Vertical Designs For Urban Growth

V e r t i c a Designs For l Urban Growth A BP L 2 004 9 I nt roduc t i on to U rban Design an d Plan n in g a ri a n na garay semester 2, 201 7

:

About the student: Arianna Garay 758843 garaya@student.unimelb.edu.au Bachelor of Environments

Architecure and Urban Planning

& Design Major

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Alternatively, please follow the link below to view the report in Issuu, an online reading website.

course coordinator:

Professor Sun Sheng Han

Madhu Lakshmanan

Senior Tutor: tutor :

https://issuu.com/ariannagaray/ docs/vdfug

Fujie Rao

This Subject was created by the University of Melbourne Under the Bachelor of Environments and Bachelor of design course , currently affiliated with the Melbourne School of design and The Architecture , Building , And Planning FAculty.

Any photographs, maps and edIted pictures that appear within this submission belongs to the student, unless listed otherwise.

The following programs have been used to create this proposal; Rhino3D 5.0, QGIS, Adobe Creative Cloud (Photoshop, Illustrator and InDesign).

The data, statistics and reports have been compiled and written using Microsoft Word, Excel and InDesign.

All items taken from the internet or within university sources are citated and sources can be found referenced within the page or in the bibliography at the end of the journal.

P R o P o S A L C o n t e n t s Introduction 4

D.2

O.1: FLEXIBILITY FOR GROWTH

IN INFRASTRUCTURE 32

A.1

DOCUMENT AGENDA

6

ACTIONS AND PRECEDENTS

33

A.2

GREATER MELBOURNE MAP

7

O.2: SITE ACCESSIBILITY

34

A.3

SITE STUDY AREA

8

ACTIONS AND PRECEDENTS

35

O.3: INCREASING SERVICES

site analysis 10

AND FACILITES 36

B.1

PROPERTY FUNCTIONS

12

B.2 TRANSPORTATION 13

D.3

D.4

ACTIONS AND PRECEDENTS

37

implementation 38

SUPPORT PHOTOS 15

B.3

RETAIL AND CATERING

16

B.4

FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS

18

E.2 VISUAL RENDERS 42

B.5

DEMOGRAPHIC STATISTICS

21

E.1 DESIGN VISION 40

E.3

TIMELINE OF

IMPLEMENTATION 44

vision 22

C.1

VISION STATEMENT

24

C.2

OVERARCHING AGENDAS

25

objectives and actions

26

E.4 CONCLUSION 45

bibliography 46

GLOSSARY 47

FIGURES 48

CITATIONS 50

D.1

PLAN MELBOURNE AND

EXISTING SCHEMES 28

V.D.F.U.G.

3

A

INT

TRODUCTION

introduction This document presents a proposition to provide a solution to issues identified within Melbourne’s dynamic urban development situation and growth.

With Melbourne quickly becoming Australia’s fastest growing city (David, 2017), the need to provide new residential developments as well as job opportunities and infrastructure for retail, businesses and food continue to grow.

Vertical Designs For Urban Growth (VDFUG) will look into issues pertaining to provisional infrastructures around a defined study area within Melbourne. It will consider case studies and precedents around the world that have tackled similar issues and apply their objectives and solutions to a final implementation proposal.

Themes discussed in this document will relate to infrastructure, public realm, flexible design resilience, accessibility and provision of supplies and facilities. Social issues associated with these will also be lightly discussed.

6

V.D.F.U.G.

A.2 Greater Melbourne MAP

:

A.1 Document Agenda

n o t e To help the reader understand terms mentioned within this document, a glossary has been provided in the bibliography section defining key terms. Please refer to it if needed.

Figure 1.

Greater Melbourne Map.

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7

A.3 Site Study Area

Figure 2.

Aerial Screenshot of Site.

Figure 3.

Allocated General Map for site selection.

As a requirement introduced by this brief within its earlier assessments, we were asked to choose a site area within this allocated mapping area.

The site that was chosen for the previous analysis report and for this design proposal is highlighted in figure 2.

8

V.D.F.U.G.

Figure 4.

Chosen Site Study Area..

The study area is confined within 4 major Melbourne Streets, as illustrated in figure 3.

The area of the site is 16.5 hectares.

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9

B

SIT

TE

A N A LY S I S

B.1 property functions

Figure 5.

Functions of Properties in the site.

In the research report, we have selectively named this site area as the RMIT University and Residential Precinct. This is due to the site containing two main function types within its existing properties; a high amount of university & educational buildings as well as residential buildings.

(Fig. 5).

The residential properties in this site were all noticeably highrise accommodations, and will continue to be that way, due to Melbourne’s increasing demand 12

V.D.F.U.G.

to supply more housing to catch up to its increasing population (Chalkley-Rhoden, 2017).

In addition to this, we acknowledged that if the population density were to continue to increase, then logic shows that the need to supply more retail and commercial opportunities must be met. This is the process of multi-channel provisions; that residents need to be able to find many ways to obtain their needs. (Klein, MĂźllerLankenau & Wehmeyer, 2005).

legend RMIT University and Educational Buildings Green Space and/or Urban Areas Hotels or Long Term Accommodations Residential Buildings Landmarks and/or Tourists Spots Retail, Commercial or Mixed Function

B.2 transportation

Figure 6.

Bicycle Routes Map.

Figure 7.

Bus Routes Map.

Figure 8.

Tram Routes Map.

Figure 9.

Car Routes Map.

V.D.F.U.G.

13

Franklin Street

Bowen Street

FIG. 11 FIG. 14 FIG. 12 FIG. 13

Figure 10.

Existing Construction Sites Map

Figures 6-9 shows that there are various ways to get to and around the study area.

Even though there are many ways available, it is still very hard to access the site and this is due to the multiple amounts of construction work currently occurring within the site. Figure 10 shows at least 13 distinct construction sites, occurring either because of the approved residential constructions, the new Metro Railway Tunnel or because of RMIT University’s New Academic Street Plan. This was clearly observed during the site visit, with a significant part of Franklin Street closed off for the Metro Rail Project and Bowen Street closed off for the New Academic Street Project.

This has made this area increasingly hard to navigate 14

V.D.F.U.G.

through as a pedestrian, having to walk through narrow pathways, as seen in figures 15 and 16.

In some cases, the pathways have also created a disturbance for those with disabilities as they are redirected to go through longer pathways. (Fig. 15).

Another issue that was identified was the lack of urban areas within the district as they are being closed off due to future developments (figures 11-14).

This issue especially affects the case of the A’Beckett Street Basketball Court, which was an area that was quite precious to students and current residents.

(Fig. 13).

On the side, the ongoing construction has created quite a few disturbances to students studying within the area as well as to residents living there.

Photos

Figure 11. Urban Area One

Figure 15. Tight walkways because of construction work. People with accessibility needs have been redirected to go a longer way.

Figure 12. Urban Area Two

Figure 16. A’Beckett Street blocked off due to a construction project.

Figure 13. Urban Area Three

Figure 14. Urban Area Four

Figure 17. RMIT University’s main street, Bowen Street has been blocked off due to the university’s New Academic Street Project.

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15

B.3 retail and catering Swanston Street

Figure 18.

Ground Level Establishments

Figure 19.

Other Ground Establishments

16

V.D.F.U.G.

some shops that closed down due to construction

Figure 20. The Oxford Scholar Pub closed down due to construction.

Figure 23. The 7-Eleven closed down due to construction.

Two primary issues that were discovered during the assignment 2 analysis.

Figure 21. Hungry Jacks closed down due to construction.

Figure 22. The Hokuto Japanese Cafe closed down due to construction.

One issue was that RMIT University, did not seem to have an active retail and catering area. Even though figure 19 shows several establishments above ground, at times they were not accessible due to the construction of the New Academic Street Project.

Therefore, students within university grounds, which can be identified as the city block between Swanston Street and Russell Street have to travel out of university grounds to find catering and retail services, typically to Melbourne Central.

This is further implicated by the second issue. The second identified issue is that several shops were forced to close down due to lack of customers because of existing construction work occurring around this precinct. As figures 20-23 shows, many shops explain that they are closing down due to the Metro Rail Project. In one case, figure 20, the Oxford Scholar Pub had to end its 25 year run due to the fact that customers constantly thought they were not open due to them closing their blinds to keep out construction dust (Lucas, 2017).

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17

melbourne's f u t u r e s k y l i n e Although the assignment is limited to the study area that was chosen, it became imperative that research must be developed to see how the immediate area adjacent to the site will also be affected in the future.

3d future developmen map

:

B.4 future developments

This study was conducted as almost every, if not all, issues found previously pertaining to the site seemed to stem from future developments and the construction work that is occurring within Melbourne’s Central Business District.

The 3D Future Development Map that is shown to the right of the page visualises what Melbourne’s future city skyline will look like within the next five to ten years.

This map was rendered by using Rhino 3D and through collation of data from several City of Melbourne Data Resources, the Development Activity Model (City of Melbourne, 2017) and the Melbourne Data: 3D Development Activity Model Footprints (City of Melbourne, 2017). Existing building heights were retrieved from Butler (n.a.) and Jackson (2014).

18

V.D.F.U.G.

Legend RMIT University Buildings Developments approved for future construction Developments currently under construction

nt

Figure 24.

2D reference map for the 3D map.

Figure 25.

3D render of future developments around the site and surrounding areas.

V.D.F.U.G.

19

site reconstruction

Figure 26.

Current Situation of Study Area.

Figure 27 shows that in the near future, the west side of this study area will be filled with many high-rise developments and will have a high building density.

Figure 27.

Future Situation of Study Area.

20

V.D.F.U.G.

B.5 demographic statistics FROM

ABS

QUICKSTATS

2011

Figure 28.

Demographic Statistics of the study area.

male population

3,325 5,119

14,312

female population

3,796 4,703

14,059

18,030 private dwellings

$ 4 1 6 median rent p/w

1.8 people per household

28 yrs o l d

Median income

median age

housing situation

$

$1,230 median income p/w

$2000 median mortgage repayment p/m

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21

c

V

I

S

I

O

N

vision

C.1 to

design

statement

and

recreate

the

P U B L I C R E A L M in order to

improve user access to

s pa c e b y

and

fa c i l i t i e s

p r o v idin g

a n

a d a p t a b l e f r a m e w o r k for 24

future V.D.F.U.G.

urban

growth.

C.2

overarching

agenda

Goal

improving the public realm for

future

urban

growth

What is the Public Realm?

The Public Realm is the area of which active users can freely access, the opposite of a private space, which is typically controlled in terms of access, behaviour and rules of use (Low and Smith, 2013).

The public realm if often characterised by several points (Lakshmanan, 2017): One They are often grounded to the pedestrian scale.

Two They bridge the public space to the private; businesses, institutions (etc.)

Three They are often used as gathering spaces.

Four They include both active and passive functions.

Five At times, they often provide the character of the city and the place Albeit the fact that a public space allows users to freely move and behave in the way they want, people will still be tied down to a moral instinct to act within the local society’s expectancies of good and acceptable behaviour. This behaviour may not only be limited to the local culture, but may also be limited to the perceivable and obvious function that a space may provide.

For example, you will probably not play a game of basketball in a shoe store nor sell shoes in a basketball court.

One of the important objectives of this proposal is to create an adaptive framework that could improve the public realm. An adaptive framework will allow the future of the city to adapt to technologies that may be created or to allow for the framework to become resilient to future change.

V.D.F.U.G.

25

d

O B A N

B J E C T I V E S N D A C T I O N S

melbourne

D.1 plan plan melbourne

Figure 29.

Plan Melbourne’s Section Five for achieving social sustainability in facility and utility provisions.

Plan Melbourne 2017-2050 (Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 2017) has been recognized as the main implementation directive for this proposal.

Objectives pertaining to the vision will be guided by the structure provided in Plan Melbourne and actions proposed to implement these objectives will align themselves to the plan’s goals.

The section that will be the main focus for this design proposal will be Outcome 5: Inclusive, Vibrant and Healthy Neighbourhoods. To iterate, this proposal does not recognize the site study area as a full neighbourhood, but as a section of one. The neighbourhood being referred to in this context would be the City of Melbourne and its 28 V.D.F.U.G.

defined municipal area. Therefore, some actions that are to be taken in the following proposal strategy will be limited to the defined study area as they have been recognised to work specifically to that site. Even though the city is recognized a large scale project, in reference to the site, this design proposal would be a smaller part to what is an existing larger planning scheme.

There are many different parts of Plan Melbourne that could be integrated to the design plan, but the parts are deemed most important are shaded in figure 29, which mostly align to the following objectives and to the definitions and characteristics of the public realm provided in page 25, section C.2.

and existing schemes RMIT University: new Academic street

Figure 30.

Ground Plan of the New Academic Street. This would be recognised as the main ground plain or main thoroughfare, albeit being on level 2/3.

Figure 31.

NAW near completion. Image from Bowen Street side, east of Swanston

Figure 32.

Complementary to Fig 31. View from north to south.

Another important planning scheme that needs to be considered while planning for this area would be the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology’s (RMIT) New Academic Street Plan (NAW).

This plan includes specified precinct planning in:

The specifics can be found on the university’s extensive NAW website (RMIT, n.a.). There are many goals outlined in the masterplan, with specified precinct creation as a primary focus for the final outcome, which aligns to their overall vision; to provide new facilities for RMIT students.

Arcades and Laneways

Garden Building and Terraces

Media Precinct

Retail Activation Precinct

Swanston Library

RMIT Connect

Specialist Spaces

Student Spaces V.D.F.U.G.

29

D.1 (continued) metro rail project (MRP)

Figure 33.

Metro Rail Project Outcome Benefits. What the Melbourne Metro Rail Authority hopes will happen after the project’s completion.

Figure 34.

CBD North Station Platforms Concept Image.

Figure 35.

CBD North Station Concourse Concept Image.

Figure 36.

CBD North Station Entrance Concept Image. This is an example of one of the entrances, currently being built along Franklin Street. See Figure 15.

30

V.D.F.U.G.

mRP: Affected construction areas Figure 37.

Construction Areas related to the Metro Rail Project. 2D Reference Map.

FIG. 36

FIG. 35 Figure 38.

Implementation Map to visualise where the construction work is occurring.

FIG. 34

currently being conducted due to the prediction that by 2031, the passenger count of 580,000 passengers a day will double to 1.1 million (MMRA, 2017).

The Metro Rail Project currently being conducted by the Melbourne Metropolitan Rail Authority (MMRA), is probably one of the largest metropolitan projects currently ongoing within the City of Melbourne. It is expected to be complete by 2026 (Victorian Government, 2017) and will introduce five new stations to the city.

Improvements

and

new

development

are

The need to include this development project to this urban proposal is imperative as it is an ongoing development and its implementation will greatly affect the design being considered.

This development is also a great way to introduce a vertical design structure as it will create the initial framework needed as well as light up the discussion of “Why don’t we extend the build from here?”.

V.D.F.U.G.

31

d.2 objective one: f l e x i b i l i t y for g r o w t h in infrastructure As Plan Melbourne, Outcome 5 suggests (Figure 29), in order for the city to be inclusive and to provide a good framework for urban growth, it needs to have space to grow (DEWLP, 2017). This can be provided by providing flexible infrastructure within future developments.

There are many case studies and examples that exemplify this notion, but this segment will focus on those with a mixed function. This is because ‘mixed used areas contribute to a more vibrant life in the urban environment’ and will greatly improve cities (Vorontsova et. al, 2016).

actions to be taken:

How will I complete this objective?

(From the Vision Statement)

“design” a d a p ta b l e framework What actions will I take? action one introduce a vertical design structure to future implementation plans in melbourne planning schemes. This includes mixed function developments.

(Long Term Effect)

action two Introduce an additional component in relation to the Metro rail projects about creation of more multi-level floors for additional public space and by extension, space for additional stations for future transportation needs. (medium to long term effect)

action three introduce a open concept spaces that could have mixed purposes, otherwise referred to as ‘Meanwhile Spaces’ (DELWP,2017), adaptable to the REQUIRED FUNCTIONS AT THE TIME. (SHORT TO Long Term Effect)

32

V.D.F.U.G.

montreal's underground the vertical malls component precedent concept idea

Figure 39.

Eaton Centre Montreal.

Figure 41.

Vertical Concept Idea.

Figure 40.

Les Cours Mont-Royal Centre.

The underground malls of Montreal, QuĂŠbec in Canada are perfect examples of underground installments that have been successful as very active and vital public realms. The city has a maze of these establishments, which has help them with shopping through the winter months.

As shown in section B.4 Future Developments, it has been quite evident that the development trend in Melbourne seems to be vertical highrises, but the city should consider underground development projects. They may be more costly, but there are benefits to underground establishments as well.

They typically maintain the same temperature throughout the year (Trounson, 2017) and are generally more stable and efficient against most disasters.

V.D.F.U.G. 33

d.3 objective two: s i t e accessibility A component that becomes one of the primary concerns in any proposal or masterplan would be the creation of accessibility to the space.

Since the public realm is a space available for all active users, the design must be inclusive for everyone and their needs.

Site Accessibility within the intraspace becomes a very important part of this site, especially with approximately half of the population of Melbourne’s residents are predicted to be over the age of 40 by 2036. (City of Melbourne, 2016). People need to be able to get around the area with ease.

Another aspect of accessibility would be the interspace surrounding the site. The reason why the Melbourne Metro Rail Project is being conducted is to make the city more accessible for the people needing to access it from outside the inner city Melbourne boundary.

34

V.D.F.U.G.

actions to be taken:

How will I complete this objective?

(From the Vision Statement)

“ recreate” s

p a

c

e

What actions will I take? action one Recreate public space for the use of pedestrian access only. can be applied to parts of a’beckett street. (short to medium term effect)

action two introduce skyways and tunnel thoroughfares, especially connecting them to the metro rail project and the Rmit University’s new academic street project. can also be connected to the melbourne central, emporium and myer skyway. Figure 39 can be a precedent. (short to medium term effect)

action three Extend footpaths to be bigger, or limit roads car can drive on. This can make it easier for pedestrians and cyclists to get around the area. slowly, cars may not be part of the future of cities.

(SHORT TO Long Term Effect)

hong kong's skyways Figure 42.

A map of a small part of Hong Kong’s Skyways.

precedent

Figure 43.

An example of one skyway.

melbourne's skyway precedent Skyways could be an affective way to redirect pedestrian traffic in Melbourne.

Figure 44.

Melbourne has some small scale skyways, like the one that bridges across Melbourne Central, Emporium and Myer.

V.D.F.U.G.

35

d.4 objective three: i n c r e a s i n g s e r v i c e s and f a c i l i t i e s As the public realm is recognised to be a bridging aspect for the public to connect to private establishments, it is natural for new developments to open up adjacent to the newly defined public space.

This is not only limited to the opening of new spaces, but also for existing establishments to be more open with their trading hours.

It also recognized that through the introduction of a ‘complex transaction base of activities’ catering to people’s various needs, a successful public realm can be obtained (March et. al, 2012).

The introduction of mixed use function developments could be a way to solve this, but so can the introduction of new service and facilities spaces. The New Academic Street Project by RMIT University recognized the need to provide more facilities and services to their students and the goals of this masterplan can be connected to the proposal.

36

V.D.F.U.G.

actions to be taken:

How will I complete this objective?

(From the Vision Statement)

“ improve” fa c i l i t i e s What actions will I take? action one introduce a open concept spaces that could have mixed purposes, otherwise referred to as ‘Meanwhile Spaces’ (DELWP,2017), adaptable to the REQUIRED FUNCTIONS AT THE TIME. (SHORT TO Long Term Effect)

action two Connect design proposals to the New Academic Street project, allowing ample access to the proposal design but it can also align the development to the overall design goals of the NAS project.

(SHORT TO Long Term Effect)

action three create more opportunities for business to thrive within the city environment by providing affordable spaces. Can be implemented in a planning scheme.

(SHORT TO Long Term Effect)

action four introduce some new urban spaces to allow events and sport activities to occur. This is to alleviate the problem of the A’beckett street court being taken away.

(SHORT TO Long Term Effect)

new Academic street project precedent

The New Academic Street Project is a perfect example of improving current facilities in order to provide better access and increasing services and facilities. This precedent is already covered on Page 29.

A'Beckett street urban park precedent

Figure 45.

Although a temporary addition, this urban park became vital to the social vitality of the area. Students and residents that were interviewed during analysis claimed that they didn’t know that the court was temporary and are now wondering they can maintain club events and play sports.

Figure 46.

Aerial Shot of the Urban Park.

Figure 47. (Right) A render of the duture building that is going to go up in the area, which includes 6 floors of student study space and 11 floors of office space.

Although it is now getting removed from the area to make way for a new development, the A’Beckett square was an example of a ‘meanwhile space’, where people can play, eat and hold events in during their day.

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37

e

IMP

P L E M E N TA T I O N

e

.

1

d

e

s

i

g

n

Figure 48.

Implementation Locations to site.

Legend

Metro Ra

Connectin Melbourn

Developm

ail Project

ng the NAS Project to ne Central through Skyways

ment Proposal

v

i

s

i

o

Figure 49.

Implementation Locations Map

n

e

.

2

v

i

s

u

a

Figure 50.

A’Beckett Street Vision Render

Skyway Connecting to Melbourne Central

Atrium Space with light filtering from glass ceiling Figure 51.

Elevation of Site From Swanston Street.

42

V.D.F.U.G.

Extra Space for Future Developments

l

r

e

n

d

e

r

s

Figure 52.

Swanston Street needs a bridging Skyway so that no pedestrians jaywalk across the tram track. They are currently doing this as the current crossings are too far away from the access points of the two parallel buildings.

Skyway connecting NAS to Building 80

Figure 53.

Elevation of Site From LaTrobe Street.

Extra Space for Future Developments

V.D.F.U.G.

43

e . 3

44

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i m p l e n t a t i o n

t i m e l i n e

e.4 conclusion w

h

a

t

i s t h e f u t u r e o f m e l b o u r n e A lot of what can be designed for a city can be implemented well or may never be seen to fruition.

Which is why although many designs may be created for the future of the city, some may never be approved, but as long as they align to the guidelines of what is desired by the citizens and is inspired by their needs, then the future designs for cities won’t be so bad.

Figure 54.

Timeline of Implementation.

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45

BIBLIOGRAPHY

g l o s s a r y Accessibility

Intraspace

To be able to reach or enter a space without being hindered or blocked

Catering

Issues

Facilities that have a function in that they provide food for the inhabitants or users of the space

Density Building

The volume of buildings that build up the area

Population

The immediate space inside a defined area or zone

an important topic of concern or problem

Liveability

an assessment of what a place is like to live in, using particular criteria, for example, environmental quality, crime and safety, education and health provision, access to shops and services, recreational facilities and cultural activities (Australian Curriculum, 2015)

Metropolitan

The volume or amount of people that can be found within a certain defined area

Design Resilience

Retail

the intentional design of buildings, land scapes, communities, and regions in response to vulnerabilities to disaster and disruption of normal life (Inhabitant, 2013)

To design to allow a system to bounce forward to allow for urban growth

The immediate city area

Facilities that have a function in that they provide goods to consumers

Facilities

a place, amenity, or piece of equipment provided for a particular purpose/function

Interspace

The immediate space outside a defined area or zone V.D.F.U.G.

47

F i g u r e s 1. Greater Melbourne Map. Exported from QGIS and enhanced in Adobe Illustrator.

2. Aerial Screenshot of Site.

Exported from Google Earth Pro and edited in Illustrator.

3. Allocated General Map for site selection. Exported from QGIS and enhanced in Adobe Illustrator.

4. Chosen Site Study Area.

Exported from QGIS and enhanced in Adobe Illustrator.

5. Functions of Properties in the site. Exported from QGIS and edited in Adobe Illustrator.

Analysis of property functions obtained from site visit and observation.

6.

Bicycle Routes Map. Exported from QGIS and edited in Adobe Illustrator. Analysis of transportation type obtained from site visit and observation.

7. Bus Routes Map. Exported from QGIS and edited in Adobe Illustrator. Analysis of transportation type obtained from site visit and observation, as well as from Public Transport Victoria (2017).

Map. Data was collected from site observations. Mapping information was exported from QGIS and enhanced in Illustrator.

20. The Oxford Scholar Pub closed down due to construction.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

11.

Urban Area One. Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

21. Hungry Jacks closed down due to construction.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

12.

Urban Area Two. Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

22. The Hokuto Japanese Cafe closed down due to construction.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

13.

Urban Area Three.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

14.

Urban Area Four.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

15. Tight walkways because of construction work. Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

16. A’Beckett Street blocked off due to a construction project.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

17.

RMIT University’s main street, Bowen Street has been blocked off due to the university’s New Academic Street Project.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay

8. Tram Routes Map. Exported from QGIS and edited in Adobe Illustrator. Analysis of transportation type obtained from site visit and observation, as well as from Public Transport Victoria (2017).

18.

Ground Level Establishments.

Exported from QGIS and edited in Adobe Illustrator. Analysis was obtained through site visit and observation.

9. Car Routes Map. Exported from QGIS and edited in Adobe Illustrator. Analysis of transportation type obtained from site visit and observation.

19.

Other Ground Establishments.

Exported from QGIS and edited in Adobe Illustrator. Analysis was obtained through site visit and observation.

10. Existing Construction Sites 48

V.D.F.U.G.

23.

The 7-Eleven closed down due to construction.

Photograph taken by Arianna Garay.

24. 2D reference map for the 3D map. Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Illustrator.

Data and information from Butler (n.a.), City of Melbourne (2017), City of Melbourne (2017) and Jackson (2014).

25. 3D render of future developments around the site and surrounding areas.

Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Illustrator. Data and information from Butler (n.a.), City of Melbourne (2017), City of Melbourne (2017) and Jackson (2014).

26. Current Situation of Study Area. Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Illustrator. Data and information from Butler (n.a.), City of Melbourne (2017), City of Melbourne (2017) and Jackson (2014).

27. Future Situation of Study Area. Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Illustrator. Data and information from Butler (n.a.), City of Melbourne (2017), City of Melbourne (2017) and Jackson (2014).

28. Demographic Statistics of the study area.

Infographics created and enhanced in Adobe Illustrator. Information obtained from ABS Quickstats (2011) and from the Australian Bureau of Staistics (2011).

41. Vertical Concept Idea.

Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Illustrator.

29. Plan Melbourne, Outcome 5, Figure 11: Building Blocks for Social Sustainability. Obtained from Plan Melbourne: 20172050, Outcome 5: Melbourne is a city of inclusive, vibrant and healthy neighbourhoods.

(DELWP, 2017). Edited in Adobe Illustrator.

44. Photograph By Arianna Garay.

30. Ground Plan of the New Academic Street. Obtained from (RMIT) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (n.a.).

47. Future Development photo.

Obtained from Baljak (2016).

31 & 32. Pictures of the New Academic Street. Obtained from Melb Dream Factory (2017).

33. Metro Rail Project Outcome Benefits. Obtained from MMRA (2017).

34 - 36. CBD North Image Renders.

Obtained from MMRA (2017).

37. Construction Areas related to the Metro Rail Project. 2D Reference Map. Exported from QGIS and enhanced in Adobe Illustrator.

38. Implementation Map to visualise where the construction work is occurring. Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Illustrator.

39 & 40.

Pictures of underground Montreal Malls.

Obtained from Galipeau (2017).

42 & 43. Hong Kong Skyways Map and Example. Obtained from Rackard (2013).

45. RMIT Urban Square.

Obtained from Dragomir (2015).

46. Aerial Shot. Obtained from RMIT (n.a.).

48. Implementation Locations to site. Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Adobe Illustrator.

49. Implementation Locations Map. Exported from QGIS and enhanced in Adobe Illustrator.

50. A’Beckett Street Vision Render. Made in Adobe Illustrator using stock images.

51. Elevation of Site From Swanston Street. Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Adobe Illustrator.

52. Swanston Street Photo.

Exported from Google Maps.

Enhanced in Adobe Illustrator.

53. Elevation of Site From LaTrobe Street. Exported from Rhino 3D and edited in Adobe Illustrator.

54. Timeline of Implementation.

Created in Adobe Illustrator.

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c i t a t i o n s Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2011). 2011 Census Community Profiles, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http:// www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/ getproduct/census/2011/communityprofile/ SSC20867 ABS Quickstats. (2011). 2011 Census Quickstats, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved from http://w w w.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_ services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/ SSC20867?opendocument&navpos=220 Baljak, M. (2016, April 28). RMIT’s play for a new A’Beckett Street Footprint.

Retrieved from https://urban.melbourne/ planning/ 2016/0 4/ 28/rmit s-play-newabeckett-street-footprint Butler, L. (n.a.). Melbourne Building Heights.

Retrieved from https://lbutler.github.io/ MelbBuildingHeights/ Chalkley-Rhoden, S. (2017, August 23). Housing shortage in Victoria with supply unable to keep up with population growth, experts warn.

ABC News, Retrieved from http://www.abc. net.au/news/2017-08-23/housing-shortagein-vic toria-as-supply-cant-keep-up-withgrowth/8830596 City of Melbourne. (2016). Age Groups.

Retrieved from http://melbournepopulation. geografia.com.au/areas/CLSA01 City of Melbourne. (2017). Development Activity Model. Retrieved from https:// developmentactivity.melbourne.vic.gov.au City of Melbourne. (2017). Melbourne Data: 3D Development Activity Model Footprints.

Retrieved from https://data.melbourne.vic. gov.au/Property-Planning/3D-DevelopmentActivity-Model-Footprints/def8-4wbt#revert David, R. (2017, March 30). ABS stats 2015-2016: 50

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Melbourne fastest growing city in Australia.

Herald Sun, Retrieved from http://www. heraldsun.com.au/leader/news/abs-stats210516-melbourne-fastest-growing-city-inaustralia/news-story/ (DELWP) Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2017). Plan Melbourne: 2017-2050. Melbourne, Victoria: The State Government of Victoria.

Retrieved from ht tp: // w w w.planm elb our n e.v ic.gov. au/_ _ da t a /as s e t s /p d f _ f il e/0 0 07/ 37 720 6/ Pla n _ Melbourne_2017-2050_Strategy_.pdf (DELWP) Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning. (2017). Plan Melbourne: 2017-2050, Outcome 5: Melbourne is a city of inclusive, vibrant and healthy neighbourhoods.

Melbourne, Victoria: The State Government of Victoria.

Retrieved from http://www. planmelbourne.vic.gov.au/_ _ dat a/asset s/ pdf_file/0008/377117/Plan_Melbourne_2017_ Outcome_5_PDF.pdf Dragomir, L. (2015, November 12). Episodic Urbanism: The RMIT Urban Spaces Project (19962015). Retrieved from https://urban.melbourne/ design/2015/11/12/episodic-urbanism-rmiturban-spaces-project-1996-2015 Galipeau, T. (2017, February 23). Underground City Montreal: 16+ Amazing Attractions for 2017. Local Montréal City Blog, Retrieved at http://localmontrealtours.com/undergroundcity-montreal-destinations/ Jackson, S. (2014, September 24). ArcGIS: Melbourne Building Heights Web Map. Retrieved from https://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/ viewer.html?webmap=edc23d247fa646b89ef 0f9a7de04914e Klein, S., Müller-Lankenau, C., & Wehmeyer, K. (2005). Multi-channel strategies: Capturing and exploring diversity in the European retail grocery industry. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 10(2), 85-122.

Lakshmanan, M. (2017, August 22). ABPL20049: Introduction to Urban Design and Planning, Week 5 Lecture Notes: Planning and design of the Public Realm [Powerpoint Slides PDF].

Retrieved from https://app.lms.unimelb.edu. au/ bbcswebdav/pid- 6170368-dt-contentrid-24952384_ 2/courses/MERGE_ 2017_ 260/ PL AN1 0 0 02% 20ABPL 20 0 49 % 20We ek % 20 5%20Lecture%201_ML.pdf Low, S. & Smith N. (2013). The Politics of Public Space. London, Hoboken: Taylor and Francis, 2013.

Lucas, C. (2017, June 21). Hitting the dust: Metro tunnel works blamed as Oxford Scholar pub shuts its doors. The Age, Retrieved from http://www.theage.com.au/victoria/hittingthe-dust-metro-tunnel-works-blamed-asoxford-scholar-pub-shuts-its-doors-20170621gwvme3.html March, A., Rijal, Y., Wilkinson, S., & Firidin Özgür, E. (2012). Measuring building adaptability and street vitality. Planning Practice & Research, 27(5), 531-552.

Melb Dream Factory @MelDreamFactory.

(2017, October 2). Loving the new Academic Street @RMIT The rooftop gardens are fantastic <3 #melbourne [Tweet]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/MelDreamFactory/ status/914991491172335616 (MMRA) Melbourne Metro Rail Authority.

(2017). CBD Stations. Retrieved from hhttp:// metrotunnel.vic.gov.au/stations/cbd-stations (MMRA) Melbourne Metro Rail Authority.

(2017). How the Metro Tunnel benefits your train line. Retrieved from http://metrotunnel. vic.gov.au (MMRA) Melbourne Metro Rail Authority.

(2017). Station Concept Images: CBD North

Station Concourse. Retrieved from http:// metrotunnel.vic.gov.au/library/designs Public Transport Victoria. (2017). Melbourne: Station/Stop Profiles. PTV, Retrieved from https://www.ptv.vic.gov.au/getting-around/ local-areas/view/30 Rackard, N. (2013, March 28). Cities Without Ground: A Guide to Hong Kong’s Elevated Walkways. Archdaily, Retrieved from https:// w w w.archdaily.com/352543/cities-withoutground-a-hong-kong-guidebook/ (RMIT) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. (n.a.). New Academic Street. Retrieved from http://nas.rmit.edu.au (RMIT) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. (n.a.). New Academic Street: Retail Activation District. Retrieved from http://nas. rmit.edu.au/new-precincts/retail/ (RMIT) Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology. (n.a.). RMIT A’Beckett Urban Square. Retrieved from http://www1.rmit.edu.au/capitalworks/ abecketturbansquare Trounson, A. (2017, August 2). Going Underground for Green Energy. University of Melbourne Pursuit Journal, Retrieved from https://pursuit.unimelb.edu.au/articles/goingunderground-for-green-energy Victorian Government. (2017, August 27).

Melbourne CBD North Station. Australian Broadcasting Channel (ABC), Retrieved from ht tp://w w w.abc.net.au/news/2017- 0 8-27/ melbourne-cbd-north-station/8846784 Vorontsova, A. Salimgareev, D. of Urban Areas Functional Use. 1996-2000.

V., Vorontsova, V. L., & V. (2016). The Development and Spaces with the Mixed Procedia Engineering, 150,

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