Fecal Sludge Management | Academic Project | 2nd Semester | CEPT University

Page 1


Preface This studio was aimed to develop a Comprehensive Infrastructure Plan (CIP), keeping in mind the infrastructural aspect for the same. It was altogether divided into four phases. The first phase included exercises towards understanding what infrastructure is and how it contributes to the growth of a city. This included documenting infrastructure present in the cities to which we come from. The second phase was Macro level assessment of Ahmedabad city and AUDA area, under various lenses of infrastructure. This included studying the physical, social and economical infrastructure that existed in the area through primary surveys, stakeholder consultations, visiting nodal agencies and secondary resources. The purpose of this exercise was to infer from the information collected, Identify the gaps that exist presently and identify a suitable area of micro level where the study of Micro level comprehensive infrastructure plan can be prepared. Stage three was to conduct micro level analysis for the selected study area under the lens of various infrastructure issues that are identified through the field surveys and gap analysis followed by stage four , which was combining the sectoral proposals that were given by individual member of the group. Altogether, the studio was an attempt to understand the details of infrastructural components, and developing an understanding of how on-site explorations, studio-based brainstorming and chalking out comprehensive strategies go in tandem with each other.

Disclaimer The information presented in this portfolio has been studied and collected by the author as a part of the City Infrastructure Plan Studio, Master Course in Urban Infrastructure Planning (Major in WASH), Faculty of Planning, CEPT University. Any omissions and errors are deeply regretted.


Contents 01.

Understanding the Infrastructure Studying the Demarcated Area Future Demand Assessment Current Scenario & Identifying Issues

02.

Fecal Sludge Management For Shela Vision & Need of Fecal Sludge Management Sanitation Service Zones & Quantification Treatment Process and Modules

03.

FSM Proposal in Shela Proposal of FSTP Financial Aspects & Phasing Institution & Anticipated Impacts


4

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019 Source : Primary Survey


5

Understanding the Infrastructure The villages that were selected for conducting the Micro Level Study are Shela, Godhavi and Manipur. All villages are peripheral villages of Ahmedabad city which is facing spillover from the expansion of Ahmedabad’s boundary. Shela is the most populated and developed villages out of three and has highest built density. In last decade, Shela has seen many new real-estate developments and soon it will also be included in the AMC boundary. Currently at the time of land use study, the village has more than 60 percent of its land for agricultural use.

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 1.1

Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 6

Studying The Demarcated Area

The Micro level study of Manipur, Godhavi and Shela has been conducted further for the assessment of sanitation situation in the area. As we all know that today the peripheral villages are facing high development pressure and infrastructure challenges due the rapid expansion of the urban agglomerations. The spill over of development, is only increasing the need of basic infrastructure, and increases the generation of wastewater. For sustainable development of an area, this growth need a proper assessment and mechanism to manage the wastewater. Otherwise, it could result in the ground water pollution & health risk.

Source : Primary Survey

Picture Showing Non-Gamtal Area Settlement.

Here we have tried to study the current sanitation situation and future outlook of such peripheral villages Manipur, Godhavi and Shela. There is lot of new development taking place in the outside the gamtal areas of these villages and in last decade and are expected to grow 3-fold in next 15 years. We had conducted the primary survey of around 105 household in all three villages and we have gathered information and data through various key stockholders such as Gram Panchayats, AUDA and GWSSB. We have analyzed the situation through our own ground observations and primary households surveys.

Source : Primary Survey

Picture Showing Gamtal Area Settlement.

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 77

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 8

Manipur Godhavi

Shela

AUDA Development Plan for 2021 Manipur Godhavi

Shela

64

Lakh

Population (Census 2011)

1866

Km2

Spatial Extent

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 9

Growth of Ahmedabad City

1991

2001

Ahmedabad city is expanding very rapidly since 1991 and currently is has about 467 SqKm of area under AMC which is expanding consistently. The Population is currently 56.4 Lakh from census 2011.

56.4

Lakh

Population (Census 2011)

2011

2021

467

Km2

Spatial Extent

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 1.2

Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 1010

Future Demand Assessment

Showing the Location of Villages in AUDA Map

Showing the Villages in the Development Plan

Projections for Population, Water Demand & Wastewater 400000

60

350000

50

300000 40

250000 200000

30

150000

20

100000 10

50000 0

0 2021

2025 Population

2030 Waster Demand

2035

Wastewater Generation

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 11

Boundary

Boundary

Existing Land Use

Proposed Land Use

Future Projections For the projection of wastewater generation, we have first calculated the population projection for the study area with statistical methods like CAGR,`Linear and Exponential. Further comparison of the population growth rate with areas having similar growth rate were also considered. To project population more accurately, land use of the area was considered as the proposed land use of the area shows reservations of land for facilities like DFC corridor, logistics zone and institutional area. 2021 Village

2025

2030

2035

Population

Water Demand

Wastewater Generation

Population

Water Demand

Wastewater Generation

Population

Water Demand

Wastewater Generation

Population

Water Demand

Wastewater Generation

Shela

40,100

9.47 MLD

7.57 MLD

1,11,254

16.61 MLD

13.28 MLD

1,68,178

25.22 MLD

20.16 MLD

3,38,948

50.83 MLD

41.30 MLD

Manipur

7,160

1.41 MLD

1.12 MLD

15,686

2.29 MLD

1.82 MLD

19,949

2.98 MLD

2.38 MLD

73,442

11.00 MLD

8.80 MLD

Godhavi

7,120

1.30 MLD

1.03 MLD

17,242

2.51 MLD

2.00 MLD

41,533

6.22 MLD

4.96 MLD

80,574

12.07 MLD

9.65 MLD

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 1.3

Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 1212

Current

Scenario & Identifying Issues From the household survey, we have observed that most of the households have the provision of individual toilets and only a slum area in Shela village is dependent on the community toilets. Our on-ground observations also tells us that there is very minute proportion of population which is doing Open defecation and we have marked the location of OD spots.

We have analyzed the current sanitation value chain of these villages according to the gamtal & non gamtal areas. Surveys results shows that most of the households have access to individual toilets & are using pour flush toilets in Gamtal areas and cistern flush toiltes in Non-Gamtal areas. For containment, most of the people in Gamtal area are dependent on Khad kuvas which is resulting in ground water pollution and in Non-Gamtal, use of septic tank is predominant. There is high proportion of non-piped sewer connections and only about 30% of the households are connected to the sewer. Also, there is no provision of Fecal sludge management currently. The wastewater is not getting treated because of absence of any treatment facility & the wastewater is directly getting disposed into the ponds & lakes of the respective villages. Type of Toilets Use Shela

Legend Sanitation Infrastructure Village Boundary OD Hotspots

9

89

2

Godhavi 0

99

1

Manipur 0

98

2

0%

20% Community Toilet

40%

60%

Individual Toilet

80%

100%

Open Defication

Open Defecation Hotspots

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela, Manipur & Godhavi | Understanding the Infrastructure 13

Legend Gamtal Area

Legend Sanitation Infrastructure

Legend Sanitation Infrastructure

Village Boundary

Village Boundary

Open Sewage Drains

Disposal of Wastewater in Lakes

Non-Gamtal

Gamtal & Non-Gamtal Areas

Open Sewer Drain

Open Sewage Drain Spots

Leakage in Sewage Flow

Community Toilet

Disposal of Wastewater

Open Defecation Spot

The issues in all three villages are almost similar. The main issue in these villages is that the greywater flows into the surface water bodies untreated through the open drains and the blackwater goes into the soakpits and further seeps into the soil, contaminating the ground water which is the primary source of water in the area. The other key issues identified in these villages are inadequate sanitation infrastructure, we have seen open sewage flow, leakage in the sewer lines, Open defecation spots, lack of maintenance of community toilets and disposal of wastewater without any treatment into the ponds and lakes. Disposal of Wastewater in Lakes

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Source : Primary Survey

14

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


15

Fecal Sludge Mangement for Shela Village Fecal sludge is the raw or partially digested slurry that contains both solid and liquid waste that accumulates in on-site sanitation systems e.g. septic tanks. Fecal sludge management involves collection, treatment and proper & safe disposal/ reuse. Fecal Sludge when not managed properly can cause pollution of waterways including groundwater. Such situations have serious implications on health and environment in the area.

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 2.1

Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 16

Vision

& Need of Fecal Sludge Mangement Vision For Shela Village “Achieving SDG 2030 by Ensuring Sustainable Sanitation Conditions Through Inclusive & Safe Management of Wastewater & Making the Villages Open Defecation Free, Assuring Proper Health and Hygiene”.

Boundary

Shela Village Existing Land Use

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 17

Boundary

Shela Village Proposed Land Use

Need of Fecal Sludge Management in Shela The geographic position of the Shela village being on periphery of Ahmedabad, had fueled its growth over the last decade. Its population is growing very rapidly, putting extensive burden on land within Shela. Such growth if not managed properly can led to major public health risk and unsustainable development. Fecal Sludge Management hence becomes imperative for such a context, especially when resources are constricted for sewerage-based approach to sanitation. Good sanitation practices are also a necessity for achieving good living standards and also a requirement to achieve Sustainable Development Goal of 2030.

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 2.2

Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 18

Sanitation Service Zones & Quantification

For the sanitation services, the area is divided in to 5 zones according to the gamtal, non gamtal and current and future built areas.

110 Ha 85 Ha

119 Ha

Sanitation Service Zones Zone I Zone II Zone III Zone IV Zone V Zone VI

114 Ha

81 Ha 95 Ha

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 19

Quantifying the Future Demand

13,774

46,570

Fecal Sludge Generation

2.89 m3

3.91 m3

Subject

2021

2035

Population

13,548

45,807

Fecal Sludge Generation

1.99 m3

3.85 m3

Subject

2021

2035

Population

-

54,425

Fecal Sludge Generation

-

5.77 m3

Population

28.5

m3

Total Sludge Generation (Per Day)

Subject

Zone 2

2035

Zone 4

2021

2021

2035

12,778

43,203

Fecal Sludge Generation

1.88 m3

3.63m3

Subject

2021

2035

Population

-

54,425

Fecal Sludge Generation

-

4.57 m3

2021

2035

13,548

45,807

0.63 m3

6.38 m3

Population

Subject

Zone 6

Zone 5

Zone 3

Zone 1

Subject

Population

Fecal Sludge Generation

32.0

m3

Proposed Capacity of Treatment Plant

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 2.3

Sikandra, Agra | Industrial Shela Village| Neighbourhood FSM in Shela at Village Fringe 20

Treatment Process and Modules

The Septage and Fecal sludge management outlook will look after the safe containment, conveyance, treatment and disposal of black water. The process of system designed will first collect the fecal sludge from desludging vehicles at the receiving points. The fecal sludge received will be discharged into the screen chamber where it undergoes pre-treatment. Here large and inorganic solids will trapped in vertical screen and Grit chamber. The liquid sludge from here will be further conveyed to a Sludge Stabilization Reactor. The main objective of this treatment system is removal of degradable organic substance and for improving its dewatering ability. The solids collected at the bottom of the stabilization reactor in the form of slurry are pumped to sludge drying beds. The sludge her undergoes liquid-solid separation and also drying. The liquid for treatment will go further into Integrated settler and Anaerobic Filter and then to the planted gravel filter and polishing tank. The treatment system has two end products namely: Bio solids, Treated Water. Bio gas generated during the anaerobic digestion will be vented out.

This FS treatment unit is designed for 32 cum capacity. The stabilization and the drying part of the treatment process is divided into 4 modules of 8 m3 each to ensure effective digestion. The required desludging vehicles for collecting the fecal sludge are also calculated. Sl. No

Treatment Stages

Treatment Modules

1

Pre-Treatment

Screen Chamber

2

Sludge Stabilization

Sludge Stabilization Reactor

3

Sludge Drying

Sludge Drying Beds

4

Liquid Wastewater Treatment

Integrated Settler & Anaerobic Filter Vertical Planted Gravel Filer

5

Tertiary Treatment

Sand carbon filter & UV treatment

Adopted Stages and Modules for FSTP

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela Village| FSM in Shela Village 21

Septage & FSM Collection

User Interface

Household Toilet

Black Water

Conveyance

Treatment

FS collection Vehicle

FSTP

Disposal

Reuse

Soak Pit Sub Surface Infiltrati on

Septic Tank

Treate d sludge

On Site Retention of Solids in Blackwater through Sedimentation

Soil Conditioner

Flow Showing the Process of Fecal Sludge Management in Shela

Desludging Vehicle Required Vehicle Volume

Numbers

Trips Daily

Total Volume

2 m3

1

2

4 m3

3 m3

2

3

16 m3

6 m3

1

2

12 m3

Total Volume that can be Desludge per Day

34 m3

Calculation of Required Desludging Vehicles for Desludging Activities

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Source : http://www.cltsfoundation.org/short-term-faecal-sludge-management-solutions-in-urban-india/

22

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


23

FSM Proposal in Shela Village Fecal Sludge Management in Shela involves the Containment, Conveyance & Treatment of Fecal Sludge. We have calculated the fecal sludge generation in the year 2021, 25, 30 and 2035. This is calculated assuming that in 2021, about 70% of the population is depending on on-site sanitation system and after laying of AUDA’s sewer line which is assumed to be completed in 2025, about 30-40% of the population will be dependent on the septic tanks. The expected fecal sludge generation in the village for 2035 is 28.5 cubic meter.

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 3.1

24 Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 24

Proposal Of FS Treatment Plant

The modules involved in the FSTP for Shela villages are 4 Screen Chambers, 4 Stabilization Reactors, 48 Sludge Drying Beds, 1 Settler + Anaerobic Filter, 2 Vertical Planted Gravel Filter and 1 Polishing tank. Module

Based on the standards for area required for each module the total area required is calculated for the fecal sludge treatment plant which comes out to be 8,919 square meter.

Number

Area Per Module

Total Area

Screening Chamber

4

5 m2

20 m2

Stabilization Reactor

4

70 m2

280 m2

Sludge Drying Bed

48

48 m2

2,304 m2

Settler + Anerobic Filter

1

70 m2

70 m2

Vertical Planted Gravel Filter

2

100 m2

200 m2

Polishing Pond

1

70 m2

70 m2

Operator Room

1

45 m2

45 m2

Sludge Storage House

1

100 m2

100 m2

Area of Road

1

2,535 m2

2,535 m2

Total Area without Roads

2,944 m2

Total Area with Road

5,621 m2

Total Area of Site

8,919 m2

Area Chart

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 25

Proposed Location of Treatment Plant

The location for the treatment plant is proposed outside the habitat area but well connected with all the zones. The master plant is also prepared using the various spaces and functions required in the treatment plant. Site 8919 m2

8920 SQMT Site Location of FSTP

Site Area

Master Plan

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 3.2

Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 26

Financial Aspects & Phasing

The estimated capital cost for the FSTP plant with land cost is about 41.32 crore and the abstract capital cost of the plant is about 4 crore. The opSI No. A

Treatment Modules

eration & maintenance is expected to be about 60 lakh per annum. The calculated abstract revenue is assumed to be around 65.5 lakh per annum.

Description

Nos.

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Screening Chamber Stabilization Tank Sludge Drying Bed Integrated Settler & Anaerobic Filter Vertical Planted Gravel Filter Polishing Tank Sand Carbon Filter UV Disinfection

B

Total A Sanitary, Plumbing and Collection System

1

Plumbing between structures

C

Total B Other Civil, Mechanical & Electrical Works

1 2 3 4 6 7

Sludge Storage Room Operator's Room External Wall Storm Water Drain Retaining wall (including Filling work) Electrical Work

Cost (INR)

4 4 48 1 2 1 1 1

3,35,659 47,41,211 82,17,807 12,24,845 10,25,494 5,28,196 3,00,000 2,50,000

1,66,23,212 1

2,58,647

2,58,647 11,86,814 4,40,617 21,60,000 3,20,500 65,00,000 20,00,000

Total C

1,26,07,931

Contingencies and unforeseen charges (5% of A+B+C) Sub-Total Work Establishment Charges (2%)

14,74,489 3,09,64,279 6,19,286

Procurement of Vacuum Truck 1 2 3

2 cum Vehicle @ 15 Lakhs 3 cum Vehicle @ 20 Lakhs 6 cum Vehicle @ 30 Lakhs

3 4 1

15,00,000 40,00,000 30,00,000

Land Acquisition 1 Land Cost @Rs41860/m2

8915

Grant Total Total Costing of Treatment Plant Total Costing with Land

37,31,81,900

41,32,65,465 4.0 Crore 41.32 Crore

Estimated Costing for FSTP

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 27 SI No.

Description

A

Human Resource

Quantity

Cost (INR)/Year

1

Operator for Regular Operations @ 18000/Month

2

4,32,000

2

Labour-Full Time @ 10000/Month

3

3,60,000

B

Maintenance Activities

Total A Total Cost

7,92,000 Cost (INR)/Year

1

Periodic Maintenance of Pumps @ 0.55% of Total Construction Cost

220460

2,20,460

2

Sand Replacement in SDB (Once in 2 Year)

225460

1,12,730

3

Maintenance of Integrated Settler & AF @ 0.054% of Total Construction Cost

21645

21,645

4

Replacement of AF Filter Materials @0.13% of Total Construction Cost at Once in 3 year basis

52109

17,370

5

Replacement of Screens in SC (Once in 3 Year)

9000

6

Replacment of SDB Roof Sheets (Once in 5 Year)

2282944

3,000 4,56,589

7

Landscaping Maintainance

50000

50,000

8

Mischalaeneous Cost @0.27% of Total Construction Cost

108226

1,08,226

9

Organic Waste for Composting @Rs5/Kg

10

Maintenance of Vacuum Trucks

C

Other

1

Power Consumption in Entire Plant @60KWH/Day & @6.5 Rate/KWH

2

Other Costs

4157 850000

Total B 390 3234009

60,12,535

60.12 Lakh

Abstract O&M Cost Per Year Quantity

A

Revenue from End Products

1

Co-Composting @Rs15/KG

2

Treated Wastewater @10/Litre

B

Revenue from Desludging Activities

1

Desludging Operations @Rs700/Households

9244

2

Nonscheduled Desludging (5% of households) @Rs100/Household

462

12,471

2078

20,784

Abstract Costing with Land Cost

4.0 Crore

Estimated Cost of FSTP

33,255

6,47,0831

60.12 Lakh Estimated O&M Cost

46,220

65,17,051

6550306

Total Revenue 65.50 Lakh

Abstract Revenue Generation Per Year

41.32 Crore

Cost (INR)/Year

831

Total A

Total B

1,42,350 32,34,009

33,76,359

Total O&M Cost

Description

Land Cost

8,50,000

18,44,176

Total C

SI No.

4,157

35k /SQFT

65.50 Lakh Abstract Revenue

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Chapter 3.3

Sikandra, Agra Shela | Industrial Village| Neighbourhood FSM ProposalatinFringe Shela 28

Institutions & Anticipated Impacts

The major anticipated impact on SDGs 2030 will be on goal number 6 of clean water and sanitation. In Goal 6, it will target goal 6.3 and 6.6 to improve water quality and halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially increasing recycling and safe reuse globally. Also, the protection and restoration of water-related ecosystems, in-

cluding mountains, forests, rivers and lakes. Other goals impacted will be goal number 11 and 14, To reduce the adverse per capita environment impact of cities and paying special attention to waste management. And to prevent and reduce marine pollution of all kinds, from land-based activities, including marine debris and pollution.

Diagram Showing Impacts on SDGs

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


Week 15

Week 14

Week 13

Week 12

Week 11

Week 10

Week 9

Week 8

Week 7

Week 6

Week 5

Week 4

Week 3

Week 2

Module

Week 1

Shela Village| FSM Proposal in Shela 29

Excavation Screening Chamber & SBD Settler + Anerobic Filter Vertical Planted Gravel Filter Polishing Pond Operator Room Sludge Storage Roads Project Phasing

Funding Sources CAPITAL INVESTMENT

OPERATIONAL EXPENSES

AUDA

ULB

100 % GRANT

SALE OF END PRODUCT

Various public and private agencies will be responsible for the operational part of the plant. The planning and execution will be done by the AUDA. The monitoring charge will be on the gram panchayat, it will collect the user charge, handle the operational expenses and address the public grievances. The operation of treatment plant will be handled by a private agency. The gram panchayat will look after the policy framework and regulation.

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


30

Bibliography National Policy on Fecal Sludge Management (2017). Ministry of Urban Department, http://amrut.gov.in/newsrelease/FSSM_Policy_Report_23Feb.pdf Training Module on Preparation of Detailed Project Report for FSSM (2017). National Institute of Urban Affairs. https://www.niua.org/scbp/?q=training-modules DPR for FSSM solutions for Bhagalpur city, Bihar (2015), National Institute of Urban Affairs, https://niua.org/scbp/sites/default/files/Bhagalpur%20City%2C%20 Bihar%20DPR%20on%20FSSM%20.pdf DPR for FSSM solutions for Unnao City (2017), Uttar Pradesh (2015), National Institute of Urban Affairs, https://niua.org/scbp/sites/default/files/DPR_UNNAO_city.pdf

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


31

Conclusion After the complete analysis of the proposal, we tried to integrate it with other proposals on similiar lines, built up for solid waste management, water supply management & blue green infrastructure. The need of sustainability and resilience to stay at the center was seen as the area has resource management issues and on the other hand has the opportunity due to rapid urbanization. The phasing of the plan was done to come us with the required amount of investment and the institutional involved in the whole process.

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


32

Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019


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