Preface The studio was structured to understand the city and its various parameters and functions. The premise is to study a designated area of 1 SqKm, termed as “Precinct” in a city. For this purpose, the precinct is taken in the northwestern part of Agra city, known as Sikandra. The precinct is located on National Highway 2 and is about 8.5 Km from the city centre ‘Sanjay Place’. The primary focus will be on the precinct in Sikandra area which is an industrial neighbourhood The study will look into various parameters of the precinct to understand the built form and land environment of an industrial zone in Sikandra, which is at the fringe of the city and a recently developed part of the Agra city. Study will look into aspects such as road network, accessibility, typology, land use, built use, infrastructure and services. Study will analyze the built form and land use through the satellite images and primary survey in the Sikandra area and also through the secondary data such as Agra Development Authority (ADA) data and newspaper. The survey will also use the Geographic Information System (GIS) as a primary tool for analysis.
Contents 01.
Overview of the City & Precinct
02.
Glimpse of Agra ‘City of Taj’ and its Evolution Sikandra: A Middling Addition to the City Location of the Precinct
Formation through Highway Industries led Urban Transformation Street in an Industrial Neighbourhood
03.
Industrial District Characteristics
04.
Understanding Land Use Patterns Builtuse Attributes and Housing Choices Publicness of Streets in a fringe
Municipality Services in City Maladroit Solid Waste Management in the Precinct Absence of Municipal Water Supply
05.
Urban Structure & Evolution Conundrum Migration driven Urban Fabric of the City Mobility Choices and Jobs in the City Sadar Bazar : A Market Streets as Public Space
Farmland to Industrial Fringe
Infrastructure on a Fringe & its Mediocrity
4
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019 Source : http://secretsbehindhistory.blogspot.com/2012/06/agra-city.html
5
Overview of the City & Precinct Agra with its rich history is a city located on the bank of river Yamuna and is about 200 km south of Delhi. Agra is internationally famous for its World Heritage Sites of Taj Mahal, Agra Fort and Fatehpur Sikri. Heritage and Commercial Tourism largely contributes to the economy of the city. But it is also known for its footwear and iron Industries. Agra is part of the Golden Quadrilateral and Golden Tourist circuit along with Delhi and Jaipur. The region around Agra consists almost entirely of a level plain, with hills in the extreme southwest.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 1.1
Sikandra, Agra | Overview of the City & Precinct 6
Glimpse
Of Agra ‘City of Taj’ and its Evolution Agra is one of the major cities in the region and third most populous city in the state. Agra is situated in the trijunction of 3 states namely Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Delhi. This made this city a strategic location and a reason for being the capital of Mughal empire. The origin and growth of Agra started as a seat of emperor of India, which witnessed a series of historical events leading to its present form, structure, culture and economy. In the process
of development, the city started influencing over the vast region and became the regional capital, which initiated its growth during the British and post-colonial period. During Mughal period, Akbar made it his capital in 1556 and built the fort on the bank. Initially people started living around the Fort and later around the Taj mahal. The route in east west direction is the main connection known as a national highway today, was first found in Akbar Reign.
Source : https://www.tripsavvy.com/places-to-visit-in-and-around-agra-1539760
Kinari Bazar Market of Agra. Typical Market in the City.
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Sikandra, Agra | Overview of the City & Precinct 7
Evolution of the City
15.8
Lakhs
Population (Census 2011)
121
Km2
Spatial Extent Settlement near Fort and Taj Mahal during Mughal
Colonial Period & Post-Independence Establishments
Incorporation of Several New Areas in Master Plan 1971
New Settlements in Northwest and Southwest
During the Colonial period, the city became a military centre in north India with the establishment of cantonment. Later, railway lanes were laid out and the first railway station “Agra Fort� was established in 1876. The Britisher, during World War 2, used the city as a military base and built the first military airport. Later with some improvements in the road infrastructure the city grew in the north and southwest.
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Chapter 1.2
Sikandra, Agra | Overview of the City & Precinct 8 8
Sikandra A Middling Addition to the City
Being a regional capital and main commercial hub, Agra is the main attraction for the people to migrate to the city from nearby villages and towns. Although the city has diverse urban built fabric from Mughal to modern day contemporary built form and city land use is largely dominated by the residential blocks.
the western part and south of the railway line ; and a residential neighbourhood in the east along the highway. The population residing the residential neighbourhood consists majorly of migrated population came in the last 20 years for employment.
The city authorities planned several new residential and industrial neighbourhoods in the city to cater to the peopulation coming to the city for better employment. Sikandra is one of such neighbourhoods included in the city development plan of the 90s. Sikandra area is a mixture of residential and industrial neighbourhoods and is located in the northwest part of the city. Most of the Industries can be found on the fringes of Sikandra in the western part on the National Highway - 2. National highway - 2 play an important role in the development of the area and industries, also major transit movements happen through the highway in the city. The precinct also lies on the National Highway - 2 and is situated about 8.5 Km from the city centre ‘Sanjay Place’. The precinct consists largely of industrial zones in
Adapted from ThePrint
People are Migrating to the City for Employment
Being on the fringe, the precinct is middling in terms of its infrastructure and city services due to less attraction from the city authority. Situations such as absence of public realm, water and sanitation, quality of life and road network is documented in further chapters.
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Sikandra, Agra | Overview of the City & Precinct 9
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Sikandra, Agra | Overview of the City & Precinct 10
Representative Images
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Sikandra, Agra | Overview of the City & Precinct 11
Location of the Precinct Being on the fringe, the precinct is popularly known for its city level vegetable wholesale market. It has many vacant plots mostly for industrial use purposes. Few of the industries here have been in operation since 1994.
City Map. Adopted from Google Earth
Precinct Image. Adopted from Google Earth
Akbar Tomb Mariam Tomb
8.2
km
From City Centre Proximity of the Precicnt
Located at the north western part of Agra city, Sikandra is area inducted into the city development plan in 2001. The precinct is home to two industrial sites which work as employment centres for the city. Precinct caters to many small and medium industries with a residential neighbourhood in the east. Highway cuts through the precinct in the west to east direction and plays an important role in development of the area.
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Farmland to Industrial Fringe The precinct was formerly the farmland area which lies on the northwest fringe of the city. The building and land use typologies in the precinct varies from residential, industrial, commercial and institutional types. The road network is denser in the precinct than the other parts of the city and the network also shows a well-planned pattern considering it as a major industrial zone. The National Highway-2 is the most dominating feature of the precinct. The precinct has two Mughal period monuments in close proximity namely ‘Tomb of Akbar’ and ‘Tomb of Mariam’ which are major landmarks in the area.
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Chapter 2.1
Sikandra, Agra | Farmland to Industrial Fringe 14
Formation Through Highway
The precinct lies on the northwest fringe of the city. The overall layout of the area seems to be largely planned in context of industrial sites but with distinct blocks. From the satellite images, one can see more of the blue sheds of the industries in the western and southern parts and vacant plots scattered around the precinct. The building and land use typologies in the precinct varies from residential, industrial, commercial and institutional types. Most of the commercial and institutional footprints exist on the northern part along the highway and industrial and residential exists in the southern part of the precinct.
the south which serves the industrial blocks below the railway line and another sub arterial road connecting both the roads. The tertiary and local road which serves directly to the buildings are connected to either highway or the arterial/sub arterial road. The structure formed by these roads is in distinct blocks in different shapes and sizes.
In the east of the precinct, between highway and railway line, there is a planned block of row housing society with low to medium height buildings. It can be speculated that this society is meant to cater the needs of medium income group people. And adjacent to it there is another housing block with smaller building footprints in mix with industries seems to serve the lower income group people or labour working these industries. The National Highway is the most dominating feature of the precinct. The traffic flow is significantly through the highway with a parallel arterial road in Map with plots in the Precinct
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Sikandra, Agra | Farmland to Industrial Fringe 15
Satellite Image of the Precinct
Various Road and Heirarchy
Green Patches in Industrial Sites
Industrial footprints can be observed in the southern and western part of the precinct. These industries do not show any chimney structure and are non-polluting industries. In both of these parts, there are planned green patches which could be intentionally plotted in order to increase the green footprint in the area. Clusters of vegetation are scattered all over the precinct specially in the green patches of the industrial zones and in vacant plots.
Precinct Boundary Plot Building Footprint Precinct Boundary Centre-line Map of the Precinct with Roads, Building and Tree Cover Plot Waterbody Building Footprint Vegetation
Precinct Boundary Plot Building Footprint Centre-line Waterbody Vegetation Contours
Centre-line Waterbody Vegetation Contours
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Chapter 2.2
Sikandra, Agra | Farmland to Industrial Fringe 16
Industries Led Urban Transformation
The first master plan for the city came in 1971, which included 121 nearby villages nearby. With some improvement in road connection, the city extent grew from 67 sqkm in 1971 to 83 sqkm in 1991. With the second master plan in 2001, the city grew to 121 SqKm and mostly expanded in the west. The second master plan incorporated the Sikandra area in the northwestern part where the precinct lies. City established 7 industrial zones with 3 export promotion industrial parks in these regions. The precinct was formerly the farmland which started to convert into built form during the 1990s when industries and people started to move here from nearby regions and started to settle near two monuments in the area. For this area, the highway becomes the main route to connect with the other parts of the city. The precinct nearby has two monuments, which were built in the Mughal period, and are major landmarks of the area.
First few industries began the operation here which marked the development of the area, then there were some government investments like city vegetable market and national seed corporation facilities came in 2001 that attracted more population and private investment in the area. With the increase in the migration of people from the nearby towns to live here in informal settlement, the need of formal residences in the area is being felt. Then 2005, one private developer started to build a colony for the middle income group and then adjacent to it some more individual housing started to develop. Which was followed by commercial investment in the area till 2012 then came some redevelopment along with it. More individual housing began to build in 2016 and it remains the same till today.
The actual development was started after incorporation of the area into the master plan 2001 and with the improvement in road infrastructure after Agra became part of Golden Quadrilateral. Industrial sites, Site A and Site B that were established for export promotion also come in the precinct. Physical Transformations of the Precinct
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Sikandra, Agra | Farmland to Industrial Fringe 17
Tansformation Timeline 2000 Changes in Land Use Road Infrastructure Vegetable Market Industrial Establishments
2005 Private Housing Societies Individual Residences Illegal Roadside Encroachments Industrial Redevelopments
2010 Commercial Development Dainik Jagran Press Industrial Establishments Best Price Wholesale Market
2015 Commercial Establishments Commercial Redevelopment Car Showrooms and Workshop Private Housing Society
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Chapter 2.3
Sikandra, Sikandra, Agra |Agra Industrial | Farmland Neighbourhood to Industrial at Fringe 18
Streets
In an Industrial Neighbourhood The city has a good road network of Highways radiating outwards, however there is an absence of complete ring road connectivity to link peripheral areas. City has 4 national highways connecting to major cities in the country. Total 9% of the area of the city today is under traffic and transportation which is projected to grow to 10.8% by 2021 according to the master plan. The total length of road network in the city is 414 km approx. out of which about 92% are local roads. About 24% of the road network has footpath available which shows there is lack of provision of footpath for pedestrians.
Precinct has a good connected node ratio and linknode ratio which indicates that the connectivity in the precinct is good according to the standards norms. The most of the nodes in the precinct are 3 direction nodes and have low dead ends. Average perimeter of the block is 850m against a good block length of 600m and the highest is 3417m which suggests that the blocks are not easily accessible and walkability is also low.
The road network is denser in the precinct than the other parts of the city and the network also shows a well-planned pattern considering it as a major industrial zone. The traffic is also defined according to the flow of industrial goods. The network is very quiet in terms of congestion except three major junctions which become congested during peak hour. Also, few local roads directly connect to the arterial roads which make sudden changes in the vehicular speed at the junction. There are only 3 local roads which have the provision of footpath in residential areas and only two parallel arterial roads have the provision of median which indicates that there is some safety concern for vehicles on the local roads. Road Coverage in the Precinct (In White)
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Sikandra, Agra | Farmland to Industrial Fringe 19
Road Hierarchy
Network Connectivity
13.8 Km/Km Street Density
0.88 Connected Node Ratio
2
1.47 Link-Node Ratio
Right of Way
0.7
28 %
Standard
Area Under Road
1.4-2.5 Standard
Typical Street Section
Shoulder 1.5M
Carriageway 7M
Site A Industrial Road (ROW = 10m)
Shoulder 1.5M
Shoulder 2M
Carriageway 7M
Shoulder 2M
H-Block Resitial Road (ROW = 11m)
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Sikandra, Agra | Industrial Neighbourhood at Fringe 20
Network Accessibility - Perimeter
850 m
Average Block Perimeter
Network Accessibility - Area
Beeline Measurement Distance Measurement : Point A to B is 130 M approx. Travel Distance : Point A to B is 1100 M approx.
Footpath Availability
4%
Roads with Footpath
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Sikandra, Agra | Farmland to Industrial Fringe 21
Quantessential Industrial Neighbourhood Sikandra, Agra
Panchawati, Jhansi
Bhatar-Althan, Surat
This precinct is situated on the outskirts of the city and has industrial planned structure with low density and vacant plots.
It is situated on the outskirts of the city with organic structure in residential zones and planned industrial sites on the fringe.
The precinct lies in the SouthWest Zone of the city. It is residential and with industrial areas and buildings in the south.
8461 m
3415 m
3056 m
2
Largest Footprint : Industry
2
Largest Footprint : Institute
2
Largest Footprint : School
Comparison & Conclusion Being on the fringe, Sikandra and Panchwati shows almost same vacant land area proportion in the overall area of the precinct. Both of these precincts when compared with the Bhatar-Althan of Surat another precinct with planned neighbourhood and industrial area, shows a proper difference in a fringe and an inner part of the city. The street network in Sikandra has larger block sizes then Panchawati and Bhatar-Altan which make Sikandra an ideal industrial neighbourhood.
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Industrial District Characteristics The city has diverse urban built fabric from Mughal to modern day contemporary built form. The city land use is largely dominated by the residential blocks which the Agra development authority is planning to curb by 1/6th till 2021, focusing more on projecting industrial land uses from 6 percent to 8 percent. The city authority planned several new areas and developed new industrial zones, two of which are located in the Sikandra area. Sikandra is a recent addition to the city extent, the modern built form can easily be seen in the area. The residential built up largely dominates the land use in the area.
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Chapter 3.1
24 Sikandra, Agra | Industrial District Characteristics 24
Understanding Landuse Patterns of Industrial Neighbourhood
The Precinct has a planned structure with distinct blocks. The modern contemporary built form can be seen easily in the area. Precinct has a mixture of various built typologies, largely dominated by industrial use along with commercial and institutional. The two road junctions accommodate high industrial traffic. And two large wholesale markets are also present in the precinct. The housing typology in the precinct varies from row houses, apart-
ments, detached and semi detached residences.
Precinct of Sikandra
Precinct of Bittan Market
For understanding built form, comparing Sikandra with Bittan Market, each precinct has almost similar built – unbuilt use. Whereas in Bittan Market, the residential built form dominates the land use but in Sikandra, the precinct has predominantly an industrial land use, followed by the residential and commercial land use.
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Sikandra, Agra | Industrial District Characteristics 25
The area has a mixture of various land uses, largely dominated by the industrial built form along with other such as residences, commercial and institutes.
24 % Built Land
76 %
Unbuilt Land
30 %
Under Tansport
31 %
Industrial Landuse
6%
Residential Landuse
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Chapter 3.2
Sikandra, Agra | Industrial District Characteristics 26
Builtuse
Attributes and Housing Choices Precinct has a vacant area of about 14 percent of the total precinct area. It also seems vacant largely due to the presence of two to three major arterial, sub arterial roads, a railway land and few defunct sites. The Bittan market, being an old area, has a smaller number of vacant plots and more of the land given to the open public spaces. Even though Bittan market has a high percent of open space but due having less population, people in Sikandra enjoy more open public spaces per family. On built to land consumption ground, the city has a permissible FSI of 1.75 but the net FSI in precinct is 0.7, which shows that the area has underutilized allowed built and the area still has a lot
of potential for growth. The residential floor space index in Bittan market is 4 times higher than in Sikandra this tells that the land-built consumption is much more in Bittan market than in Sikandra. Even though the average family size in Bhopal is less than in Agra, this allows families in Bhopal to enjoy more space in dwelling units. The per person consumption of space in dwelling units in Bittan market is higher as compared to Sikandra. This affects the property price in these areas, the family has to pay a larger amount in the Bittan market for a single dwelling unit than in Sikandra. And this allows the migrant population to settle down in Sikandra easily.
Building Typologies in the Precinct
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Sikandra, Agra | Industrial District Characteristics 27
Sikandra
Bittan Market Landuse
4.0 %
14.0 %
38.1
147.4
Open Space
Population/ha
Open Space
Population/ha
Dwelling Size
115.7
Average DU size
19.6
Per Person Space
140.0 Average DU size
29.8
Per Person Space
The precinct being a latest addition to the city, developed to provide better employment facilities to migrating population through creating industrial zones, it is an under developing area. Focusing more on employment generation and proper distribution of functions such as open spaces, recreational areas and commercial space, it can get out of its mediocre status. While being a properly developed residential neighbourhood, the precinct in Bittan market enjoys good facilities and distribution of land uses in its neighborhood and it also has good living quality then Sikandra.
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Chapter 3.3
Sikandra, Sikandra, Agra Agra | Industrial | Industrial Neighbourhood District Characteristics at Fringe 28
Publicness Of Streets in a fringe
Talking about the publicness in the precinct, it is a planned industrial neighborhood with major land use for industrial purposes. About 90 % of total land is under private use and it is not accessible by everyone. Only few parks and roadside patches which serves as an open space for the public living and working here in the precinct. Most of the parks are not maintained properly to serve the general public which make it difficult for people to use these spaces regularly making the precinct have scarcity of good public open space.
Precinct has major arterial roads and also local roads in the precinct. These roads take up a large chunk of the land. Although these arterial and local roads are meant for heavy traffic and industrial movement, these are also flourishing with vendors and few food stalls on the edges. Trees are also providing some shades on the roads edges which help pedestrians and vendors engaging with each other on these roads. This shows that the streets are functioning as open space for the public in the precinct then the designated spaces.
Small Temple Ground is used as Kids Play Area
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Sikandra, Agra | Industrial District Characteristics 29
Roadsides allowing public access
Abandon Public Space
Private
Nolli’s Map of the Precinct
Regulated Public Open Public
Public park, accessible to everyone
Green Cover on Roadside
Tree Cover on Roadside
Childern Park
Private
Open Plots and Road
Open Public Road Public Space
0.3% 0.3% 88.5% 11.5%
88.5%
11.5%
11.2%
11.2%
Open Public
Open Public
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Infrastructure on a Fringe & its Mediocrity After the year 2000, the city struggled with lack of basic infrastructure. This is being rectified through central schemes. After 2017, the city municipal corporation started Door to Door collection for solid waste. The precinct is producing about 1.6 tons of solid waste daily in residential areas and there is limited door to door collection of solid waste. The management of solid waste is handled mostly by privately owned labour and agencies
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Chapter 4.1
Sikandra, Agra | Infrastructure on a Fringe & its Mediocrity 3232
Municipality Services in City
Agra being a major city in the region, is facing a large influx of people which is resulting in the increase of spatial extent. After the year 2000, the city struggled with lack of basic infrastructure. This is being rectified through central schemes and most recently through Swachh Barat Abhiyan and Jal Jeevan Mission. In 2017, the city municipal corporation established Jal Vibhag for Water management and started Door to Door collection for solid waste management. Municipal corporation has divided the city into 5 service zones which accommodate about 2.7 lacs households. The city’s Solid waste management functions via Collection, Transportation, Processing and Disposal processes. Primary Collection is done by DTDC agencies, whereas Secondary collection is municipal corporation’s responsibility. The city has average DTDC coverage of 92%. After the refuse transfer station, for disposal of solid waste, the corporation has one centralized Scientific landfill site at Kuberpur which is about 17 km from transfer stations and receives all residual waste, final outputs after processing of waste. The corporation also facilitates the processing of wet waste which is done by Waste to Compost facil-
ity operated by India Agro Organics at Kuberpur landfill site. Dry waste is managed by National Waste management services. Agra water supply mainly originates from river Yamuna and also receives about 115 MLD water from Gokul Barrage during the lean period. There are two treatment plants at Jeevani Mandi and Sikandra, which uses Moving Bed Bioreactor technology and gives final output of about 270 MLD. This water is distributed to the city through a distribution network of 1100 KM length of pipes. The city’s total water requirement is about 300 MLD at current demand level. Area Population Zones Households Staff Solid Waste Generation Per capita SWG DTDC Vehicle Water Supply Per capita Water Supply
: 121 SQ KM : 15.9 Lakh : 5 : 2.7 Lakh : 3000+ : 712 TDP : 400gram : 203 : 270 MLD : 171 LCPD
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Sikandra, Agra | Infrastructure on a Fringe & its Mediocrity 33
Source : SRTM Pvt Ltd
Source : TOI | Article/68135780
Collection
Transfer
Processing
Door to Door Collection
Wet To Refuse Transfer Point
Waste to Energy
Disposal
Waste to Compost Landfill Site
Sweeping
Locations of Tansfer Points and Water Treatment Plants
Dry To Waste Management Services
India Agro Organics, Kuberpur
Source : Solid Waste Management Action Plan 2017 Type of Solid Waste
18%
Gokul Barrage
60%
22%
Intake Well
Water Treatment Plant
Yamuna River
Source : Google Earth
Water Distribution Station
Distribution Network
Water Supply System in the City
Source : Google Earth
Water Works 2
Commercial
C&D
Source : HH Survey
Water Works 1
ESR
Residential
300 MLD
Water Supply Demand
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Chapter 4.2
Sikandra, Agra | Infrastructure on a Fringe & its Mediocrity 34
Maladroit
Solid Waste Management in the Precinct Having two industrial zones, the precinct is majorly industrial and accommodates about 650 households and 4000 people approx. One can easily see the existing state of open dumps and clogged sewage systems in the area. Precinct produces about 1.6 tons of solid waste daily in residential areas and there is limited door to door collection of solid waste. Management of solid waste is handled mostly by privately owned labour and agencies. The situation is even worse in one of the residential areas in the middle where solid waste is dumped in the nearby vacant plots and open drains which is a result of lack of awareness about hygiene and disposal of waste in people.
Few people are privately employed as a janitor by the societies for solid waste management. A survey tells us that one society which has hired sweepers for solid waste management is taking care of approx. 170 families. They work in the morning hours for door to door collection of solid waste and collect about 50 kg of waste in a day. But this solid waste is being dumped in the unauthorized open dumping area and without segregation of any kind. Many times, the construction waste is also disposed of with the household waste. Showing the lack of awareness of segregation of waste on primary sources.
Open Dumping area in the Precinct
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Sikandra, Agra | Infrastructure on a Fringe & its Mediocrity 35
Locations of Nuisance Points and Bins
1m
1.5m
Person Collecting Waste from Houses Collection Route Stop Point Dump Zone
Source : Primary Survey
Collection Route of Solid Waste
Key Map
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 4.3
Sikandra, Sikandra, Agra | Agra Infrastructure | Industrial onNeighbourhood a Fringe & its Mediocrity at Fringe 36
Absence of Municipal Water Supply
As jal vibhag provides the city with 270 MLD of water supply throughout the year, the precinct lacks the adequate supply of municipal water. The area is largely relying on ground water sources which are available 24x7. Being an under developing area the precinct does not have high demand for water supply. The people in the precinct are consuming about 135 liters per capita per day water and the total water demand from the whole precinct is 0.7 MLD.
by evaporation process. All of this concludes that the precinct being on the outskirts, is not well taken care of by the municipality and faces adequate basic infrastructure.
On an average the family size of the city is 5.9 and according to a survey conducted in a family, the people are consuming water mostly for the bathing purposes which is followed by flushing, washing clothes and least for drinking, gardening or for cooking. The water demand is mostly during morning hours followed by evening hours. Water logging in the monsoon is a problem for the precinct. Due to having a highway in the precinct which lies on high ground which creates water logging issues in the low-lying areas just adjacent to the highway. The precinct also lacks a storm drainage system to flush out the logged water, which in monsoon creates a lot of nuisance on the roads and in residential areas. The way for the water to flush out is either though soaking by the ground or Water Logging on Road
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Sikandra, Agra | Infrastructure on a Fringe & its Mediocrity 37
Water Supply System in the Precinct
Distribution Network
ESR
Borewell
135 LPCD Average Water Consumption
0.7 MLD
75 %
Water Demand
Ground Water Dependency
A
A
B
B
Water Distribution Station
7-9 AM Peak Use Hour
Water Logging in Residential Society
165.4 m 183.0 m AMSL - Highest
AMSL - Highest
+171.5 +171.5 AMSL AMSL
+182 +182 AMSL AMSL
Section A-A A-A Section +167 AMSL AMSL +167
+174.5 AMSL AMSL +174.5
Low regions
Topography and Water Logging Locations in the Precinct
Topography and Low Regions
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Source : https://frontera.net/news/asia/fcra-compliance-in-india-how-24000-ngos-lost-their-license/attachment/aerial-view-of-taj-mahal-and
d-agra-city-in-india/
39
Urban Structure And Evolution Conundrum The congestion of the central part of the city in areas which to date remains highly congested with very poor civic facilities is a result of Post-Independence haphazard growth largely due to huge influx of refugees into the city. In 2000, the city came up with new export oriented industrial parks in areas such as Sikandra, Sastripuram and Shamshabad, which created employment for the population migrating to the city from nearby areas.
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Chapter 5.1
40 Sikandra, Agra | Urban Structure and Evolution Conundrum 40
Migration Driven Urban Fabric of the City
The Post-Independence growth of the city which was largely due to huge influx of refugees in the aftermath of partition and development of housing stocks within the settlements all around the colonial city. This led to the congestion of the central part of the city in areas which to date remains highly congested with very poor civic facilities. With planned industrial development in the 90s to shift its economic base to support a large influx of migrant population, three important industrial areas of Agra, namely Nunhai, Trans Yamuna and Foundry Nagar were established but without any planned projected housing for the labour. Post 90s, commerce showed a phenomenal increase with the associated industrial development and establishment of industrial estate. In 2000, the city came up with new industrial parks in Sikandra, Sastripuram and Shamshabad, which created employment for the people migrating to the city. This led to the further growth of the city in the northwest direction. The industrial growth of the city and ignorance of the housing needs for the people migrating to the city for jobs, led to housing shortage and increase in slums, while putting considerable stress on the older parts of the city. In 2001, the city had about
213 notified slums out of total 417 slums and about 2007 hectares of land is occupied by slums which contributes to 14 percent of city area. Out of 417 slums, 325 are located in core and 92 are located on the fringes. The slum households contribute about 23.44 % of total household stocks in the city with 9068 housing deficits. According to the census 2011, There is about 2.91 Lakh of household stock and 82 % of total housing stocks is of residential use out of which most of the units are owned and 73% having toilets and only 64 % having water supply. People are preferring Agra because of job and presence of educational institutes. The household survey conducted in October established that the most of the people above 10,000 income brackets ending up spending most of their annual budget for health and education. The household survey found out that the average per capita space consumed is highest in row house. The detached houses have the highest price per meter square in the city making it unaffordable for most of the people specially for migrants. Also, low number of Apartments available in the city, leaving row house as the most preferred choice.
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Sikandra, Agra | Urban Structure and Evolution Conundrum 41
Precinct
Akbar Tomb
Source : http/si.pinimg.com/
Image of Slum in Agra.
Agra Fort Taj Mahal
417
Total Slums
Source : Slum Free Action Plan
Location of Slums in Agra.
71.5 % Owned Houses
2.9 Lakh
Total Housing Stock
82 %
Residential Housing
Various Typologies
Commercial - Non Retail
Commercial - Retail
Residential - Apartment
Residential - Row House
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 5.2
Sikandra, Agra | Urban Structure and Evolution Conundrum 42
Mobility Choices and Jobs in the City
Today, Agra has about 12 major and medium scale industries, producing electrical goods, pipes, leather goods, handicrafts etc. And there are about 7,200 small scale industrial units employing large amounts of migrant and floating population. These industries employee about 33 thousand people. The people from nearby cities are also traveling to the city for employment and coming as far as 70 km daily to work in these industries. According to the oxford economics, the city economy was growing with about 8 percent. There are about 52 thousand commerce and trade establishments in the city. Sanjay place being the main trading and business centre. Census 2011 reveals that the city has about 5.16 lakh of workers out of its 16-lakh population and 32 percent of work participation rate in the city. Main workers consist of about 4 lakhs and 88 percent of which are engaged alone in the tertiary sector. City also has a huge self-employed population in the city and it was the second most self-employed city in 2007, according to the National Sample Survey Organization, with about 630 of every 1,000 employed males as self-employed. Also, a household survey finding suggests that the people in the older part are more self-employed, most of
the people living in core areas are self-employed with various inherited businesses related to iron, carpets, embroidery works and tourism industry. In a study, it is observed that the share of work and business purpose trips is about 60 percent, mostly by cars, 2 wheelers and autos. And most of these trips are made through main commercial centers of the city. A survey reveals that most of the trips made are of 2 to 10 km long to work locations. Although, Agra has a dedicated city bus service that is not very accessible and well connected throughout the city. A study tells us that the public transport is taking 1.2 times longer in reaching destination than the private mode but costing less. This increases the use of motorized mode and according to the survey, only 4 percent of male and 19 percent of females are using non-motorized mode for traveling. And a very small number of people uses public transport as a primary mode of travel. This also led to the increase in ownership of private motorized vehicles, mostly 2 wheelers and 4-wheelers by the above 10,000 income bracket population. Allowing more use of motorized modes of travel by both male and female, creating congestion on the road and making people live near to the workplace.
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Sikandra, Agra | Urban Structure and Evolution Conundrum 43
5.16 Lakh
4 Lakh
Workers Precinct
88 %
Akbar Tomb
Sanjay Place
Lohamandi
Agra Agra Fort Fort
Main Workers
3%
Tertiary Sector Workers
MG Road
Male - Female PT Share
Taj Mahal
Sadar
Trip Length Thousands
Rakabganj
100 80
No of trips
60 40 20 0
0-1
2-5
6-10
11-20
21-30
31-50
51+
Distance in KM
Source : Household Survey
Economonic Centres in Agra
Male Mode of Travel
Female Mode of Travel 100%
100%
90%
90%
80%
80%
70%
70%
60%
60%
50%
50%
40%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
10%
0%
0%
Below 10,000
10,001 25,000
2 wheeler
Source : https://www.amarujala.com/
25,001 50,000
Public Transport
50,001 - 1 - 2 Lakhs 1,00,000
Car
Walk
Above 2 Lakhs
Cycle
Source : Household Survey
Below 10,000
10,001 25,000
2 wheeler
25,001 50,000
Public Transport
50,001 - 1 - 2 Lakhs 1,00,000
Car
Walk
Above 2 Lakhs
Cycle
Source : Household Survey
Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019
Chapter 5.3
Sikandra, Sikandra, Agra | Urban Agra Structure | Industrialand Neighbourhood Evolution Conundrum at Fringe 44
Sadar Bazar A Market Street as Public Space
Sadar Bazaar is one of the major market streets in the city. Since 20th century, tourism driving the economy of the city, few streets were also developed for the purpose of tourism, Sadar Bazaar being one. Shops here are majorly serving the tourist and the high-end population of the city. Other are here for recreational activities and eatery purposes and younger generation for loiter or hang around. It has a dedicated car and bike parking space. It serves various products from crafted items to readymade cloths or electronics. The street has several ice-cream parlors on the median which sometimes create traffic problems as cars stop adjacent to ice cream parlors on the road. The market also has a famous food street known as “chaat gali� which is a major attraction.
Height-width ratio of 1 which along with its facade facing north direction resulting in more shade throughout the daytime, provide a good environment suitable for the users walking in the street. The market is not much active in the morning when the street is used by janitors along with people going to work or people having tea at the tea vendor shop. Afternoon activities are also very little when the street is used mostly by techies shopping in electronic stores. In the evening the street becomes so alive with a lot of people in the street shopping, loitering, socializing. This time the street became packed and it also saw traffic problems because of so many people on the street moving and changing sides.
The market ground floor is mostly used for retail commercial spaces, the sizes differ according to the use. The buildings on one side of the street are all porous and have direct connection with the street, allowing the users to engage with the surroundings and sense the livelihood of the place. The porosity along with different uses, create active facades which attracts more people. While on the other side of the street, the walls are opaque and used to park cars along. The street has a Car on Road for Ice-cream Parlor
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Sikandra, Agra | Urban Structure and Evolution Conundrum 45
3D View of the Street
Sadar Bazar Night View
Porous Porous
Porosity Plan
Opaque Opaque
Schematic Plan of the Street
Morning Activities
Evening Activities
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Biblography Agra Development Authority (2001). Agra Master Plan for 2021. Agra Master Plan -2021 Proposal, p. 28, http://www.adaagra.in/MasterPlan.html Agra Metro DPR (2017). Lucknow Metro Rail Corporation. Profile of the City, p. 1 - 8, https://lmrcl.com/pdf/Agra_DPR_December_2017.pdf JNNRUM (2006), City Development Plan. City Development Plan for Agra, p. 10-35, http://localbodies.up.nic.in/CDP/ CDP%20UP.pdf Nagar Nigam Agra (2018), Solid Waste Management Action Plan Solid Waste Management Monitorable Action Plan, p. 5-340, http://nagarnigamagra.com/pdfs/ACTION%20PLAN%20200319%FINAL_compressed.pdf Mohua (2015), Slum Free City Plan of Action Slum Free City Plan of Action for Agra, p. 7-55, http://mohua.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/23UP_Agra_sfcp-min.pdf Surabhi Srivastava (2017). Economic potential of tourism: A case study of Agra Tourismos: an international multidisciplinary journal of tourism, Volume 6, Number 2, Autumn 2011, pp. 139-158, UDC: 338.48+640(050)
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Conclusion The precinct can be seen as the result of a strategy adopted by the city development authority to shift the economic base of the city from tourism based economy to industry based economy. This strategy is adopted to provide employment to the large influx of population coming to the city for better job opportunities. These migrants are coming from nearby villages or towns and most of them are living in the suburbs or fringes of the city. Precinct is one of such areas in the city where a large number of migrant population is living. With haphazard development of the precinct and absence of city development authorities focus, the area is becoming a very mediocre and undeveloped fringe. The precinct is currently facing efficient municipal services such as solid waste collection and adequate water supply like other parts in the city are getting. The precinct also lacks a proper drainage system and many open dumping zones can be seen in the area. The walkability and accessibility for pedestrians is also very poor as only 4% of roads have the provision of footpaths which are only in some residential societies. The precinct lacks the public open spaces and other recreational areas for the population living in the neighbourhood. All of this suggests that the precinct has a very mediocre status and lacks in many areas for its further development.
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Aeshvry Rajaura | PUI20019