4.2.1.3. Land-use mix and Intensification Land use mix must be complemented with inward growth and buildings density. Since not all uses can be mixed, it is suggested to co-locate complementing activities. Importantly, this mixing should be promoted at various scales, from regional, city, district, to the local scale of neighbourhoods. In other words, mixing activities in urban centres to mixing building stock and local services/ shops of neighbourhoods. (Bibri et al., 2020; R. Rogers, 2008; R. G. Rogers, 2013) These features are being enforced by respective cities in their individual contexts. Portland has enacted inclusionary zoning to add diversity of buildings in the neighbourhoods, similarly, Melbourne, through its ‘hallmarks of 20-minute neighbourhoods’ suggests ‘multiple options of living’ which means creating diversity of building stocks. At the city scale, all the cities are enhancing retail sectors around urban centres, principal roads and transit nodes.
4.2.1.4. Quality of Urban Design The primary objective of the model is to make cities as accessible to people through soft mobility. Thus, the compact city’s layout and features should support pedestrian traffic. Structural design elements like small land layouts and porous street network provides fine grained morphology which promotes slow modes of transport. (Bertolini et al., 2005; Bramley & Power, 2009) While Paris has a tradition of good urban design of streetscapes, Portland and Melbourne have started focussing on it. Melbourne, for example, is identifying streets which deter people from undertaking walk and using tactical urbanism methods to regenerate those areas. Portland has induced incentives for local retail shops and private developers to undertake façade upliftment.
4.2.2. Principle 2: Multi-modal sustainable transport The compact city is based on the principle of sustainable means of access and discouraging car-oriented mobility. It is a major strategy for all the three cities to achieving sustainable urban form and proximity for people. By relying on sustainable transportation, the characteristics of ‘density’, ‘diversity’ and ‘mixed-use’ render compact cities to be socially beneficial, environmentally sound, and economically viable (Bibri et al., 2020, p. 8) Jordan and Horan (1997, as cited in Bibri et al., 2020, p. 12) define ‘sustainable transportation services’ that reflect the overall social and environmental costs of their provisions, considering; carrying capacity, need for mobility, need for access, safety, environmental quality and neighbourhood liveability. Sustainable transport system involves provision of physical infrastructure as well as quality and level of services availed to citizens with an aim to increase accessibility and reduce commute (The International Transport forum, 2019). This signifies that cities not only have to invest in structural changes 99
