Conditioning for Soccer: Scientific Basis
Adriano Vretaros Strength and Conditioning Coach
2017 São Paulo – BRAZIL avretaros@gmail.com
Conditioning for Soccer Game Characteristics - I
●
Open Motor Skills
●
Collective and Individual Motor Actions
●
Tactical Game System
Conditioning for Soccer Game Characteristics - II ● ●
● ●
Intermittent Character of Efforts Distance Traveled (~10,4 Km - raging: 8-13 Km) HR (~80% HRmax) Various Eccentric Contractions (jumps, abrupt stops, change of direction)
(Reilly et al, 1988)
Conditioning for Soccer Motor Skills ●
Pass
●
Dribble
●
Kick
●
Heading (offensive or defensive)
●
Ball Control
●
Disarm
Conditioning for Soccer Tactical Systems - I 4-4-2
4-1-3-2
4-3-3
4-2-3-1
5-3-2
4-3-2-1
4-5-1
4-1-4-1
3-5-2
And Other
Marking: Individual, Area, and\or Mixed
Conditioning for Soccer Tactical Systems - II ●
Defensive Zone
●
Offensive Zone DZ
●
Construction Zone
(Melo, 2000)
CZ
OZ
Conditioning for Soccer Tactical Systems - III â—?
Teaching Styles of the Tactical Systems DIRECT
INDIRECT
What \ To \ When
Freedom to the Athlete
Efficient, Objective
Explore and Experience
Few Interpretation Failures
Try, Make Mistakes, Question
Group Control
Takes Time
Little Individuality
Initial Phase of Teaching
Little Creativity
Challenges
(Adapted from Luguetti, Tsukamoto & Dantas, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Total Distance Traveled ●
Mildfielders: ~10,9Km
●
Defenders: ~9,8Km
●
Offensive: ~10,4Km
●
Goalkeepers: ~4Km
(Gallo et al, 2010 ; Bloomfield et al, 2007)
Conditioning for Soccer Type of Movement ●
Stationary
●
Walking – 5Km\h
●
Slow Running – 11Km\h
●
Mean Running – 15Km\h
●
Accelerate Running – 18Km\h
●
Sprint – 24Km\h
●
Sprint Max – 27Km\h
●
Back Running – 3-21km\h
●
Side Running – 0-21Km\h (D'Ortavio & Tranquilli, 1993)
Conditioning for Soccer Distances Covered (First and Second Half) SPEED
FIRST HALF (m)
SECOND HALF (m)
SIGNIFICANCE
0-11 Km\h
3496+\-148
3535+\-302
P<0,05
11,1-14 Km\h
851+\-188
803+\-187
P<0,0001
14,1-19 Km\h
894+\-251
865+\-255
P<0,05
19,1-23 Km\h
304+\-118
301+\-110
NS
>23 Km\h
165+\-95
172+\-94
NS
With the Ball
104+\-62
109+\-61
NS
TOTAL
5709+\-485
5684+\-663
NS
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)
Conditioning for Soccer Distances Covered (Work Intensities) Positions
0-11 Km\h
11,1-14 Km\h
14,1-19 Km\h
19,1-23 Km\h
>23 Km\h
Central Defender
7080+\420
1380+\232*
1257+\244*
397+\114*
215+\100*
External Defender
7012+\377
1590+\257*
1730+\262*
652+\179*
402+\165*
Central Midfield
7061+\272
1965+\288*
2116+\369**
627+\184*
248+\116*
External Midfield
6960+\601
1743+\309*
1987+\412**
738+\174*
446+\161**
Forward
6958+\438
1562+\295*
1683+\413*
621+\161*
404+\140**
(Adapted from Di Salvo et al, 2007)
Conditioning for Soccer Bioenergetic POSITIONS
ATP-CP
Anaerobic Lactic
Aerobic
Midfielder
60%
20%
20%
Winger
80%
20%
0%
Attacker
80%
20%
0%
Goalkeeper
80%
20%
0%
(Adapted from Bompa & Haff, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Anthropometric Profile - I ●
U15 – U17 – U-20 (range 12-19 years old)
Variables
GK
ED
CD
CM
EM
F
Weight (Kg)
67,48+\11,57*
58,81+\9,19
70,03+\9,81*
62,13+\10,27
58,04+\10,76
61,18+\12,08
Height (cm)
172,49+\8,43*
167,32+\8,35
175,07+\7,27*
168,25+\8,39
166,04+\9,52
168,41+\9,68
BMI (Kg.m)
22,53+\2,44*
20,87+\1,78
22,76+\2,16*
21,79+\2,18
20,87+\2,41
21,33+\2,36
Endo
2,91+\0,70*
2,52+\0,63
2,92+\0,92*
2,65+\0,66
2,36+\0,63
2,38+\0,64
Meso
4,11+\0,99
3,72+\0,90
4,01+\1,12
3,93+\0,96
3,75+\0,86
4,03+\1,29
Ecto
2,58+\0,98
3,01+\0,80
2,61+\0,89*
2,64+\0,95
2,98+\1,08
2,90+\0,90
(Adapted from Lago-Peñas et al, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Anthropometric Profile - II â&#x2014;?
First Division (n=57) VARIABLES
GK
Forward
Midfield
Defender
F
P
Age (years)
25,2
22,7
23,4
23,3
--
--
Playing Experience (y)
14,9
13,8
12,1
13,1
--
--
Body Mass (Kg)
80,1*
76,8
76,1
79,1
0,6008
0,6189
Body Height (cm)
182,1*
179,2
179,6
182,2
0,4477
0,7205
Fat Tissue (%)
20,2*
15,0
14,4
13,9
5,1292
0,0049
(Adapted from Matkovic et al, 2003)
Conditioning for Soccer Biomotor Capabilities ●
Endurance
●
Strength
●
Speed
●
Agility
●
Coordination
●
Flexibility
(Campeiz & Maria, 2013)
Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - I ●
ATP-CP (Resynthesis of Phosphocreatine Via)
●
Anaerobic Lactic (Lactate: ~3-12 mmol\L)
●
Aerobic (~70-75% VO2max)
(Bangsbo, 1994 ; Silva Neto, 2013 ; Stolen et al, 2005)
Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - II ●
●
Acyclic and Complex Characteristics Requirements of Technical Parameters, Tactical and Psychological
●
Anaerobic Power Alactic and Lactica
●
Distances: 5-30m
●
Reduced Games ¨¨
(Toledo, 2013)
Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - III â&#x2014;?
DIFFERENCES: playing position and playing style CATEGORY
VO2max (ml\Kg\min)
U-17
56,95+\-3,60
U-20
58,13+\-3,21
Firts Division
56,58+\-5,03
Goalkeepers
~50-55
(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005 ; Da Silva, Bloomfield & Marins, 2008)
Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - IV â&#x2014;?
Youth Soccer Players TESTS
Defender (n=20)
Midfielder (n=25)
Forward (n=15)
P
1548+\-695
1932+\-740
2283+\-780
1971+\-935
NS
VO2max (ml\Kg\min)
55,1+\-8,5
53,2+\-6,8
57,9+\-5,1
56,5+\-4,9
NS
HRmax (bpm)
198+\-6
197+\-8
201+\-7
204+\-7
NS
Running Time (s)
577+\-56
585+\-79
627+\-80
593+\-71
NS
Body Mass (Kg)
54,6+\-7,3
56,2+\-6,2
52,2+\-9,6
43,9+\-9,5
0,001**
YYIER (m)
Goalkeeper (n=10)
(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)
Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - V â&#x2014;?
Interval Training WORKING PERIOD
GOAL
Average Duration (~4min)
Increase Distance Traveled Increase Number of Sprints Increase Engagement with the Ball
Short Duration (~30s)
Increase Anaerobic Power Increase VO2max
Ultra Short Duration (<10s)
Increase Speed Increase Endurance Speed
(Adapted from Moreira et al, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Endurance - VI â&#x2014;?
Game Based Conditioning Drills REDUCED GAMES
RAST Test (pre-post)
GROUP 01:
886,27+\-228,79 Watts
1:1, 2:2, 3:3 and 4:4
850,82+\-145,02 Watts
GROUP 02:
877,69+\-240,09 Watts
5:5, 6:6, 7:7 and 8:8
791,39+\-141,42 Watts
(Adapted from Fernandes & Navarro, 2014)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - I
Anatomical Adaptation
METABOLIC Adaptations
Hypertrophy Maximum Force Power
NEURAL Adaptations
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - II TYPE OF STRENGTH
CHARACTERISTICS
RELATIVE Strength
Carrying Bodyweight Acceleration Deceleration
ABSOLUTE Strength
Moving an External Force (Opponent and \ or Ball)
(Adapted from Stolen et al, 2005)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - III Tactical Function
Strength Manifestations
Attackers
Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints Force
Midfielders
Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints Force, Stroke Force
Defenders
Explosive, Acceleration, Deceleration, Fast Force Endurance, Jumping Force, Sprints Force, Stroke Force
Goalkeepers
Reactive Force, Fast Force Endurance, Explosive Force
(Adapted from Bompa, 2001 ; Pombo, 1998)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - IV ●
Muscle Biopsies (MHC) – Youth Soccer Players
GROUP
A
B
C
AGE (years)
11,2+\0,4 13,1+\0,5 15,2+\0,6
Years of Training
3,7+\1,5 6,6+\1,6 8,0+\1,1
Fibers Type I
__
__
21,3%*
Fibers Type IIA
+18,1%
+18,4% __
CSA
__
**
**
P
NMF
Satellite Cells
p<0,01* 482+\ -182
80+\40
508+\ -203
97+\40
0,05** 527+\ <p<0,00 -312 1
87+\40
___
(Adapted from Metaxas et al, 2014)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - V ●
Maximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players – Part 1 Cohort
GROUP
T1 Front Squat (Kg)
T2 Front Squat (Kg)
Changes T1-T2 (%)
A (U-19)
STG
53,8+\-6,8
106,2+\-10
101,6+\-43*
CG
54,5+\-6,9
65+\-10
20,9+\-22,9
STG
46,2+\-7,4
97,8+\-13,3
115,1+\-34,4*
CG
35,6+\-7,5
51,5+\-10,1
49,8+\-39,6
STG
21,4+\-8,5
81,4+\-14,4
CG
25,7+\-13,3
36,1+\-6,6
312,5+\118,6* 62,3+\-53,8
B (U-17)
C (U-15)
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - VI ●
Maximum Strength – 2 years – Youth Players - Part 2 Cohort
GROUP
T1 Back Squat (Kg)
T2 Back Squat (Kg)
Changes T1-T2 (%)
A (U-19)
STG
61,2+\-10
120,4+\-11,4
101,6+\-37*
CG
69,5+\-12,9
87,7+\-10,1
29,2+\-22,7
STG
52+\-10,7
113+\-15,2
123+\-38,5*
CG
41,7+\-11,6
65+\-11,2
67+\-51,4
STG
25+\-9,6
90+\-13,5
CG
32,9+\-16,1
46,8+\-10,9
290,9+\107,8* 59,7+\-43,4
B (U-17)
C (U-15)
(Adapted from Sander et al, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - VII ●
Two Teams – (n=29) - Norwegian Elite Division TESTS (Average Results)
ABSOLUTE Strength
RELATIVE Strength
1RM Squat (Kg)
150 (17,2)
8,0 (0,9) Kg.mb
1RM Bench Press (Kg)
79,9 (13,6)
4,4 (0,8) Kg.mb
Vertical Jump (cm)
54,9 (5,3)
____
(Adapted from Wisloff et al, 1998)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - VIII ●
1RM Back Squats (2s\w – 6 weeks) – Youth Players TYPE OF STRENGTH
BEFORE
AFTER
Effect Size (d)
ABSOLUTE (Kg)
125,4+\-13,78
149,3+\-16,62*
0,62
RELATIVE (Kg.Kg.-1)
1,66+\-0,24
1,96+\-0,29*
0,45
*p<0,001 (Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - IX
TESTS
First Division
Second Division
Amateur
F Ratio
P
SJ (cm)
38,48 (3,80)
33,86 (7,47)
39,83 (5,15)
9,71
P<0,001
CMJ (cm)
41,56 (4,18)
39,71 (5,17)
43,93 (5,65)
5,59
P<0,01
Ball Speed (Km\h)
106,37 (12,89)
106,94 (7,52)
107,77 (5,71)
0,19
0,83
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - X â&#x2014;?
Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14
TESTS
Goalkeeper (n=10)
Vertical Jump (cm) Ball Shooting (Km\h) Body Mass (Kg)
52,5+\5,7
Defender (n=20) 54,3+\7,7
Midfielder (n=25) 53,2+\12,9
Forward (n=15) 53,9+\6,1
73,4+\13,3
73,1+\12,1
76,3+\8,9
67,9+\13,3
NS
54,6+\7,3
56,2+\6,2
52,2+\9,6
43,9+\9,5
0,001**
(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)
P NS
Conditioning for Soccer Strength - XI â&#x2014;?
Isocinetic Evaluation of Lower Limb Muscle Power GROUP
60 degrees \ second Extension \ Flexion
300 degrees \ second Extension \ Flexion
Defender Center Forward
225+\-26,9 \ 132+\-22,7 Nm*
181,2+\-181 \ 155,3+\-22,7 Nm
Midfielder
221,8+\-47,12 \ 139+\-29,3 Nm*
185,6+\-76,5 \ 147+\-33,1 Nm
Full Back Winger
214+\-19,72 \ 134+\-21,9 Nm
197,7+\-31,7 \ 66,8+\-19,1 Nm*
(Adapted from Rinaldi et al, no date)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - I ●
Perception
●
Anticipation
●
Reaction
●
Movement
●
Acceleration
●
Displacement
SPEED Endurance
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - II
TESTS
First Division
Second Division
Amateur
F Ratio
P
10m (s)
1,804 (0,063)
1,818 (0,058)
1,859 (0,075)
5,20
P<0,01
30m (s)
4,223 (0,192)
4,249 (0,147)
4,294 (0,141)
1,30
0,28
(Adapted from Cometti et al, 2001)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - III â&#x2014;?
Youth Soccer Players (n=70) - U-14 TESTS
Goalkeeper (n=10)
Defender (n=20)
Midfielder (n=25)
Forward (n=15)
P
10m sprint (s)
2,06+\0,12
2,09+\0,23
2,05+\0,14
2,07+\0,15
NS
30m sprint (s)
4,92+\0,32
4,81+\0,36
4,82+\0,31
4,96+\0,40
NS
Body Mass (Kg)
54,6+\7,3
56,2+\6,2
52,2+\9,6
43,9+\9,5
0,001**
(Adapted from Wong et al, 2009)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - IV â&#x2014;?
1 RM BS+RD+NL in Short Sprints (2s\w per 6 weeks) TESTS
BEFORE
AFTER
Effect Size (d)
5-m sprint (s)
1,11+\-0,04
1,05+\-0,03*
0,55
10-m sprint (s)
1,83+\-0,05
1,78+\-0,05*
0,45
20-m sprint (s)
3,09+\-0,07
3,05+\-0,05*
0,31
*p<0,001 (Adapted from Styles et al, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - V â&#x2014;?
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-10 to U15) Category
20m sprint
0-10m split
10-20m split
U-10
4,82
4,33
5,46
U-11
4,85
4,22
5,62
U-12
5,14
4,59
5,88
U-13
5,24
4,44
6,25
U-14
5,71
4,98
6,80
U-15
5,80
5,03
6,94
(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - VI â&#x2014;?
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-16 to U-21) Category
20m sprint
0-10m split
10-20m split
U-16
5,99
5,15
7,35
U-17
6,33
5,43
7,52
U-18
6,21
5,38
7,63
U-19
6,47
5,46
7,87
U-20
6,43
5,59
7,75
U-21
6,25
5,38
7,81
(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - VII â&#x2014;?
Normative Values Sprint Performance (U-25 to U-35)
Category
20m sprint
0-10m split
10-20m split
U-25
6,43
5,46
7,81
U-30
6,23
5,35
7,63
U-35
6,29
5,35
7,58
(Adapted from Nikolaidis et al, 2016)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - VIII ●
Anaerobic Speed Endurance Training (2 s\w – 4 weeks) TRAINING
YYIR-2
RST
P
Speed Endurance Production (SEP)
+50,0+\-8,0%*
+2,1+\-0,3%
<0,001
Speed Endurance Maintenance (SEM)
+26,0+\-5,0%
+1,3+\-0,4%
0,03*
TRAINING
RST Fatigue Index
Peak and Average Speed
___
Speed Endurance Production (SEP)
-4,4+\-0,8 to 3,4+\-0,5%**
24,5+\-0,3 vs 19,2+\-0,3 Km\h-1
<0,04**
Speed Endurance Maintenance (SEM)
___
15,5+\-0,1 vs 9,4+\-0,1 Km\h-1
___
(Adapted from Mohr & Krustrup, 2016)
Conditioning for Soccer Speed - IX â&#x2014;?
Correlation of the Explosive Force of the Soccer Players Lower Limbs with Sprint Speeds:
a) 10m (r=-0,74) b) 20m (r=-0,73) c) 30m (r=-0,81) d) 40m (r=-0,88)
(Pasquarelli et al, 2010)
Conditioning for Soccer Agility - I â&#x2014;?
Multi-directional Nature: a) Physiological Capacities b) Biomechanical Abilities c) Advanced Cognitive Strategies
(Wheeler, 2009)
Conditioning for Soccer Agility - II TYPES
CHARACTERISTICS
SIMPLE
Planned Movement Planned Enviroment
TEMPORAL
Planned Movement Unplanned Enviroment
SPATIAL
Unplanned Movement Planned Enviroment
UNIVERSAL
Unplanned Movement Unplanned Enviroment
(Wheeler, 2009)
Conditioning for Soccer Agility - III â&#x2014;?
Multi-directional Sprints Movements: a) Stability b) Balance
â&#x2014;?
Sport-specific Movements: 1) Dynamic State (Deceleration) 2) Static State (Stopping to Change Direction) 3) Dynamic State (Reacceleration) (Lockie et al, 2016)
Conditioning for Soccer Agility - IV POSITIONS
0-10m
0-20m
0-40m
T-test
CODAT
Anterolateral
0,157
0,149
0,446
0,502*
0,804**
Lateral
0,103
0,181
0,394
0,679**
0,547*
Posterolateral
0,232
-0,131
0,050
0,218
0,597*
Posteromedial
0,682**
0,319
0,429
0,379
0,594*
Medial
0,065
0,000
0,135
-0,109
0,176
Anteromedial
0,201
0,171
0,233
0,313
0,112
P<0,05*
P<0,01**
(Adapted from Lockie et al, 2016)
Conditioning for Soccer Coordination
●
Eye-foot
●
Eye-hand
●
Orientation spatiotemporal
●
Laterality
●
Precision
●
Anticipatory Timing
Conditioning for Soccer Flexibility
â&#x2014;?
Mobility
â&#x2014;?
Elasticity a) Plastic Components b) Elastic Components (Dantas, 1999 ; Boyle, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Physical Conditioning ●
General Physical Preparation
●
Physical Preparation Specific: a) Individualized Tactic by Function b) Team Style of Play
Conditioning for Soccer Training Types ●
Technical
●
Physical
●
Technical-tactical
●
Technical-physical
●
Technical-tactical-physical
Conditioning for Soccer Physical Assessment - I 1) FIELD TESTING ●
●
Endurance (VO2max, Yo-Yo test, etc) Strength (SJ, CMJ, HJ, DJ, SBJ, BPT, 1RM Squat, Bench Press, Deadlift, etc)
●
Agility (10m shuttle run, Zig-zag agility, T-test, Pro-agility, etc)
●
Speed (5, 10, 15, 20, 30m sprint, etc)
●
Position-specific drills
●
FMS + Y-Balance Test + Global Postural Analysis 2) LABORATORY TESTING
●
Isokinetic evaluation, Wingate test, Medical Injury Evaluation, Biochemical Tests, Endocrine Tests, Dental evaluation, etc
Conditioning for Soccer Physical Assessment - II â&#x2014;?
Biochemical Tests Hemoglobin
Erythrocytes
Iron
Glucose
Ferritin
Parasitological Stool
Transferrin
Urinalysis
Hematocrit
Biological Markers
(Santos Silva et al, 1999)
Conditioning for Soccer Physical Assessment - III ●
Periodicity
●
Forms of Analysis
●
Structural Resources
●
Staff Resources
●
QUESTIONS: a) What to do? b) How to make? c) Why do? d) It is efficient?
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - I â&#x2014;?
Periferic Fatigue ** a) Neuromuscular *** b) Cardiovascular * c) Metabolic **
â&#x2014;?
Central Fatigue (Noakes, 2000 ; Mohr et al, 2005 ; Bangsbo et al, 2007)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - II
VISIBLE Fatigue
HIDDEN Fatigue
Acute
Chronic
Nonresidual
Residual
Compensatory
Risk of Overreaching Non-functional
Noncompensatory
Risk of Overtraining
(Adapted from Platonov apud Vretaros, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - III â&#x2014;?
SYMPTOMS: 1) Physiological 2) Biochemists 3) Immunological 4) Psychological
(Checchi, 2013)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - IV â&#x2014;?
MEASURING the Physiological Stress of Fatigue: a) Ck b) Testosterone\Cortisol Ratio c) LDH d) Neuromuscular Tests e) Scales of Subjective Perception
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - V ●
Glycogen
●
Dehydration
●
Proprioception
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - VI â&#x2014;?
GLYCOGEN: a) Fast twitch fibers
b) Slow-twitch fibers
(287,4+\-41,2 mmol\glucose)
(182,2+\-34,5 mmol\glucose)
(Nicholas et al, 1999)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - VII ●
DEHYDRATION:
●
(n=156) Professional Soccer Players a) 0,6% Hydrated b) 9,0% Minimal Dehydration c) 76,9% Significant Dehydration d) 13,5% Serious Dehydration
(Castro-Sepúlveda et al, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - VIII â&#x2014;?
DEHYDRATION: a) CMJ (-2,6%) b) 3 sets of sprints of 30 m (-8,2%)
(Mohr et al, 2010)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - IX â&#x2014;?
DEHYDRATION \ HYDRATION: a) Pre, during and post Game b) Water, Carbohydrate and Electrolytes c) Hyperhydration d) Acclimatization e) Clothing f) Body Weight Control g) Urine Control (Vretaros, 1998 ; Monteiro et al, 2003)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - X ●
PROPRIOCEPTION:
●
Muscle Responses in Extremely Fast Conditions a) Joint Stability b) Muscle Stability c) Proprioceptive Feedback d) INJURIES ¨¨ (Ergen & Ulkar, 2008 ; Santos Silva et al, 2006)
Conditioning for Soccer Types of Fatigue - XI â&#x2014;?
SPRINTS ABILITY MUSCLE FACTORS
Muscle Excitability, Limitations on Energy Supply, Accumulation of Metabolites
NEURAL FACTORS
Neural Unit, Muscle Recruitment Strategies
OTHERS
Regulation of Muscle Stiffness, Environmental Disturbances
(Adapted from Girard et al, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Biomechanics of the Kick - I â&#x2014;?
Kinesiological Analysis: Sagittal Plane and Frontal Axis a) Knee (sudden and rapid extension) b) Hip Flexion c) Contraction of the Core d) Ankle (plantar flexion) 1) Dominant Leg 2) Non-dominant Leg (Adapted from Machado et al, 2014)
Conditioning for Soccer Biomechanics of the Kick - II ●
Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 1
VARIABLES
K-1
K-2
K-3
K-4
K-5
LAV
40,26+\0,43
40,06+\0,53
39,87+\0,50
39,50+\0,51
32,28+\0,46*
TAV
18,83+\ -0,29
18,80+\0,25
18,74+\0,23
18,60+\0,21
18,51+\0,21
LM
92,13+\0,98
91,66+\1,21
91,23+\1,14
89,78+\1,16*
89,26+\1,05*
TM
20,58+\0,32
20,54+\0,27
20,48+\0,26
20,22+\0,23
20,12+\0,23
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Biomechanics of the Kick - III ●
Consecutive Soccer Instep Kicks – Part 2
VARIABLES
K-6
K-7
K-8
K-9
K-10
LAV
39,04+\0,35*
39,02+\0,29*
38,81+\0,31*
38,09+\0,19*
37,67+\0,41*
TAV
18,23+\0,19*
18,17+\0,34*
18,09+\0,21*
17,87+\0,08*
17,67+\0,18*
LM
88,74+\0,79*
88,68+\0,65*
86,82+\0,69*
85,21+\0,43*
84,27+\0,92*
TM
19,82+\0,21*
19,65+\0,37*
19,56+\0,22*
19,32+\0,08*
19,11+\0,19*
(Adapted from Amiri-Khorasani et al, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - I
EXTRINSIC Factors
INTRINSIC Factors
Environment, Playing Field, Equipment, Game Rules, etc Muscle Weakness, Instability, Fatigue, Lack of Flexibility
( Marujo, 2014)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - II
●
In Training (54,54%)
●
In Matches (45,45%)
(Nascimento et al, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - III â&#x2014;?
Most Injuries in the Lower Limbs: a) Knee b) Thigh c) Ankle d) Fatigue Injuries (Costa, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - IV SLIGHT Injury
1 to 3 days of absence
MILD Injury
3 to 7 days of absence
MODERATE Injury
8 to 28 days of absence
SERIOUS Injury
Above 28 days of absence
(Checchi, 2013)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - V â&#x2014;?
Severity of Injury \ Duration of Absence Period: 1) Trauma Severity 2) Nature of Injured Tissue 3) Intensity Cure 4) Age of Athlete 5) Treatment and Rehabilitation Particularities 6) Character the Training Activity (Platonov, 2008)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - VI LINE PLAYERS Incidence Pattern
AUTHOR
2,42 per 1000 hours
Pedrinelli et al, 2013
7,2 per 1000 hours
Dias, 2011
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - VII GOALKEEPERS Incidence Pattern
ENVIRONMENT
27,9 per 1000 hours
In Matches
23,6 per 1000 hours
In Training
(Strand et al, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - VIII â&#x2014;?
Female Soccer Players Ankle (16)
Leg (02)
Shoulder (04)
Ligament (10)
Hand (01)
Fracture (04)
Finger (01)
Dislocation (01)
Lumbar (01)
Muscle (02)
Pelvis \ Sacro (01)
Sprain (10)
Thigh (02)
Other (03)
Knee (06)
Without Diagnosis (04)
(Berredo & Malschik, 2010)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - IX â&#x2014;?
Professional Male Soccer Players - One Season Ankle Sprains Low Back Pain (18.18%) (18.18%) Thigh Distension (18.18%)
Tendonitis (9.09%)
Knee Dislocation (9.09%)
Direct Mechanical Contact (36.36%)
Knee Sprains (18.18%)
Repetitive Overload (27.27%)
Contusion (9,09%)
Midfielders (44.44%) (Nascimento et al, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Injuries - X â&#x2014;?
Male Amateur Soccer Players - 01 Championship 43% Minor Injuries
10% Knee
33% Moderate Injury
10% Leg
24% Serious Injuries
10% Upper Extremities
38% Thigh
5% Foot
24% Ankle
5% Trunk
(Adapted from Zanuto et al, 2010)
Conditioning for Soccer Knee Injuries â&#x2014;?
LCA in Soccer Players
EXTERNAL Factors
INTERNAL Factors
Level of Competition Number of Matches in the Season Sports Shoes Age, Sex Anatomical Changes Joint Stability Strength, Agility, Coordination History of Injuries
(Fernandes, 2007)
Conditioning for Soccer Ankle Injuries - I ●
Young Soccer Players (15-17 years old)
INCIDENCE
CAUSE
36%
Direct Trauma
43%
Field of Play
7% 14%
Obstacles (stepping on the ball, on the foot, etc.) Body Imbalance
86%
Inversion Sprains
14%
Eversion Sprains (Beirão & Marques, 2008)
Conditioning for Soccer Ankle Injuries - II FUNCTION
INCIDENCE
Defenders
21%
Left Lateral
7%
Midfielders
36%
Attackers
36%
(BeirĂŁo & Marques, 2008)
Conditioning for Soccer Hip Injuries - I â&#x2014;?
Pubalgia MECHANISM Hip Rotators
Hamstrings and\or Iliopsoas Sacroiliac Joint
CAUSE Compensatory Movements (internal and\or external) Shear Shortening Instability Reduced Mobility
(Azevedo et al, 1999 ; Oliveira, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Hip Injuries - II â&#x2014;?
MUSCLES in PUBALGIA: a) Rectus Abdominis b) Long Adductor c) Gluteus Medius
(Silva et al, 2011)
Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - I â&#x2014;?
HAMSTRING: a) Femoral Biceps b) Semitendinous c) Semimembranous
(Kamel, 2004)
Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - II ●
Predominant Injury Mechanism: High-speed Running
●
Accelerations
●
Decelerations
●
Eccentric Actions: a) Hip (flexion) b) Knee (reduction of flexion) (Duhig et al, 2016 ; Rodrigues et al, 2007 ; Carlson, 2008)
Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - III ●
Balance of Musculature Index: a) Quadriceps b) Hamstring
●
Deficit of 10%
(Gonçalves, 2000)
Conditioning for Soccer Hamstring Injuries - IV ●
Type of Evaluation Employed
●
Deficit of Eccentric Strength
●
Unilateral or Bilateral Deficit in quadriceps \ hamstring ratio
●
Fatigue
●
Performance Level
(Navarro et al, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Loads versus Injuries â&#x2014;?
SOFT TISSUE INJURIES (non-contact): 1) Dose-response Relationship 2) > 10% - Week-to-week Change 3) ACUTE Training Load 4) CHRONIC Training Load 5) PEAK Loads 6) Adaptation to the Demands of Game
(Gabbett, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - I ●
Injury Problems (number, incidence, time trends, severity, consequences, impairments, disabilities and costs)
●
Etiology, Risks Factors, and Mechanisms of Injuries
●
Preventive Measure or Programme
●
Assessing the Effectiveness and Cost Effectiveness of the Preventive Action
(Adapted from Parkkari, Kujala & Kannus, 2001)
Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - II Injured Soccer Player
Sports Medicine Physician
Examinations, Diagnostic Evaluation, Treatment Indication
Sports Physiotherapist
Rehabilitation, Functional Reevaluation of the Injured Limb
Physical Preparation Coach
Muscle-functional Adaptation for Sport, Specific Physical Conditioning
(Adapted from Vretaros, 2002 ; Vretaros, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - III
●
Anamnesis
●
Injury History
●
Mapping of the Most Common Injuries
●
Tests
Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - IV
●
Inspection
●
Physical Exam
●
Diagnostic Testing
(De Francesco & Inesta, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - V â&#x2014;?
FIFA 11+: a) Strength Exercises b) Plyometrics c) Core d) Stability (Costa, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - VI Warm up
Movement Learning
Proprioception Mobility CORE
Stability Strength Power
Conditioning for Soccer Injury Prevention - VII â&#x2014;?
ADDITIONAL THERAPIES: a) Pilates b) Yoga c) Chiropractic d) Global Posture Reeducation e) Rolfing f) And others
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - I MODELS
CHARACTERISTICS
Classic
Linear, Multifaceted, Long Periods Undulatory Variations PEAK: competitive period
Conjugated
Phase 1: Accumulation Phase 2: Transmutation Phase 3: Realization
Tactic
Technical and Tactical Situations Transfer of Fractual Organization Game Model: Ensure Complexity
(Pivetti, 2012 ; Borges, 2014 ; Haff & Haff, 2015)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - II MACROCYCLE
MESOCYCLE MICROCYCLE
TRAINING UNIT
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - III ●
MICROCYCLE:
●
~ 1 week – Types: a) Incorporation b) Ordinary c) Shock d) Precompetitive e) Competitive f) Recuperative g) Control
(Dantas, 2014)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - IV â&#x2014;?
LOAD CONTROL: 1) Volume 2) Intensity 3) Density 4) Complexity
(Bompa & Haff, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - V
Five Championships in the Season ANNUAL SEASON
REGENERATIVE TRAINING
PHYSICAL TRAINING
Technical-TacticalTraining
1 game per week at 17 weeks
17 training units
17 training units
85 training units
2 games per week at 25 weeks
50 training units
____
75 training units
TOTAL: 42 weeks Mean of 67 games
Total: 67 training units
Total: 17 training units
Total: 160 training units
(Carravetta, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - VI Three Championships in the Season ANNUAL SEASON
REGENERATIVE TRAINING
PHYSICAL TRAINING
Technical-TacticalTraining
1 game per week at 28 weeks
28 training units
56 training units
112 trainng units
2 games per week at 14 weeks
28 training units
___
70 training units
TOTAL: 42 weeks and 56 games
TOTAL: 56 training units
TOTAL: 56 training units
TOTAL: 182 training units
(Carravetta, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - VII ●
U-15 – Traditional Periodization P1
P2
P3
P4
PHYSICAL
54%
31%
43%
18%
TECHNIQUE
28%
37%
30%
38%
TACTIC
18%
32%
27%
44%
Total Hours
59,4
45,7
41,6
65,1
Number of Microcycles
7
6
5
9
Mean Hours \ Microcycle
8,5
7,6
8,3
7,3
Mean Hours \ Session
1,7
1,5
1,7
1,5
(Alves et al, 2009)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - VIII MONTHS â&#x2014;?
DURATION (minutes)
Intensity % HR max Training Sessions
January
3287
76,89
February
1829
80,05
March
1062
73.01
April
1761
82,26
May
2575
80,24
June
2100
80,98
July
1680
81,32
August
2175
78,04
September
1425
71,31
October
2085
79,86
November
1955
81,39
Mean
1994+\-586,15
79,40+\-2,62
Professional Soccer Players
(Oaks & Simali-Garcia, 2013)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - IX â&#x2014;?
Professional Soccer Players Type of Training
Session Length
Weekly Frequency T1 - T2
T2 - T3
WF Variation T1-T2 to T2-T3
Recovery
30 min
4
2
-50%
Aerobic
60 min
4
2
-50%
Specific Soccer
30 min
2
4
+100%
Specific Speed
40 min
2
4
+100%
Tactical
30 min
2
4
+100%
Technique
40 min
2
4
+100%
Friendly Match
60 min
3
3
0%
Recreative
60 min
1
1
0%
(Ramos da Silva et al, 2006)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - X PERIODIZATION TACTIC
Game Model
Tactical = Central Component
Physical + Technique = Subordinate
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012 ; Silva et al, 2009)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - XI
PERIODIZATION TACTIC FORMAL GAME Open System Dynamic Complex Not Linear
(Adapted from Pivetti, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - XII GAME MODEL + Great Principles Subprinciples Sub-principles of Sub-principles
Morphocycle of Preparation Structure + Function + Evolution (Adapted from Martins, 2003 ; Pivetti, 2012)
Conditioning for Soccer Periodization - XIII PERIODIZATION TACTIC Organizational Pattern Producing Diversity of Responses
Transfer Emergencies to Complex Units
+
Technique + Tactics + Physical + Psychological (Adapted from Scaglia, 2011 ; Silva et al, 2009)
Conditioning for Soccer Recovery & Regeneration - I
●
ACTIVE Recovery
●
PASSIVE Recovery
Conditioning for Soccer Recovery & Regeneration - II Cryotherapy
Slowdown Active
Magnetotherapy
Acupuncture
Thermotherapy
Sleep
Compression Garment
Cupping Therapy
Hyperoxia Therapy
Nutrition
Electrostimulation
And Others
(Gill et al, 2006 ; Bompa & Haff, 2012 ; Vretaros, 2015)