Conditioning for Soccer : Scientific Basis

Conditioning for Soccer: Scientific Basis

Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach

2017 São Paulo – BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.com

Conditioning for Soccer Game Characteristics - I

●

Open Motor Skills

●

Collective and Individual Motor Actions

●

Tactical Game System

Conditioning for Soccer Game Characteristics - II ● ●

● ●

Intermittent Character of Efforts Distance Traveled (~10,4 Km - raging: 8-13 Km) HR (~80% HRmax) Various Eccentric Contractions (jumps, abrupt stops, change of direction)

(Reilly et al, 1988)

Conditioning for Soccer Motor Skills ●

Pass

●

Dribble

●

Kick

●

Heading (offensive or defensive)

●

Ball Control

●

Disarm

Conditioning for Soccer Tactical Systems - I 4-4-2

4-1-3-2

4-3-3

4-2-3-1

5-3-2

4-3-2-1

4-5-1

4-1-4-1

3-5-2

And Other

Marking: Individual, Area, and\or Mixed

Conditioning for Soccer Tactical Systems - II ●

Defensive Zone

●

Offensive Zone DZ

●

Construction Zone

(Melo, 2000)

CZ

OZ

Conditioning for Soccer Tactical Systems - III â—?

Teaching Styles of the Tactical Systems DIRECT

INDIRECT

What \ To \ When

Freedom to the Athlete

Efficient, Objective

Explore and Experience

Few Interpretation Failures

Try, Make Mistakes, Question

Group Control

Takes Time

Little Individuality

Initial Phase of Teaching

Little Creativity

Challenges

(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Total Distance Traveled ●

Mildfielders: ~10,9Km

●

Defenders: ~9,8Km

●

Offensive: ~10,4Km

●

Goalkeepers: ~4Km

(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer Type of Movement ●

Stationary

●

Walking – 5Km\h

●

Slow Running – 11Km\h

●

Mean Running – 15Km\h

●

Accelerate Running – 18Km\h

●

Sprint – 24Km\h

●

Sprint Max – 27Km\h

●

Back Running – 3-21km\h

●

Side Running – 0-21Km\h (D'Ortavio & Tranquilli, 1993)

Conditioning for Soccer Distances Covered (First and Second Half) SPEED

FIRST HALF (m)

SECOND HALF (m)

SIGNIFICANCE

0-11 Km\h

3496+\-148

3535+\-302

P<0,05

11,1-14 Km\h

851+\-188

803+\-187

P<0,0001

14,1-19 Km\h

894+\-251

865+\-255

P<0,05

19,1-23 Km\h

304+\-118

301+\-110

NS

>23 Km\h

165+\-95

172+\-94

NS

With the Ball

104+\-62

109+\-61

NS

TOTAL

5709+\-485

5684+\-663

NS

(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer Distances Covered (Work Intensities) Positions

0-11 Km\h

11,1-14 Km\h

14,1-19 Km\h

19,1-23 Km\h

>23 Km\h

Central Defender

7080+\420

1380+\232*

1257+\244*

397+\114*

215+\100*

External Defender

7012+\377

1590+\257*

1730+\262*

652+\179*

402+\165*

Central Midfield

7061+\272

1965+\288*

2116+\369**

627+\184*

248+\116*

External Midfield

6960+\601

1743+\309*

1987+\412**

738+\174*

446+\161**

Forward

6958+\438

1562+\295*

1683+\413*

621+\161*

404+\140**

(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer Bioenergetic POSITIONS

ATP-CP

Anaerobic Lactic

Aerobic

Midfielder

60%

20%

20%

Winger

80%

20%

0%

Attacker

80%

20%

0%

Goalkeeper

80%

20%

0%

(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Anthropometric Profile - I ●

U15 – U17 – U-20 (range 12-19 years old)

Variables

GK

ED

CD

CM

EM

F

Weight (Kg)

67,48+\11,57*

58,81+\9,19

70,03+\9,81*

62,13+\10,27

58,04+\10,76

61,18+\12,08

Height (cm)

172,49+\8,43*

167,32+\8,35

175,07+\7,27*

168,25+\8,39

166,04+\9,52

168,41+\9,68

BMI (Kg.m)

22,53+\2,44*

20,87+\1,78

22,76+\2,16*

21,79+\2,18

20,87+\2,41

21,33+\2,36

Endo

2,91+\0,70*

2,52+\0,63

2,92+\0,92*

2,65+\0,66

2,36+\0,63

2,38+\0,64

Meso

4,11+\0,99

3,72+\0,90

4,01+\1,12

3,93+\0,96

3,75+\0,86

4,03+\1,29

Ecto

2,58+\0,98

3,01+\0,80

2,61+\0,89*

2,64+\0,95

2,98+\1,08

2,90+\0,90

(Adapted from Lago-Peñas et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Anthropometric Profile - II â&#x2014;?

First Division (n=57) VARIABLES

GK

Forward

Midfield

Defender

F

P

Age (years)

25,2

22,7

23,4

23,3

--

--

Playing Experience (y)

14,9

13,8

12,1

13,1

--

--

Body Mass (Kg)

80,1*

76,8

76,1

79,1

0,6008

0,6189

Body Height (cm)

182,1*

179,2

179,6

182,2

0,4477

0,7205

Fat Tissue (%)

20,2*

15,0

14,4

13,9

5,1292

0,0049

(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)

Conditioning for Soccer Biomotor Capabilities ●

Endurance

●

Strength

●

Speed

●

Agility

●

Coordination

●

Flexibility

(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)

Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - I ●

ATP-CP (Resynthesis of Phosphocreatine Via)

●

Anaerobic Lactic (Lactate: ~3-12 mmol\L)

●

Aerobic (~70-75% VO2max)

(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)

Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - II ●

●

Acyclic and Complex Characteristics Requirements of Technical Parameters, Tactical and Psychological

●

Anaerobic Power Alactic and Lactica

●

Distances: 5-30m

●

Reduced Games ¨¨

(Toledo, 2013)

Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - III â&#x2014;?

DIFFERENCES: playing position and playing style CATEGORY

VO2max (ml\Kg\min)

U-17

56,95+\-3,60

U-20

58,13+\-3,21

Firts Division

56,58+\-5,03

Goalkeepers

~50-55

(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005 ; Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008)

Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - IV â&#x2014;?

Youth Soccer Players TESTS

Defender (n=20)

Midfielder (n=25)

Forward (n=15)

P

1548+\-695

1932+\-740

2283+\-780

1971+\-935

NS

VO2max (ml\Kg\min)

55,1+\-8,5

53,2+\-6,8

57,9+\-5,1

56,5+\-4,9

NS

HRmax (bpm)

198+\-6

197+\-8

201+\-7

204+\-7

NS

Running Time (s)

577+\-56

585+\-79

627+\-80

593+\-71

NS

Body Mass (Kg)

54,6+\-7,3

56,2+\-6,2

52,2+\-9,6

43,9+\-9,5

0,001**

YYIER (m)

Goalkeeper (n=10)

(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - V â&#x2014;?

Interval Training WORKING PERIOD

GOAL

Average Duration (~4min)

Increase Distance Traveled Increase Number of Sprints Increase Engagement with the Ball

Short Duration (~30s)

Increase Anaerobic Power Increase VO2max

Ultra Short Duration (<10s)

Increase Speed Increase Endurance Speed

(Adapted from Moreira et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - VI â&#x2014;?

Game Based Conditioning Drills REDUCED GAMES

RAST Test (pre-post)

GROUP 01:

886,27+\-228,79 Watts

1:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:4

850,82+\-145,02 Watts

GROUP 02:

877,69+\-240,09 Watts

5:5, 6:6, 7:7 and 8:8

791,39+\-141,42 Watts

(Adapted from Fernandes & Navarro, 2014)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - I

Anatomical Adaptation

METABOLIC Adaptations

Hypertrophy Maximum Force Power

NEURAL Adaptations

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - II TYPE OF STRENGTH

CHARACTERISTICS

RELATIVE Strength

Carrying Bodyweight Acceleration Deceleration

ABSOLUTE Strength

Moving an External Force (Opponent and \ or Ball)

(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - III Tactical Function

Strength Manifestations

Attackers

Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints Force

Midfielders

Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints Force, Stroke Force

Defenders

Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints Force, Stroke Force

Goalkeepers

Reactive Force, Fast Force Endurance, Explosive Force

(Adapted from Bompa, 2001 ; Pombo, 1998)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - IV ●

Muscle Biopsies (MHC) – Youth Soccer Players

GROUP

A

B

C

AGE (years)

11,2+\0,4 13,1+\0,5 15,2+\0,6

Years of Training

3,7+\1,5 6,6+\1,6 8,0+\1,1

Fibers Type I

__

__

21,3%*

Fibers Type IIA

+18,1%

+18,4% __

CSA

__

**

**

P

NMF

Satellite Cells

p<0,01* 482+\ -182

80+\40

508+\ -203

97+\40

0,05** 527+\ <p<0,00 -312 1

87+\40

___

(Adapted from Metaxas et al, 2014)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - V ●

Maximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players – Part 1 Cohort

GROUP

T1 Front Squat (Kg)

T2 Front Squat (Kg)

Changes T1-T2 (%)

A (U-19)

STG

53,8+\-6,8

106,2+\-10

101,6+\-43*

CG

54,5+\-6,9

65+\-10

20,9+\-22,9

STG

46,2+\-7,4

97,8+\-13,3

115,1+\-34,4*

CG

35,6+\-7,5

51,5+\-10,1

49,8+\-39,6

STG

21,4+\-8,5

81,4+\-14,4

CG

25,7+\-13,3

36,1+\-6,6

312,5+\118,6* 62,3+\-53,8

B (U-17)

C (U-15)

(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - VI ●

Maximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players - Part 2 Cohort

GROUP

T1 Back Squat (Kg)

T2 Back Squat (Kg)

Changes T1-T2 (%)

A (U-19)

STG

61,2+\-10

120,4+\-11,4

101,6+\-37*

CG

69,5+\-12,9

87,7+\-10,1

29,2+\-22,7

STG

52+\-10,7

113+\-15,2

123+\-38,5*

CG

41,7+\-11,6

65+\-11,2

67+\-51,4

STG

25+\-9,6

90+\-13,5

CG

32,9+\-16,1

46,8+\-10,9

290,9+\107,8* 59,7+\-43,4

B (U-17)

C (U-15)

(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - VII ●

Two Teams – (n=29) - Norwegian Elite Division TESTS (Average Results)

ABSOLUTE Strength

RELATIVE Strength

1RM Squat (Kg)

150 (17,2)

8,0 (0,9) Kg.mb

1RM Bench Press (Kg)

79,9 (13,6)

4,4 (0,8) Kg.mb

Vertical Jump (cm)

54,9 (5,3)

____

(Adapted from Wisloff et al, 1998)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - VIII ●

1RM Back Squats (2s\w – 6 weeks) – Youth Players TYPE OF STRENGTH

BEFORE

AFTER

Effect Size (d)

ABSOLUTE (Kg)

125,4+\-13,78

149,3+\-16,62*

0,62

RELATIVE (Kg.Kg.-1)

1,66+\-0,24

1,96+\-0,29*

0,45

*p<0,001 (Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - IX

TESTS

First Division

Second Division

Amateur

F Ratio

P

SJ (cm)

38,48 (3,80)

33,86 (7,47)

39,83 (5,15)

9,71

P<0,001

CMJ (cm)

41,56 (4,18)

39,71 (5,17)

43,93 (5,65)

5,59

P<0,01

Ball Speed (Km\h)

106,37 (12,89)

106,94 (7,52)

107,77 (5,71)

0,19

0,83

(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - X â&#x2014;?

Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14

TESTS

Goalkeeper (n=10)

Vertical Jump (cm) Ball Shooting (Km\h) Body Mass (Kg)

52,5+\5,7

Defender (n=20) 54,3+\7,7

Midfielder (n=25) 53,2+\12,9

Forward (n=15) 53,9+\6,1

73,4+\13,3

73,1+\12,1

76,3+\8,9

67,9+\13,3

NS

54,6+\7,3

56,2+\6,2

52,2+\9,6

43,9+\9,5

0,001**

(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)

P NS

Conditioning for Soccer Strength - XI â&#x2014;?

Isocinetic Evaluation of Lower Limb Muscle Power GROUP

60 degrees \ second Extension \ Flexion

300 degrees \ second Extension \ Flexion

Defender Center Forward

225+\-26,9 \ 132+\-22,7 Nm*

181,2+\-181 \ 155,3+\-22,7 Nm

Midfielder

221,8+\-47,12 \ 139+\-29,3 Nm*

185,6+\-76,5 \ 147+\-33,1 Nm

Full Back Winger

214+\-19,72 \ 134+\-21,9 Nm

197,7+\-31,7 \ 66,8+\-19,1 Nm*

(Adapted from Rinaldi et al, no date)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - I ●

Perception

●

Anticipation

●

Reaction

●

Movement

●

Acceleration

●

Displacement

SPEED Endurance

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - II

TESTS

First Division

Second Division

Amateur

F Ratio

P

10m (s)

1,804 (0,063)

1,818 (0,058)

1,859 (0,075)

5,20

P<0,01

30m (s)

4,223 (0,192)

4,249 (0,147)

4,294 (0,141)

1,30

0,28

(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - III â&#x2014;?

Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14 TESTS

Goalkeeper (n=10)

Defender (n=20)

Midfielder (n=25)

Forward (n=15)

P

10m sprint (s)

2,06+\0,12

2,09+\0,23

2,05+\0,14

2,07+\0,15

NS

30m sprint (s)

4,92+\0,32

4,81+\0,36

4,82+\0,31

4,96+\0,40

NS

Body Mass (Kg)

54,6+\7,3

56,2+\6,2

52,2+\9,6

43,9+\9,5

0,001**

(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - IV â&#x2014;?

1 RM BS+RD+NL in Short Sprints (2s\w per 6 weeks) TESTS

BEFORE

AFTER

Effect Size (d)

5-m sprint (s)

1,11+\-0,04

1,05+\-0,03*

0,55

10-m sprint (s)

1,83+\-0,05

1,78+\-0,05*

0,45

20-m sprint (s)

3,09+\-0,07

3,05+\-0,05*

0,31

*p<0,001 (Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - V â&#x2014;?

Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-10 to U15) Category

20m sprint

0-10m split

10-20m split

U-10

4,82

4,33

5,46

U-11

4,85

4,22

5,62

U-12

5,14

4,59

5,88

U-13

5,24

4,44

6,25

U-14

5,71

4,98

6,80

U-15

5,80

5,03

6,94

(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - VI â&#x2014;?

Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-16 to U-21) Category

20m sprint

0-10m split

10-20m split

U-16

5,99

5,15

7,35

U-17

6,33

5,43

7,52

U-18

6,21

5,38

7,63

U-19

6,47

5,46

7,87

U-20

6,43

5,59

7,75

U-21

6,25

5,38

7,81

(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - VII â&#x2014;?

Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-25 to U-35)

Category

20m sprint

0-10m split

10-20m split

U-25

6,43

5,46

7,81

U-30

6,23

5,35

7,63

U-35

6,29

5,35

7,58

(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - VIII ●

Anaerobic Speed Endurance Training (2 s\w – 4 weeks) TRAINING

YYIR-2

RST

P

Speed Endurance Production (SEP)

+50,0+\-8,0%*

+2,1+\-0,3%

<0,001

Speed Endurance Maintenance (SEM)

+26,0+\-5,0%

+1,3+\-0,4%

0,03*

TRAINING

RST Fatigue Index

Peak and Average Speed

___

Speed Endurance Production (SEP)

-4,4+\-0,8 to 3,4+\-0,5%**

24,5+\-0,3 vs 19,2+\-0,3 Km\h-1

<0,04**

Speed Endurance Maintenance (SEM)

___

15,5+\-0,1 vs 9,4+\-0,1 Km\h-1

___

(Adapted from Mohr & Krustrup, 2016)

Conditioning for Soccer Speed - IX â&#x2014;?

Correlation of the Explosive Force of the Soccer Players Lower Limbs with Sprint Speeds:

a) 10m (r=-0,74) b) 20m (r=-0,73) c) 30m (r=-0,81) d) 40m (r=-0,88)

(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)

Conditioning for Soccer Agility - I â&#x2014;?

Multi-directional Nature: a) Physiological Capacities b) Biomechanical Abilities c) Advanced Cognitive Strategies

(Wheeler, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer Agility - II TYPES

CHARACTERISTICS

SIMPLE

Planned Movement Planned Enviroment

TEMPORAL

Planned Movement Unplanned Enviroment

SPATIAL

Unplanned Movement Planned Enviroment

UNIVERSAL

Unplanned Movement Unplanned Enviroment

(Wheeler, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer Agility - III â&#x2014;?

Multi-directional Sprints Movements: a) Stability b) Balance

â&#x2014;?

Sport-specific Movements: 1) Dynamic State (Deceleration) 2) Static State (Stopping to Change Direction) 3) Dynamic State (Reacceleration) (Lockie et al, 2016)

Conditioning for Soccer Agility - IV POSITIONS

0-10m

0-20m

0-40m

T-test

CODAT

Anterolateral

0,157

0,149

0,446

0,502*

0,804**

Lateral

0,103

0,181

0,394

0,679**

0,547*

Posterolateral

0,232

-0,131

0,050

0,218

0,597*

Posteromedial

0,682**

0,319

0,429

0,379

0,594*

Medial

0,065

0,000

0,135

-0,109

0,176

Anteromedial

0,201

0,171

0,233

0,313

0,112

P<0,05*

P<0,01**

(Adapted from Lockie et al, 2016)

Conditioning for Soccer Coordination

●

Eye-foot

●

Eye-hand

●

Orientation spatiotemporal

●

Laterality

●

Precision

●

Anticipatory Timing

Conditioning for Soccer Flexibility

â&#x2014;?

Mobility

â&#x2014;?

Elasticity a) Plastic Components b) Elastic Components (Dantas, 1999 ; Boyle, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Physical Conditioning ●

General Physical Preparation

●

Physical Preparation Specific: a) Individualized Tactic by Function b) Team Style of Play

Conditioning for Soccer Training Types ●

Technical

●

Physical

●

Technical-tactical

●

Technical-physical

●

Technical-tactical-physical

Conditioning for Soccer Physical Assessment - I 1) FIELD TESTING ●

●

Endurance (VO2max, Yo-Yo test, etc) Strength (SJ, CMJ, HJ, DJ, SBJ, BPT, 1RM Squat, Bench Press, Deadlift, etc)

●

Agility (10m shuttle run, Zig-zag agility, T-test, Pro-agility, etc)

●

Speed (5, 10, 15, 20, 30m sprint, etc)

●

Position-specific drills

●

FMS + Y-Balance Test + Global Postural Analysis 2) LABORATORY TESTING

●

Isokinetic evaluation, Wingate test, Medical Injury Evaluation, Biochemical Tests, Endocrine Tests, Dental evaluation, etc

Conditioning for Soccer Physical Assessment - II â&#x2014;?

Biochemical Tests Hemoglobin

Erythrocytes

Iron

Glucose

Ferritin

Parasitological Stool

Transferrin

Urinalysis

Hematocrit

Biological Markers

(Santos Silva et al, 1999)

Conditioning for Soccer Physical Assessment - III ●

Periodicity

●

Forms of Analysis

●

Structural Resources

●

Staff Resources

●

QUESTIONS: a) What to do? b) How to make? c) Why do? d) It is efficient?

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - I â&#x2014;?

Periferic Fatigue ** a) Neuromuscular *** b) Cardiovascular * c) Metabolic **

â&#x2014;?

Central Fatigue (Noakes, 2000 ; Mohr et al, 2005 ; Bangsbo et al, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - II

VISIBLE Fatigue

HIDDEN Fatigue

Acute

Chronic

Nonresidual

Residual

Compensatory

Risk of Overreaching Non-functional

Noncompensatory

Risk of Overtraining

(Adapted from Platonov apud Vretaros, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - III â&#x2014;?

SYMPTOMS: 1) Physiological 2) Biochemists 3) Immunological 4) Psychological

(Checchi, 2013)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - IV â&#x2014;?

MEASURING the Physiological Stress of Fatigue: a) Ck b) Testosterone\Cortisol Ratio c) LDH d) Neuromuscular Tests e) Scales of Subjective Perception

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - V ●

Glycogen

●

Dehydration

●

Proprioception

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - VI â&#x2014;?

GLYCOGEN: a) Fast twitch fibers

b) Slow-twitch fibers

(287,4+\-41,2 mmol\glucose)

(182,2+\-34,5 mmol\glucose)

(Nicholas et al, 1999)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - VII ●

DEHYDRATION:

●

(n=156) Professional Soccer Players a) 0,6% Hydrated b) 9,0% Minimal Dehydration c) 76,9% Significant Dehydration d) 13,5% Serious Dehydration

(Castro-Sepúlveda et al, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - VIII â&#x2014;?

DEHYDRATION: a) CMJ (-2,6%) b) 3 sets of sprints of 30 m (-8,2%)

(Mohr et al, 2010)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - IX â&#x2014;?

DEHYDRATION \ HYDRATION: a) Pre, during and post Game b) Water, Carbohydrate and Electrolytes c) Hyperhydration d) Acclimatization e) Clothing f) Body Weight Control g) Urine Control (Vretaros, 1998 ; Monteiro et al, 2003)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - X ●

PROPRIOCEPTION:

●

Muscle Responses in Extremely Fast Conditions a) Joint Stability b) Muscle Stability c) Proprioceptive Feedback d) INJURIES ¨¨ (Ergen & Ulkar, 2008 ; Santos Silva et al, 2006)

Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - XI â&#x2014;?

SPRINTS ABILITY MUSCLE FACTORS

Muscle Excitability, Limitations on Energy Supply, Accumulation of Metabolites

NEURAL FACTORS

Neural Unit, Muscle Recruitment Strategies

OTHERS

Regulation of Muscle Stiffness, Environmental Disturbances

(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Biomechanics of the Kick - I â&#x2014;?

Kinesiological Analysis: Sagittal Plane and Frontal Axis a) Knee (sudden and rapid extension) b) Hip Flexion c) Contraction of the Core d) Ankle (plantar flexion) 1) Dominant Leg 2) Non-dominant Leg (Adapted from Machado et al, 2014)

Conditioning for Soccer Biomechanics of the Kick - II ●

Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 1

VARIABLES

K-1

K-2

K-3

K-4

K-5

LAV

40,26+\0,43

40,06+\0,53

39,87+\0,50

39,50+\0,51

32,28+\0,46*

TAV

18,83+\ -0,29

18,80+\0,25

18,74+\0,23

18,60+\0,21

18,51+\0,21

LM

92,13+\0,98

91,66+\1,21

91,23+\1,14

89,78+\1,16*

89,26+\1,05*

TM

20,58+\0,32

20,54+\0,27

20,48+\0,26

20,22+\0,23

20,12+\0,23

(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Biomechanics of the Kick - III ●

Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 2

VARIABLES

K-6

K-7

K-8

K-9

K-10

LAV

39,04+\0,35*

39,02+\0,29*

38,81+\0,31*

38,09+\0,19*

37,67+\0,41*

TAV

18,23+\0,19*

18,17+\0,34*

18,09+\0,21*

17,87+\0,08*

17,67+\0,18*

LM

88,74+\0,79*

88,68+\0,65*

86,82+\0,69*

85,21+\0,43*

84,27+\0,92*

TM

19,82+\0,21*

19,65+\0,37*

19,56+\0,22*

19,32+\0,08*

19,11+\0,19*

(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - I

EXTRINSIC Factors

INTRINSIC Factors

Environment, Playing Field, Equipment, Game Rules, etc Muscle Weakness, Instability, Fatigue, Lack of Flexibility

( Marujo, 2014)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - II

●

In Training (54,54%)

●

In Matches (45,45%)

(Nascimento et al, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - III â&#x2014;?

Most Injuries in the Lower Limbs: a) Knee b) Thigh c) Ankle d) Fatigue Injuries (Costa, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - IV SLIGHT Injury

1 to 3 days of absence

MILD Injury

3 to 7 days of absence

MODERATE Injury

8 to 28 days of absence

SERIOUS Injury

Above 28 days of absence

(Checchi, 2013)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - V â&#x2014;?

Severity of Injury \ Duration of Absence Period: 1) Trauma Severity 2) Nature of Injured Tissue 3) Intensity Cure 4) Age of Athlete 5) Treatment and Rehabilitation Particularities 6) Character the Training Activity (Platonov, 2008)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - VI LINE PLAYERS Incidence Pattern

AUTHOR

2,42 per 1000 hours

Pedrinelli et al, 2013

7,2 per 1000 hours

Dias, 2011

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - VII GOALKEEPERS Incidence Pattern

ENVIRONMENT

27,9 per 1000 hours

In Matches

23,6 per 1000 hours

In Training

(Strand et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - VIII â&#x2014;?

Female Soccer Players Ankle (16)

Leg (02)

Shoulder (04)

Ligament (10)

Hand (01)

Fracture (04)

Finger (01)

Dislocation (01)

Lumbar (01)

Muscle (02)

Pelvis \ Sacro (01)

Sprain (10)

Thigh (02)

Other (03)

Knee (06)

Without Diagnosis (04)

(Berredo & Malschik, 2010)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - IX â&#x2014;?

Professional Male Soccer Players - One Season Ankle Sprains Low Back Pain (18.18%) (18.18%) Thigh Distension (18.18%)

Tendonitis (9.09%)

Knee Dislocation (9.09%)

Direct Mechanical Contact (36.36%)

Knee Sprains (18.18%)

Repetitive Overload (27.27%)

Contusion (9,09%)

Midfielders (44.44%) (Nascimento et al, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - X â&#x2014;?

Male Amateur Soccer Players - 01 Championship 43% Minor Injuries

10% Knee

33% Moderate Injury

10% Leg

24% Serious Injuries

10% Upper Extremities

38% Thigh

5% Foot

24% Ankle

5% Trunk

(Adapted from Zanuto et al, 2010)

Conditioning for Soccer Knee Injuries â&#x2014;?

LCA in Soccer Players

EXTERNAL Factors

INTERNAL Factors

Level of Competition Number of Matches in the Season Sports Shoes Age, Sex Anatomical Changes Joint Stability Strength, Agility, Coordination History of Injuries

(Fernandes, 2007)

Conditioning for Soccer Ankle Injuries - I ●

Young Soccer Players (15-17 years old)

INCIDENCE

CAUSE

36%

Direct Trauma

43%

Field of Play

7% 14%

Obstacles (stepping on the ball, on the foot, etc.)

Body Imbalance

86%

Inversion Sprains

14%

Eversion Sprains (Beirão & Marques, 2008)

Conditioning for Soccer Ankle Injuries - II FUNCTION

INCIDENCE

Defenders

21%

Left Lateral

7%

Midfielders

36%

Attackers

36%

(BeirĂŁo & Marques, 2008)

Conditioning for Soccer Hip Injuries - I â&#x2014;?

Pubalgia MECHANISM Hip Rotators

Hamstrings and\or Iliopsoas Sacroiliac Joint

CAUSE Compensatory Movements (internal and\or external) Shear Shortening Instability Reduced Mobility

(Azevedo et al, 1999 ; Oliveira, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Hip Injuries - II â&#x2014;?

MUSCLES in PUBALGIA: a) Rectus Abdominis b) Long Adductor c) Gluteus Medius

(Silva et al, 2011)

Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - I â&#x2014;?

HAMSTRING: a) Femoral Biceps b) Semitendinous c) Semimembranous

(Kamel, 2004)

Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - II ●

Predominant Injury Mechanism: High-speed Running

●

Accelerations

●

Decelerations

●

Eccentric Actions: a) Hip (flexion) b) Knee (reduction of flexion) (Duhig et al, 2016 ; Rodrigues et al, 2007 ; Carlson, 2008)

Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - III ●

Balance of Musculature Index: a) Quadriceps b) Hamstring

●

Deficit of 10%

(Gonçalves, 2000)

Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - IV ●

Type of Evaluation Employed

●

Deficit of Eccentric Strength

●

Unilateral or Bilateral Deficit in quadriceps \ hamstring ratio

●

Fatigue

●

Performance Level

(Navarro et al, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Loads versus Injuries â&#x2014;?

SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (non-contact): 1) Dose-response Relationship 2) > 10% - Week-to-week Change 3) ACUTE Training Load 4) CHRONIC Training Load 5) PEAK Loads 6) Adaptation to the Demands of Game

(Gabbett, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - I ●

Injury Problems (number, incidence, time trends, severity, consequences, impairments, disabilities and costs)

●

Etiology, Risks Factors, and Mechanisms of Injuries

●

Preventive Measure or Programme

●

Assessing the Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness of the Preventive Action

(Adapted from Parkkari, Kujala & Kannus, 2001)

Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - II Injured Soccer Player

Sports Medicine Physician

Examinations, Diagnostic Evaluation, Treatment Indication

Sports Physiotherapist

Rehabilitation, Functional Reevaluation of the Injured Limb

Physical Preparation Coach

Muscle-functional Adaptation for Sport, Specific Physical Conditioning

(Adapted from Vretaros, 2002 ; Vretaros, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - III

●

Anamnesis

●

Injury History

●

Mapping of the Most Common Injuries

●

Tests

Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - IV

●

Inspection

●

Physical Exam

●

Diagnostic Testing

(De Francesco & Inesta, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - V â&#x2014;?

FIFA 11+: a) Strength Exercises b) Plyometrics c) Core d) Stability (Costa, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - VI Warm up

Movement Learning

Proprioception Mobility CORE

Stability Strength Power

Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - VII â&#x2014;?

ADDITIONAL THERAPIES: a) Pilates b) Yoga c) Chiropractic d) Global Posture Reeducation e) Rolfing f) And others

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - I MODELS

CHARACTERISTICS

Classic

Linear, Multifaceted, Long Periods Undulatory Variations PEAK: competitive period

Conjugated

Phase 1: Accumulation Phase 2: Transmutation Phase 3: Realization

Tactic

Technical and Tactical Situations Transfer of Fractual Organization Game Model: Ensure Complexity

(Pivetti, 2012 ; Borges, 2014 ; Haff & Haff, 2015)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - II MACROCYCLE

MESOCYCLE MICROCYCLE

TRAINING UNIT

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - III ●

MICROCYCLE:

●

~ 1 week – Types: a) Incorporation b) Ordinary c) Shock d) Precompetitive e) Competitive f) Recuperative g) Control

(Dantas, 2014)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - IV â&#x2014;?

LOAD CONTROL: 1) Volume 2) Intensity 3) Density 4) Complexity

(Bompa & Haff, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - V

Five Championships in the Season ANNUAL SEASON

REGENERATIVE TRAINING

PHYSICAL TRAINING

Technical-TacticalTraining

1 game per week at 17 weeks

17 training units

17 training units

85 training units

2 games per week at 25 weeks

50 training units

____

75 training units

TOTAL: 42 weeks Mean of 67 games

Total: 67 training units

Total: 17 training units

Total: 160 training units

(Carravetta, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - VI Three Championships in the Season ANNUAL SEASON

REGENERATIVE TRAINING

PHYSICAL TRAINING

Technical-TacticalTraining

1 game per week at 28 weeks

28 training units

56 training units

112 trainng units

2 games per week at 14 weeks

28 training units

___

70 training units

TOTAL: 42 weeks and 56 games

TOTAL: 56 training units

TOTAL: 56 training units

TOTAL: 182 training units

(Carravetta, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - VII ●

U-15 – Traditional Periodization P1

P2

P3

P4

PHYSICAL

54%

31%

43%

18%

TECHNIQUE

28%

37%

30%

38%

TACTIC

18%

32%

27%

44%

Total Hours

59,4

45,7

41,6

65,1

Number of Microcycles

7

6

5

9

Mean Hours \ Microcycle

8,5

7,6

8,3

7,3

Mean Hours \ Session

1,7

1,5

1,7

1,5

(Alves et al, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - VIII MONTHS â&#x2014;?

DURATION (minutes)

Intensity % HR max Training Sessions

January

3287

76,89

February

1829

80,05

March

1062

73.01

April

1761

82,26

May

2575

80,24

June

2100

80,98

July

1680

81,32

August

2175

78,04

September

1425

71,31

October

2085

79,86

November

1955

81,39

Mean

1994+\-586,15

79,40+\-2,62

Professional Soccer Players

(Oaks & Simali-Garcia, 2013)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - IX â&#x2014;?

Professional Soccer Players Type of Training

Session Length

Weekly Frequency T1 - T2

T2 - T3

WF Variation T1-T2 to T2-T3

Recovery

30 min

4

2

-50%

Aerobic

60 min

4

2

-50%

Specific Soccer

30 min

2

4

+100%

Specific Speed

40 min

2

4

+100%

Tactical

30 min

2

4

+100%

Technique

40 min

2

4

+100%

Friendly Match

60 min

3

3

0%

Recreative

60 min

1

1

0%

(Ramos da Silva et al, 2006)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - X PERIODIZATION TACTIC

Game Model

Tactical = Central Component

Physical + Technique = Subordinate

(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012 ; Silva et al, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - XI

PERIODIZATION TACTIC FORMAL GAME Open System Dynamic Complex Not Linear

(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - XII GAME MODEL + Great Principles Subprinciples Sub-principles of Sub-principles

Morphocycle of Preparation Structure + Function + Evolution (Adapted from Martins, 2003 ; Pivetti, 2012)

Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - XIII PERIODIZATION TACTIC Organizational Pattern Producing Diversity of Responses

Transfer Emergencies to Complex Units

+

Technique + Tactics + Physical + Psychological (Adapted from Scaglia, 2011 ; Silva et al, 2009)

Conditioning for Soccer Recovery & Regeneration - I

●

ACTIVE Recovery

●

PASSIVE Recovery

Conditioning for Soccer Recovery & Regeneration - II Cryotherapy

Slowdown Active

Magnetotherapy

Acupuncture

Thermotherapy

Sleep

Compression Garment

Cupping Therapy

Hyperoxia Therapy

Nutrition

Electrostimulation

And Others

(Gill et al, 2006 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Vretaros, 2015)