Accordingly, data were extracted from multiple sources of evidence with a series of search executed in various online data base. A qualitative content analysis is undertaken of the documents produced by public organization of respective cities. The typology of documents inspected included vision and strategy documents, comprehensive plans, action plans, project documents and funding plans. Grey literature in the form of reports, newspaper and online articles, research project deliverables and webinars etc, were analysed. The webinars attended by the researcher assisted in generation of knowledge which is further mobilised in the case study analysis. The webinars used in the section of case studies differ from the webinars mobilised in the previous sections. While the speakers of the webinars utilised in previous sections helped create a theoretical narrative and remained unfiltered from any city specific interpretations, the webinars put to use for case study were filtered by the criteria of official presence of the city representatives as a speaker in the webinar. (See for example, CHAIRE ETI, 2021; Emery & Thrift, 2021; Gorman & Dillon-robinson, 2021) In addition to the above, semi-structured telephonic and online interviews are planned with the designated city managers responsible for 15–20-minute city policy in all the three cities. While each city expert was asked different set of questions, the focus of the interviews was similar. It is noteworthy to mention that the interviews will be staged after the content analysis was undertaken. This structure ensured that the hypothesis created during content analysis shall get validated thereby reducing personal biases, which may present itself as a weakness of such case study approaches (Charbgoo & Mareggi, 2018). A series of open-ended questions would be asked which shall focus on three main paradigms related to study, The FMC concept in comparison to the normative concept proposed by the respective city Applicability of the adopted concept to cities, its bottlenecks, opportunities. Finally, utility of the concept as a spatial development model for cities. The interviews would play a pivotal role in informing the analytical findings and discussion which shall follow the case study descriptions.
2.4.4. Scope and Limitations of case studies The empirical examination undertaken in the study comes with certain general limitations. One obviously concerns the generalization of the governance context which changes across the cities at national, state, and local levels as well as socio-economic variables which represent bottom-up engagements which again change not only across the (selected) cities but also within these cities. For example, the education and health policies across Portland, Melbourne, and Paris. Paris is comparatively welfare-oriented state with respect to the other two with strong welfareoriented school and health policies. As a consequence, less accessibility differential observed due to performance of public and private schools compared to more capitalist economies of former two cases (Elldér et al., 2018). Going by this respect, one may question 43
