联合国关于发展权的专家机制
© ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ARIEL FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL 2022 ISBN: 978–1-7375204-6-7
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Editors Dr. Ariel Rosita King Rehman Hassan Abigail Oppong Cai Wei Cover Page Artist Joleen Bakalova
AUTHORS Thaddeus Anim-Somuah, Ghana & England "The Right to Development – How a Just Transition for Africa May Change the World’s Fate?" Joleen Bakalova, USA "The Role of Youth in Attaining the Right to Development During COVID-19" Jie Chu, China "What can the Right to Development Entitle People?"
发展权能赋予人民什么？
Jason Eappen, USA "The Impact of Right to Development on Human Rights" Yang Haoqiang, China "Why We Should Develop Human Rights"
我们为什么应该发展人权 Rehman Hassan, USA
"An Analysis of the Right to Development: a Focus on COVID-19" Xinyan Li, China "Measures Taken to Realize the Right to Development in China"
发展权在中国的实践
Wenyuan Li, China "History of the Right to Development" Chen Lu, China "Thoughts on the Right of Development"
关于发展权的思考
AUTHORS Abigail Oppong, Ghana "The Impact of Colonialism on the Development of Africa in the International Setting" Zhu PeiWei, China "Right to Development During the Pandemic"
疫情期间的发展权 Cai Wei, China
"Human Rights Protection and Development in China"
中国的人权保障与发展 Tinayi Zhang, China
"Human Right to Development Activities from International Organizations —Let's Learn from the Ariel Foundation International as an Example"
国际组织开展的人权参与发展活动 — 让我们以 ARIEL 国际基金会为例 Yifei Zhu, China "How to Increase the Opportunities for Equal Development in Developing Countries?"
如何增加发展中国家平等发展的机会？
TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction...................................................................................................1 The Right to Development – How a Just Transition for Africa May Change the World’s Fate?...................................................................................................2 The Role of Youth in Attaining the Right to Development During COVID-19..3
What can the Right to Development Entitle People?.......................................4
发展权能赋予人民什么 ?............................................................................................5 The Impact of Right to Development on Human Rights..............................................6 Why We Should Develop Human Rights........................................................................7
我们为什么应该发展人权 ..........................................................................................8 An Analysis of the Right to Development: a Focus on COVID-19.............................9 Measures Taken to Realize the Right to Development in China...............................11
发展权在中国的实践 ................................................................................................12 History of the Right to Development.............................................................................13 Thoughts on the Right of Development........................................................................14
关于发展权的思考 ..................................................................................................15
The Impact of Colonialism on the Development of Africa in the International Setting................................................................................................................................16 Right to Development During the Pandemic..............................................................................17
疫情期间的发展权 ....................................................................................................18 Human Rights Protection and Development in China...............................................19 中国的人权保障与发展 ............................................................................................20 Human Right to Development Activities from International Organizations —Let's Learn from the Ariel Foundation International as an Example.........................................................21
国际组织开展的人权参与发展活动 — 让我们以 ARIEL 国际基金会为例 ...................23 How to Increase the Opportunities for Equal Development in Developing Countries?.............................................................................................................24
如何增加发展中国家平等发展的机会 ?....................................................................25 Author Profiles...................................................................................................26
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INTRODUCTION Ariel Foundation International Changemakers are young leaders from all over the world participated in the United Nations meeting titled “The Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development.” Fourteen AFI Changemakers from Asia, Africa, North America and Europe share their views on the dialogue. During the dialogue, the experts examined the the importance of advocating for people to have the right to play a role in how their country is developed. The Changemakers, young leaders from Ariel Foundation also share their views in two languages across intersections of COVID-19, public health, individual rights, human rights, history, colonialism, and more. Enjoy reading our reflections on this conference.
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THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT – HOW A JUST TRANSITION FOR AFRICA MAY CHANGE THE WORLD’S FATE? Thaddeus Anim-Somuah, Ghana/UK What is the Right to Development? “The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all. peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political. development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized.” – United Nations Article 1.1, Declaration on the Right to Development. In 1986, the resolution passed at the United Nations with 146 votes for, 1 vote against (United States) and 8 Abstentions (Denmark, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Israel, Japan, Sweden and the United Kingdom). In real life terms it means that every person on earth has the right decent living standards and improvement of those living standards. The primary responsibility and duty to achieve this is with the national state but it doesn’t end there. Globally and regionally states are jointly responsible for enabling this. Many African nations have not yet achieved decent living standards: 40% of Sub-Saharan Africa (600 million people) have no access to electricity 40% of Sub-Saharan Africa are living under the poverty line of 1.90 USD a day 15% of Sub-Saharan Africa are undernourished. 75% of Sub-Saharan Africa have no access to clean drinking water It is the first and foremost priority of the nations to lift their people. It’s even the responsibility of the developed nations who abstained and voted against the declaration to globally cooperate to enable this. This is a duty to build a better future together. It matters especially for every nation when we consider climate change. Why does the Right of Development matter for Climate Change? UN Secretary-General António Guterres described the 2021 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Report as a “code red for humanity”. In his words “greenhouse‑gas emissions from fossil-fuel burning and deforestation are choking our planet and putting billions of people at immediate risk”. This immediate risk includes threats to the basic human rights of health and safety; with new climate leading to issues such as forced migration, lack of water availability, hunger, infrastructure damage, reduced economic growth and more. Climate change will directly impact the living standards, thus challenging the right to development in each country. With the African continent, which has the greatest need for development facing the greatest challenges. Although Africa has contributed to less than 3% of the world’s cumulative emissions; it is currently the most affected by the consequences of the world’s emissions, with 3 (Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Malawi) of the 5 and 5 of the top 10 most affected countries being from the continent. In short, the consumption of the developed countries is directly inhibiting Africa’s right to development instead of enabling it, as the United Nations requires of it.
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THE ROLE OF YOUTH IN ATTAINING THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT DURING COVID19 Joleen Bakalova, USA The impact of COVID-19 on youth’s right to development is almost always discussed by adults. Topics of articles and reports are often written by and for those in older generations to help inform policy. While it is extremely important to move forward based on the perspective of highly-educated experts, there is also great value in young people analyzing the impact of the pandemic on their right to development and contributing to decision-making themselves. COVID-19 has affected nearly every aspect of human life since its mass spread in 2020, and it has disrupted equitable access to development around the globe for young people since. Though devastation due to the virus has been experienced across the board, the pandemic has created disproportionate impacts, with the brunt of the global crisis falling upon least developed countries and those at the lowest rungs of their socioeconomic ladders. As the experts, activists, and other stakeholders discussed during the Fifth Session of the Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development, there have been increases in child labor, child marriage, inadequate access to education, economic insecurity, and other significant barriers to the right of development, particularly in marginalized communities. Unfortunately, the destabilizing harm of the pandemic will continue to be felt for years to come. Speakers of the session pointed towards public health-related issues, like vaccine nationalism and the varying qualities of medical infrastructure, as well as systemic issues, like neoliberalism and modern imperialism, as the barriers our collective society must overcome in order to ensure the right to development for all people. As for young people’s right to development, progress can not be made without addressing the core public health and systemic issues at hand that have been spotlighted during this pandemic, and we must have a key role in doing so. One of the experts emphasized the importance and dire need to “look far beyond” those that society usually deems experts for guidance in this time of crisis. She highlighted that those within a particular group are intimately familiar with their community’s needs, and it is crucial that these voices are included in global decision-making dialogue. This expert’s statements are extremely applicable to youth. Young people are the face of our world in this pandemic reality. Though we have experienced the devastation of loss, the isolation from society, and the maturation during a global crisis, we have also experienced the excitement and hope for progress. We have also experienced an innate desire to move our lives forward, to move society forward.
Us young people are indeed the future, which has been discussed time and time again. As the future, our access to the right to development is, by effect, the world’s access to the right to development. Only when youth are at the center of the world’s efforts toward promoting our shared right to development can we come closer to attaining it.
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WHAT CAN THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ENTITLE PEOPLE? Jie Chu, China “Human rights are an interdependent and indivisible system of multiple rights, ”the People’s Daily once said. “Without the right to development, other human rights will lose the vitality and momentum of sustainable development.” It is not difficult to see that the right to development is one of the fundamental human rights and is at the forefront. When it comes to “What does the right to development entitle people? ”The United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development gives concrete explanations and answers. The right to development gives people the right “to participate in, contribute to and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development”, which includes the core rights of access to food, housing, education, health and so on. It is the ideal pursuit of human society to have equal opportunities for development and to share the fruits of development so that everyone can develop in an all-round way and be empowered by the right to development. Take China as an example, as a populous country and also the world’s largest developing country, it is not easy to solve the problem of people’s food and clothing. However, through the country’s rapid development of economy, the improvement of the social welfare system, and the people-centered development concept, China has been able to lift itself out of poverty by 2020. On November 23,2020, the Poverty Alleviation Office of the State Council of China decided that all the 832 poverty-stricken counties in the country had been lifted out of poverty and that the tasks and targets for poverty alleviation across the country had been fulfilled. This can be seen as a concrete manifestation of the rights that the right to development entitles people. There are limits to the development of countries that have lost its right to development. I believe the same is true for people. The development of a country should always be people-centered, put the wellbeing of the people at the top priority and strengthen international cooperation to deal with worldwide crisis.
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发展权能赋予人民什么？ Jie Chu, China
人民日报曾有言道： “ 人权是一个多种权利相互依存、不可分割的系统。 ”“ 而丧失发展权，其他人权便会失去持 续发展的活力和动能。 ” 由此，我们不难发现发展权是基本的人权之一，且居于首要地位。 而 “ 发展权赋予了人民什么？ ” 这个问题，《联合国发展权利宣言》给出了具体的解释与回答。发展权赋予人 民 “ 参与、促进和享受经济、社会、文化和政治发展 ” 的权利，在这其中包括获得获得食物、住房、教育、健康 等等的核心权利。 拥有平等的发展机会，分享发展成果，使每个人都能得到全面的发展，获得发展权赋予人民的权利，这无意是 人类社会的理想追求。 以中国为例，作为一个人口大国，世界最大的发展中国家，解决人民的温饱问题并非易事。然而，通过国家经 济的发展、社会保障系统的完善，以及始终以人民为中心的发展理念， 2020 年中国实现了摆脱贫困。 2020 年 11 月 23 日，中国国务院扶贫办确定的全国 832 个贫困县全部脱贫摘帽，全国脱贫攻坚目标任务已经完成。这可视作 发展权赋予人类的各项权利的具体体现。 失去了发展权的国家的发展是有上限的，我认为对于人来说同是如此。国家的发展始终要坚持以人民为中心， 将人民福祉的实现置于重中之重的地位，以加强国际合作来应对世界范围内的危机。
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THE IMPACT OF RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ON HUMAN RIGHTS Jason Eappen, USA
According to the OHCHR, “The right to development is an inalienable human right by virtue of which every human person and all peoples are entitled to participate in, contribute to, and enjoy economic, social, cultural and political development, in which all human rights and fundamental freedoms can be fully realized.” This quote encapsulates the meaning of what the Right of Development really is and why it is very crucial for every member of society to gain benefits from it. However, in many countries, people are deprived of this very notion. Many governments fail to provide for its people, and many people voice their displeasure, the government crackdown on human rights. This cycle has played itself out numerous times over the world’s history and millions of people have been affected by it. Human rights violations have continued to hurt millions of people when they want systematic change. Lengthy jail times and brutal use of force on its people are just some of the norms that governments have caused to control its people. Every person deserves the opportunity to succeed in society. The solution to this problem is accessibility. One priority the government needs to establish is giving the opportunity for citizens to utilize. Giving citizens the opportunity to the Right of Development will allow them to climb the socio-economic ladder and improve their life. Governments have an incentive to help their citizens succeed because not only does that mean more revenue but happier citizens reduce the risk of human rights violations. The world around has continued to change. Especially with the pandemic, it has caused the decision calculus of many to look to the government for help. Whether that be access to mental health services or being able to provide monetary support temporarily. The government needs to provide the right to development to its people. We can see this proposition materialize in the real-world. Countries that provided consistent flows of resources to its people saw their economics rise and unification/nationalism rose. According to ISCA, “It seems that the main obstacles and challenges facing the realization and implementation of the right to development include: strategic and structural barriers and challenges, legal and political barriers and challenges, armed conflicts and environmental crises.” These barriers have prevented many governments from implementing the reforms that could help. Moreover, with the continuing polarization of our world today, it is getting harder and harder to make substantial change in our world today. The sooner countries realize change is possible through leadership, diplomacy, and action change will come. Human rights have always been a consequence of lack of development rights, so changing the status quo is the only way to help millions of people who are suffering the opportunity to succeed.
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WHY WE SHOULD DEVELOP HUMAN RIGHTS S
Yang Haoqiang, China
People are born with human rights. Human rights are people's basic rights, such as the right to survival, the right to development, the right to life and health, the right to education and so on. Society is a collection of countless independent individuals. There are often differences between people. In this common environment, it is often easy to produce contradictions, and human rights are very vulnerable to infringement. When it comes to the topic of human rights, we have to mention the word "Exploitation". For many people, exploitation may be very far away from them, or maybe they have only seen these two words in history books, but in fact, in this civilization, exploitation often occurs, some of them can see and some can't see. In the eyes of the exploiter, the exploited are no different from the fish on the chopping board, not a person. What they need most is not a high salary, but a fair treatment. However, exploiters often act in hiding and have many means. It is very difficult to find them. Therefore, even if it has nothing to do with yourself, when you find such a thing, you should report it in time and cooperate with the state to control these pests. When a person's most basic power cannot be guaranteed, it will be difficult to maintain social order and the government will lose its authority. Once a person finds that his rights cannot be protected, he may derive means such as violence threat to ensure the exercise of his rights, and the solution to social problems may become violence over time, Human civilization will gradually be destroyed in this environment.
我们为什么应该发展人权
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Yang Haoqiang, China
人天生就有人权，人权是人的基本权利，比如生存权，发展权，生命健康权，受教育权等等。社会是无数个独 立个体的集合，人与人之间往往存在着差异，在这个共同的环境中往往很容易产生矛盾，人权极易受到侵害。 谈到关于人权的话题，就不得不提到 “ 剥削 ” 二字 , 对于很多人来说剥削或许离他们很遥远，又或许他们只在历史 书上见到过这两个字，但实际上，在这个文明，剥削也常有发生，它们有的看得见，有的看不见。被剥削者在 剥削者眼中无异于是案板上的鱼肉，而不是一个人，他们最需要的不是多高的薪水，而是一个公平地对待。然 而剥削者们往往行事隐匿，手段很多，想要发现他们非常难。所以，即使与自己无关，在发现这种事时，也要 及时去举报，配合国家控制这些害虫。 当一个人的最基本的权力都无法被保障，那么社会的秩序就很难维持，政府将失去它的权威，一旦人发现自己 的权利无法受到保护，那么就可能衍生出暴力威胁的等手段来确保自己权利的行使，久而久之社会问题的解决 途径就可能变为暴力，人类的文明也将逐渐在这中环境下摧毁。
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AN ANALYSIS OF THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT: A FOCUS ON COVID-19 Rehman Hassan, USA It is often thought that people have unalienable rights, in fact, much of the political discourse today and in the past focus on people’s rights in various situations whether that be John Locke’s famous focus on the rights to life, liberty, and property or Jalāl al-Dīn Muḥammad Rūmī’s famous focus on how all people are born with the same rights. This idea of rights has long fascinated humans and will continue to do so for many years to come. An important consideration in the debate of rights is that of the right to development. Development takes many forms: social development, economic development, cultural development, personal development, political development, etc; however, people are often stripped of their rights due to the actions of others. People constantly contribute to society both individually and economically, but often, people are forced to the sidelines of development where, often, only a select group of people can truly exercise the right to development. This can be seen in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (North Korea) where Kim Jong-un acts as a dictator controlling the lives that people live and all interactions with other countries. Thus, the right to development is limited to just a select few: the friends and members of the Kim family. An especially important consideration with the right to development is that of COVID-19. The COVID19 pandemic has affected almost every person on the planet and has halted or limited many crucial industries. In the face of COVID-19, people have been limited in their opportunities to be a part of government and to have a say in what goes on around them. People have been prevented from being able to play a role in society and truly express the power of self-government. For example, AsianAmericans have been especially impacted in the wake of COVID-19. With the former president of the United States, Donald Trump, calling COVID-19 the “Kung Flu” and the “China Virus” among other events, many people of Asian descent have faced scrutiny and been blamed for the outbreak of COVID19. All around the United States and abroad, Asian Americans are victims of hate crimes like vandalism and assault. These situations, directly related to the COVID-19 pandemic, have led to the rise of important movements like Stop Asian Hate. At the same time, the COVID-19 pandemic has brought up many important ethical considerations. At times, it is difficult to balance individual rights, in terms of the right to development, in regard to how individual rights impact the rights of others. Common examples include the responsibility of wearing masks to prevent the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the movement of vital resources to other countries to protect foreign populations, and how certain resources like ventilators should be allocated when in shortage. Overall, it is important to understand people’s rights to development and to contribute to society while understanding how the right to development can impact people and the communities around them. References: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/feb/22/world-faces-pandemic-human-rightsabuses-covid-19-antonio-guterres https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1594564/ https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/when-and-how-touse-masks
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https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kim-Jong-Eun https://www.un.org/en/events/righttodevelopment/pdf/rtd_at_a_glance.pdf https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/declaration-right-de velopment https://unric.org/en/covid-19-un-secretary-general-says-the-world-has-failed-an-ethics -test/ https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcomm.2021.624643/full https://www.huffpost.com/entry/trump-kellyanne-conway-coronavirus_n_5eeebc5dc5 b6aac5f3a46b45 https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-pacific-heart/202003/calling-covid-19 -chinese-virus-orkung-flu-is-racist https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=1&v=hUeBntcLMnk&feature=emb_l ogo https://www.nbcnews.com/news/asian-america/smashed-windows-racist-graffiti-vand als-target-asianamericans-amid-coronavirus-n1180556
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MEASURES TAKEN TO REALIZE THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Xinyan Li, China
In 1969, the Algerian Justice and Peace Commission published a report entitled Right to Development of Underdeveloped Countries, which first put forward the concept of Right to development. Since then, the concept of the right to development has attracted the attention of the international community.The international community has always attached great importance to the issue of development, and developing countries and least developed countries are more eager to realize their right to development. The right to development is a new legal concept, not only a human right, but also a collective human right, which is an vital right for national and national development, and its core is economic development. The fifth Expert Mechanism on the Right to Development meeting was held in New York which marked the thirty-fifth anniversary of the United Nations Declaration on the Right to Development through a discussion. During global epidemic, the realization of the right to development is a great challenge to both developing countries and least developed countries. As a Chinese youth, I would like to introduce some measures taken to realize the right to development in China. China is one of the largest developing countries in the world, and it is also an advocate, practitioner and promoter of the right to development. Chinese government always insists on combining the universal principle of human rights with its own reality, ensuring and improving people's livelihood, guaranteeing people's equal participation and equal development rights, and striving for mutual prosperity. Measures taken to realize the right to development in China are mainly in six aspects: effectively realizing economic development, constantly improving political development, striving to promote cultural development, comprehensively improving social development, accelerating the implementation of green development and promoting the implementation of mutual development. The action of poverty reduction in China is the most significant symbol of its progress in human rights. The Chinese government has continuously increased support for the poor, paying more attention to raising the education level of the poorest people and improving medical and health facilities in rural areas. China has established the largest social security system covering the largest population in the world and attaches great importance to providing vocational training and employment opportunities for young people. In recent years, the Chinese government has promoted the participation of e-commerce in the new rural construction, adopted a series of precise poverty alleviation measures, encouraged enterprises to participate in rural construction and economic cooperation through the e-commerce market, actively helped China's poverty alleviation cause, and realized that the most people can chase development opportunities. During this current global situation, the realization of the right to development faces enormous challenges. Right to development can only be realized when countries cooperate with each other and establish a new international economic order through equal participation in international decisionmaking. As far as I am concerned, governments around the world ought to ensure that continuous progress is made in raising living standards and see that everyone shares in the fruits of development.
发展权在中国的实践
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Xinyan Li, China
年阿尔及利亚正义与和平委员会发表了一份《不发达国家发展权利》的报告，首次提出 “ 发展权 ” 这一概 念。此后，发展权概念引起了国际社会的重视。国际社会向来非常注重 “ 发展 ” 的问题，发展中国家以及不发达 国家更是渴望其发展权的实现。发展权是新诞生的法律概念，不仅仅是一项人权，而且是一项集体人权，是国 家，民族发展的重要权利，其核心是经济发展。 此次在纽约举行的第五届发展权专家机制会议，为了纪念《联合国发展权利宣言》发表三十五周年。在全球疫 情下，发展权的实现对于发展中国家和不发达国家都是极大挑战。作为中国青年，我想介绍发展权在中国的实 践。 中国是世界上最大的发展中国家之一，是发展权的倡导者、践行者和推动者，始终坚持将人权的普遍性原则与 本国实际相结合，保障和改善民生，保障人民平等参与、平等发展权利，努力实现共同富裕。中国的实践主要 是六个方面：有效实现经济发展、不断完善政治发展、努力促进文化发展、全面提升社会发展，加快落实绿色 发展、推动落实共同发展。 中国的减贫行动是中国人权事业进步的最显著标志。中国政府不断加大对贫困人口支持力度，特别注重提升最 贫困人口教育水平、改善农村医疗卫生设施等。中国建立了世界上规模最大、覆盖人口最多的社会保障体系， 同时十分重视为青年人提供职业培训和就业机会。近年来，中国政府推动电子商务参与新农村建设，采取了一 系列精准扶贫措施，鼓励企业通过电商市场参与农村建设和经济合作，积极助力于中国脱贫事业，实现了广大 人民获得发展机会，共享发展成果。 中国坚持相互合作、平等相待、合作共赢、共同发展的原则，支持和帮助发展中国家特别是最不发达国家减少 贫困、改善民生、改善发展环境，建设人类命运共同体。 在当前疫情冲击下，发展权的实现面临巨大挑战，各国只有彼此合作，通过平等参与国际决策，建立起新的国 际经济秩序，才能实现发展权。 1969
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HISTORY OF THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT Wenyuan Li, China
Article 22 of the universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 states :" Every human being is entitled to social security as a member of society and to the realization of the economic, social and cultural rights necessary for his personal dignity and the free development of his personality." Two well-known human rights covenants of 1966 (the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) declare that "all peoples have the right to self-determination, by which they freely determine their political status and freely pursue their economic, social and cultural development". In 1970, Kaba Mubaye, a member of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights, put forward the concept of "the right to development" in a speech entitled "The Right to development as a Human right". In 1977, the Commission on Human Rights adopted resolution 4, which for the first time recognized the right to development as a human right within the UNGA system. Since then, the issue of the right to development has been officially put on the agenda of international political, economic and legal affairs of the United Nations General Assembly. In 1979, the 34th Session of the United Nations General Assembly pointed out in resolution 34/46 that the right to development is a human right and equal opportunities for development are the innate rights of all countries and individuals. In 1986, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Right to Development in its resolution 41/128, which gave a comprehensive interpretation of the subject, connotation, status, means of protection and means of realization of the right to development. The Vienna Declaration and Program-me of Action of 1993 reaffirmed the right to development as an inalienable human right, thus making the concept of the right to development more comprehensive and systematic. In 1996, the 52nd Session of the United Nations Commission on Human Rights decided to set up another working group of governmental experts to focus on international strategies for the realization of the right to development.
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THOUGHTS ON THE RIGHT OF DEVELOPMENT Chen Lu, China
Can development be given as a right? Isn't development a natural act? Can we stop the development of an area like we stop the growth of hair? These questions have always been lingering over my mind. In the past I felt it totally ridiculous to ‘entitle’ some areas or countries the right to develop, since it is their born rights, but now, especially against the backdrop of globalization, I realize it is realistic and should be paid attention to. In the context of globalization, the gap between countries and regions is getting wider and wider, and the right of discourse is almost controlled by a few powerful countries. Many underdeveloped regions are powerless even if they want to develop, which can be said to be "deprived" of the right of development, even if it is their born right. The deprivation of the right to development manifests itself in many aspects and ‘Development’ itself is also such an abstract and big word, so I would like to focus on just one aspect—economy, which is the most important and fundamental factor for development. However, I do not want to criticize some countries for suppressing underdeveloped regions. Instead, I would like to give some positive examples to show how the other countries have granted development rights to those regions and promoted their prosperity. Let’s take China as a example. In recent years, the battle against poverty had been in full swing in China. Just last year, the Chinese government finally achieved its goal of lifting all people out of poverty, defeating its lasting enemy—poverty. How did it make it? In short, sparing no effort to help those underdeveloped areas develop their economy, no matter the expense. To take a more specific example, the remote region of Tibet had been experiencing slow development and its people were struggling to live above the poverty line. However, thanks to the central government's "ten improvement" projects, such as relocating poor people from inhospitable areas, the local people have been successfully lifted out of poverty. Provided with housing and jobs, they are now living a prosperous and happy life. Of course, apart from the support of the state, the real development of a region is inseparable from its own efforts and exploration. We can see another example of development in China's Sichuan Basin. Zhao Hailing, a beautiful girl from Sichuan, used e-commerce to sell local specialties in her hometown of Qingchuan on the Internet. These local specialties from Qingchuan have been out of Sichuan through the network, sold to the whole country, and Qingchuan people themselves also realized their own leap. The local girl Hailing, with her wisdom and industrious hands, has also achieved poverty alleviation. There are many more such examples in China. I think this is really something that all countries in the world should learn and follow—to give those neglected areas the right to development and to offer them real help and care.
关于发展权的思考
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Chen Lu, China
发展 ” 可以作为一种权利被赋予吗？ “ 发展 ” 难道不是一种自然而然的行为吗？我们能像阻止头发生长一样阻止一 个地区的发展吗？这些问题一直在我的心头萦绕。在过去我总认为 “ 赋予 ” 国家或地区发展权这样的说法是荒诞不 经的，因为发展本就该是他们与生俱来的权利。然而，在如今全球化如此迅猛的语境下，我意识到这是可能 的，并且严肃的、需要社会予以重视的问题。在全球化的背景下，国家以及地区之间的差距越来越大，话语权 也几乎掌握在少数几个强大国家的手中。许多欠发达地区即使想发展也是有心无力，我想，这便可以被称为是 被 “ 剥夺 ” 了发展权的一种表现。发展权的剥夺体现在方方面面，而 “ 发展 ” 这一词本身也是非常宽泛宏大的，所以 我只想集中在一个方面进行阐述 — 经济，这也是发展最重要的基石。当然，在这里我并无意于批判一些国家对 于欠发达地区和国家的打压。相反，我想举一些积极正面的例子，来展现另一部分国家是如何保障那些欠发达 地区发展权并促进这些地区的繁荣的。 我们以中国为例。近些年，脱贫攻坚战在中国全面展开，打得如火如荼。就在去年，中国政府已经实现了全面 脱贫的目标，将贫困这样一个数千年来的敌人彻底击溃。这是如何做到的？不惜代价，不遗余力地去帮助那些 欠发达地区发展经济，这就是成功的秘诀。 举个更具体的例子吧。西藏处于中国偏远内陆地区，发展速度缓慢，人民也一直在贫困线上挣扎。然而，在中 央政府实施易地扶贫搬迁等 “ 十大改善 ” 项目的帮助下，当地贫困人口已经成功实现脱贫。有着稳定的工作和舒适 的住房，人们的日子过得红红火火。 当然，要实现一个地区真正长足的发展，除却中央政府的扶持，自身的努力和探索也必不可少。在山清水秀的 四川盆地，我们见到了另一个发展的实例。美丽的四川姑娘赵海伶采用电子商务的模式，在网上销售家乡土特 产，带领青川人民奔小康。如今，来自青川的土特产正在通过网络走出四川，销往全国， “ 绿水青山 ” 创造出 了 “ 金山银山 ” 。 这样的例子在中国还有很多很多。我认为这是世界上所有国家都值得去学习，去借鉴的 —— 给予那些被忽略的 地带发展的权利并提供实实在在的帮助与关怀。 “
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THE IMPACT OF COLONIALISM ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICA IN THE INTERNATIONAL SETTING Abigail Oppong, Ghana Years ago, most African countries were colonized by European countries where the administration of the developmental works was being done by the Europeans. In simple terms, the Europeans came to Africa to take over. Most of these African countries gained their freedom after many years of torture, exploitation, and captivity. After independence, the impact of Colonization on most African countries has seen the continent's underdevelopment. The major impact of Colonialism is that it has brought under development to Africa. There has been an argument that Africa has benefited from the introduction of Western Education and hence western civilization, which positively contributes to the development of Africa. Even though this argument has some level of truth, thorough analysis proves otherwise as it contains some level of a gap that has contributed to the underdevelopment in Africa. According to (Ocheni & Nwankwo, 2012), The kind of education influenced by Colonialism lacks the feature of African culture; hence it could not positively impact since there was no linkage. The environment and people's way of life in Africa are different from the many Europeans who came to Africa to colonize. The kind of education introduced during Colonization had no technical base to access the literary content learned on realworld life applications. The education from the colonizers focused on training Africans to become Interpreters, Artisans, Clerks for their benefit. This kind of training went a long way to help get the human resources to help them exploit the rich natural resources in Africa as they did not aim in the industrialization of African territories. Africans were good in technology that advanced their resources before the colonizers set in. Africans were good in mining, blacksmithing, cloth weaving, etc., which satisfies the technological needs of various communities in Africa as we know. Disarticulation of the economies in Africa is also one of the impacts of Colonization. Provision of social amenities, transport, markets, trade, etc., was disarticulated where colonists introduced labor at the disadvantage of most African countries. For instance, most African countries' markets and trade were distorted by Colonialism. It destroyed most markets formed based on local needs, causing the market to be irrelevant to most African countries as the market was created to gear towards having their raw materials bought. The gradual collapse of the traditional African markets disrupted African patterns to develop. In a nutshell, the policies set during Colonization forced the shutdown of most African industries, making Africans rely heavily on goods imported by Europeans. Even though many African countries have had their independence, the impact of Colonization is still playing a crucial role in Africa. While the condemnation of alliance between Africa and Europe is not encouraged, the need for love is enabled with the great intention to help each other develop and not indirectly colonize Africans even during this 21st century. In a world where love is preached, we emphasize the need to respect each other's local culture and not force the introduction of policies to disadvantage one country from the other. References: S. Ocheni and B. C. Nwankwo, "Analysis of Colonialism and Its Impact in Africa," Cross-Cultural Communication, vol. 8, no. 3, Art. no. 3, Jun. 2012, doi: 10.3968/j.ccc.1923670020120803.1189.
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RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT DURING THE PANDEMIC Peiwei Zhu
The right to development is an inalienable human right, and people are the subjects of development, so they should be active participants and beneficiaries of the right to development. As active participants of the right to development, people can participate in the development of political, social and economic life; and as beneficiaries of the right got development, they should also have their right to development and enjoy the fruits of development equally. I think the right to development has not been well guaranteed all over the world, and during the pandemic, it was hard to guarantee people's right to development, and even increased the inequality in it. Health is a prerequisite for the right to development and survive, even more so during pandemics. In recent years, people have been strong concern and need for vaccines. As the subjects of the right to development, people should have equal access to vaccines all over the world, yet the fact is that inequalities in vaccine distribution have been exacerbated by the methods adopted by some countries and pharmaceutical companies. Vaccines are lacking in low- and middle-income countries, and vaccination rates in low-income countries are as low as 13.6%. People should be benefiting from scientific progress and getting vaccinated, but the reality is so cruel that people in low- and middleincome countries are not getting the coverage they deserve. Health is not properly protected, let alone further development. In addition, the right to development of women and child have been impacted more. The closure of schools causes many children cannot have their school meals, the increase in cyber violence, domestic violence, gender-based violence, and the increase in female circumcision and child marriages due to the social pause caused by the epidemic, have all greatly violated the right of development to women and child. Their survive is threatened, and it is difficult for them to be participants and beneficiaries of the right to development. In order to bet protect and realize the right to development of individuals, the states should formulate reasonable policies and pay attention to the feasibility of the policies so that it can help people effectively. As the same time I think that the protection of women’s and children’s rights mentioned above, should be enhanced in a timely and effectively manner, and resisted the unequal care issue resolutely. The development to right is not only an individual right, but also a collective human right of state or nation. The realization of individual right to development depend on states, while the collective right to development is directed primarily on international community. During the pandemic, we can also see in the international community that some developing countries are facing coercive unilateral economic measures, which can greatly undermine the right to development and health, hinder the economic development, and prevent people from having timely access to supplies and medicines, which can be fatal during an epidemic. In such a difficult situation, the international community need to be united and work together to get through the pandemic. I hope more and more unilateral measures are lifted soon and more countries uniting to fight the epidemic and get through this difficult period as soon as possible.
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疫情期间的发展权 Peiwei Zhu
发展权是一项不可剥夺的人权，人是发展的主体，因此，人应成为发展权利的积极参与者和受益者。作为 发展权的积极参与者，人们可以参与政治、社会、经济生活的发展，作为发展权的受益者，也应该平等的拥有 发展的权利、享用发展的成果。我认为一直以来发展权并没有能够在全世界都得到很好的保障，而在疫情期 间，更是难以保障人们的发展权，甚至加剧了其中的不平等。 生存与发展都离不开健康，健康是发展权的前提，在疫情期间更是。近几年大家都对于疫苗非常的关注且需 要。人作为发展权的主体，全世界的人都应该可以平等的顺利接种疫苗，然而事实却是由于部分国家与医药公 司采取的方法加剧了疫苗分发的不平等。中低收入国家缺乏疫苗，低收入国家的疫苗接种率甚至只有 13.6% 。人 们本应从科学进步中获益，顺利接种疫苗，可现实却是如此的残忍，中低收入国家的人们并不能得到应有的保 障。健康都无法得到应有的保障，更何谈进一步的发展。 此外，妇女儿童的发展权也收到了更大的冲击。学校的关闭导致许多儿童吃不上校餐，疫情造成网络暴力、家 庭暴力，基于性别的暴力的加剧，以及疫情造成社会暂停而使得女性割礼以及童婚的猛增，都极大程度上的侵 犯了妇女儿童的发展权。她们的生存都已经受到威胁，更难以成为发展权的参与者与受益者。 为了更好的保障并实现个人的发展权，国家应当合理的制定政策，并且要注重政策的可行性，使其能切实的帮 助到群众。同时我认为像上述所提及的妇女儿童的权利受到极大侵害的情况，应及时有效增强对其的保护，坚 决抵制不平等的医疗卫生问题。 发展权不仅仅是一种个人的权利，也是一项国家或民族的集体人权。个人发展权的实现主要依靠国家，而集体 发展权则主要针对国际社会。在疫情期间，国际社会中我们也能看到，一些发展中国家正面临着胁迫性单边经 济措施，这会极大的损害健康权及发展权，发展中国家的经济发展收到阻碍，并且人们不能很及时的获得物资 及药物，这在疫情期间是致命性的。在疫情如此艰难的情况下，需要的整个国际社会的团结一致，共同应对疫 情。希望能够早日见到越来越多的单边措施得到取消，更多的国家共同团结抗击疫情，尽快的度过这段艰难的 时期。
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HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN CHINA Cai Wei, China
As the world's largest developing country, China has a population of 1.413 billion, accounting for about 18% of the world's total population. The issue of human rights has always been an issue that China attaches importance to in its development. In terms of human rights protection, China has always combined theoretical exploration with practical innovation to constantly explore and develop human rights. Human rights are the birthright of all people, regardless of race, gender, nationality, ethnicity, language, religion, or any other status. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 10, 1948, established that whether to safeguard and protect human rights has become an important normative value standard judged by the constitution, international law, and the international community. The international community has great differences in the content and classification of human rights, there are also conflicts or overlaps between various theories, and China's human rights also have their own characteristics. The development of human rights in contemporary China reflects the social ideals of many philosophers and sages and the goals of people with lofty ideals. Ancient China was rich in humanistic thought and people-oriented thought. For example, Confucius used "love" to clarify the connotation of "benevolence", and put forward "don't do to others what you don't want"; Mencius expounded the idea that "the people are the most important, the country is the second, and the emperor is the least" and the idea that "the foundation of the world lies in the country, the foundation of the country lies in the home, and the foundation of the home lies in the body". Confucianism's benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom, and faith, Taoism's advocating ethics and morality, Mohism's universal love and nonaggression, and Legalism's people-oriented. These thoughts not only laid the foundation for the development of human rights in China but also enriched the connotation of human rights in China. From the perspective of human rights history, since 1978, China's human rights theory and practice have experienced historical leaps and bounds. Its evolution track can be divided into five stages: concept transformation, theory formation, legal confirmation, joint action, and innovative development. Over the past four decades, China has gone deep into the form of human rights to the essence of human rights. Novel coronavirus pneumonia China has been adhering to the principle of respecting and protecting human rights since 2012. It has made historic achievements in the course of human rights management: achieving the goal of the first hundred years, building a well-off society in an all-round way, solving the problem of absolute poverty historically, developing the whole process of people's democracy, ensuring and improving people's livelihood, coping with the new crown pneumonia epidemic, and so on. The protection level of the people's right to survival, development, and other basic rights has been historically improved. China's human rights cause has made great achievements in the same frequency resonance of national rejuvenation, national prosperity, and people's happiness. It has also made Chinese contributions and provided Chinese solutions to the development of the world's human rights cause. References: [1] . 4090/d.2021.05.006. [2] . [J]. [3] , . 40 8.DOI:10.16092/j.cnki.1001-618x.2019.01.001.
何 志 鹏 中 国 人 权 事 业 发 展 的 行 动 逻 辑 ： 三 个 维 度 [J]. 人 权 ,2021(05):28-53.DOI:10.16696/j.cnki.11杨春福 新时代中国人权事业的创新发展 法制与社会发展 ,2021,27(03):55-70. 汪 习 根 崔 杨 改 革 开 放 年 中 国 人 权 理 论 与 实 践 的 创 新 发 展 [J]. 法 学 杂 志 ,2019,40(01):1-
中国的人权保障与发展
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Cai Wei, China
中国作为全球最大的发展中国家，拥有人口 14.13 亿，约占全世界总人口数的 18% 。人权问题一直是中国在发展中 重视的问题。在人权保障方面，中国一直将理论探索与实践创新结合，不断探索、发展人权。 人权是所有人与生俱有的权力，它不分种族、性别、国籍、族裔、语言、宗教或任何其他身份地位。 1948 年 12 月 10 日联合国大会通过的《世界人权宣言》确立了是否维护和保障人权成为宪法、国际法及国际社会评判的重要 规范性价值标准。国际社会对人权的内容和分类存在着较大的分歧，各种理论间也有冲突或重叠之处，而中国的 人权也具有特色。 当代中国人权事业的发展体现出古往今来诸多哲人先贤的社会理想、仁人志士的奋斗目标。中国古代即有着丰 富的人本思想和民本思想。例如，孔子用 “ 爱人 ” 来阐发 “ 仁 ” 的内涵，提出了 “ 己所不欲勿施于人 ” ；孟子阐述了 “ 民 为贵，社稷次之，君为轻 ” 以及 “ 天下之本在国，国之本在家，家之本在身 ” 的思想等。儒家的仁义礼智信，道家的 崇道尚德，墨家的兼爱非攻，法家所提到的以人为本。这些思想既奠定了中国人权的发展基础，又丰富了中国人 权的内涵。 从人权史视角看，自 1978 年以来，我国人权理论与人权实践经历了一次次历史性飞跃和跨越式发展，其演进轨 迹可以分解为五个阶段，即概念转换、理论形成、法律确认、共同行动和创新发展。四十年间，中国从人权的形 式切入到人权的实质。 2012 年以来，中国坚持把尊重和保障人权作为治国理政的一项重要工作，并人权事业取得 历史性成就：实现了第一个百年奋斗目标，全面建成小康社会，历史性地解决了绝对贫困问题，不断发展全过程 人民民主，大力保障和改善民生，有力应对新冠肺炎疫情，等等。人民的生存权、发展权和其他各项基本权利保 障水平得到历史性提升。中国人权事业在民族复兴、国家富强、人民幸福的同频共振中取得重大成就，也为世界 人权事业发展作出了中国贡献、提供了中国方案。 参考文献 [1] 何 志 鹏 . 中 国 人 权 事 业 发 展 的 行 动 逻 辑 ： 三 个 维 度 [J]. 人 权 ,2021(05):28-53.DOI:10.16696/j.cnki.114090/d.2021.05.006. [2] 杨春福 . 新时代中国人权事业的创新发展 [J]. 法制与社会发展 ,2021,27(03):55-70. [3] 汪 习 根 , 崔 杨 . 改 革 开 放 40 年 中 国 人 权 理 论 与 实 践 的 创 新 发 展 [J]. 法 学 杂 志 ,2019,40(01):18.DOI:10.16092/j.cnki.1001-618x.2019.01.001.
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HUMAN RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES FROM INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS — LET'S LEARN FROM THE ARIEL FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL AS AN EXAMPLE Tinayi Zhang, China Today, countries all around the world are aware of the issue of development. Among them, the human right to development is based on the prerequisite that the human person is the central subject of the development process. It is a comprehensive economic, social, cultural and political process, which aims at the constant improvement of whole populations, but be simultaneously mindful of the needs of the individual. So, we everyone should be an active participant, and it’s the state’s development pursuits for right to development too. Some days ago, I have read a publication by Ariel Foundation International, AFI CHANGEMAKERS AT THE HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL REPORT ON THE RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT which impressed me by its responsibilities as an international organization for human right issue. To begin with, about the development issues and problems, there are careful analysis in terms of human right development, basic needs, marginalized groups and multinational cooperation. The right to development aims to emphasize the centrality of the individual and their rights. Nevertheless, the predominant issue regarding human rights and the right to development is a perceived lack of respect for self-determination and human dignity in domestic development practices. McCook argued that by simply setting out the rights of individuals, the international community assumes that the work is done; however, in reality there is much discrepancy between how human dignity is defined, interpreted an implemented-not only by member states of the Human Rights Council but also those in Civil Society. These days, the amount of people worldwide who cannot sufficiently access everything they need to fulfil their basic needs, which presents the future of the program with serious hurdles. Additionally, the problem that results from marginalized groups is a cyclical process. the lack of socio-economic access of some societal groups contributes to the violation of their human rights. The violation of the human rights of certain sectors of society in turn hinders the process of development. Besides, some useful recommendations are as follows. First of all, there is a necessity for greater institutional links within the United Nations and between other international organizations, for greater articulation and fluidity in the implementation of human rights in all practices. The reason why international organizations should get involved is due to the fact that there is a shared responsibility between them to promote and implement human rights in a development context where many countries are developing facing challenges. UN can become an essential role in advocating strategies within the human rights council and meaningful practical activities such as offering a warm hand to the disable so that human right to development can be enforced. Besides, government all over the world should pay attention to necessity of a full assessment of the issue of provision and facilitate, especially for developing countries and areas. Without the effective policies, facilitates and law, many countries in the global south are ultimately left behind. Problems of inequality can also exacerbate the different levels and capabilities for supporting development. Therefore, there needs to be a state-by-state assessment of governments capability for these problems.
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In the end, participation of people in decision-making whose lives have been affected by poor growth strategies, and self-management of development projects as an important part of the basic needs agenda. It is perplexing phenomenon that often those making developmental decisions for developing countries are bodies and individuals with no real stake or awareness in the needs or procedures that are unique to the state in question. Therefore, it is recommended that is heightened participation and consultation with people directly impacted by development procedure, as this will make the pursuit of the right to development as a universal norm better targeted and more efficient, as it takes into consideration first-hand examples of where resources and capacity building could be best targeted. By talking to members of remote communities and marginalized groups, there is the assurance that development will spread to the most remote of places. As the conclusion comes, I would like to suggest that as human being in the same world, we have a shared future for development, including the part of human right to development. While providing country and marginalized groups specific development aid, reiterate that the basic needs for development are practically same. Some talented people can send constructive recommendations for UN, ARIEL FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL and other organizations, in order for UN further endeavor to plan their work in a high quality. Only in this way can we resolve problems today more efficiently.
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国际组织开展的人权参与发展活动 —让我们以ARIEL国 际基金会为例 Tinayi Zhang, China
今天，世界各国都意识到发展问题。其中，发展权的前提是人是发展进程的中心主体。发展权是一个全面的经 济、社会、文化和政治进程，其目的是不断改善全体的人口素质，但同时要注意个人的需要。因此，我们每个 人都应该积极参与，国家也有对发展权的发展追求。 几天前，我读了 ARIEL FOUNDATION INTERNATIONAL 的出版物《 AFI 变革者在人权理事会关于发展权的 报告》，它作为一个国际组织在人权问题上的责任给我留下了深刻的印象。 首先，关于发展议题和存在的问题，从人权发展、基本需要、边缘化群体和多国合作的角度进行了认真的分 析。发展权旨在强调个人及其权利的中心地位。然而，关于人权和发展权的主要问题是，在国内发展实践中， 人们认为自决和人的尊严缺乏尊重。 McCook 认为，通过简单地规定个人的权利，国际社会假设工作已经完成 ; 然而，在现实中人的尊严是如何被定义、解释和实施的，在联合国人权理事会成员国和民间社会的成员国之间 存在很大的差异。如今，全世界无法充分获得满足其所有拥有基本需求的人，这给该计划的未来带来了严重的 障碍。此外，边缘化群体造成的问题是一个周期性过程。一些社会群体缺乏社会经济机会，导致其人权受到侵 犯。对社会某些阶层人权的侵犯反过来又阻碍了人类发展权的发展进程。 此外，一些有用的建议如下。 首先，有必要在联合国内部和其他国际组织之间建立更大的机构联系，以便在所有实践中落实人权方面有更大 的明确性和流动性。国际组织之所以应该参与进来，是因为在许多国家正在发展中面临挑战的发展背景下，国 家之间在促进和落实人权方面负有共同的责任。联合国可以承担在人权理事会内倡导战略和有意义的实际活动 （例如向残疾人伸出热情之手，以便落实人权发展权）的重要作用。 此外，世界各国政府应注意必须全面评估供应和设施问题，特别是对发展中国家和地区而言。没有有效的政 策、基础设施和法律，南半球的许多国家最终都会逐渐落后。不平等问题还可能加剧支持发展的不同水平和能 力。因此，需要逐州评估政府解决这些问题的能力。 最后，那些生活受到导致贫困问题加剧政策的人参与决策，以及发展项目的自我管理，是为基本需求议程的一 个重要部分。令人费解的是，为发展中国家作出发展决定的人往往是对有关国家特有的需要或程序没有真正利 害关系或认识的机构和个人。因此，建议加强与直接受发展事务影响的人的参与和协商到发展权建设中，因为 这将使追求发展权成为一项普遍规范，更有针对性和更有效率，因为它考虑到了资源和能力建设最有针对性的 第一手实例，通过与边远社区和边缘化群体的成员交谈，可以确保发展权将传播到最偏远的地方。
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HOW TO INCREASE THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR EQUAL DEVELOPMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES? Yifei Zhu, China As we all know, on a global scale, most developing countries are facing severe development problems, especially for some countries in Africa, development has always been a big problem. Why is this problem still not effectively solved? The main reason is that the opportunities for equal development in these developing countries have been greatly restricted. We have to admit that the blockade of developed countries is an important reason why these developing countries cannot enjoy equal development opportunities. I once saw this picture: a gentleman is handing the raw materials he has to the African refugee in front of him, with a smile on his face, but at the same time, his hands are coming out of the African refugee’s back pocket, pulling out a bunch of dollars. There is no doubt that this cartoon is ironic. It is ironic that the so-called “aid” of developed countries to developing countries is just treating the people of developing countries as cheap labor. On the surface it is indeed a solution for developing countries, but in fact, by doing so, developed countries has made unimaginable profits from developing countries. This not only does not enrich the people of developing countries but make things even worse. The impact of this picture on me was so great that I couldn’t forget it for a long time. I also recall the same years that China went through in the past, when the developed capitalist countries dumped their commodities on China and forced us to accept a series of unequal treaties in a tone of nonsense... these are facts. Therefore, I believe that the essential reason why some developing countries are not getting equal development opportunities today lies in the constraints of developed countries. To fundamentally break this situation, we must proceed from the facts. On one hand, we should not encourage developed countries to regard developing countries as money-making machines and should give UN’s relevant treaties mandatory powers from a legal perspective; on the other hand, we should also encourage and support developing countries in their efforts to develop their own economies, and provide them with support in technology, talents, science and technology, etc., so that they can build their own industrial economic system on their own. Only in this way can developing countries obtain the opportunity to have equal rights to development in the international community.
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如何增加发展中国家平等发展的机会？ Yifei Zhu, China
众所周知，在全球范围，绝大多数的发展中国家都面临着严峻的发展问题，尤其是对于非洲的一些国家而言， 发展一直是一大难题。为何这一难题始终得不到有效解决？其主要原因在于，这些发展中国家平等发展的机会 受到了很大的限制。 我们不得不承认，发达国家的封锁是这些发展中国家无法享有平等发展机会的重要原因。我曾经看过这样一幅 图片：一位绅士正将他手上拥有的原材料交给面前的非洲难民，脸上挂着微笑，可与此同时，他的手却正在从 非洲难民背后的口袋里掏出一大把美元。这幅漫画毫无疑问是讽刺的，它讽刺的是发达国家对发展中国家所谓 的 “ 援助 ” ，只不过是在将发展中国家的人民视为廉价劳动力，表面上看的确为发展中国家解决了部分就业问 题，实际上却从发展中国家赚取了令人难以想象的利润，不仅没有让发展中国家的人民富起来，反而雪上加 霜。 这张图片给我带来的冲击实在太大，使我久久不能忘怀。我也回忆起过去中国经历过的同样的岁月，发达的资 本主义国家向中国倾销商品，用不容置喙的语气强迫我们接受一系列不平等条约 …… 这些都是事实。因此，我认 为，导致如今一些发展中国家得不到平等发展机会的本质原因，在于发达国家的制约。 要想从根本上打破这样的局面，就要从事实出发。一方面，我们不应当鼓励发达国家将发展中国家视为赚钱机 器，应该从法律层面出发，赋予相关条约强制性的权力；另一方面，我们也应该鼓励支持发展中国家努力发展 自身经济，并为它们提供技术、人才、科技等方面的支持，让他们能够依靠自己的力量建立属于自己的工业经 济体系，只有这样，发展中国家才有机会在国际社会上拥有平等发展的权力。
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AUTHOR PROFILE Thaddeus Anim- Somuah, England & Ghana Thaddeus Anim-Somuah is a thought leading engineer and climate advocate. He is a dual citizen of Ghana and the United Kingdom, currently living in the Netherlands. He is a World Energy Council Future Energy Leader and works as Engineering Manager Projects at Croda, where he plays a key role in the global energy transition plans, In addition to these roles, he is a EU Commission Climate Pact Ambassador, Global Youth Climate Network (World Bank Group) Climate Ambassador (2021) and Executive Board Member at European Federation of Chemical Engineering (2020-2021). In 2020 he was listed by Forbes Europe as 30 under 30 for Manufacturing & Industry. Joleen Bakalova, USA Joleen Bakalova is a youth activist whose life mission is to incite tangible change for underrepresented communities around the world. Since the age of fourteen, she has been an elected official within the American political system, focusing on the engagement of youth towards promoting systemic change and driving government policy adjacent to the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals. Currently, she serves as the youngest-ever statewide political party leader in California, the largest state in America. She has helped pass legislation in the US Congress taking action in promoting human rights in China and registered thousands of young people to vote in key elections, exciting them to amplify their voices in their country as well as in the world. Outside of promoting civic engagement in her nation, she serves as an intern for UN Women, where she helps develop and advance key campaigns, like Generation Equality and Safe Cities, as well as moderate official events, like the International Day of the Girl. With Columbia University, she has performed crosscultural research of young people’s view on government surveillance in China and the United States. Joleen also produces her own ethnography research podcast, which promotes a more understanding global society by educating a new generation on regional history and conflict through the lens of family history. With listeners from around the world, she has conducted dozens of interviews with youth from Palestine, Belarus, the Roma community, and more. In 2021, she was honored for her service in promoting a more just and equal society as one of only two delegates, selected amongst over a million students, for the US Senate Youth Program. Outside of advocacy and research, Joleen is a State Honors classical pianist, honors choir singer, and music teacher for local foster youth. While always seeking to improve the world around her, she loves to spend time with friends and family, immerse herself in music, and pet her cat.
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AUTHOR PROFILE Chu Jie, China Chu Jie is currently studying in Shanghai Normal University in China. s to In the midst of globalization, she is eager to exert all her energie her And build peaceful and delightful environment for all to live in. her experience of witnessing gender inequality in education made the shares She . ination discrim ting elimina in decide to devote herself and hip leaders youth of al potenti same values with AFI, believing the entrepreneurship. Chu Jie is currently a mentee of AFI.
Jason Eappen, USA JMy name is Jason Eappen. I am the co-founder of an international non-profit as well as a representative of an international human rights advocacy group. Throughout all of my initiatives I am a firm believer that education is a human right. Education is the first step for people to gain the knowledge, critical thinking, empowerment and skills they need to make this world a better place. My passion stems from educating the youth to help the nextgeneration. Within my non-profit, we help spread stem education to the youth in rural areas to help them dream about their future. We partner with pilot organizations and the state government in order to target rural communities and expand educational access to thousands of students in rural school districts. My second initiative is mental health. I am one of the core leaders of a state-wide movement known as whisper. All over the world, COVID19 puts a massive strain on the mental health of thousands of students. Through organizations like whisper, we help give voices to those in the shut out or have been hurting. Conversations and being vulnerable has helped hundreds even thousands of students hear the message of whisper that opening up about problems we all face is the first step towards a solution of a more open and accepting society. With a podcast in the making, everyone around the world will be given a voice and a safe place to be themselves through whisper. My third initiative is food insecurity. Throughout the world, food deserts are visible throughout. With many kids going without key meals and being deprived of key fruits and vegetables. Seeing this, I helped create an environmentally-safe, nutrient-filled, and sustainable hydroponic gardening system. This system maximizes crop yield by using scientifically formulated nutrients placed into the garden to help not only produce more nutrient rich fruits and vegetables, but helped thousands of families get access to cheap/affordable food. Regardless of which initiative I work on, I always uphold myself to the highest of standards by being genuine and always trying to make a positive impact on the community around me. In my spare time, I enjoy spending time with my family and binge watching marvel movies. mmerse herself in music, and pet her cat.
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AUTHORS PROFILES Yang Haoqiang, China My name is Yang Haoqiang. I am a law college student at Anhui university. I usually like playing basketball and reading. In addition, I also like traveling, which will make me feel very relaxed. In my spare time, I will be a volunteer and serve the society
Yuxin Liu, China I'm a junior student in Henan Normal University in China. My major is economics. I'm very interested in some of current economic issues and phenomena around us. I'm very willing to discuss with you some economic problems. Besides, when I was a freshman, I worked in the editorial department of the Society for the Study of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for College Students of Henan Normal University. Therefore, I'm relatively familiar with editing. And my writing has been published in the bulletin of the Study Association, I hope I can also contribute to AFI publications.
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AUTHOR PROFILE
Rehman Hassan, USA Rehman founded an international public health organization in 2016, iCure Health, when he was in the seventh grade. iCure aims to educate and bring awareness to common diseases such as cancer and heart disease. In addition to bringing awareness, one of iCure’s major missions is to improve access to preventative care measures such as depression screenings, mammograms, fecal immunochemical tests, and colonoscopies. So far, iCure has helped physicians perform over 20,000 tests. Rehman serves as the CEO and founder of iCure and constantly works to help improve iCure’s reach and impact. In the last seven years, iCure has been fortunate to reach over 45,000 people around the globe from Bayamón, Puerto Rico to Doha, Qatar through its 30+ chapters, including chapters at Yale and the University of Toronto. In his free time, Rehman enjoys being a political advocate for campaigns around the United States. Rehman’s political work has helped him reach over 62,300 people to urge them to exercise their right to vote by making phone calls, sending text messages, and talking to people in his community in person. One of Rehman’s other passions is teaching. In school, Rehman serves as a voluntary laboratory and teacher’s assistant for On-level Biology, Advanced Biology, AP Biology, Advanced Chemistry, and AP Environmental Science courses. Rehman enjoys being able to inspire children in his school and help them understand complex topics that they may have struggled with. Beyond his work to improve education in his school, Rehman works to help struggling students abroad. Rehman is currently working with 150 Afghan and Tajik students currently limited in their educational endeavors by political instability to educate them in science and social studies. Rehman is also working diligently to prepare these students for the GED exam. When he’s not leading iCure or educating his peers domestically and abroad, Rehman absolutely loves reading about new medical innovations, writing short stories, reading the memoirs of famous scientists, and swimming.
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AUTHORS PROFILES Xinyan Li, China Xinyan is an undergraduate major in Law in Guilin University of electronic technology.She pays attention to the realization of human rights and other rights.She would like to make contributions to realization of the right to development,and share some experience which is summarized by Chinese youth.She has been doing voluntary work since junior high school.From January in 2022,she participated in Ariel Foundation International as an internship online.In AFI family she learned about many wonderful youth and worked with them.Strong enterprise and consciousness of responsibility will make her to face any difficulty and chanllenge bravely and calmly.And she finished her tasks and work with passion.She hopes that more people will focus on leader of youth
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Wenyuan Li, China My name is Li Wenyuan and I love media and badminton! I am studying world history at the Honors College of Capital Normal University. I hope to show the world the ambition of young people to promote the development of the world with my own efforts. I am a social lover, a wide range of friends can let me know a lot of friends, but also can broaden my vision and let me get exercise.
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AUTHORS PROFILES
Chen Lu, China Lu Chen is a Chinese girl from Harbin Institute of Technology. She is shy but always willing to explore and contribute to this world. She loves animals, nature and human. Now her family has 8 puppy dogs! She began her leadership journey in AFI in 2022.
Abigail Oppong, Ghana ‘Rather than standing or Speaking for Children, we need to stand with children speaking for themselves. We don’t need a political movement for children [ we need to] build environments and policies for our collective future’ Abigail Oppong is a humanitarian young African lady who passionately work to impact life. She is a Young Speaker, Mentor, Changemaker, Young Activist and a Social Entrepreneur. Abigail Oppong is the Youth Ambassador for Ariel Foundation International focusing on Africa and making the voices of African Voices heard. Being a changemaker, she is passionate about social impacts project that seeks to empower women, children, and youth. She is part of the Board Members of Women Media and Change working hard to make sure young women’s voices are represented well in the media. Passionate about engaging more women in Technology, she is part of several women in TECH organisations working hard to make sure women are represented well in the STEM Industry. Abigail is skilled at Information Technology, Project Management, Entrepreneurship, Humanitarian, Communication, Design Thinking, Graphic design, leadership, Personal Development, Public Speaking. She is a Recipients of the “Young Leaders Creating a better World for All award” at the Women Economic Forum, 2019 and the first youngest leader to receive such an international award from the Women Economic Forum.
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AUTHORS PROFILES Zhu Peiwei, China I'm a freshman in Capital Normal University in China, and my major is law.In senior school,I have done some volunteer work,and I hope I can do more to help others or make a difference (even just a little), which is one of the reasons why I choose studying law and participating in AFI. I'm also the member of law association and help to search and sort out information about specific law.
Yifei Zhu , China Yifei Zhu is currently studying for a bachelor’s degree in Accounting at both Jiangsu University, China, and California State University San Bernardino, US. She is very interested in international political economy, and is now committed to a more in-depth study of economics. She has done social research work related to feminist movement and racial issues, and has also been committed to helping left-behind children in poor mountainous areas of China solve psychological problems. She is involved with AFI Changemakers because she firmly believes that the future of the world belongs to the present youth, and the sustainable development of the global economy cannot be achieved without the leadership and support of the young generation today. Yifei Zhu is currently on the AFI Changemakers organizational team and is ready to contribute herself to her fields of interest: Economics, Global Politics, Mathematics and Physics, and Public Relations.
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AUTHOR PROFILE
Wei Cai, China Wei Cai, a Chinese youth volunteer who passionately works to promote anti-drug education and publicize AIDS knowledge. He has worked with Nanjing Ban Drugs Commission to carry out a lot of antidrug activities and achieved great success. At the same time, he participates in World Food Day volunteers to advocate cherish food and many other voluntary activities. These activities make a profound influence on not only adolescents but also adults deeply. Also, as the leader of the Volunteers’ League, he helps train more excellent volunteers to make contributions to society. At the same time, he is a sophomore at Nanjing University of science and technology whose majoring in Public Administration. He is involved with AFI Changemakers because he believes that the future of the world belongs to the present youth.
Tianyi Zhang, China Tianyi is an undergraduate major in archeology in Capital Normal University. She has a keen interest in history and human rights. She has been doing voluntary works since studying in middle school, such as guiding the old with using cellphones, setting up shelters for stray cats, being an amateur teacher for students from mountainous schools. From January in 2022, she participated in Ariel Foundation International as a volunteer online. With research of history and archeology, she found that people in China and other countries have long and rich experience of fighting for human rights. Responsibility always wells up in her sensitive heart. She advocates everyone to make contributions in their own ways with passion and efforts. Look, she is helping with some publications’ work for AFI. Let’s give people in trouble a warm hand!
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DR. ARIEL ROSITA KING, MPH, MBA, PHD (UK), DTM&H, PHD (FRANCE) AFI FOUNDER AND PRESIDENT
DR. ARIEL ROSITA KING, MPH, MBA, PhD (UK), DTM&H, PhD (France) Dr. Ariella (Ariel) Rosita King (www.drarielking.com) founded The Ariel Foundation International (www.arielfoundation.org) in 2002 as a nonprofit organization with an international focus on children and youth inspired leadership and participation worldwide. Dr. Ariel King is a Rotarian for over 20 years. She is the Main Representative at the United Nations (Geneva, New York and Vienna ) for AFI, with Special Economic, Cultural and Social Council Special (ECOSO). She has also represented other NGOs in Geneva since 2008, the United Nations in Vienna (UNOV) since 2010 and United Nations in New York since 2000.
Dr. King is also an NGO Representative at the European Parliament. Dr. King’s life focus is on inspiring leadership and participation of worlds’ children and youth. Ariel Foundation International is a member of EuroChild, Dr. King was a Trustee for Children’s Rights Alliance England (CRAE), Now Just for Law Kids, and the Acid Survivors Trust International (ASTI) United Kingdom. Dr King is also the Founder (2000), and President Ariel Consulting International, Inc., that creates and enhances PublicPrivate Partnerships in international diplomacy and policy. She has over 35 years of experience in international public policy and international management in government, business and NGOs. As a Professor in International Health, Management, Policy and Environment she has taught at Universities in the USA, Europe and Africa. Dr. King has published on the topics of Kangaroo Newborn Baby Care, International Health Policy and Management, Medical Ethics, Organ Transplantation, National Essential Drugs Policy, HIV/AIDS; Breast Cancer; Violence Against Women; Youth Participation at the United Nations and Children’s Human Rights. _____________________ Dr. King completed a second research degree (PhD) in Sociology on Community Engagement in the Psychosocial Care of Their Traumatised Children – A Case Study of Botswana, Liberia and Morocco at the Unitersité de Franche-Comte, France (December 2018). She also has completed advance certificates in the study of Children’s Human Rights, from the UER Droits de l'enfant/Children's Rights Unit, Institut Universitaire Kurt Bösch (IUKB) in Switzerland. Dr. King holds a Diploma Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (DTM&H); Doctorate (PhD) in Philosophy in Public Health and Policy from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, University of London; a Master in International Health Management (MIM) from Thunderbird School of Global Management; Master in Public Health (MPH) in international Health from the University of Texas School of Public Health; and a Bachelor of Arts (BA) from the University of Hawaii at Manoa.
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