rates. The dynamic is reflected in the real-estate values. The prices in the city are the highest and affordable, while the suburb areas are appreciating in general (Desjardins, 2018) By observing the shift of medium and large companies to suburbs as an indicator for the centre-periphery dynamism, it can thus be concluded that the major social and economic renewal is occurring in the suburbs. (Bouard & Carriere, 2019; Halbert, 2006) In terms of profile of economic sectors in Paris and the larger metropolitan region, the Paris city is primarily knowledge intensive and future directions consist of promoting digital and innovation economy based on circularity principles.(L’Institut Paris Region, 2018) In this knowledge economy intensive urban system, Barbé (2014, p. 18) notes that their exist a spatial divide between managers lower economic strata of workers live which can be clearly observed among the neighbourhoods of the city.
3.3.2. The FMC: The Quarter Hour City The 15-minute city concept is a part of the Mayor Anne Hidalgo’s 2019 Mayoral Electoral campaign entitled ‘Paris En Commun’ (See Paris En Commun, 2019). The implementation of the 15 minute city ideal stems from the Paris Climate Action Plan (See City of Paris & Green Parks and Environment Urban Ecology Agency, 2018), which aim to address issue of climate change by putting focus on revival of Paris’ neighbourhoods (Pozoukidou & Chatziyiannaki, 2021, p. 16; Semmer, 2021). The Paris En Commun strategy strives for a carbon-free economy and enhanced liveability for the residents and is based on four pillars, Ecology, Solidarity, Engagement and Proximity. Through an integrated place-based approach, the document envisions reducing the car dominance within the inner city area, increasing green cover and enhancing pedestrian mobility. The strategy emphasis these transformations should occur with strong citizen engagement. The four pillars of the strategy are further classified into 5 directions i.e. city of greens, healthy and cycling city, city of culture, committed city and inclusive city. The actions and programs shall address fulfilment of these visions for Paris (Paris En Commun, 2019). (Refer figure 31) It must be noted that the Paris En Commun Strategy is a political document and concerns only the inner city (refer figure 29). Thus, for the purpose of a comprehensive understanding of the spatial strategies concerning the Paris city (newly defined administrative boundaries of inner city and outer suburbs) it was decided to include the documents related to Grand Paris project along with Paris Climate Action Plan 2030 and Paris Resilience Strategy 20152025 (See Bouard & Carriere, 2019; L’Institut Paris Region, 2019; Office of the Mayor of Paris, 2018). Furthermore, knowledge gained from the pilot projects related to the Fifteen minute city is also put use to define the qualitative analysis of the case study. (See CHAIRE ETI, 2019)
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