذلك‪:‬‬ ‫‪Al Ahmed, M.A., Al Ali, I.S. and Al Salah, A.M. (2020). Erfolge der King Faisal‬‬ ‫‪University seit ihrer Gründung ‘Achievements of King Faisal University since‬‬ ‫‪its Foundations’. Available at:‬‬ ‫‪https://www.kfu.edu.sa/ar/Departments/Sjournal/Pages/home.aspx‬‬ ‫]‪(accessed on 10/12/2020) [in German‬‬

‫‪ .9.3‬رومنة‪/‬ترجمة موقع إلكتروني غيرإنجليزي في قائمة املراجع‬ ‫يبدأ كل مرجع باسم العائلة للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من‬ ‫االسم األول للمؤلف األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫األول‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم‬ ‫الحرف األول من االسم األول للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول‬ ‫السم األب للمؤلف الثاني‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم حرف العطف "‪( "and‬وليس "&")‬ ‫ثم اسم العائلة للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم فاصلة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول من االسم‬ ‫األول للمؤلف الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم الحرف األول السم األب للمؤلف‬ ‫الثالث‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم فتح قوس‪ ،‬ثم التاريخ بامليالدي‪ ،‬ثم إغالق‬ ‫القوس‪ ،‬ثم نقطة‪ ،‬ثم العنوان (مرومن) بحروف مائلة والحرف األول من‬ ‫‪Submission Guidelines, the Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Humanities and Management Sciences and Basic and Applied Sciences, 9th edition, 24/05/2021‬‬

Effects of Temperature and Salinity on the Growth ‫تأثير درجة الحرارة وتركيز امللوحة في نمو وبقاء أسماك البلطي‬ Performance and Survival of Blue Tilapia Oreochromis Oreochromis Aureus (Steindachner, 1864) ‫األزرق‬ Aureus (Steindachner, 1864) An Overview of Query Processing on Crowdsourced ‫نظرة عامة على معالجة االستعالم في قواعد بيانات التعهيد‬ Databases ‫الجماعي‬ ّ ‫الدور العالجي لألستازانتين في‬ The Therapeutic Role of Astaxanthin in Countering the ‫الحد من تأثيرات الكادميوم على بنية‬ ‫ووظيفة الجهاز التكاثري الذكري‬ Effects of Cadmium on the Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive System ‫اإلنتاج املتكامل لسمك القط اآلسيوي‬ Integrated Production of Asian Catfish (Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch) and Money Plant (Epipremnum Aureum ‫) وشجرة املال‬Heteropneustes Fossilis Bloch( Linden & André): A Promising Aquaponics System :)Epipremnum Aureum Linden & André( ‫كنظام زراعة مائية واعد‬ The Fishing Effort of the Fisheries Sector in the Iraqi Marine ‫تأثير جهد الصيد على قطاع الصيد الحرفي في املياه البحرية‬ Waters ‫العراقية‬ Minimising the Heat Affected Zone in the Laser Cutting of Ti-6Al-4V ‫تقليل املنطقة املتأثرة بالحرارة في القطع بالليزر أللواح‬ Ti-6Al-4V Sheets using the Monte Carlo Method ‫باستعمال طريقة مونت كارلو‬ Evaluation of Mothers' Knowledge about Autism: Saudi ‫ دراسة على املجتمع السعودي‬:‫تقييم مدى معرفة األمهات بالتوحد‬ Arabia Fresh Water Fish in the Lower Part of Al-Asaad Lake in Syria ‫أسماك املياه العذبة في القسم السفلي لبحيرة األسد في سوريا‬ Quality Assessment of Frying Oil from some Restaurants in ‫تقييم جودة زيوت القلي في بعض مطاعم مدينة األحساء باململكة‬ Al-Ahsa City, Saudi Arabia ‫العربية السعودية‬ Assessing Degree of Desertification Using Tasselled Cap ‫تقييم درجات التصحر باستخدام تقنيات تحويل الغطاء الخضري‬ Transformation and Spectral Indicators Techniques: Iraq ‫ العراق‬:‫واملؤشرات الطيفية‬ Nutrient Components and Antioxidant Activity in Hassawi ‫محتوى األرز الحساوي واألرز البسمتي من املغذيات ومضادات‬ Rice and Basmati Rice Varieties ‫األكسدة‬ Malaria Prevention and Mothers: Sudan ‫ السودان‬:‫األمهات والوقاية من املالريا‬ Improvement of Tannase Production from Bacillus Bacteria ‫تحسين ظروف إنتاج اإلنزيم املحلل للتانينات من البكتريا العصوية‬ by Submerged Fermentation of Spent Tea ‫عن طريق التخمير املغمور لثفل الشاي‬ Diagnosis of Diseases Based on Iridology Using Fuzzy Logic ‫تشخيص األمراض باالعتماد على تخطيط القزحية باستخدام‬ ‫املنطق الغامض‬ ‫تحليل قياس ي للعالقة التكاملية بين اإلنفاق االستهالكي لألرز‬ An Econometric Analysis of the Integrative Relationship between Rice Consumption Expenditure and ‫ السعودية كحالة‬:‫وعوامل االقتصاد الكلي املختارة‬ Macroeconomics Factors: Saudi Arabia Opportunistic Bacteria Isolated from Trypauchen Vagina Trypauchen Vagina ‫البكتيريا االنتهازية املعزولة من أسماك‬ Fish that Infected with Protozoan from Iraq Marine Water ‫املصابة بالطفيليات األولية في املياه البحرية العراقية‬ Dental Erosion Among Secondary Schoolchildren: Sudan ‫ السودان‬:‫تعرية األسنان لدى طالب املرحلة الثانوية‬ The Effect of Adding Xanthan Gum as a Fat Replacer on ‫تأثير إضافة صمغ الكزانتان كبديل عن الدهن في خصائص جودة‬ ‫برجر اللحم البقري‬ Quality Characteristics of Beef Burger Development of a General Equation for Intensity-Duration‫ العراق‬:)IDF( ‫التردد‬-‫املدة‬-‫تطوير املعادلة العامة للشدة‬ Frequency (IDF): Iraq Influence of Fat Burners and Functional Foods on Lipid ‫فاعلية حارقات الدهون واألغذية الوظيفية في مرتسم دهون الدم‬ Profile of Obese Rats ‫للجرذان املصابة بالسمنة‬ ّ Determining the Genetic Action of Water and Nitrogen ‫تحديد الفعل الوراثي لكفاءة استعمال املياه واآلزوت في الذرة‬ ّ Utilisation Efficiency in Maize (Zea Mays L.) )Zea Mays L.( ‫الصفراء‬ Spectroscopic Investigation of Laser-Induced Graphene ‫التحقق الطيفي لبالزما الجرافين املحتثة بالليزر‬ Plasma The Relationship Between Cadmium Levels and ‫العالقة بين مستويات الكادميوم ومستويات هرمون التستوستيرون‬ Testosterone Levels in a Sample of Aleppo City Residents ‫لدى عينة من سكان حلب‬ Lexicographic Repair Under Querying Prioritised DL-Lite ‫اإلصالح الخطي لالستعالم عن قواعد معرفة ذات األولوية باملنطق‬ Knowledge Bases ‫الخفيف‬ Gender-Specific Prevalence of Ischemic Heart Disease ‫معدل انتشار داء القلب اإلقفارى حسب الجنس بين مرض ى قسم‬ among Emergency-Department Patients: Saudi Arabia ‫ السعودية‬:‫الطوارئ‬ Security Assessment of Large-Scale IT Infrastructure ‫تقويم أمن البنية التحتية لتقنية املعلومات في املنشآت الكبيرة‬ Design of A Perfect Metamaterial Absorber for Microwave ‫تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال‬ Applications ‫لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬ ‫الدراسات الباثولوجية النسيجية على املبيد الحشري‬ Toxico-Pathological Studies of the Insecticide Metasystox-R (Oxydemeton-Methyl) in Rabbits ‫أر (أوكسيديميتون ميثايل) على األرانب‬-‫ميتاسيستوكس‬ Micrografting Compatibility Between Two Almond ‫التوافق بالتطعيم الدقيق بين صنفين من اللوز وأربعة أنواع برية‬ Cultivars and Four Wild Species Smell in Industrial Design: A Systematic Review ‫ مراجعة منهجية‬:‫الرائحة في التصميم الصناعي‬ Predicting Shear Stress Parameters in Consolidated Drained ‫التنبؤ بمقاييس إجهاد القص في حالة التصلب والتصرف‬ Conditions Using Artificial Intelligence Methods ‫باستخدام أساليب الذكاء االصطناعي‬