Water in Public Schools of Ahmedabad | Academic Project | 3rd Semester

Water in Public Schools

Safe Drinking & Hand Hygiene Practice for Children to Protect Health & Development Aeshvry Rajaura (PUI20019) Infrastructure Project Studio | Semester 03 Masters of Urban Infrastructure Guided by: Prof. Mona Iyer | Prof. Meera Mehta Mr. Siddh Doshi | Mr. Smeet Maniar CEPT University | Ahmedabad

Source: WaterAuthor in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

(Publishers Info) Cover photograph: © UNICEF/UNI372363/Pouget

Water in Municipal Schools Safe Drinking & Hand Hygiene Practice for Children to Protect Health & Development Aeshvry Rajaura (PUI20019) | Infrastructure Project Studio | Semester 03 Masters of Urban Infrastructure

Under the guidance of: Prof. Mona Iyer | Prof. Meera Mehta | Mr. Siddh Doshi | Mr. Smeet Maniar CEPT University | Ahmedabad 3

Executive Summary Access to safe drinking water is essential for the healthy development and growth of children. Especially for children at schools, drinking water intake and hygiene practices affects their health which in turn affects their study performance. The aim of the project is to promote health by providing highly effective practices in increasing access to safe water, with learning outcomes for sustainable water use and promoting safe hand hygiene practices in schools. By providing facilities which will provide enabling environment and then providing education for behavior change. These objectives will create healthy environment in schools and in society, provide better learning outcomes and increase in school days of children which help in achieving better health, education and growth. Ahmedabad at present, it has population of about 69.8 lakhs and have around 1800 schools both public and private with estimated 6.2 lakhs students which is about 9% of the total population. Out of 1800 schools, 402 public schools which are run by AMC with around 1.29 lakh students studying in these public schools. Through preliminary talks with the staff at schools, these students mostly belong to the lower income communities with very weak social and economic background. Situation of portable water at home is not good, and most of them are dependent on other sources for drinking water. This makes these students studying in public schools vulnerable and providing improved facilities for water will ensure student’s growth and protect health. There are some issues identified through various primary surveys and secondary data available. Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya program suggests multiple drinking water facilities in schools, but during primary surveys, it was observed that there is only one facility available, that too with few functional taps for handwashing and drinking. It was also observed that there is a lack of cleanliness and provision of soap. Also, students and teaching staff are not aware about importance of safe water & management for human health. Interventions for schools are divided into physical and soft interventions. Physical interventions are related to providing infrastructure for safe drinking water and handwashing facilities at school. Most of the municipal schools have sufficient infrastructure but there is lack of regular maintenance. Soft interventions for behavior change communication are necessary and will accompany physical infrastructure in successful and sustainable use of water and hand hygiene facilities at school. These interventions are divided into various level such as school level, teacher level and children level, include various provisions for behavior change initiatives for students and teachers. Roadmap for implementation of these provisions is divided in 2 parts, ULB level which will look after planning, finance and monitoring includes. And State Level which includes policy making, inter-ministry corporation and monitoring. At ULB level, AMC school boards may provide infrastructure for drinking water and handwashing in schools. AMC may use Centre and State finance commission funds, own revenue CSR, NGOs, MP/MLA LAD, etc. for financing various initiatives. For monitoring purpose, ULB may appoint Swachhta Supervisor for the municipal area. State level includes department may provide advisory to local bodies or school boards or District Magistrates on prioritizing safe drinking water and hand hygiene practices in school. On Planning, specifying the role of local bodies for creation of water & handwashing infrastructure, hygiene promotion, and inclusion of safe water and hand hygiene promoting events to accelerate action. On Convergence, specifying local bodies, with other Flagship schemes to leverage funds. The provision of safe water management and hand hygiene facilities at schools, secures a healthy leaning environment and protects children from illness and exclusion, also contributing to more children attending school and learning. Provision of safe drinking water and hygiene program at schools, also provide a prime entry point for raising awareness among students, parents and teachers; and promoting the behavior change required to achieve universal access to safe water management in households and in community. This will therefore continue to contribute to a core component to achieve SDG4 and SDG6 for wider national and global strategies. 4

Table of Contents 01. City Assessment of Water Sector 02. Project Development 2.1 Project Background 2.2 Aim of the Project 2.3 Methodology

03. Water in Schools: A Review 3.1 International 3.2 National 3.3 Case Studies

04. Assessment of Municipal Schools 4.1 Water Assessment in Municipal Schools 4.2 Issues & Gap Identification

05. Interventions for School 5.1 Physical Interventions 5.2 Soft Interventions 5.3 Children as Change Agent 5.4 Behavior Change Activities

06. Financing & Implementation 6.1 Roadmap for the Water in Schools 6.2 Institutions and Stakeholder 6.3 O&M Contracts for Facilities 6.4 Financing 6.5 Introducing SDG2030 Target

07. Conclusion

7.1 Benefits 7.2 Impacts on SDGs 7.3 Scope & Limitations

Annexures

1) Literature Review 2) Case Studies 3) Cost Intervention 4) Monitoring Indicators

Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

Acronyms ADB

Asian Development Bank

AMC

Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation

CARE

Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere

CEE

Center for Environment Education

CSR

Corporate Social Responsibility

EDGoG

Education Department Government of Gujarat

Finance Commission

IEC

Information, Education & Communication

JICA

Japan International Cooperation Agency

JJM

Jal Jeevan Mission

KGSV

Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya

MDM

Mid-Day Meal

MHRD

Ministry of Human Resource Development

MLA LADS

Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area Development Scheme

MP LADS

Member of Parliament Local Area Development Scheme

NDB

New Development Bank

NGO

Non-government Organization

O&M

Operations and Maintenance

PWD

Public Works Department

RFP

Request for Proposal

RMSA

Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan

SBM-U

Swachh Bharat Mission-Urban

SBSV

Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidhyalaya

SDGs

Sustainable Development Goals

SFC

State Finance Commission

SHGs

Self Help Groups

SMC

School Management Committee

SOP

Standard Operating Procedure

SSA

Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan

UEE

Universalization of Elementary Education

ULB

Urban Local Body

UNICEF

United Nations Children’s Fund

WASH

Water Sanitation and Hygiene

WDS

Water Distribution Station

WHO

World Health Organization

WTP

Water Treatment Plant

List of Figures Figure 01 :

Students Washing Hands

Figure 02 :

Proposed Interventions

Figure 03 :

Map of Ahmedabad Municipal Schools

Figure 04 :

Types of Schools (in %)

Figure 05 :

Types of Students in Schools (in %)

Figure 06 :

Number of Students in Various Levels

Figure 07 :

Methodology of the Project

Figure 08 :

Handwashing Station at School

Figure 09 :

Steps to Promote Handwashing Behaviour

Figure 10 :

Water Purifier Project in Schools

Figure 11 :

Handwash Activity at Event

Figure 12 :

Source of Drinking Water

Figure 13 :

Quality Test Frequency at Schools

Figure 14 :

Source of Water for Handwash

Figure 15 :

Taps for Water for Handwash

Figure 16 :

Monthly Expenditure on Soap

Figure 17 :

Handwash Facility at School

Figure 18 :

Water Facility at Bahrampur Hindi School No. 1

Figure 19 :

Classroom Picture in Municipal School

Figure 20 :

Interventions for Schools

Figure 21 :

Water Facility at Keshavnagar School No. 1

Figure 22 :

Sample for Learning Module

Figure 23 :

Sample Poster

Figure 24 :

Image of Bal Sansad in Bandunagar School

Figure 25 :

Annual Activity Plan for Schools

Figure 26 :

Diagram showing Impacts on SDGs

Figure 27 :

Saijpur Municipal School

List of Tables Table 01 :

Various Interventions in Schools

Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

Figure 01: Students Washing Hands Source : Author 8

01. City Assessment of Water Sector

Existing situation assessment study of water sector in Ahmedabad includes background study of water sector, development of assessment framework, assessment of water sector through the lens of framework, identification of issues, listing of interventions and their prioritization. The vision of the group is, “To analyze the situation of water service provision for all to achieve equity and inclusivity by providing safe & secure water supply and attaining sustainable development goals.” The assessment framework prepared with this vision as basis has three themes namely, security, safety and inclusivity, comprising 9, 1 and 4 components respectively. This framework comprising of 33 indicators under respective components. As per the existing water supply profile, Ahmedabad gets water from four different sources which gets treated into three WTPs and is sent to 209 WDS. Then this water from Elevated Service Reservoirs (ESRs) and Underground Reservoirs (UGCRs), through the distribution line reaches the end users. For getting data to assess the situation, data was collected from primary and secondary sources. Data collection from primary sources included four types of surveys, namely household surveys, focus group discussions in slums, bucket surveys and surveys of private water suppliers. Whereas secondary sources included government websites and offices and discussions with government officials. Using this data, all aspects in assessment framework were analyzed and issues of the sector were identified. It is observed that, Ahmedabad is importing water from external source and there is high dependency on groundwater. The city does not have any alternative source of water and no wastewater is being reused for non-potable domestic purposes. Unmonitored usage of groundwater by private water market is observed. Also, non-revenue water in Ahmedabad is higher than the Service Level Benchmark (SLB) standards and cost recovery and collection efficiency are lower. Groundwater contamination near Sabarmati River and Pirana dumpsite is observed. Various pockets in the city are facing problem of water borne diseases due to low water quality. Slums in Ahmedabad receive poor quality of water with low pressure and the purification techniques are unaffordable for them. Figure 02: Proposed Interventions

Source : Author

After assessing the city and identifying the issues, numerous interventions to solve these issues were listed down. Out of the listed interventions, five interventions are prioritized and selected which are shown in Figure 2. This report details out the project titled as ‘Water in Public School’.

Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

02. Project Development

2.1 Project Background At present, Ahmedabad has population of about 69.8 lakhs. And there are around 1800 schools in the city which caters to estimated 6.2 lakhs students in both private and public schools which is about 9 percent of the total population. Out of total 1800 schools in Ahmedabad, there are 402 public schools which are run by AMC, which are catering to 1.29 lakh students at present. Figure 03: Map of Ahmedabad Municipal Schools

Note. There are 402 Schools run by AMC Source : https://schoolgis.nic.in/

Based on primary survey, most of these students belongs to the lower income group with very weak social and economic family background. Mostly have only single earning member in their family who belongs to the marginal workers category. Also, the situation of portable water and its storage is not good in their home, and they don’t have much understanding of importance of safe drinking water management and hand hygiene. This makes these students who are studying in public schools vulnerable and providing basic understanding of safe drinking water and hand hygiene will ensure student’s growth & protect health. It will also help in promoting safe water management, impacting behavior of children in schools and through Figure 04: Types Schools (in %) % of of Types of Schools

Figure 05: Typesof ofStudents StudentsininSchools Schools (in %) Number 0%

22%

25%

78%

Public Schools

Private Schools

Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

75% Primary Students

Junior Students

Higher Students

Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

Figure 06: Number of Students in Various Levels Number of Students in Schools

them to their family, which may lead to a large impact in the society. To promote safe drinking water and hand hygiene in municipal schools, keeping national interests and financial capacity, only recommendations provided under central government programs are considered in the study.

40,000

20,000

16,294

30,000 15,461

Number of Students

50,000

47,892

47,615

60,000

Primary School

Junior School Boys

398

410

10,000

Higher Sschool

Girls

Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

2.2 Aim of the Project The aim of the project is to promote health by providing highly effective practices in increasing access to safe water and hand hygiene, with learning outcomes for sustainable water use and promoting safe and appropriate hand hygiene practices in schools. By providing clean drinking water and hand hygiene facilities which will provide enabling environment and then providing education for behavior change regarding safe water and hand hygiene practices. These objectives will create healthy environment in schools and in society, provide better learning outcomes and increase in school days of children which help in achieving better health, education, and development of the children at school.

2.3 Methodology The methodology has been to first understand the present scenario of water and hygiene in public schools in Ahmedabad by conduction primary surveys at schools and students’ home and secondary data. Further understanding global and local practices through various case studies and literature reviews of water and hygiene projects and norms for schools. Then conducting primary surveys and data collection through secondary sources and based on data gathered, doing gap assessment. Then based on key findings, providing recommendations on provisions and required interventions. Identifying various interventions in schools to promote safe water and hand hygiene. Then in last creating a road map for implementation of these provisions, which includes planning, financing and activity calendar. Figure 07: Methodology of the Project

Source : Author Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

Figure 08: Handwashing Station at School Source 12 : Author

03. Water in Schools: A Review

3.1 International Last two decades has witness many reforms for improving overall environment, with special focus on WASH sector. United Nation (UN) agencies has contributed largely to these reforms, starting with the adaptation of several resolutions such as to observe world water day on March 22nd to raise awareness and act against the world water crisis. Providing safe water is the initial step in improving quality of life and reducing deaths due to water borne disease in developing countries. In last few decades many programs and projects were launched by various international agencies, corporates, and NGOs such as UNICEF, WaterAid, CARE, WHO, Charity Water, WaterProject, TataProjects, Globalhandwashing.org, etc. to promote safe drinking water and hygiene. As a part of study, few of these programs and projects were studied for understanding of physical and soft interventions required in the sector. Figure 09: Steps to Promote Handwashing Behaviour

Source : https://globalhandwashing.org/about-handwashing/promote-handwashing/project

3.2 National There are several programs run by central and state governments to support projects promoting health and hygiene in schools. These national programs show sturdy commitments to provide schools with adequate drinking water, sanitation and hygiene facilities and supported by the Right to Education Act (2009) which necessitates ensuring drinking water and sanitation facilities in schools (MHRD, 2016, SBSV SOP). Several central government programs such as Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rastriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA), Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) & Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya (SBSV) initiative, under Ministry of Human Resource Development, also support this requirement. Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), is central government’s flagship program for achievement of Universalization of Elementary Education (UEE). Provision such as access to safe water, sanitation & hygiene infrastructure facilities are provided in all schools under this program. The list of these literature studies is provided in annexure 1.

3.3 Case Studies Various water and hygiene related initiatives were studied to understand global and national practices, criteria and level of interventions required to promote safe water and hand hygiene in children in schools. Apart from safe drinking water and hygiene, contract-based operation and management projects were also studied to understand the requirements of O&M facilities. List of these studies were given in annexure 2. Figure 10: Water Purifier Project in Schools

Figure 11: Handwash Activity at Event

Source : Water Purifier Project, 2019, Globalgiving.org

Source : Swachh Haath Mela, 2017, Team Swachh Bharat

Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

04. Assessment of Schools

4.1 Water Assessment in Municipal Schools At present, all the AMC schools have access to improved water sources. Mostly of schools are dependent on direct connection of AMC water supply. But around 231 of 402 public school provide filtered water. The quality test frequency of drinking water facility in most schools is in every 6 months. Though primary surveys, it is observed that most of purification systems in schools are not in working condition. Figure 12: Source of Drinking Water Main Source of Drinking Water

Figure 13: Quality QualityTest TestFrequency Frequencyat Schools

2% 57%

70%

11%

41%

19%

Treated Running Water

Filtered Water

No Access

Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

No Test

Once in Year

Twice in Year

Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

Most of the public schools in AMC have enough provision of water for sanitation and hygiene and the main source is running tap water. Apart from the AMC water connection & borewell; very few schools have other source for water. Through the data provided by UNICEF, only 10 percent of schools accepted that they have functional rainwater harvesting facility. Taps of Water for Handw ash Figure 15: Taps for Water for Handwash

904

2,654

461 Number of Taps

1 Junior School Handpumps/Containers

275

100

Number of Schools

Primary School Continuous Tapwater

1,379

Source of Water for Handw ash Figure 14: Source of Water for Handwash

Higher School

Primary School

Junior School

Higher School

Drums/Plastic Containers

Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

Taps for Handwash

Functional Taps for Handwash

Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

4.2 Issues & Gap Identification The provision of drinking water and hand washing facilities in schools has steadily increased over the last few years. However much more needs to be done to meet basic quality and adequacy norms and to improve equitable access. Above all, water and handwashing facilities must be used every day and for this to happen these facilities must be functional and this includes the provision and maintenance of handwashing with soap facilities. There are few issues identified, through primary observation of public schools and the data collected. Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya proposes that access to safe 14

Figure 16: Monthly Expenditure on Soap Expenditure on Soap

Figure 17: Handwash Facility at School

14% 30%

56%

Less then Rs.500

Rs.500-1000

Rs.1000 and More

Note. Most Schools are expending upto 1000 rupees monthly for purchasing Handwash Soap. Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

Note. Lack of Handwash Soap can be seen at Handwashing facility in School. Source : WASH in Schools, 2019, UNICEF

drinking water should be provided at multiple locations, but it is observed that is only one water tap facility is available for drinking water and handwashing in schools. UNICEF’s data suggests that Municipal schools in Ahmedabad are investing more than 2500 rupees monthly to purchase soaps and to maintain sanitation in schools. But during primary surveys, it was observed that there is a lack of cleanliness and provision of soap around water facilities in schools. Also, students and teaching staff are not well aware about importance of safe water & management Figure 18: Water Facility at Bahrampur Hindi School No. 1

Note. Condition of Water Tap Facility in Schools is not good, due to negligence of cleanliness. Source : Author

for human health. It was observed that there are only few functional taps available for handwashing and sometimes there is no availability of soap at handwashing stations, which demote the importance of handwashing practices in children. Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

Figure 19: Classroom Picture in Municipal School Source 16 : Author

05. Interventions for Schools

To achieve the aim for the project, there is need for few interventions which can be categories into physical and soft interventions. These categories can be further divided in three which are school level, teacher level and student level. School level interventions are mostly action-oriented interventions while teacher and student level are behavior and educational level interventions. School should maintain set of important items that relate to both technical & human development aspects to promote safe water & hand hygiene practices (MHRD, 2016, SBSV SOP). Figure 20: Interventions for Schools

Physical School Level

Interventions Soft

Teacher Level Children Level

Note. Interventions are mainly divided into Physical and Soft categories. Source : Author

5.1 Physical Interventions Physical interventions are mostly related to providing infrastructure for safe drinking water and handwashing facilities at school. These interventions will provide enabling environment to promote safe drinking and hand hygiene practices in all children. In most of the municipal schools in ahmedabad, sufficient infrastructure is already available for drinking water and handwashing facilities but lack regular maintenance of these facilities. These interventions include: • Child friendly drinking water and handwashing taps. • Adequate Water for Drinking and Handwashing. • Clean and maintained drinking water facility at multiple location. • Safe Storage of drinking water at school. • IEC Poster at multiple locations. • Group Handwashing Facilities for 10-12 students at same time. Figure 21: Water Facility at Keshavnagar School No. 1

Note. This handwashing facility at school have provision of soap and instruction for handwashing. Source : Author Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

5.2 Soft Interventions Soft interventions for behavior change communication are necessary for successful implementation of policy to promote safe drinking water and hand hygiene practices in children at schools. These interventions will help in change in behavioral aspects of children and will accompany physical infrastructure in successful and sustainable use of water and hand hygiene facilities at school. These interventions are divided into various level such as school level, teacher level and children level. School Level • Regular monitoring of drinking and handwashing facility at school • Regular maintenance of drinking water and handwashing facilities at school. • Regular cleaning of storage of drinking water facilities. • Regular monitoring of activities and curriculum education for students. • Adequate time allocation before the MDM time for group handwashing activity. • Regular redressal of complaints regarding water facilities at school. Teacher Level • Providing IEC kit or micro-learning modules for teaching staff. • Regular monitoring of safe drinking water and hand hygiene practices. • Regular maintenance of drinking water and handwashing facilities. • Supervision of daily group handwashing with soap sessions. • Supervision of events related to safe water and hand hygiene for students. • Teaching curriculum about safe water management and hand hygiene. • Providing education through curriculum about water management and hygiene. Various teaching methods for primary, junior and higher secondary level students are giving in annexure 4. Student Level • Daily routine for behavior change communication activities for all children. • Participate in events and activities related to safe water and hand hygiene. • Participate in discussions for curriculum about to safe water and handwashing. • Monitoring of water and handwashing facilities. • Help develop peer pressure to promote safe hand hygiene practices. • Participate in Child cabinet activities over water & handwashing facilities and practices at school.

Figure 22: Sample for Learning Module

Figure 23: Sample Poster

Note. Module is to help teachers for water management in schools Source : https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/npao/wateraccess.htm

Source : https://www.jdch.com/blog/ 2020/04/make-hand-washing-fun

5.3 Children as Change Agents Children are like role models, who may question existing practices in their households and choose to demonstrate good hygiene. What they learn at school is likely to be passed on to their peers and siblings, and to their own children if they become parents. Child cabinets or ‘Bal Sansads’ should be promoted, where members play leadership roles in ensuring cleanliness and hygiene in schools (MHRD, 2015, SBSV Handbook). The Bal Sansad which can takes on the responsibility to maintain the school facilities as well as track and sustain healthy behaviors and sanitation practices. This includes ensuring cleanliness of the school environment, checking on students’ personal hygiene practices that reinforce healthy behavior and habits. The Bal Sansad consists of several Ministers including Pradhan Mantri, Swasthya evam Swatchhata Mantri, Jal evam Krishi Mantri, Pustakalay evam Vigyan Mantri, Sanskritik evam Krida Mantri, etc (MHRD, 2015, SBSV Handbook). Figure 24: Image of Bal Sansad in Bandunagar School

Source : https://www.jagran.com/bihar/sitamarhi-election-for-bal-sansad-17968244.html

5.4 Behavior Change Activities Schools are a natural learning environment, making school children potentially more receptive to behavior change and behavior change education. Children have the potential to bring health education messages and practices to the home environment, expanding the potential impact of school-based interventions to parents, communities and non-school going children (MHRD, 2015, SBSV Handbook). The practices for safe water and hand hygiene if learned & acquired during childhood, can be a life long learning for students. Many other factors can be implemented that promotes life skills through child-to-child approaches and group activities which involves leveraging peer pressure and norms to encourage behavior change. Life skills-based hygiene education focuses on all three aspects: knowledge, skills and attitudes (MHRD, 2015, SBSV Handbook). A curriculum for behavior change is also a considered option and has proven to be very useful. These should be regularly taught in schools as a part of the academic sessions, and during special classes of the week. In addition, one of the most effective channels of disseminating hygiene messages is during morning assembly. Prayer time is often used by schools to check cleanliness amongst students, spread the message of hygiene through songs and inspection etc. Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

06. Financing and Implementation

6.1 Roadmap for the Water in Schools

A. Municipal Corporation 1) Planning: AMC School Board may include provisions and interventions for setting up water and handwashing facilities in schools. It may implement provisions such as improvement of drinking water and handwashing facilities which will require 2.4 crore rupees, hiring of sanitation workers to improve cleanliness in schools which will cost 4.3 crore and various behaviour change activities will require 0.4 crore. Costing for these interventions is calculated based on the information provided in Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya Handbook and a reference for costing is given in annexure 3. 2) Financing: a) Various funding sources for different interventions: i) Improvement of Water facilities in schools (new facilities, maintenance/improvement of existing facilities) through SSA, SBSV, MDM, CSR, etc. ii) Funding for payment for Sanitation Workers through state government, MP LAD/MLA LAD or CSR funds, etc. iii) Behaviour change activities through Green School, School Health, Wipro earthian and UNICEF programs. b) ULB to explore sources of funds like CSR, SSA, SBM-U, MP LAD/ MLA LAD, etc. to support other water and handwashing initiatives in schools. 3) Monitoring: i) ULB can keep track of availability of water, water quality, functionality of water and handwashing facilities, availability of soap on a regular interval, updates on education for promoting safe water management and hand hygiene in all public schools. For this purpose, ULB may engage various organizations and agencies like SHGs, SMC, UNICEF for monitoring and data collection as required. ii) ULB may also appoint Swachhta Supervisor for regular monitoring and WASH related data for the municipal area. Data collection for monitoring, few indicators are recommended to be collected at the school level and then to be aggregated at city, district and state level. These recommended indicators are given in annexure 4. Table 01: Various Interventions in Schools

Interventions

Interval

Cost

₹ 24,120,000 O&M, Repair of Annual Supply (₹ 60,000/ Facility School)

Monitoring

SSA, SBSV, MDM Program, CSR

Swachhta Supervisor, SMC, UNICEF

SMC, School Board, Swachhta Supervisor

Sanitation Worker Annual Assistance

₹ 43,647,552 (₹ 108,000/ School)

State Government, MP LAD/MLA LAD, CSR

Behavior Change Annual AssisInitiative tance

₹ 4,020,000 (₹ 10,000/ School)

Green School, School Health Program, Wi- SHG, SMC, UNICEF pro Earthian, UNICEF

Source : Author

Funding

B. State Level

1) Policy: State education department, EDGoG may provide advisory or direction

to local school boards and District Magistrates/Collectors on prioritizing safe water and hand hygiene practices in school that can include the following a) Finance: specify the use of 15th FC funds, SFC funds, Corporate Social Responsibility funds and other funds towards hardware (including O&M) and continuing safe water and hand hygiene promotion initiatives. b) Planning: specify the role of local bodies for creation of water & handwashing infrastructure in schools, hygiene promotion, and inclusion of safe water and hand hygiene promoting events in schools to accelerate action. Also, specify the role of local body in accelerating action on safe water & handwashing practices in schools (hardware and hygiene promotion) within the ULB process, and to allocate funds for water facilities. Note that hardware includes new infrastructure and operation and maintenance of existing facilities. c) Convergence: specify for local bodies, the areas for convergence with other Flagship schemes (e.g., JJM2.0, SBM-U, SSA, SBSV, MDM) to leverage funds for drinking water and handwashing facilities in schools. Direct the District to lead the process of convergence. d) Monitoring: suggest appointment of Water Supervisor (part/full time) for WASH related data monitoring for the schools with the 15th FC funds. EDGoG may suggest leveraging existing organizations like UNICEF, WaterAid for monitoring and data collection (as needed). 2) Inter Ministry initiatives - communication and coordination for water and handwashing facilities in schools: a) Liaise with Food, Civil Supplies & Consumer Affairs Department suggesting the supply of soaps for handwash & for the incorporation of soap in PDS. b) Conduct and liaise with Health and Family Welfare department for large scale assessments on safe drinking water and hand hygiene practices in schools. And to include indicators on safe water and handwash practices. c) Liaise with state livelihood and education missions to place safe water and handwashing with soap in agenda of SHGs d) Suggest earmarking 2% of development program funds for safe water and hand hygiene promotion and facilities in the respective programs. 3) Institutional capacities: EDGoG in collaboration with NGOs or in-

ternational organizations–

a) Develop training modules and functionaries for training teaching staff on safe drinking water management and hand hygiene and role of teachers in catalyzing action at the school level. b) Develop a set of curriculum for primary, secondary and high secondary level students, to promote safe water habits and hand hygiene practices. c) Consolidate school level assessments. d) Include sessions on the importance of safe water and hand hygiene practices and infrastructure at the time of trainings of representatives and officials at the District, City and School level.

Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

Figure 25: Annual Activity Plan for Schools

Note. Year plan for activities in schools, in sink with international water day, handwashing day and swachhta pakhwara, includes 2 safe drinking water sessions for teachers and 6 sessions, 4 project activities on water & hygiene and 2 water budgeting activities for children. Source : Author

6.2 Institutions and Stakeholder Teachers are key stakeholders for providing safe and sound learning environment for promoting safe drinking water and management. It is therefore required for teaching staff to include basic safe water management and hygiene in regular curriculum and learnings for children. Also, capacity building of staff on water and hygiene practices is important for promoting safe learning environment in schools. Other stakeholders can be found across sectors in many different roles. Any private or public agency, individual and groups with interest in education or WASH could be the potential contributor for expanding and sustaining safe water and hygiene practices at schools. Private companies can give funding for installation of drinking water and handwashing facilities & can also provide funds for operation and maintenance. NGOs with interest can contribute to the behavior change in students through IEC. They can help in promoting safe water & hand hygiene; and encourage students to engage in cleanliness activities at school and become change agents.

6.3 O&M Contracts for Facilities Operation & maintenance would involve recurring costs like regular maintenance of facilities, expenditure on preventive and breakdown maintenance, regular supply of cleaning materials, consumables such as soap, brooms, brushes, buckets, disinfectants etc. This is important to make sure the initial investment made is not lost and intended results are achieved. The local education broad may include identification of tasks to repair water facilities. Annual maintenance contracts can be used which can include arrangement such as appointment of swachhta sweeper/ cleaners, supplier for consumables etc. Regular inspection of these facilities should be conducted by a group of individuals or members of SMC. Someone in SMC or school staff will have to take responsibility for maintaining the schedule for O&M activities. An observer may be designated at zone level to monitor these provisions at schools and give assistance to resolve any issue if found.

6.4 Financing There are number of funds and schemes available for financing the project in schools. Few schemes launched by national government such as JJM which supports safe water and hygiene practices in schools, can also converge with other Central and State government programs aimed at skill development, training, capacity building and awareness generation among communities. Also, Samgra Shiksha Abhiyan under ministry of Human Resource Development which converge the provision of drinking water supply in schools. For skill development, capacity building, etc. of school staff, Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Kendra could provide support for required human resource for safe water management at schools. Further agencies like World Bank, ADB, NDB, JICA etc could provide financial assistance to the municipal school board for improving infrastructure and maintenance of water and handwashing facilities at schools.

6.5 Introducing SDG2030 Target Although many targets in SDG 2030, together support healthy development of children through access to safe drinking water, hygienic environment and access to quality education. A new target could be added in Goal 4 for education which can support and promote access to safe drinking water and hygiene in schools. Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

07. Conclusion

7.1 Benefits The provision of safe water management & handwashing facilities at schools, promote a healthy leaning environment and safeguard children from illness & exclusion, also contributing to more children attending school and learning. Provision of safe drinking water and hand hygiene program at schools also provide a prime entry point for raising awareness among students, parents and teachers; and promoting the behavior change required to achieve universal access to safe water management in households and in other institutional settings. This will therefore continue to contribute to a core component to achieve SDG4 and SDG6 for wider national and global strategies. Figure 26: Diagram showing Impacts on SDGs

Source : Author

7.2 Impacts on SDGs This project for municipal schools will be contributing to the 3 SDGs, SDG6 for universal access to WASH by 2030, SDG3 for good health and wellbeing of all and SDG4 which includes a target to establish safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective learning environments for all, including providing basic WASH in all schools. SDG targets are aspiring for overall improvement in quality of life but require call for close corporation between educational and WASH stakeholders.

7.3 Scope & Limitations For the purpose of study, assessment was carried out at the 402 municipal schools in Ahmedabad. Only water and hand hygiene related issues were involved in the assessment. The analysis of current scenario was based on the primary and secondary surveys conducted in municipal schools. For primary surveys 12 schools were chosen, and secondary information is based on data gathered by UNICEF’s surveys. Due to the nature of the assessment, and the study was only conducted in few municipal schools of Ahmedabad. The rigid social norms or sometimes a community’s strong belief in matter related to safe water use and storage will limit the behavior change at family’s end. Also, financial capability of a family will restrict the change to take place, will be a limitation. 24

Figure 27: Saijpur Municipal School Water in Source : Author Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

Annexures 1) Literature Review Name

Source

Right to Education Act 2009

https://legislative.gov.in/sites/default/files/The%20Right%20 of%20Children%20to%20Free%20and%20Compulsory%20Education%20Act,%202009.pdf

Swachh Bharat Swachh vidyalaya Handbook Swachh Vidyalaya Puraskar Guidelines SOP for Swachh Bharat Swachh vidyalaya Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan Manual CEE Water & Sanitation

http://103.7.128.243:8080/Eng_Swachch-Bharat-Swachch-Vidhalaya.pdf

Green Schools Program

https://www.greenschoolsprogramme.org/

Wipro Earthian Sustainability and Water Draft Jal Jeevan Mission Amrut 2.0 School Health Program Guidelines

https://paryavaranmitra.in/Earthian_Water%20and%20SustainabilityBooklet.pdf

https://www.education.gov.in/en/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/ upload_document/Swachh_Vidyalay_Puraskar_Guidelines.pdf https://svp.education.gov.in/uploads/2_Standard_Operating_ Procedure_SOP.pdf https://ssa.jk.gov.in/service/SSA_Manual.pdf https://www.ceeindia.org/water-and-sanitation

https://cdma.cgg.gov.in/cdma/Circulars/344913JalJeevanMissionAMRUT2.0withdraftproposal.pdf http://mdm.nic.in/mdm_website/Files/School%20Health%20Programme/Guidelines_SHP_29TH_JAN_09-FINAL_FINAL.pdf

2) Case Studies Name

Source

Promote Handwashing Project

https://globalhandwashing.org/about-handwashing/promote-handwashing/project/

Global Scaling up Handwashing https://www.wsp.org/global-initiatives/global-scaling-handwashing-project/handwashing-core-compoProject nents#results

Hand hygiene Curriculum in Schools https://www.health.state.mn.us/people/handhygiene/ curricula/index.html

Handwashing & Nail Hygiene

https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/hygiene/hand/handwashing.html

Research on teacher-led school handwashing program Rous Water Early Childhood Water Aware Program SDG Education Learning Objectives

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/ journal.pone.0229655 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000191442 https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247444/ PDF/247444eng.pdf.multi.page=27

Recommendations for Water Access https://www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/npao/wateraccess. htm in Schools https://www.unicef.org/timorleste/media/506/file/WinS_ WASH Guidelines in Schools Guidelines_Final_English_version.pdf

Agua4all

https://www.rcac.org/environmental/agua4all/

California PWD RFP for Fountain Maintenance Services Drinking Fountain & Bottle Filling Station Maintenance Contract

https://www.unioncity.org/DocumentCenter/View/2775/ RFP-Fountain-Maintenance?bidId= https://www.unioncity.org/DocumentCenter/View/2775/ RFP-Fountain-Maintenance?bidId=

3) Cost Intervention Details

Desired Norms

Per School

Source

Operation and maintenance, consumables and repair of facilities per year

Regular supply

₹ 60,000

Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya Handbook

Payment of Sanitation Workers

Regular Assistance

₹ 108,000

Workforce.org.in

Behavior change initiatives in schools

Regular

₹ 10,000

Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya Handbook

4) Monitoring Indicators Indicators for Schools – Safe Drinking Water facilities & Practic- Reporting es Mechanism Percentage of schools having improved source of water supply Percentage of schools providing adequate quantity of water for drinking (above 1.5 liter per student) Percentage of schools having adequate functional drinking water taps for children Percentage of schools having suitable height of drinking water facilities for children of all age groups in the school Percentage of schools having safe and clean drinking water storage in the school Percentage of schools tested twice in a year for the quality of drinking water Percentage of schools having a functional rainwater harvesting facility in the school

MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS

Indicators for Schools – Handwashing facilities & Practices Percentage of schools having facility for handwashing after use of toilet MIS Percentage of schools provide soaps for hand washing after toilet MIS Percentage of schools provide soaps for handwashing before MDM MIS Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

Percentage of schools having facility for group handwashing before MDM/lunch at the same time (1 for 10 students) Percentage of schools with all students wash their hands with soap before MDM/Lunch Percentage of schools with suitable height of handwashing facilities for children of all age groups in the school Percentage of schools having improved source of water for handwashing after using toilets Percentage of schools having improved source of water for hand washing before Mid-Day Meal (MDM) /lunch by students and cooks Percentage of schools using grey water as a source of water for use in toilets Percentage of schools having adequate, functional handwashing facility Percentage of schools having functional handwashing facility connected to a school/community level soak pit for greywater management Percentage of schools having any IEC on handwashing (steps of handwashing) (e.g., wall painting/ posters) displayed near or at the handwashing station

MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS MIS

Operations and Maintenance Percentage of schools having classrooms and teaching areas cleaned MIS daily Percentage of schools having checked for all leaky taps and taps every MIS month Percentage of schools having soap and water available always at hand MIS washing points

Behavior Change and Capacity Building Percentage of schools having at least 2 teachers trained in sanitation and hygiene education Percentage of schools provide soaps for hand washing after use of toilets Percentage of schools having child cabinet (Bal Sansad) that takes an active role in promoting safe water and hand hygiene practices Percentage of schools having team of teachers, staff and child cabinet members supervising the practice of daily handwashing with soap by students and cooks before MDM/Lunch Percentage of schools display and use IEC posters and materials for promoting safe water and hand hygiene education Percentage of schools regularly conducts cultural programs and competitions (Essay, painting, debate) on water and hygiene Percentage of schools take up safe and sustainable water and hygiene education during morning assembly and in school clubs

MIS MIS MIS MIS

MIS MIS MIS

References 1. Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2015). Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya (A National Mission) Handbook. http://103.7.128.243:8080/Eng_Swachch-Bharat-Swachch-Vidhalaya.pdf 2. Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2015). Standard Operating Procedures for Swachh Bharat Swachh Vidyalaya. https://svp.education.gov.in/uploads/2_Standard_Operating_Procedure_SOP.pdf 3. Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2016). Swachh Vidhyalaya Puraskar Guidelines. https://www.education.gov.in/en/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/Swachh_Vidyalay_Puraskar_Guidelines.pdf 4. Ministry of Jal Shakti. (December, 2019). Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of Jal Jeevan Mission. https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/JJM_Operational_Guidelines.pdf 5. Ministry of Human Resource Development. (April, 2018). Operational Guidelines on School Health Program under Ayushman Bharat. https://nhm.gov.in/New_Updates_2018/NHM_Components/RMNCHA/AH/guidelines/Operational_guidelines_on_School_Health_ Programme_under_Ayushman_Bharat.pdf 6. WHO India, India Sanitation Coalition, IRC, WaterAid, UNICEF. (n.d.). Hand Hygiene for All, The catalytic role of Panchayati Raj Institutions. 3-6 7. Centre for Environment Education. (2019). Annual Report 2018-2019. https://www.ceeindia.org/admin/action/files/010120053745Annual-Report-2018-19.pdf 8. Wipro Foundation. (2014). Sustainability and Water: An activity based learning program for Schools and Colleges. http://paryavaranmitra.in/Earthian%20Water%20&%20Sustainability_Booklet%20English.pdf 9. UNESCO. (2017). Education for Sustainable Development Goals Learning Objectives. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247444_eng 10. Ministry of Jal Shakti. (October, 2020). Education for Sustainable Development Goals Learning Objectives. https://jalshakti-ddws.gov.in/sites/default/files/100_Days_Campaign_10_Oct_2020.pdf 11. Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs. (October, 2021). Operation Guidelines AMRUT 2.0. https://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/AMRUT-Operational-Guidelines.pdf

Water in Municipal Schools of Ahmedabad

About the Studio

Infrastructure project studio has focused on Water-Sanitation system. Often the absence of comprehensive city wide plan and an inadequate understanding or attention to cross-sectoral issues in water and sanitation results in poor project formulation. This studio focuses on developing integrated infrastructure projects for Water, Used Water, Stormwater, and solid waste management for Ahmedabad city. Infrastructure development activities for these sectors whether in public and private domain, involve plan preparation, project formulation and implementation. This is accompanied by appropriate technical and financial analysis and leads to the selection of feasible projects.

About the Sector

Words like water crisis or water scarcity aren’t new for Ahmedabad. It has been reported to have high water stress in numerous newspaper articles, which needs immediate attention. Ahmedabad drives its water from as far as 170 km. It goes through the various processes from source to treatment plans and to the users. The water group has prepared a hybrid framework to assessed Ahmedabad city’s water. After assessing the city and identifying the issues, numerous interventions to solve these issues were listed down. Out of all interventions, five interventions are prioritized and selected. This report details out the project titled as ‘Water in Public Schools’.

About the Project

For children at schools, drinking water intake and hygiene practices affects their health which in turn affects their study performance. The aim of the project is to promote health by providing highly effective practices in increasing access to safe water, with learning outcomes for sustainable water use and promoting safe hand hygiene practices in schools. The project has two main components, first is providing physical & soft interventions. Second is providing roadmap & activity calendar to further strengthen the aim of the project.

Please scan the code to get an overview of the proposed project.

Water in Public Schools of Ahmedabad | Academic Project | 3rd Semester | CEPT University