A New Time Based Urban Agenda. Exploring the 15 minute city in concepts and practices

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Accordingly, data were extracted from multiple sources of evidence with a series of search executed in various online data base. A qualitative content analysis is undertaken of the documents produced by public organization of respective cities. The typology of documents inspected included vision and strategy documents, comprehensive plans, action plans, project documents and funding plans. Grey literature in the form of reports, newspaper and online articles, research project deliverables and webinars etc, were analysed. The webinars attended by the researcher assisted in generation of knowledge which is further mobilised in the case study analysis. The webinars used in the section of case studies differ from the webinars mobilised in the previous sections. While the speakers of the webinars utilised in previous sections helped create a theoretical narrative and remained unfiltered from any city specific interpretations, the webinars put to use for case study were filtered by the criteria of official presence of the city representatives as a speaker in the webinar. (See for example, CHAIRE ETI, 2021; Emery & Thrift, 2021; Gorman & Dillon-robinson, 2021) In addition to the above, semi-structured telephonic and online interviews are planned with the designated city managers responsible for 15–20-minute city policy in all the three cities. While each city expert was asked different set of questions, the focus of the interviews was similar. It is noteworthy to mention that the interviews will be staged after the content analysis was undertaken. This structure ensured that the hypothesis created during content analysis shall get validated thereby reducing personal biases, which may present itself as a weakness of such case study approaches (Charbgoo & Mareggi, 2018). A series of open-ended questions would be asked which shall focus on three main paradigms related to study, The FMC concept in comparison to the normative concept proposed by the respective city Applicability of the adopted concept to cities, its bottlenecks, opportunities. Finally, utility of the concept as a spatial development model for cities. The interviews would play a pivotal role in informing the analytical findings and discussion which shall follow the case study descriptions.

2.4.4. Scope and Limitations of case studies The empirical examination undertaken in the study comes with certain general limitations. One obviously concerns the generalization of the governance context which changes across the cities at national, state, and local levels as well as socio-economic variables which represent bottom-up engagements which again change not only across the (selected) cities but also within these cities. For example, the education and health policies across Portland, Melbourne, and Paris. Paris is comparatively welfare-oriented state with respect to the other two with strong welfareoriented school and health policies. As a consequence, less accessibility differential observed due to performance of public and private schools compared to more capitalist economies of former two cases (Elldér et al., 2018). Going by this respect, one may question 43


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to ease out governance

6min
pages 129-131

List of References

16min
pages 137-147

6.2. Relevance of Study and future scope of work

3min
pages 134-136

Table 5 - Creating and Governing ‘Proximity’ in compact cities

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page 128

5.1.1. Strategy of ‘Enabling Service Localization in Neighbourhoods’

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pages 122-123

5.1.2. Strategy of ‘Defining and Providing services to people’

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pages 124-127

5.1. Creating ‘proximity city’ starting from Neighbourhoods and people

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pages 120-121

Figure 37 - Principle of Networked urban system and its features

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Chapter 5. A discussion regarding ‘proximity city’ and ‘Fifteen-minute City’

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Figure 36 - Principle of Sustainable mobility and its features

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4.2.3. Principle 3: Distributed and networked urban system

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4.2.2. Principle 2: Multi-modal sustainable transport

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pages 111-112

Table 4 - Comparison of Empirical models of spatial planning to Moreno’s FMC proposition

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pages 103-104

Chapter 4. Findings and Synthesis: The Spatial form of FMC

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page 100

3.4. Interpretative remarks on the Case study descriptions

3min
pages 98-99

Figure 31 – Framework of Paris En Commun strategy

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Figure 32 - Various Strategic projects scheduled till 2030 in Greater Paris region

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suburban areas

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3.2.3. Strategies for spatial proximity

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pages 80-81

3.3.2. The FMC: The Quarter Hour City

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Figure 21 - The built environment of Central city, middle ring neighbourhoods, and outer neighbourhoods of Melbourne Metropolitan Area

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Figure 20 - Melbourne’s Urban footprint compared to inner city

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Figure 15 - Components of Complete Neighbourhoods and the city scale connected network of complete neighbourhoods

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Figure 14 - Strategic Framework of Portland Plan

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Figure 18 - Portland's Urban Design Framework

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3.1.2. The FMC: Complete neighbourhoods (formerly 20-minute city

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Figure 17 - Portland's Investment Strategy to prioritize strategic neighbourhoods

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Figure 12 - Territorial Governance of Portland city

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Chapter 3. Exploring the Empirical Application of FMC

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2.4.4. Scope and Limitations of case studies

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pages 55-57

2.4.3. Case study methodology, unit of analysis, materials, and methods

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page 54

Figure 10 - FMC's synonymity to Garden city concept

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2.3. Interpretative remarks, problem statement & way forward to case studies

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pages 49-50

2.2.2. FMC and Challenge to ‘walkable’ Neighbourhood space metric

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2.2. Critical Voices

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Figure 8 – Fifteen-minutes and distance covered through various transport modes and its actual overlay on Paris’ urban footprint

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2.1.2. FMC and Planning for resilience

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2.1.3. FMC and Reconnecting residents to proximity services

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Chapter 2. Arguments in favour and Critical Voices

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Chapter 1. The x-minute city

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Figure 1- The One minute city and the 30 minute city variants

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pages 19-20

Figure 4 - Prescriptive Elements of Moreno's 15-minute city framework

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1.2. The 15-minute city framework

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2.3. FMC and Challenge of existing demographic and socio-economic differential in

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Introduction

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page 13

1.3. Interpretative Remarks

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pages 29-30

Pathway

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pages 15-16
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