BANGALORE- MYSORE INFRASTRUCTURE CORRIDOR A THESIS
SUBMITTED BY
AKHIL MANIKYAM . R
USN: 1AN15AT004
IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF ARCHITECTURE
ADITYA ACADEMY OF ARCHITECTURE AND DESIGN
YELAHANKA , BANGALORE.
2020
I declare that this thesis entitled “INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM in Bangalore- Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC)is the result of my work and prepared by me and that it has not formed the basis for the award of any degree, diploma, associate-ship or fellowship of any other university or institution previously. Due acknowledgements have been made whenever anything has been borrowed from other sources.
Date: 18th AUGUST 2020 Name: AKHIL MANIKYAM.R
Reg no :- 1AN15AT004
The work embodied in the present Thesis titled “INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM in Bangalore- Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC)” has been carried out in the of Architecture,. Aditya Academy Of Architecture And Design Yelahanka , Bangalore. The work reported herein is original and does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion or to any other scholar. I understand the School’s policy on plagiarism and declare that the thesis are my own work, except where specifically acknowledged and has not been copied from other sources or been previously submitted for award or assessment.
…………………………
Thesis Coordinator:
Ar. Arunachal Hombali Professor
Aditya Academy of Architecture & Design
This is to certify that the thesis titled “INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM ”, has been submitted by Mr. /Ms. AKHIL MANIKYAM.R (USN. No.1AN15AT004, Batch 2015-20) at the Department of Architecture, towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Architecture Degree This is a bonafide work of the student. RECOMMENDED ACCEPTED
Supervisor: Assistant/Associate/ Prof. Dr.
External Juror
Name of the examiners Signature with date 1. 2.
Date:
Seal:
………………….………………………
Prof. Dr. K.N. Ganesh Babu
Principal Aditya Academy of Architecture & Design
I, Mr./ Ms. AKHIL MANIKYAM.R, the author of the thesis titled “INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM ”, hereby declare that this is an independent work of mine, carried out towards partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Bachelor of Architecture Degree at the Aditya Academy of Architecture & Design, Bangalore. The work has not been submitted to any other organization / institution for the award of any Degree/Diploma.
USN. No. 1AN15AT004
2015-2020
Bachelor of Architecture
Aditya Academy of Architecture & Design
Date: 18/08/2020
The content produced in the thesis report is an original piece of work and takes due acknowledgement of referred content, wherever applicable. The thoughts expressed herein remain the responsibility of the undersigned author and have no bearing on or does not represent those of Aditya Academy of Architecture & Design, Bangalore
2015-2020
Bachelor of Architecture
Aditya Academy of Architecture & Design
Date: 18-08-2020
The satisfaction and elation that accompany the successful completion of the Thesis would be incomplete without the mention of the people who have made it possible. Foremost, I express my sincere gratitude to the institution for providing me the necessary facilities for the completion of the Thesis.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my Thesis Guide Ar. . Durga Prasad . He consistently allowed this Thesis to be my own work, but steered me in the right direction whenever I needed it. I would also like to express my gratitude to my Thesis Coordinator , whose office door was always open whenever I ran into a trouble spot about my research.
I would also like to thank for providing me with continuous encouragement and sharing her knowledge to enhance my Thesis Also, I sincerely thank all my friends:. Finally, I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents and relatives for providing me with unfailing support & continuous encouragement throughout my course of B. Arch and through the process of researching and writing this Thesis. This accomplishment would not have been possible without them.
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to RAJIV GANDHI INTERNATIONAL CRICKET STADIUM members who helped me in the smooth conduct in my case study of the stadium.
My sincere thanks to the following members:-
Hon. Gen. Secretary :-Mr. R. Vijayanand
HCA Committee member:- Mr.Sridhar
HCA cricket association members.
My special thanks to Chief Security Officer :- Mr.Narayana
STADIUM GROUND STAFF
Stadium Curator:- Mr. VL.Chandra Shekar
I would like to express my sincere gratitude to ACA.VDCA CRICKET ASSOCIATION , members who helped me in the smooth conduct in my case study of the stadium.
My sincere thanks to the following members:-
Hon. Gen. Secretary :- Sri. K.Parthasaradhi
ACA MANGER :- Mr. Kishore Raju
VDCA CRICKET ASSOCIATION MEMBERS ACA CRICKET ASSOCIATION MEMBERS STADIUM GROUND STAFF
The project presented here is a International Cricket Stadium located on Bangalore- Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC) Road, holding the capacity of 90000 spectators. This stadium is a vehicle for exploring and expressing my ideas about the role of structure in architecture, and about an architect’s realm of control in a building project. The typology of a stadium allows for a limited number of functional requirements while, at the same time, allowing for, if not demanding, a creative structural solution. A stadium is first and foremost the staging ground for spectacles for masses of people. However, this utilitarian perspective is limited and it belies the bigger implications of a stadium’s effects on the individual visitor and on the community it serves. The influence of a stadium is tremendous in its immediate surroundings, and income cases, can be felt around the world.
Keywords: Modern Stadium In India, Reducing The Overcrowding
85 section of media box source :lordscricketstadium.com
Figure 86 view of inside of media box source :lordscricketstadium.com
Figure 87 view of media box source :lordscricketstadium.co .........................
Figure 88 view of flood lights source :lordscricketstadium.com
Figure 89 view of flood lights source :lordscricketstadium.com
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Figure 90 master plan of Lord's cricket stadium source :lordscricketstadium.com
Figure 91 Site plan of Melbourne cricket stadium source:melbournecricketstadium.com....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 92 seating layout source :source:melbournecricketstadium.com
Figure 93 section of stadium source:melbournecricketstadium.com
Figure 95 view of stands source:melbournecricketstadium.com ....................
Figure 94 3d section of stadium source:melbournecricketstadium.com .........
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Figure 97 view of flood lights source:melbournecricketstadium.com
Figure 96 view of flood lights source:melbournecricketstadium.com
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Figure 121 Media and radio centre source:Stadia-2007
Figure 122 schematic section under tier
Bookmark not defined. Figure 123 flow chart showing player's entry source:Stadia-2007..................
Figure 124 flowchart showing VIP entry source:Stadia-2007
Figure 125 Pitch Orientation source:Stadia-2007
Figure 126 shading depth and angle source:Stadia-2007
Figure 127 security zones source:Stadia-2007..............................................
Figure 128 showing running distance of fire exit source:Stadia-2007............
Figure 129 showing fire exit source:Stadia-2007
Figure 130 showing running distance of fire exit source:Stadia-2007
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Figure 131 Graphs showing the area breakage of stadium by capacity source:Stadia-2007 Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 132 Map of BMICPA corridor source : BMICPA..................................
Figure 133 Master plan source:CDP.com
Figure 134 article source:reddit.com
Figure 135 article source:reddit.com
Figure 136 site surroundings source: author..................................................
Figure 137 kengeri weather report source: weatherreport.com
Figure 138 rainwater harvesting source: raingutter.com
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List of Tables :-
Table 1 Comparative Analysis of case study of stadiums
Table 2 Comparative Analysis of case study of stadiums
Table 3 ground dimensions
Table 4 Ground Measurements.....................................................................
Table 5 Seating Capacity source: STADIA: A Design and Development Guide...........
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Table 6 Wheelchair capacity source: Stadia
defined. Table 7 Toilet calculations source: Stadia.....................................................
Table 8 Toilet calculation source: Stadia ......................................................
defined. Table 10 Site setbacks of BMICPA source: BMICPA
Table 9 Security zones source: Stadia
not defined. Table 11 FAR calculations source: BMICPA
BCCI has proposed 13 International Stadiums In India For Upcoming 2023 World Cup , One Of The Stadium Is Bangalore International stadium at Bangalore- Mysore Infrastructure Corridor (BMIC) Road.
The stadium will have a following enlisted requirements below. It will accommodate nearly 90,000 spectators.
The stadium will provide a venue to sportspersons from Bangalore and the surroundings .
As far as financial viability is concerned, the project will be aided by the BCCI and will be getting revenues from national/ international sports meets, tournaments and concerts.
Special efforts are required for the components of the project like Media lounge, Broadcasting facility, V.I.P seats , Dressing Room, Commentary box, Roof , Flood lighting etc.
THIS PROJECT IS A NATIONAL PROJECT WHICH AIMS AT BECOMING ONE OF THE LARGEST
AND MOST ICONIC STADIUM OF BANGALORE FOR THE UPCOMING 2023 WORLDCUP.
TO PROVIDE A VARIETY OF ENJOYABLE LEISURE OPPORTUNITIES TO THE SPECTATORS WHICH ARE ACCESSIBLE SAFE.
TO ENHANCE A SENSE OF NATIONAL COHESION AND COMMON INTEREST, THIS WOULD ACT AS A MAJOR BUILDING, FORCE IN SOCIETY AS A WHOLE.
TO MAKE UNIVERSAL FRIENDLY.
TO MAKE THE CIRCULATION EASY TO ACCESS IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE SPACE.
AESTHETICALLY ATTRACTIVE AND UNCROWNED.
Akhil Manikyam. R
According to the new rule by the National sport authority, which states that for a national sport event the capacity of the stadium should be more 50,000.
The map shows that 23 active stadiums out of 52 stadiums in India , other stadium are either going on renovation.
Out of the 23 stadiums only 7 stadiums have 50,000 or more capacity.
So BCCI as proposed 13 new stadiums , in which 6 stadiums are international stadiums which is built for the upcoming 2023 World Cup which hosted by India.
Among which , in Bangalore one of the stadium is proposed with capacity of 90,000.
During matches the MG road , Cubbon park road , Kasturba Road gets blocked.
During the Pre match session there a lot of problem in parking. As there is a lack of parking facilities .
The capacity of current stadium need to be increased because Bangalore as a potential for the higher capacity stadium.
The survey conducted by “ THE TIMES OF INDIA” , should cricket stadium to be shifted ?
The survey results states that majority of them wants the stadium to be shifted .
Akhil Manikyam. R
sports
Why sports was played ?
Sports have always been an important part of everyday life. People have been participating in sports for enjoyment and health for centuries, and even in the early days sports were considered viable careers. Some of the most ancient sports are still popular today. Here are some of the world's oldest sports in the world's history.
Wrestling:-
Wrestling is considered the oldest sport in the world. We know because the famous cave paintings in Lascaux, France, dating back to 15,300 years ago, depict wrestlers. And not only in France either; paintings with illustrated wresters have been found in caves all over the world, from 7000 BC in Mongolia, from 6000 BC in Libya and in prehistoric caves in Japan. A papyrus fragment was found with wrestling instructions on it, dating somewhere between 100 and 200 AD. And after all this time, it is still one of the most popular sports in the world.
Running
It should not come as much of a surprise that running is included in this top 5 because it is the most accessible sport. Running is a universal human expression and always will be. It was the only sport actually recorded in the first Olympics in 776 BC. The sport included four different.
Javelin Throwing
Javelin throwing is yet another sport that was part of the early Olympics, and it is still part of the modern day Olympic games. It is a track and field sport in which a javelin is thrown as far as possible. The first javelin throwing was included in the Olympics in 708 BC, but only introduced to the modern day Olympics in 1906. In earlier times, the spears that were thrown were much lighter than now.
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Polo
Polo was played for the first time during the Persian Empire in Central Asia, by emperors. Polo is a team sport played on horses, where both teams try to score by hitting a small wooden ball into the goal. The first documented evidence of this sport dates back to 316 AD. The modern game was developed in India during the British Empire, with it’s first polo club being established in 1833.
Hockey
The game of hockey can already be traced back to ancient Greece. Images of people playing with a curved stick and ball have been found, dating back to 600 BC. The sport was originally called ‘Shinty. The first time the word ‘Hockey’ was used, was in 1363 by Edward III of England. When the British Empire expanded overseas in the 1800s, they introduced the game and made it immensely popular worldwide.
History of Stadium
What is origin name of stadium?
"Stadium" is the Latin form of the Greek word "stadion". a measure of length equalling the length of 600 human feet. As feet are of variable length the exact length of a stadion depends on the exact length adopted for 1 foot at a given place and time. Although in modern terms 1 stadion = 600 ft (180 m), in a given historical context it may actually signify a length up to 15% larger or smaller.
The equivalent Roman measure, the stadium, had a similar length – about 185 m (607 ft) – but instead of being defined in feet was defined using the Roman standard passus to be a distance of 125 passūs (double-paces).
The English use of stadium comes from the tiered infrastructure surrounding a Roman track of such length. Most dictionaries provide for both stadiums and stadia as valid English plurals.
What is a stadium?
A stadium is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
What is difference between stadium arena?
The difference between an arena and a stadium, although an arena is enclosed and a stadium sometimes has an open roof. Football is usually played in a stadium, while basketball and other sports typically hold their games in arenas.
Timeline of stadium and its evolution
The oldest known stadium is the Stadium at Olympia in Greece, where the Olympic Games of antiquity were held from 776 BC. Initially the Games consisted of a single event, a sprint along the length of the stadium.
The excavated and refurbished ancient Panathenaic Stadium hosted an early version of the Olympic Games in 1870, 1875, 1896 and 1906. The excavation and refurbishment of the stadium was part of the legacy of the Greek national benefactor Evangelos Zappas, and it was the first ancient stadium to be used in modern times.
The purpose of building stadium
Stadiums in ancient Greece and Rome were built for different purposes, and at first only the Greeks built structures called "stadium"; Romans built structures called "Circus."
Greek stadia were for foot races, whereas the Roman circus was for horse races. Both, however, had similar shapes and bowl-like areas around them for spectators.
The Greeks also developed the theatre, with its seating arrangements foreshadowing those of modern stadiums.
The Romans copied the theatre, then expanded it to accommodate larger crowds and more elaborate settings.
The Romans also developed the double-sized round theatre called amphitheatre, seating crowds in the tens of thousands for gladiatorial combats and beast shows.
The Greek stadium and theatre and the Roman circus and amphitheatre are all ancestral to the modern stadium.
What is origin name of cricket ?
In the earliest definite reference, it was spelled creckett. The name may have been derived from the Middle Dutch krick(-e), meaning a stick; or the Old English “cricc” or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, or the French word criquet meaning a wooden post. The Middle Dutch word krickstoel means a long low stool used for kneeling in church; this resembled the long low wicket with two stumps used in early cricket. According to Heiner Gillmeister, a European language expert of the University of Bonn, "cricket" derives from the Middle Dutch phrase for hockey.
How did cricket start as sport ?
It is generally believed that cricket survived as a children's game for many generations before it was increasingly taken up by adults around the beginning of the 17th century. Possibly cricket was derived from bowls, assuming bowls is the older sport, by the intervention of a batsman trying to stop the ball from reaching its target by hitting it away. Playing on sheep-grazed land or in clearings, the original implements may have been a matted lump of sheep’s wool (or even a stone or a small lump of wood) as the ball; a stick or a crook or another farm tool as the bat; and a stool or a tree stump or a gate (e.g., a wicket gate) as the wicket.
Gambling and press coverage -16th century
Cricket certainly thrived after the Restoration in 1660 and is believed to have first attracted gamblers making large bets at this time. In 1664, the "Cavalier" Parliament passed the Gaming Act 1664 which
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International Cricket Stadium
limited stakes to £100, although that was still a fortune at the time, equivalent to about £15 thousand in present-day terms . Cricket had certainly become a significant gambling sport by the end of the 17th century. There is a newspaper report of a "great match" played in Sussex in 1697 which was 11-a-side and played for high stakes of 50 guineas a side
Patronage and players - 17th century
Gambling introduced the first patrons because some of the gamblers decided to strengthen their bets by forming their own teams and it is believed the first "county teams" were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, especially as members of the nobility were employing "local experts" from village cricket as the earliest professionals. The first known game in which the teams use county names is in 1709 but there can be little doubt that these sort of fixtures were being arranged long before that. The match in 1697 was probably Sussex versus another county.
Cricket moves out of England 17-18th century
Cricket was introduced to North America via the English colonies in the 17th century, probably before it had even reached the north of England. In the 18th century it arrived in other parts of the globe. It was introduced to the West Indies by colonists and to India by British East India Company mariners in the first half of the century. It arrived in Australia almost as soon as colonisation began in 1788. New Zealand and South Africa followed in the early years of the 19th century.
The basic rules of cricket such as bat and ball, the wicket, pitch dimensions, overs, how out, etc. have existed since time immemorial. In 1728, the Duke of Richmond and Alan Brodick drew up Articles of Agreement to determine the code of practice in a particular game and this became a common feature, especially around payment of stake money and distributing the winnings given the importance of gambling. In 1744, the Laws of Cricket were codified for the first time and then amended in 1774, when innovations such as lbw, middle stump and maximum bat width were added. These laws stated that "the principals shall choose from amongst the gentlemen present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes". The codes were drawn up by the so-called "Star and Garter Club" whose members ultimately founded MCC at Lord's in 1787. MCC immediately became the custodian of the Laws and has made periodic revisions and recodifications subsequently.
The game continued to spread throughout England and, in 1751, Yorkshire is first mentioned as a venue. The original form of bowling (i.e., rolling the ball along the ground as in bowls) was superseded sometime after 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball and study variations in line, length and pace. Scorecards began to be kept on a regular basis from 1772 and since then an increasingly clear picture has emerged of the sport's development.
The oldest cricket stadium in the world was established in 1814 and the name of the stadium is Lord's Cricket Ground located in St. John's Wood, London England. The second oldest cricket stadium- Trent Bridge Ground (Trent Bridge), was established in 1830s and is located in Nottinghamshire, England.
The first ever international cricket game was between the US and Canada in 1844. The match was played at the grounds of the St George's Cricket Club in New York. In 1877, an England touring team in Australia played two matches against full Australian XIs that are now regarded as the inaugural Test matches. The following year, the Australians toured England for the first time and the success of this tour ensured a popular demand for similar ventures in future. No Tests were played in 1878 but more soon followed and, at The Oval in 1882, the Australian victory in a tense finish gave rise to The Ashes. South Africa became the third Test nation in 1889.
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A significant development in domestic cricket occurred in 1890 when the official County Championship was constituted in England. This organisational initiative has been repeated in other countries. Australia established the Sheffield Shield in 1892–93. Other national competitions to be established were the Currie Cup in South Africa, the Plunket Shield in New Zealand and the Ranji Trophy in India.
The first limited-overs international match took place at Melbourne Cricket Ground in 1971 as a time-filler after a Test match had been abandoned because of heavy rain on the opening days. It was tried simply as an experiment and to give the players some exercise, but turned out to be immensely popular. limited-overs internationals (LOIs or ODIs one-day internationals) have since grown to become a massively popular form of the game, especially for busy people who want to be able to see a whole match. The International Cricket Council reacted to this development by organising the first Cricket World Cup in England in 1975, with all the Test-playing nations taking part.
The ICC Standard Playing Conditions define the minimum and maximum size of the playing surface for international matches. Law 19.1.3 of ICC Men's Test Match Playing Conditions as well as ICC Men's One Day International Playing Conditions states: 20.1.3 The aim shall be to maximize the size of the playing area at each venue. With respect to the size of the boundaries, no boundary shall be longer than 90 yards (82.29 meters), and no boundary should be shorter than 65 yards (59.43 meters) from the centre of the pitch to be used.
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Figure 13 chronology of stadium source:wiki.org
International Cricket Stadium
What is cricket ?
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a field at the centre of which is a 20-metre (22-yard) pitch with a wicket at each end, each comprising two bails balanced on three stumps .They communicate with two off-field scorers who record the match's statistical information.
Although the main object of the game has always been to score the most runs, the early form of cricket differed from the modern game in certain key technical aspects. The ball was bowled underarm by the bowler and all along the ground towards a batsman armed with a bat that, in shape, resembled a hockey stick; the batsman defended a low, two-stump wicket; and runs were called "notches" because the scorers recorded them by notching tally sticks.
English cricket in the 18th and 19th centuries
The game underwent major development in the 18th century to become England's national sport. Its success was underwritten by the twin necessities of patronage and betting.
Bowling underwent an evolution around 1760 when bowlers began to pitch the ball instead of rolling or skimming it towards the batsman. This caused a revolution in bat design because, to deal with the bouncing ball, it was necessary to introduce the modern straight bat in place of the old "hockey stick" shape.
Cricket becomes an international sport.
The first English team to tour overseas, on board ship to North America, 1859
Meanwhile, the British Empire had been instrumental in spreading the game overseas and by the middle of the 19th century it had become well established in Australia, the Caribbean, India, New Zealand, North America and South Africa. In 1844, the first-ever international match took place between the United States and Canada. In 1859, a team of English players went to North America on the first overseas tour.
In 1862, an English team made the first tour of Australia. The first Australian team to travel overseas consisted of Aboriginal stockmen who toured England in 1868.
In 1876–77, an England team took part in what was retrospectively recognised as the first-ever Test match at the Melbourne Cricket Ground against Australia.
The rivalry between England and Australia gave birth to The Ashes in 1882, and this has remained Test cricket's most famous contest. Test cricket began to expand in 1888–89 when South Africa played England.
The inter-war years were dominated by Australia's Don Bradman, statistically the greatest Test batsman of all time. Test cricket continued to expand during the 20th century with the addition of the West Indies (1928), New Zealand (1930) and India (1932) before the Second World War and then Pakistan (1952), Sri Lanka (1982), Zimbabwe (1992), Bangladesh (2000), Ireland and Afghanistan (both 2018) in the post-war period. South Africa was banned from international cricket from 1970 to 1992 as part of the apartheid boycott.
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The rise of limited overs cricket
Cricket entered a new era in 1963 when English counties introduced the limited overs variant. As it was sure to produce a result, limited overs cricket was lucrative and the number of matches increased. The first Limited Overs International was played in 1971 and the governing International Cricket Council (ICC), seeing its potential, staged the first limited overs Cricket World Cup in 1975. In the 21st century, a new limited overs form, Twenty20, made an immediate impact. On 22 June 2017, Afghanistan and Ireland became the 11th and 12th ICC full members, enabling them to play Test cricket.
In cricket, the rules of the game are
specified in a code called The Laws of Cricket (hereinafter called "the Laws") which has a global remit. There are 42 Laws (always written with a capital "L"). The earliest known version of the code was drafted in 1744 and, since 1788, it has been owned and maintained by its custodian, the Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) in London.
Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played on a cricket field (see image, right) between two teams of eleven players each. The field is usually circular or oval in shape and the edge of the playing area is marked by a boundary, which may be a fence, part of the stands, a rope, a painted line or a combination of these; the boundary must if possible be marked along its entire length. In the approximate centre of the field is a rectangular pitch (see image, below) on which a wooden target called a wicket is sited at each end; the wickets are placed 22 yards (20 m) apart. The pitch is a flat surface 3 metres (9.8 ft) wide, with very short grass that tends to be worn away as the game progresses (cricket can also be played on artificial surfaces, notably matting). Each wicket is made of three wooden stumps topped by two bails .Match
Before a match begins, the team captains (who are also players) toss a coin to decide which team will bat first and so take the first innings.[63] Innings is the term used for each phase of play in the match.[63] In each innings, one team bats, attempting to score runs, while the other team bowls and fields the ball, attempting to restrict the scoring and dismiss the batsmen.[64][65] When the first innings ends, the teams change roles; there can be two to four innings depending upon the type of match. A match with four scheduled innings is played over three to five days; a match with two scheduled innings is usually completed in a single day.[63] During an innings, all eleven members of the fielding team take the field, but usually only two members of the batting team are on the field at any given time.
The 1947 Laws of Cricket allowed six or eight balls depending on the conditions of play. Since the 1979/80 Australian and New Zealand seasons, the six balls per over has been used worldwide and the most recent
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International Cricket Stadium
version of the Laws in 2000 only permits six ball overs. Two types of cricket ball, both of the same size:
i) A used white ball. White balls are mainly used in limited overs cricket, especially in matches played at night, under floodlights (right).
ii) A used red ball. Red balls are used in Test cricket, first-class cricket and some other forms of cricket (left).
Of the eleven fielders, three are in shot in the image above. The other eight are elsewhere on the field, their positions determined on a tactical basis by the captain or the bowler. Fielders often change position between deliveries, again as directed by the captain or bowler.
If a fielder is injured or becomes ill during a match, a substitute is allowed to field instead of him, but the substitute cannot bowl or act as a captain, except in the case of concussion substitutes in international cricket.[67] The substitute leaves the field when the injured player is fit to return .The Laws of Cricket were updated in 2017 to allow substitutes to act as wicket-keepers.
The game on the field is regulated by the two umpires, one of whom stands behind the wicket at the bowler's end, the other in a position called "square leg" which is about 15–20 metres away from the batsman on strike and in line with the popping crease on which he is taking guard.
Off the field in televised matches, there is usually a third umpire who can make decisions on certain incidents with the aid of video evidence. The third umpire is mandatory under the playing conditions for Test and Limited Overs International matches played between two ICC full member countries. These matches also have a match referee whose job is to ensure that play is within the Laws and the spirit of the game.
Most bowlers are considered specialists in that they are selected for the team because of their skill as a bowler, although some are all-rounders and even specialist batsmen bowl occasionally. The specialists bowl several times during an innings but may not bowl two overs consecutively. If the captain wants a bowler to "change ends", another bowler must temporarily fill in so that the change is not immediate The common forms of dismissal are bowled, caught,[leg before wicket (lbw),run out and stumped .Rare methods are hit wicket ,hit the ball twice, obstructing the field, handled the ball and timed out.
The batsman on strike (i.e. the "striker") must prevent the ball hitting the wicket, and try to score runs by hitting the ball with his bat so that he and his partner have time to run from one end of the pitch to the other before the fielding side can return the ball.
A wide variety of shots are played, the batsman's repertoire including strokes named according to the style of swing and the direction aimed: e.g., "cut", "drive", "hook", "pull".
HCA’s previous home ground was the Lal Bahadur Shastri Stadium in the Fateh Maidan sports complex at Basheer Bagh in central Hyderabad. The ground belonged to the Sports Authority of Telangana State and HCA had limited operating autonomy over this ground.
Moreover, due to its smaller size, it soon came to be known as a high-scoring ground and so Hyderabad was not considered for many high-profile cricket matches in India.
In 2003, the proposal for a new stadium was submitted by HCA to the government of erstwhile
Andhra Pradesh, then headed by N. Chandrababu Naidu. The proposal was quickly cleared and HCA was allocated a budget for the same. The government also identified a large piece of land suitable for the project at Uppal.
Most of the funding for the project came after an open auction of the stadium’s title was held. Visakha Industries Limited won the auction with a bid price of Rs. 65,00,00,000. A sum of Rs. 43,00,00,000 was paid in advance and the stadium was named as Visakha International Cricket Stadium in 2004.
By 2005 when most of the stadium was built, it was ready to host its first ODI Match between India and South Africa. However, Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh decided to change the name of the stadium to Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium in memory of the former Prime Minister of India Rajiv Gandhi.
It is located in Uppal, an eastern suburb of the city. It has a capacity of 55,000 spectators presently and extends across 16 acres (65,000 m2) of land. The ends are named Pavilion End and North End. On the retirement of VVS Laxman, the HCA decided to honour the state hero by naming the North End after him.
The ground has hosted three Tests to date resulting in two India victories and one draw.
1. Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is situated in Uppal and known for the best green grass outfield and has one of the most well maintained stadium in India.
2. The stadium has long span canopy on south and north stands which gives aesthetical good view of the stadium .
3. The stadium has the best water drainage facilities.
4. Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium is a exclusively only for international cricket matches stadium in Visakhapatnam, India.
5. The stadium has a two-tier architecture and designed in such a way that view of the match in action is not obstructed regardless of the seating location.
6. . This ground has one of the best batting tracks in the world and a most preferred ground of BCCI to host ODI and other league
International Cricket Stadium
Matches.
KEY POINTS OF THE STADIUM ;-
Owner : Hyderabad Cricket Association
End Names
: N.Shivlal Yadav Pavilion, Mohammed Azharuddin stand
Home Team : Sunrisers Hyderabad
2003
55000
250
250
14
Flood lights
6 No gates
12 : Shashi Prabhu
STADIUM ACCESSIBILITY
How to Arrive Rajiv Gandhi International Cricket Stadium
Airport : 31 Kms
Railway : 7.3 Kms(Secunderabad junction)
Local Transport :Blue line metro stadium (stadium)
Landmark : Survey of India
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International Cricket Stadium
Site plan:-
Parking facilities:-
They have total of 550 car parking spaces.
They have total of 2500+ bike parking spaces.
They have provision for visitor’s parking during
also for players bus parking.
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Pitch is oriented north- south direction
To allow the air flow of south-west winds they have a stands break so that the air flow is better inside the stadium.
The stadium has 4 sub entrances to different stands.
The stadium has ground floor seating , gallery floor seating, first tier seating and second tier seating as well .
North side has 8 boxes in ground floor and 12 boxes in first floor level.
South side has 18 boxes in ground floor and 24 boxes in first floor level.
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International Cricket Stadium
There are total of 6 flood lights and two more flood light at 2nd tier of south side pavilion.
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The Mohammed Azharuddin stand and VVS Laxman Pavilion consists of :-
It has ground level seating , gallery level seating , first and second level VIP boxes seating , and first and second tier seating .
It has a canopy for the both the tier as well.
It as commenter’s box & North side has 8 boxes in ground floor and 12 boxes in first floor level.
Commenter’s box with lounge area the below Fire escape plan of north side stands ,for every level has party hall. 25 mts they have fire safety measures like hose reel 3 nos. and a wet riser with fire alarm.
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2. KENIA JAYANTILAL EXIT
3. P.KRISHNAMURTHY EXIT
4. V.NARASIMHA RAO EXIT
It has 5 stairway to access the stands which breaks the sequence of seating.
The stairway and entry points is located for 28-30 seats, which makes the crowd congestion less
there is maximum people entering the stadium at the same time .
This stand also has the digital score board as well .
This stand as 4 internal gates to access the stand.
It has 2 flood lights as well with generator for power backup.
The ground level has curator staffs and ground staffs rooms , pantry ,parking and soil preparing.
MOHAMMED HUSSAIN EXIT
ABBAS ALI BAIG EXIT
GUL MOHAMMED EXIT
M.A.K. PATUDI EXIT
It has 5 stairway to access the stands which breaks the sequence of seating.
The stairway and entry points is located for 28-30 seats, which makes the crowd congestion less when
there is maximum people entering the stadium at the same time .
This stand also has the manual score board as well .
This stand as 4 internal gates to access the stand.
It has 2 flood lights as well with generator for power backup.
They have staircase located on either ends of the stands with is also used as fire exits , connected these staircase with corridor at back of the seats.
The N.Shivlal Yadav Pavilion consists of :Players dressing room Admin block
Secretary cabin , CEO cabin VIP lounge with party hall
HCA conference hall President VIP box
VVIP individual boxes capacity of (20 people).
This stand total 4 level with one terrace ,6 lifts in this stand , which is access still 2 level.
The cellar floor has admin parking with Chief Security Officer cabin.
The ground floor as Players dressing room, VIP lounge with party hall and gallery seating area.
The first floor had admin floor which manages the stadium with 18 individual boxes for VIP’s.
The second floor as 24 individual boxes for VIP’s.
The third floor has the first tier seating which as 5 entry points of width 2.5mts with snacks counter.
The third floor second tier has 4 entry points of width 2.5mts and has 6 stairways to access the seats by the spectator.
- F16 Second floor where
The diameter at the base is 1.3 meter hollow member, 6 in nos .
It has 5 rows of lights , each row consisting of 8 lights each.
They secondary flood lights 2 in number which has 2 rows of lights.
The stadium is open on west and east stands and as roof cover only on north-south stand , which as the tensile canopy.
It has individual wings of spans of 25mts and has 3 arches to support the each member and truss work on either ends of each wing.
The roofing material they used is Teflon Fibre , which was designed by Architect Shashi
It has a checks pattern of outfield which look good from top view
The turf grass is maintained by using the cutter machine which cuts the turf grass with equal level throughout the outfield.
The cutter cuts the grass to certain amount leaving 2mm to 4mm of grass on the field .
They cut the grass every 2 days once to maintain the level of grass in the ground.
The above image show how the mix the manure with the red soil for the outfield. For the pitch they use red and black soil in proportion.
The Visakhapatnam District Cricket Association, popularly known as VDCA, came into being in August 1963, was inaugurated by the then Governor of Andhra Pradesh Gen. S.M. Srinagesh and is now in its 50th year.
VDCA hosted the first ever Ranji match in Vizag in December 1964.
M. L. Jayasimha led the Hyderabad side against Andhra at the Railway ground.
The VDCA concentrated in the development of the game at the grass root level by conducting regular coaching camps under experienced players and qualified coaches.
The year 1987 is the turning point in the history of Vizag Cricket. Thanks to the efforts of the then Worshipful Mayor Sri D. V. Subba Rao and Municipal Commissioner Sri K. Raju who took the challenge of converting the barren ground of the Municipal Corporation stadium overnight into an International venue named as Indira Priyadarshini Municipal Corporation Stadium.
With the limited funds available with the VDCA, the Association could commence construction of the pavilion, level the playing field, lay underground drainage system, and grassing the entire playing field, construction of International standard Pitch . Having spend a sizeable amount on the project thus far, the BCCI appreciated the efforts of the VDCA in acquiring land for the construction of a stadium.
The ACA-VDCA stadium can boast of 5000 spectator capacity in the pavilion block with air conditioned commentator boxes, corporate boxes apart from a A/c Media Centre and a fully airconditioned Press Box with all facilities required for a international matches. The stadium can boast of good score board, and all the facilities required by the agency covering the event live, viz the control room etc., Large dressing rooms for the teams Gymnasium faculties adjoining the dressing room are provided.
The umpires rooms, the Match Referee room and other relevant facilities are well placed.
ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium is situated on the outskirts of Visakhapatnam midst scenic hills and known for the best green grass outfield and has one of the most well maintained stadium in India.
The grass for out-field was specially brought from the Caribbean.
The stadium has the countries best water drainage facilities.
ACA-VDCA Cricket Stadium is a exclusively only for international cricket matches stadium in Visakhapatnam, India.
The stadium has a two-tier architecture and designed in such a way that view of the match in action is not obstructed regardless of the seating location.
This ground has one of the best batting tracks in the world and a most preferred ground of BCCI to host ODI and other league Matches.
International Cricket Stadium
How to Arrive ACA-VDCA Cricket : 13 Kms
Airport
Railway : 9 Kms
Local Transport
Landmark
: Andhra pradesh state road transport corporation(APSRTC)
: Indira Gandhi Zoological Park
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Site plan:-
They have total of 1100+ car parking spaces. They have total of 2500+ bike parking spaces.
They have provision for visitor’s parking during non-match days and parking for staff of cricket stadium and also for players bus parking.
International Cricket Stadium
PITCH IS OIRENTED NORTH- SOUTH DIRECTION
TO ALLOW THE AIR FLOW OF SOUTH-WEST WINDS THEY HAVE A STANDS BREAK SO THAT THE AIR FLOW IS BETTER INSIDE THE STADIUM.
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The Dr.Vizzy End consists of :Players dressing room.
Umpire’s room. Match officials room.
3rd umpire cabin. Admin block
VIP seating with AC rooms
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The Dr.PVG RAJU STAND consists of :- L ,M , N , O stands. Two gates as well namely :-
The D.V.SUBBARAO END consists
Media room for 150 people.
Equipment rooms.
2 flood lights .
Rollers to level the ground.
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The diameter at the base is 1.3 meter hollow member, 4 in nos . It has 11 rows of lights , each row consisting of 8 lights each.
International Cricket Stadium
The grass for out-field was specially brought from the Caribbean.
They used red soil for the entire ground except the pitch.
For the pitch they have used black soil mixed with red soil.
International Cricket Stadium
Close look at the pitch soil type and cracks developed TURF
The turf grass is maintained by using the cutter machine which cuts the turf grass with equal level throughout the outfield.
The cutter cuts the grass to certain amount leaving 8mm to 12mm of grass on the field
They cut the grass every 2 days once to maintain the level of grass in the ground.
CUTTING
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