car ownership. He observes that in Italian context, the purchase power and rents are higher in the central municipalities. Although the severity of this urban phenomenon is less in European counterparts compared to Anglo Saxon countries (Musterd, 2016), nevertheless, critics from both the parts of the world have highlighted the same concern. This demographic diversity of suburbs is also reflected in the difference of employment patterns, since these vulnerable groups also represent the non-knowledge intensive economic sectors of the city (De Vidovich, 2021; Guida & Carpentieri, 2021; Williams et al., 2020) On the other hand, the applicability of FMC relies heavily on the argument of digitalization of social functions and decentralization of work enabled by the ‘zoom effect’ which the author assumes would be new normal for the large force post pandemic. E. Glaeser et al. (2021) have commented that the idea that physical mobility shall be replaced by virtual exchanged is false and temporal in nature. It is also learnt that the ‘zoom effect’ too is unequally impacted across the knowledge intensive firms and its applicability depends on factors such as type and size of firms, cultural contexts etc. (Pacchi et al., personal communication, 21 February 2021) For example, in Milan, most of the knowledge intensive firms are small or medium size firms and the employers show lower trust factor towards employees to undertake work remotely which raises the question of wide
Figure 10 - FMC's synonymity to Garden city concept (Source: downtoearth.org/isfifteenminutecityheretostay, 2021)
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