ACBR Issue 009 July 2018

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU • JULY 2018 • ISSUE 09

2018年七月 · 第9期

Rich harvest China going wild for ocean abalone Page 6 满载而归

中国聚焦野生鲍鱼 第6页

Market shift Electric vehicles driving change in graphite, cobalt Page 20, Page 38 瞬息万变

石墨与钴加速电动汽车行业改革 第20，38页

Huawei fallout Lessons to be learned from tech giant’s challenge Page 30 华为重磅

见证科技巨头，从中吸取经验 第30页

Jia Qingguo Dean of International Studies Peking University Photo: Philip Gostelow

贾庆国 国际关系学院院长 北京大学 图片来源：Philip Gostelow

Better relations

One of Beijing’s top academics weighs into the Sino-Australia geopolitical debate

亡羊补牢

北大顶级学者参与中澳地缘政治讨论

CONTENTS | 目录

contents 目录

12 From the editor’s desk | 主编的话 4

Silver lining for companies in Trump trade war 特朗普贸易战中的一线希望

Cover story | 封面故事

12 Myths, misinformation plague Australia-China relationship

中澳之间存在太多子虚乌有的报道

6 Agribusiness | 农商 6

China going wild over ocean abalone 中国人聚焦野生鲍鱼

Education | 教育

24 Two universities to collaborate in engineering

两所名校开展工科教育合作

Resources | 能源

20 Electric car boom drives new graphite miners

电动汽车的迅猛发展推动新型石墨开采

28 Foot on the gas – Australia primed for more M&A

火力全开-澳洲将迎来并购春天

38 Tesla leads race to strip cobalt out of electrical vehicle batteries

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

特斯拉将主导无钴汽车电池革命

目录

| CONTENTS

38 24 Technology | 科技

26 Aussie consumers opening digital wallets

澳洲客户逐步开放电子钱包

华为在澳路漫漫

34 Making right call on Chinese consumers

16 WA not doing enough to cater for Chinese tourists: report

报告：中国游客的到来或让西澳措手不及

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

30 Huawei a reminder companies still have work to do in Australia

Tourism | 旅游

Opinion | 教育

在中国市场树立正确品牌形象

36 Chinese millennials key to your marketing strategy

中国千禧一代是营销战略的重中之重

2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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Publisher DDK IN THE ZONE PTY LTD trading as Australia China Business Review Editor in chief Dan Wilkie

主编: 丹•威尔基

E: dan.wilkie@acbr.com.au

from the

Managing director Ken Meng

董事总经理: 孟敬亭

E: ken.meng@acbr.com.au Graphic design GRAFFIK www.graffik.com.au Printing Daniels Printing Craftsmen www.danielspc.com.au AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW 澳中商讯

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Content within this publication is protected by Australian copyright law and may not be reproduced without express written permission by Australia China Business Review. 免责声明: Australia China Business Review已经采取所有措施来确保本刊 物所包含的信息是准确的，而且是来自 确认可靠的消息来源，除非明确指出，对 于任何不准确的信息Australia China Business Review 不负任何责任。刊物 中意见、声明和评论不代表 Australia China Business Review 立场。 本刊 物的内容受澳大利亚版权法保护，未经 Australia China Business Review 的书面许可，不得转载 4

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

DAN WILKIE | 丹·威尔基

特朗普贸易战

Silver lining fo AUSTRALIAN businesses are justifiably worried about deteriorating relations with China, but spare a thought for businesses in the United States forced to navigate their way through President Donald Trump’s intensifying international trade war.

Mr Trump’s stubbornness and unpredictability have been the hallmarks of his presidency, delineated clearly in his approach to international trade.

In the pursuit of what he describes as a fair deal for the US, the president has not only alienated allies and caused rifts among major trading partners, his approach to trade is beginning to hurt businesses on home soil.

There appears to be no fast resolution to Mr Trump’s escalating trade war with China, with each threat of additional tariffs being met with swift rebukes and, of course, the introduction of import taxes on both sides.

Iconic motorcycle manufacturer Harley-Davidson has become a key case study, recently announcing it would shift production of bikes destined for Europe to plants outside of the US because of higher costs of manufacturing on the back of Mr Trump’s retaliatory tariffs.

Other US manufacturers that operate in global markets are evaluating similar initiatives along their supply chains, as Mr Trump’s “better deals” result in impediments to business.

Losing jobs to other countries certainly doesn’t seem to fit with his fierce “America First” rhetoric, leaving one to question whether he truly understands the consequences such hostility can have on the global trade order.

In comparison, Australia’s tensions with China, sparked by Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull’s comments over perceived Chinese interference in Australian politics, have

主编的话

| FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

editor’s desk 主编的话

中的一线希望

r companies in Trump trade war not yet escalated to really hurt the business sector.

Australian wine exporters have reported delays in clearing customs at Chinese ports, but that can be viewed as more of an inconvenience, especially compared with widespread chaos occurring in the US as companies work to optimise their supply chains in an unpredictable and changing global playing field.

And Mr Turnbull, while perceived to be stubborn in his own right, is at least appearing to be more conciliatory rather than adversarial in his approach to smoothing Australia’s soured ties with China.

Mr Turnbull said at a recent Australia China Business Council event it was important to recognise the strength of Australia’s relationship with China, particularly in business.

While business would like to see the tension between the two countries put behind them, there could yet be opportunity for Australian exporters to capitalise on the Sino-US tension by replacing American counterparts as suppliers.

Such moves could build on an already rich history of economic cooperation between Australia and China, and should be the basis of negotiations for a new era of better relations.

澳大利亚企业有理由担心可能会与中国的 关系逐步紧张，但反观美国企业，却不得不 在美国总统唐纳德·特朗普日益激烈的国际 贸易战中负重前行。

特朗普的标志是固执己见和不可预测，在他 对国际贸易的处理方法中得到明确体现。 在追求他所说的美国公平交易时，这位总统 不仅疏远了盟友，还在主要贸易伙伴之间造 成分歧，他的处理方式已经开始损害美国的 本土企业。 似乎没有任何方法能够迅速解决特朗普与 中国贸易战的升级问题，每次威胁增加关税 都会迅速遭到谴责，当然还有双方引入的进 口税。

典型的摩托车制造商哈雷戴维森（HarleyDavidson）已成为一个关键的研究案例，它 最近宣布，因为特朗普的报复性关税造成制 造成本升高，它不得不将主要面向欧洲的摩 托车生产基地转移到美国以外的工厂。 国际市场中的其他美国制造商也正在评估 其供应链中的类似方案，因为特朗普的“更 好的交易”将阻碍它们的业务发展。

相比之下，因澳大利亚总理马尔科姆·特恩布 尔发表的“中国人干预澳大利亚政治”的看 法而引发的澳中紧张局势，尚未升级至对商 业领域的大面积伤害。 澳大利亚 葡萄酒出口商报告称，中国港口对 其产品清关出现延误。但与美国出现的混乱 局面相比，这些问题便不值一提了。目前，各 公司正努力在不可预知、变化剧烈的全球竞 争环境中优化其供应链。 虽然公认特朗普是一个异常顽固的人，但至 少在缓和澳中关系方面似乎显示出调停姿 势，而非正面对抗。

特朗普最近在澳大利亚中国工商业委员会 的活动上表示，正确认识澳中关系是非常重 要的，特别在商业领域中举足轻重。 澳商更希望看到中美关系紧张，与此同时， 可能利用它作为商机，从而取代美国公司作 为中方供应商。。 这种举措可以建立在澳中两国丰富的经济 合作历史基础上，而且同时也应成为改善双 边关系的基础。

使就业机会流入其他国家当然不符合他所 发表的“美国第一”的激烈言论，让人不禁怀 疑他是否真正理解这种敌意将对全球贸易 秩序造成的严重后果。

There could yet be opportunity for Australian exporters to capitalise on the Sino-US tension by replacing American counterparts as suppliers

澳大利亚出口商可能利用中美间的紧张关系作为商机， 从而取代美国公司作为中方供应商。 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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AGRIBUSINESS | 农商

PRIME SPOT Ocean Grown Abalone’s unique concrete ‘abitats’ are carefully placed in optimal growing locations. Photo: Andre Rerekura/Russell Ord 点石为金 OGA公司 将代号为“abitats” 的人工礁石安置在 最理想的区域。图 片来源：Andre Rerekura/ Russell Ord

China going wild over ocean abalone Dan Wilkie SCARCE, high priced and in high demand, there’s no doubting the world’s most valuable shellfish, abalone, is big business in China.

Abalone is one of several aquatic species China holds in high regard, known in ancient times as the ‘elixir of life’.

In Mandarin Chinese, the word for abalone is ‘Bao Yu’, which sounds strikingly like the Chinese phrase for ‘guaranteed wealth’, a coincidence which has created a mythology that good fortune will come to those who consume it, particularly around the festival times of Lunar New Year and Golden Week.

Traditionally, abalone was caught wild from open ocean fisheries, contributing to its scarcity as it can take between three and eight years for the mollusc to reach eating size, depending on the species.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

As demand has increased commensurate with the wealth of China’s burgeoning middle class, production of abalone has become industrialised, shifting inland to farming.

China produces around 140,000 tonnes of farmed abalone each year, fetching an average price of around $US20 per kilogram, according to data presented at the International Abalone Symposium held in Xiamen, Fujian Province, in May. The next highest abalone farming country is South Korea, which produces around 16,000 tonnes of the molluscs annually.

Wild-catch abalone fetched a much higher price, around double that of farmed production, Ocean Grown Abalone managing director Brad Adams told Australia China Business Review.

Wild production, Mr Adams said, achieved average prices of around $US40/kg in 2017-18.

“Global demand for abalone remains

high and is on the rise, particularly for the wild-harvested product,” Mr Adams said.

“The wild-catch product fetches the highest price, however, in recent years supply has been in decline in many countries due to sustainability factors and other environmental impacts affecting the wild-catch abalone supply.”

In contrast to China, Australia is a clear leader in wild-catch abalone production, at 2,400 tonnes per year.

The only other countries with significant wild production are Japan, at 1,300 tonnes, and New Zealand, which produces around 700 tonnes annually.

But with strict limits on what can be caught in wild fisheries, production is ultimately capped in the name of sustainability.

To dive into demand for wild product, Australian Securities Exchange-listed Ocean Grown Abalone has developed what it calls

农商

| AGRIBUSINESS

中国人聚焦野生鲍鱼 丹·威尔基

稀有、高价格以及高需求，毫无疑问，鲍鱼 是世界上最有价值的贝类，在中国也是一 门大生意。

鲍鱼是中国最重视的几种水生物种之一， 在古代被称为“长生不老药”。 在汉语普通话中，鲍鱼谐音为“宝玉”，象 征着珍贵的财富，这一巧合也创造了一种 说法，即好运会降临到那些消费者身上， 尤其是在农历新年和黄金周期间鲍鱼市 场异常火爆。 传统意义上讲，鲍鱼应于开放的海洋渔场 中捕获，根据不同种类的鲍鱼，需要3到8 年的时间才能达到食用尺寸，这也导致了 它的稀缺。 随着需求的不断攀升与中国中产阶级的 迅速崛起，鲍鱼的生产已经转变为陆基工 厂化。 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

今年5月，在福建省厦门市举行的国际鲍 鱼研讨会上公布的数据显示，中国每年生 产约14万吨养殖鲍鱼，平均价格约为每公 斤20美元。 韩国为鲍鱼养殖产量第二高的国家，每年 生产约1.6万吨。

“野生鲍鱼的价格则要高得多，约是 养殖鲍鱼的两倍，”, Ocean Grown Abalone（简称OGA）的董事总经理布 拉德·亚当斯在接受《澳中商讯》采访时表 示。

亚当斯表示，在2017-18年，野生生产的平 均价格约为每公斤40美元/公斤。 亚当斯表示： “全球对野生海鲜的需求居 高不下而且不断攀升，其中对野生鲍鱼的 需求势头尤为猛烈。”

“野生海鲜的价格最高，但近年来，由于 可持续发展性和其他环境因素的影响，直 接造成多国的供应量持续下降。

与中国不同的是，澳大利亚是野生捕捞鲍 鱼的佼佼者，年产量为2400吨。

其他大量生产野生海鲜的国家有日本，年 产为1,300吨，以及新西兰，年产约700吨。 但是，由于对野生渔业捕捞行业有严格的 限制，生产最终需以可持续发展为目标。 为了满足对野生海鲜产品日益增长的市 场需求，澳大利亚证券交易所上市公司 OGA已经研发出了鲍鱼“农场经营”模 式——控制开放的海洋设施，以复制野生 生长环境。

亚当斯表示： “我们正在生产一种野生产 品，在奥古斯塔（Augusta）海域进行捕捞 的青边鲍，其也受到了市场的认可。”

“我们的产品价格很好，这些产品实际上 赢得了许多嘉奖，因为的确是无与伦比、 品质始终如一的产品。” “这些鲍鱼的生长年份一致，肉质鲜美， 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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AGRIBUSINESS | 农商

Rich harvest | 大丰收

Global abalone production – 2017-18 (tonnes whole weight) 2017-18 全球鲍鱼捕捞总量（吨）

Source: International Abalone Symposium, Xiamen. May 2018 | 资料来源：2018年5月 ，国际鲍鱼研讨会（厦门）。

Region |

地区

Chile | 智利 USA | 美国 South Africa | 南非 Oman | 阿曼 Europe | 欧洲 Mexico | 墨西哥

Farmed |

养殖

1,466 160 1,600 25 20

abalone ranching – controlled open ocean facilities that replicate wild growing conditions.

“We are producing a wild product, it’s seen by the market as wild and we market it as baby greenlip abalone from the wild oceans of Augusta,” Mr Adams said.

“And we get good prices because of that, our products have actually won a number of awards, because it is a very good, consistent product.

“It’s all the same age, it’s young, it’s grown in a healthy environment and it’s seen as a very high-quality abalone product.”

Mr Adams, a former commercial abalone diver, said it took several years to develop Ocean Grown Abalone’s process, exploring different systems from wild culture to inland growing.

But it was the ocean that Mr Adams said provided the most potential.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

Wild |

90 400 40 360

野生

Region |

地区

Farmed |

China | 中国 South Korea | 韩国 Australia | 澳大利亚 New Zealand | 新西兰 Japan | 日本 Total | 共计

“We found that there are a lot of areas out there where everything is right on the seabed, but it was just missing the habitat, the rocks that they grow on,” he said.

“So we started running trials by putting some concrete out in some areas of opportunity, and we found that we got juvenile abalone on those rocks.

“Then we decided to put some more science around it, and we ran a comprehensive, well-funded 12-month research project with a number of different environmental scenarios such as stock density, block shape, location, to assess growth rates and survival rates.”

The research resulted in the creation of Ocean Grown Abalone’s concrete ‘abitats’, purpose-built artificial reef structures designed specifically to encourage greenlip abalone growth.

139,697 16,042 970 100 160,080

养殖

Wild |

野生

2,399 705 1,363 5,357

In 2014, Mr Adams said Ocean Grown Abalone got its first lease – 413 hectares in Flinders Bay, near Augusta in the South West of Western Australia.

Ocean Grown Abalone has around 10,000 concrete abitats in the water at Flinders Bay, with each of the concrete blocks having the potential to produce around 20kg of abalone per year.

In three to four years, Mr Adams said the company expected to hit its target production of around 200 tonnes per year.

Ocean Grown Abalone, which exports more than 90 per cent of its catch to China, is in the process of expanding its Flinders Bay abalone ranch to include a processing facility and ‘cellar door’ operation at Augusta Marina.

That facility, Mr Adams said, should allow for Ocean Grown Abalone to achieve an even

农商

| AGRIBUSINESS

Global demand for abalone remains high and is on the rise, particularly for the wild-harvested product – Brad Adams 全球对野生海鲜的需求居高不下而且不断攀升，其中对野生 鲍鱼的需求势头尤为猛烈。——布拉德·亚当斯

CHOICE Wild-ranched abalone are selected for harvest by size and maturity.

Photo: Andre Rerekura/Russell Ord 原生态 按鲍鱼尺寸和成熟度进行区 别捕捞。图片来源：Andre Rerekura/ Russell Ord 出产于健康的生长环境。其价值和品质都 非常高。” 亚当斯曾是一名深海鲍鱼潜水捕捞者，他 说，研发OGA花了几年的时间研发模式， 并探索了从野生捕捞到陆基养殖等不同 系统。 但是，亚当斯先生说海洋才是最具潜力的 地方。

他说： “我们发现，在海床上有很多地方适 合鲍鱼生长，但它们失去了这些栖息地，比 如适于生长的礁石。”

“所以我们开始进行试验，在一些区域放 置人工礁石，不久之后，我们便发现这些礁 石上长有幼鲍。

“然后我们决定在该领域加大科研力度， 全面开展了资金充足的、为期12个月的研 究项目，设置多环境场景，如不同的资源密 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

度、人工礁石形状、位置，以评估生长率和 存活率。”

这项研究的结果是培育出了海洋养殖鲍鱼 的人工礁石“abitats”，设计出可增加青边 鲍鱼产量的人工礁石结构。

2014年，亚当斯先生说，在西澳大利亚 州西南部的奥古斯塔附近，OGA设立 了其首个鲍鱼生产基地——弗林德斯湾 （Flinders Bay）413公顷的水域。

亚当斯表示，这些设备是为了让OGA出口 更高标准的鲜活鲍鱼而设置的，起初出口 至香港的合伙人，现在深圳等中国城市也 在考察名单内。 他说： “鲜活鲍鱼可以卖到更高的价格，其 价格为15到20美元一公斤。”

在弗林德斯湾，OGA在水中放置了约1万 块人工礁石abitats，每一块人工礁石都有 可能生产约20公斤的鲍鱼/每年。

“相比其他国家，我们已拥有了一个绝对 优势，我们的产品会在8小时内抵达香港， 能在短时间内点对点运输并保证鲍鱼的 新鲜程度，从西澳到香港、广州、北京或者 其他我们想要进入的城市。这种优势无可 比拟。”

OGA出口九成以上的鲍鱼到中国，并不断 扩大其弗林德斯湾鲍鱼基地的规模，包括 在奥古斯塔码头的生产设备和直销门户。

同时对维多利亚州的弗林德斯水产养殖基 地（Victoria’s Flinders Aquaculture

亚当斯表示，在接下来的三到四年里，该公 司预计将实现每年约200吨的目标产量。

此外，该公司还将其专利授权给位于西澳 南海岸埃斯佩兰斯（Esperance）的一家合 资伙伴，并在该海域投放400块人工礁石。

2018年七月 | JULY 2018

9

AGRIBUSINESS | 农商

We are just putting abalone back into the wild and letting nature take care of it – Brad Adams

我们目前让鲍鱼重返野外，由大自然来照顾它们 ——布拉德·亚当斯

higher premium for its abalone by providing live product for export, initially to its partners in Hong Kong, while distribution to Shenzhen and other Chinese cities was also being examined.

“You can get a lot higher price for live abalone, you’re looking at a $US15 to $US20 premium per kilo if you go live,” he said.

“We’ve got a significant advantage over other states in that we can get our product landed in Hong Kong within eight hours, so that’s a significant advantage in getting abalone de-

PROCESS Commercial diver Brad Adams spent several years researching and refining Ocean Grown Abalone’s patented wild harvesting techniques. Photo: Andre Rerekura/ Russell Ord 渔获丰收 澳洲顶级青边鲍在中国市场受 到热烈追捧。图片来源：Andre Rerekura/ Russell Ord 10

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

livered live from a tank here to a tank in Hong Kong or Guangzhou, or Beijing or wherever we decide to get the product into.”

Ocean Grown Abalone is also licensing its patented process to a joint venture partner in Esperance, on WA’s south coast, with 400 seeded abitats in the water.

Similar operations in Victoria’s Flinders Aquaculture Zone and in Cape Jaffa, Wardang Island and Elliston in South Australia are being assessed to determine if the areas are suitable.

“We have a number of other states looking at what we are doing, and even other commercial abalone people looking at stock enhancements in their own industries, based on what we are doing, because we are just putting abalone back into the wild and letting nature take care of it,” Mr Adams said.

“You just look for areas where there is lots of seaweed flowing past, some decent swell, and the abalone just sit on these abitats waiting for the food to come to them.”

However, a recent research project in Port Lincoln, South Australia, found that despite waters considered to have good potential for a commercial greenlip abalone fishery, trials of juveline abalone seeded in the area had not been successful due to predators not present at sites in WA, including Spider Crabs and Eleven Arm Starfish.

Mr Adams said infrastructure was another important consideration when assessing the viability of a potential commercial abalone operation.

“In Augusta we’re in a sheltered bay, so we can work there 200 days a year diving at least, there is a marina that the state government built right next to our ranch, which is only a five-minute boat ride from the marina,” he said.

“That’s allowed us to put lots of concrete out there quickly, and of course we are close to a town, being Augusta.

“There’s lots of areas in the wild where abalone ranching would work well, but if you’re any more than seven or eight nautical miles away from infrastructure then it would be very difficult to build the ranch and then to service, operate and harvest the ranch.

“But it’s a very slow-burn business, you first have to scout sites, you have to test them to ensure that the abalone will grow there, then you need to purchase juveniles from a hatchery, you’re looking at six to seven years to get a full-blown ranch up and running, it’s not something that happens overnight.

“But we do have the first-mover advantage to select the best areas in Australia, wherever they might be, and there is more expansion potential here in Augusta as well.”

农商

Zone）、南澳的雅法角（Cape Jaffa）、 沃丹岛（Wardang Island）和埃利斯顿 （Elliston）进行深度考察，衡量这些区域 是否适宜养殖。

“许多州正在密切关注我们的所作所为， 甚至其他鲍鱼商关注和学习我们的人工礁 石培育方式，因为我们目前让鲍鱼重返野 外，让大自然来照顾它们。”亚当斯说。

“你只需要探寻那些海藻密集流动的区 域，一些突起的礁石，鲍鱼其实就在那里守 株待兔汲取着它们所需要的食物。”

然而，近期在南澳林肯港的鲍鱼幼苗撒种 项目并不成功，尽管其水域适于青边鲍鱼 的生长，但是在那里也出现一些在西澳罕 见的肉食动物，包括蜘蛛蟹和十一臂海星。 亚当斯表示，在评估商业鲍鱼业务的潜在 可行性时，基础设施是另一个重要考虑因 素。

“在奥古斯塔，我们居住在一个避风港中，

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

所以每年工作至少可以达到200天。州政府 在我们养殖地右侧建造了的码头，开船只 需五分钟，便可从养殖基地到那个码头。”

“这让我们可以迅速将大量的人工礁石放 置在那里，当然了，我们离奥古斯塔镇也 很近。” “在野外有很多区域适合养殖鲍鱼，但若 想在离基础设施距离超过七、八海里外的 野生区域开展养殖基地建设，甚至一系列 的服务、经营和捕捞，无疑将会是异常困 难的。

| AGRIBUSINESS

GOOD CATCH Greenlipped abalone harvested from Australian waters fetch an impressive premium in China. Photo: Andre Rerekura/Russell Ord 砥志研思 商业潜水员布拉德·亚当斯花了 数年时间钻研鲍鱼的野生捕捞技术。图片来 源：Andre Rerekura/Russell Ord

“但这是一门长期生意，首先你必须要进 行深度考察，研究鲍鱼是否适于在该区域 生长，然后再从孵化所购买鲍鱼幼苗，之后 再照料它们六到七年直至成熟。这可不是 一夜暴富的买卖。 “但我们确实有先入者优势，已经成功抢 占了澳大利亚最好的养殖海域，而且在奥 古斯塔海域很有可能会继续扩张。”

2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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COVER STORY | 封面故事

China happens to be the hot topic, and the media wants sensational stories to sell their newspapers – Jia Qingguo 中国恰好是热议话题，媒 体总希望通过骇人听闻 的报道来提高销量 ——贾庆国

中澳之间存在太多子虚 乌有的报道 Myths, misinformation plague Australia-China relationship

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

封面故事

| COVER STORY

Dan Wilkie TOO much misunderstanding, too much imagination – that’s how one of Beijing’s top academics and international political commentators views the growing geopolitical rift between Australia and China.

With relations between the two countries becoming increasingly strained, Peking University Dean of International Studies Jia Qingguo said the debate needed to pivot to include more truth and more facts rather than myths and fabrications.

“It is a pity that it has blown up to the extent that it has,” Professor Jia told Australia China Business Review.

“I don’t think China wants to interfere in another country’s internal affairs – it is China’s policy not to interfere in other countries’ affairs and to oppose other countries’ efforts to meddle in China’s internal affairs.

“The Chinese government probably feels particularly upset when the Australian media claim the Chinese government has a plan to influence Australian politics.

“They are very upset, because to them this is not true.”

Economically, China and Australia have never been closer, but culturally and politically, it appears the countries have never been further apart.

Last year was intended to be a celebration of the bilateral relationship, marking the 45th anniversary of diplomatic ties.

Two-way trade between the countries is now worth $175 billion, while China is also Australia’s fifth largest source of foreign direct investment, totalling more than $65 billion.

But instead of recognising the important economic cooperation that has resulted in China becoming Australia’s biggest two-way trading partner, relations have soured, becoming characterised by a cross-border debate over influence.

Australian politicians, including Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull, have been vocal in raising concerns over Chinese influence, both in the political sphere and in higher education.

While introducing foreign interference legislation in December, which the Australian government has since repeatedly claimed was not aimed at any one country, Mr Turnbull’s rhetoric around “disturbing reports of Chinese influence” ignited a fierce response from Chinese officials.

China’s Foreign Ministry last year lodged an official complaint regarding Mr Turnbull’s

丹·威尔基

过多误解，太多捏造——这就是北京顶 级学者和国际政治评论员们如何看待澳 大利亚和中国之间日益恶化的地缘政治 分歧。

随着两国关系变得越来越紧张，北京大学 国际关系学院院长贾庆国表示，这场旷日 持久的争论需要朝着真相与事实迈进，而 不是继续凭空捏造。

“遗憾的是，它已达到一定规模，”贾教授 在接受《澳中商讯》采访时表示。

“我并不认为中国想干涉别国的内 政——中方不干涉他国内政，也不许他国 干涉中国内政。”

“中国政府对于澳大利亚媒体声称中国政 府有干涉澳大利亚政治可能会非常失望。” “中方政府很不满意，因为对他们来说这 并不是真实的。”

从经济角度来说，中澳关系达到了历史顶 点，但在文化和政治方面，双方也似乎从 未有过如此大的分歧。 去年，双方共庆中澳建交45周年。

澳大利亚外交贸易部数据显示，两国之间 的双边贸易额达到1,750亿澳元，而中国 也是澳大利亚第五大直接投资国，投资总 额超过650亿澳元。 虽然中国作为澳大利亚最大的双边贸易 伙伴，但两国关系恶化，尤其是围绕影响 力展开的跨境辩论。

包括澳大利亚总理马尔科姆·特恩布尔在 内的澳大利亚政界人士，无论是在政治领

域还是在高等教育领域，一直在公开表达 对中国影响力的担忧。 在去年12月引入预防外国势力干涉法案 的同时，澳大利亚政府一再声称这不是针 对任何一个国家的，特恩布尔总理关于“ 令人不安的中国影响力报告”的言辞激起 了中国官员的强烈反应。

中国外交部去年就特恩布尔的说法提出了 正式驳斥，称他“毒化了中澳关系气氛”。 北京方面一再向在澳留学生强调，他们在 澳大利亚可能不安全。尽管双方都未曾想 要卷入这场纷争，但不得不承认中国的高 等教育机构已经被牵扯进来。 近期，澳大利亚葡萄酒出口商一直在报告 在中国海关出现了越来越多的摩擦，出口 面临着边境海关的延误。 其他商业领域方面，中国电信巨头华为 可能被排除在澳大利亚国家宽带网络的 建设与供应以及5 G移动服务之外，尽管 华为与澳大利亚电信运营商Telstra和 Optus的保持长期的供应关系。

每一次紧张局势的升级都得到大面积报 道，特恩布先生强烈指责媒体不负责的报 道造成了越来越多的摩擦。 贾教授尤其为两国最大的报纸和电视新 闻节目的报道所担忧，他近期访问澳大利 亚，并在珀斯美亚中心主办的公开商务论 坛上发言表示。 贾教授呼应了特恩布尔最近的言论，即媒 体已加剧了两国关系恶化。他表示，一些 媒体机构的动机是一味追求轰动效应，绝 非事实。

ALLIES Jia Qingguo says Australia’s close relationship with the United States is a concern in China. Photo: Philip Gostelow

DELICATE Malcolm Turnbull’s rhetoric over foreign influence has strained his relationship with Xi Jinping. Photo: Reuters

盟友 贾庆国说，澳大利亚与美国之间过于 密切的关系让中国人议论纷纷。图片来源: Philip Gostelow

悔不当初 马尔科姆•特恩布尔的关于外国 影响力言论，使其与习近平之间的关系变得 颇为被动。图片来源：路透社

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2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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COVER STORY | 封面故事 claims, saying he had “poisoned the atmosphere of China-Australia relations”.

Beijing has repeatedly told students they may not be safe in Australia, entrenching the country’s institutions of higher learning further into a debate in which they never wanted to be a part of.

More recently, Australian wine exporters have been reporting increased friction at Chinese points of entry, with shipments facing lengthy delays to cross borders.

Elsewhere in business, Chinese telecommunications giant Huawei has been shut out of building or supplying components to Australia’s National Broadband Network and could be barred from the rollout of 5G mobile services, despite long-standing supply relationships with telcos Telstra and Optus.

Each escalation of tension has been reported with gusto, prompting Mr Turnbull to blame the media for the increasing friction.

It is the debate occurring in the pages of both countries’ biggest newspapers and on television news broadcasts that has caused the most concern for Professor Jia, who visited Australia recently to speak at a public forum hosted by the Perth USAsia Centre.

Professor Jia echoed Mr Turnbull’s recent commentary that the souring of relations had been exacerbated by the press, saying some media organisations had been motivated by sensationalism, rather than facts.

“China happens to be the hot topic, and the media wants sensational stories to sell their newspapers and get more hits on the internet, so they can attract more advertisement,” Professor Jia said.

“This, to some extent, explains why this issue has become so hot.

“And also, this is the age of populism, especially aided by the internet.

“People are trying to fan up people’s nationalistic instincts when such things happen.

“Sometimes it is politicians, for their own political interests, and sometimes it’s by journalists because they want sensational news.”

Despite the tension being reported, the Australian public does not seem to be too fazed by the debate.

The Lowy Institute’s recently released 2018 poll showed just 41 per cent of Australia’s adult population sees foreign interference in politics as a critical threat to Australian interests.

The poll showed Australians were only slightly more concerned about Chinese influence in Australian politics than they were about the influence stemming from Australia’s relationship with its biggest security ally, the United States, which is embroiled in its own tit-for-tat trade row with China.

High-level negotiations between the US and China appeared to achieve an impasse early last month, but US President Donald Trump nonetheless issued an edict to go ahead with new tariffs on $US200 billion ($270 billion) worth of Chinese imports, adding to threats of 14

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

tariffs on an additional $US50 billion worth of Chinese goods.

Beijing stepped up its war of words with the US in response, vowing to hit back with additional import taxes of its own, targeting American companies listed on the New York stock exchanges, and saying the US’ protectionist policies were self-defeating and a “symptom of paranoid delusions”.

Among the Chinese, Professor Jia said many still held positive views on Australia, with the country known widely for its bountiful mineral resources, must-visit tourist destinations and strong legal and medical systems.

But for many Chinese, Australia’s close political relationship with the US is causing concern. “(In China), there are a lot of positive views of Australia,” Professor Jia said.

“But of course, there are also people who think that Australia is very much pro-America, or a follower of America on all issues, sometimes disregarding the substance of the issue in an unprincipled way.

“I think Australia is more worried about how the US would look at them, rather than how they are looked at in China.

“The Chinese may think that Australia should know how to defend its own interests, rather than blindly following the US, no matter what.”

Australia’s non-participation in Chinese President Xi Jinping’s pet project, the trillion-dollar Belt and Road Initiative, was another possible turning point in the diplomatic clash, Professor Jia said.

“I think it would help smooth the relationship if Australia subscribes to BRI,” he said.

“You don’t have to do much, but it’s a good way to demonstrate your goodwill.

“Last year, (Japanese) Prime Minister (Shinzo) Abe indicated his selective endorsement of BRI, and his speech induced a positive response from the Chinese government.

“That, to some extent, helped the trend of improvement of relations between the two countries.

“The Chinese government appreciates this kind of gesture.

“Whether you invest a lot in BRI or not, that is a different issue.”

In the business sector, Professor Jia urged Australian business to limit the damage, with any further deterioration of the relationship to ultimately hurt trade, and in turn, each country’s economy.

“You cannot be completely independent of government, but Australian business should have its own view on the issue and take a more pragmatic and reasonable perspective,” he said.

“They are doing business in China and know what the situation is there – business is much more sensitive to what’s going on in China than the people in Canberra.

“Of course, the people in Canberra have their advantages too, they have intelligence reports.

“But that is one source of information that

needs to be balanced with other sources to get a more accurate picture.”

Foreign Minister Julie Bishop recently spoke of the importance of maintaining good relations with China, particularly for Australia’s business sector.

Speaking at an Australia China Business Council event, Ms Bishop said the Australia-China relationship had been underpinned in recent years by the China-Australia Free Trade Agreement.

Ms Bishop said that despite the negative commentary and the widespread debate, the relationship remained robust, and it was the depth, the connection and the breadth of the relationship that was most important.

“Do we agree with China on everything?

No,” Ms Bishop said.

“Does China agree with Australia on everything? No. But it is a robust relationship where we can manage our differences.

“No two countries agree on every single aspect of foreign policy. We have our own foreign policy that we promote, in our national interest.

“China has its foreign policy that it promotes, in its national interests. There are times when there will be differences, but it is how you manage those differences that counts, like any relationship.

“I can assure you that the Australian government is committed to a strong and enduring relationship with China that is in the best interests of both our nations.”

封面故事

| COVER STORY

BUSINESS Participating in Belt and Road will be a solid step towards repairing the China-Australia relationship, Jia Qingguo says.

Photo: Philip Gostelow 围魏救赵 贾庆国表示，参与“一带一路”倡 议将是修复中澳关系坚实有力的一步。图片 来源: Philip Gostelow 一带一路”倡议的支持，他的言论受到了 中国政府的积极回应。

“在某种程度上，这的确有助于改善两国 关系发展的趋势。

It is China’s policy not to interfere in other countries’ affairs and to oppose other countries’ efforts to meddle in China’s internal affairs – Jia Qingguo 中方不干涉他国内政，也不许他国干涉中国 内政——贾庆国

“中国政府很欣赏这种姿态。

“无论你在“一带一路”倡议中投资多与 少，这其实都不是问题。”

在商业领域，贾教授也敦促澳大利亚企业 要认清现实，因为进一步恶化两国关系最 终会损害双边贸易，进而影响到双方国家 经济。

他说： “企业无法完全独立于政府，但澳大 利亚企业应该对这个问题有自己的看法， 并采取更加务实和合理的处理方法。”

“在中国做生意的澳洲企业熟知中国的 情况——这些企业对中国大事件的嗅觉 要比堪培拉的企业敏锐的多。 “中国恰好是热议话题，媒体总希望通过 骇人听闻的报道来提高销量。在互联网上 获取更高点击率，这样他们就能顺理成章 地赚取更多广告费用，”贾教授说。 “这在某种程度上解释了为何此问题变 得如此热门。

“尤其是在互联网的帮助下，他们试图煽 动大众的民族主义情绪。 “有时是政客为其个人政治利益，有时是 记者试图报道更吸睛的爆炸新闻。”

尽管紧张气氛的报道不断，但澳大利亚公 众似乎并没有被这场“辩论”所困扰。

洛伊国际政治研究所最近公布的2018年 民意调查显示，只有41%的澳大利亚成年 人认为外国政治干涉会严重威胁到澳大 利亚利益。 调查显示，相比澳洲最大的安全盟友—— 美国，澳大利亚人民更关注中国在澳政治 中的影响力。同期，美国也卷入了中国针 锋相对的贸易争端之中。

上月初，美中间的高层谈判似乎达到一个 僵局，紧接着美国总统唐纳德·特朗普威胁 称，若中国采取措施报复美国此前对500 亿美元中国商品征税的决定，则美国将再 对2,000亿美元中国商品加征10%关税。

双方升级了贸易“口水战”，中国商务部 就此回应称“中方将不得不采取数量型和 质量型相结合的综合措施，做出强有力反 制”，针对在纽约证交所上市的美国公司， 并表示美国贸易保护主义会弄巧成拙，而 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

且是一种“偏执型妄想的症状”。

贾教授说，许多中国人仍然对澳大利亚持 积极态度，因为澳大利亚拥有丰富的矿产 资源、热门的旅游目的地、完善的法律以 及医疗体系。 但同时对更多中国人来说，澳大利亚与美 国的密切政治关系引起了人们的担忧。

“（在中国）人们对澳大利亚持正面积极 的看法，”贾教授说。

“当然，也有一些人认为澳大利亚无条件 支持美国，或者在任何问题上都是美国忠 实的追随者，甚至会以一种毫无无原则的 无视这些问题的本质。 他说： “我认为澳大利亚更担心的是美国 将如何看待这些问题，而并不关心澳大利 亚在中国的印象。

“当然，堪培拉的人也有自身优势，他们 有情报报告。

“但这些情报还需要从更丰富全面的辩证 思维来看待，才能离真相更进一步” 外交部长朱莉·毕晓普最近谈到了与中国 保持良好关系的重要性，尤其是对澳大利 亚的商业领域。 毕晓普在澳大利亚中国工商业委员会的 活动上发表讲话时表示，近年来，中澳自 由贸易协定为澳中关系提供了支撑。

毕晓普表示，尽管有负面评论和广泛的辩 论，但两国关系依然牢固，关系的深度、联 系和广度才是最重要的。

“我们会在任何事情上都遵循中方做法 吗？不,”毕晓普女士说。

“中国或许希望澳大利亚应该知道如何 正确捍卫自身利益，而不是在一些严重事 件发生之后盲从美国。”

“那反之，中国会在任何事情上都同意澳 大利亚的看法吗？不。但这是一种稳固的 关系，我们可以处理双方的分歧，君子和 而不同。

他说： “我认为，若澳大利亚方面能积极 相应“一带一路”倡议，将有助于缓和两国 关系。”

“中国的外交政策同样服务于中国的国 家利益，有些时候会有不同，但这是你如 何处理这些差异的方式，就像任何关系 一样。

贾教授说，澳大利亚未响应中国国家主席 习近平的“百年大计”，即万亿美元的“一 带一路”倡议，是可能影响外交冲突的另 一个转折点。

“其实你并不需要繁文缛节，但这绝不失 为展示善意且亡羊补牢的好方法。”

去年， （日本）首相（安倍晋三）表示他对“

“没有两个国家会在外交政策的方方面 面都达成一致。我们有自己的外交政策， 服务于我们的国家利益。

“我可以承诺，澳大利亚政府致力于与中 国建立牢固而持久的关系，这也符合我们 两国人民的最大利益。” 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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TOURISM | 旅游

WA not doing enough to cater for Chinese tourists: report Chinese airlines are gearing up to deliver more tourists to Western Australia, but a new report shows the state’s tourism sector may not be ready to capitalise.

Dan Wilkie BLUE skies, bright sunshine, unique natural experiences and an unpolluted environment – it is clear Western Australia ticks all the boxes for the new generation of Chinese travellers.

However, while WA’s natural beauty is its main advantage, a new Perth report has found the state’s tourism sector is not doing enough to capitalise on the growing wave of outbound Chinese travellers.

Data from the China Tourism Academy, part of the China National Tourism Administration, showed more than 130 million Chinese passport holders holidayed internationally in 2017, a number expected to grow to 154 million this year.

A recent survey by Nielsen showed that tourist attractions and the travel experience were the most important considerations for Chinese travellers when choosing a destination, with 56 per cent of respondents saying beauty and uniqueness was their top priority.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

But unfortunately for WA’s tourism sector, the state remains one of untapped potential.

Of the 1.2 million Chinese that visited Australia in the 12 months to December 31, just 58,600 made their way to WA, data from Tourism Research Australia showed.

All indications are that the number of visitors to WA will likely increase in 2018, on the back of Perth Airport’s efforts to attract more direct flights from the Middle Kingdom.

China Southern Airlines recently increased the frequency of its Perth-Guangzhou service to five times per week, and Cathay Pacific has introduced its next-generation Airbus A350 Aircraft to provide 21,000 more seats each year on its Perth to Hong Kong route.

The possible game changer for WA’s China tourism ambitions will be the establishment of a Perth to Shanghai route, if trial flights set for October by China Eastern Airlines are a success.

However, the Bankwest Curtin Economics Centre’s report titled Are we China ready?

Chinese tourism in Western Australia found that WA tourism operators had a long way to go to ensure the state attracted its fair share of Chinese visitors.

The report included a survey of 22 tourism businesses located in WA’s South West, with just one in five respondents indicating they had Asian language skills or training.

Chinese travellers interviewed as part of the report said a lack of multilingual signs outside of Perth Airport made their travels more difficult, particularly in places where such signs could be expected, such as public transport hubs, museums, art galleries and natural landmarks.

But all the tourism operators interviewed said that providing Chinese-speaking staff would be problematic and costly, with one respondent saying visitor numbers were not yet sufficient to warrant it.

The report recommended satellite businesses offices be set up in main regional centres, to utilise interpreting skills for larg-

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| TOURISM

UNIQUE The north-west of WA has stunning attractions such as Cape Leveque, but vast distances to travel are a significant barrier to attracting more visitors. Photo: Tourism WA 独一无二 西澳大利亚州的西北部有勒韦克 角（Cape Leveque）等许多令人叹为观止的 旅游景点，但路途遥远是吸引更多游客的一 大障碍。图片来源：西澳大利亚州旅游局

报告：中国游客的到 来或让西澳措手不及 虽然中国的航空公司正准备搭载更多游客前往西澳 大利亚，但一份新报告显示，西澳的旅游业可能尚未 准备好迎接这批游客。

丹·威尔基

万里碧空、灿烂阳光、独特的自然体验以 及无污染的环境---显然，西澳大利亚州符 合新一代中国游客的所有标准。 然而，尽管自然风光是西澳大利亚州的主 要优势，但最新的珀斯报告发现，该州旅 游业并没有抓住中国出境游客日益增长 这一机会。

中国国家旅游局下属的中国旅游学院的 数据显示，2017年，超过1.3亿中国护照持 有者在国外度假，预计今年这一数字将增 至1.54亿。

尼尔森最近的一项调查显示，旅游景点和 旅游体验是中国游客选择目的地时最重要 的考虑因素，56%的受访者表示他们会优 先考虑秀美和独特的景色。 但对西澳大利亚州的旅游业而言，很遗憾 其潜力尚未得到充分开发。

澳大利亚旅游研究的数据显示，截至12月 31日的12个月期间，120万中国人前往澳 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

大利亚旅游，其中只有58,600人选择了西 澳大利亚州。

珀斯机场努力吸引更多从中国直飞的航 班，种种迹象都表明，在此举措支持下前 往西澳的中国游客或在2018年有所增加。 最近，中国南方航空将其珀斯-广州的航班 增至每周5次，国泰航空已利用其新一代 空客A350飞机每年为珀斯-香港航班多提 供21,000个座位。 如果中国东方航空公司在10月份试航成 功，那么珀斯-上海航线的开通将可能吸引 更多前往西澳大利亚州的中国游客。

然而，澳大利亚西澳银行科廷经济中心发 布的一篇标题为《我们准备好迎接前往西 澳大利亚的中国游客了吗？》的文章指出， 为确保该州吸引可观数量的中国游客，西 澳旅游经营者依然任重而道远。 该报告包括对西澳西南部22家旅游企业 的一项调查，其中只有五分之一的受访者 表示他们具备亚洲语言技能或接受过相 关培训。

报告采访的中国游客表示，珀斯机场外缺 乏多语种指示牌，使他们的出行非常困 难，尤其是在公共交通枢纽、博物馆、艺术 画廊和自然地标等需要指示牌的地方。 但所有受访的旅游业经营者表示，聘请讲 中文的工作人员问题重重，且费用昂贵。 其中一位受访者表示，目前的游客数量还 没有必要雇佣讲中文的工作人员。

该报告建议在各主要区域中心设立卫星业 务办事处，以便更大群体使用口译技能并 有利于在旺季进行疏散。 布里斯班会议展览中心报告的合著者，科 廷大学商学院和法律研究系主任克里斯汀 ▪福尔摩斯（ Kristen Holmes）表示，为 了吸引不断发展的中国游客市场，旅游业 经营者获得中国的认可。 福尔摩斯教授表示： “中国游客的反馈表 明，西澳旅游业本身在鼓励中国游客方面 尚未做到尽善尽美，游客在到达时没有宾 至如归的感觉。”

“在线课程或正式的认证计划可以极大提 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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TOURISM | 旅游

er groups and to be dispersed accordingly in peak season.

BCEC report co-author, Curtin University faculty of business and law dean of research Kristen Holmes, said tourism operators needed to embrace China-ready accreditation to appeal to the growing market of Chinese travellers.

“Feedback from Chinese visitors suggests the tourism industry itself may not be doing enough to encourage Chinese tourism, and to make them feel more welcome when they arrived,” Professor Holmes said.

“Online courses or formal accreditation programs could go a long way in boosting Chinese visitor numbers in our tourist hotspots, but it’s up to tourism providers, with some government assistance, to educate themselves in this growing market.”

The report found just 7 per cent of Chinese visitors to WA used commercial group travel services, with the remainder travelling independently.

WA tourism providers were urged to ensure online information was up-to-date, with Chinese travellers using a wide variety of online sources to plan their trip.

The report unearthed a distinct triangle of popular locations, with the Perth region at the centre and points extending out to the Pinnacles, Busselton Jetty and Wave Rock.

Other popular destinations included Fre18

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

mantle, the many attractions of the Margaret River region, the Pink Lakes, Monkey Mia, Carnarvon, Exmouth and Coral Bay. However, the report indicated the big distances between WA landmarks remained a barrier for Chinese visitation, because they were not well understood.

Most Chinese visitors rarely travelled outside of Perth, with just 9 per cent visiting the Coral Coast and only 7 per cent visiting the South West, according to data from Tourism WA. “While many Chinese visitors to WA are relatively wealthy, often coming here to visit friends, family or colleagues, international tourism is still a luxury product, meaning affordability and value for money are key motivators,” the report said.

“Therefore, travelling long distances between attractions was a concern for some groups trying to make the most of their available time.

“For example, the Pink Lake in Geraldton was well known to many visitors, but the significant travel time had to be balanced against other activities.”

Other recommendations to secure more Chinese visitors included extending retail trading hours to 6:30pm on weeknights.

Lead report author, Jianhong (Cecilia) Xia, from Curtin’s Faculty of Science and Engineering, said Chinese visitors spent around $500 per night when they visited Australia, with 75 per cent of visitors aged between 20

and 40. They were looking to purchase luxury goods.

“Visitors that we surveyed said they often filled their days with day trips away from Perth city and expected to spend the early evening shipping (their purchases) before eating out for dinner,” Associate Professor Xia said.

“Extending retail trading hours to 6:30pm during the week would allow more time for travellers to shop during the limited time they spend in Perth.”

The report urged the state government to undertake more research to better understand and capitalise on the travel and spending patterns of Chinese visitors in WA. “Our research represents a first stepping stone into understanding the behaviour and expectations of Chinese visitors coming to Western Australia,” the report said.

“If this market can be fully exploited, the financial benefits to the state could be significant and help smooth the boom and bust cycle inherent in resources-based economies.”

HISTORIC Fremantle has become a favoured destination for Chinese visitors.

Photo: Tourism WA 历史名城 弗里曼特尔已经成为中国游客 的首选目的地。图片来源：西澳大利亚州旅 游局

旅游

| TOURISM

It’s up to tourism providers, with some government assistance, to educate themselves in this growing market – BCEC report 更大程度上取决于旅游供应商，通过政府帮助在不断发 展的市场中主动学习。—布里斯班会议展览中心报告

升我们旅游热点的中国游客数量，但是更 大程度上取决于旅游公司通过政府帮助在 不断发展的市场中主动学习。” 该报告发现，前往西澳的中国游客中，只 有7%选择了商团旅游服务，其余游客都 是自由行。

由于中国游客是利用各种各样的在线资源 来安排旅游行程，因此西澳旅游供应商必 须确保实时更新在线信息。

该报告发现了一个热门且独特的三 角区，它以珀斯为中心，三边延伸至 尖峰石阵（Pinnacles）、巴瑟尔顿长堤 （Busselton Jetty）和波浪岩（Wave Rock）。

其他热门目的地还包括弗雷曼特尔 （Fremantle）、玛格丽特河（Margaret River）地区的许多景点、粉红湖（Pink Lakes）、芒基米亚（Monkey Mia） ，卡那封（Carnarvon）、埃克斯茅斯 （Exmouth）和珊瑚湾（Coral Bay）。

然而，该报告指出，由于中国游客对西澳 各个标志性景点不甚了解，因此各景点之 间相隔甚远依然是一大障碍。

西澳大利亚州旅游的数据显示，大多数中 国游客很少前往珀斯市以外的地方旅游， 其中只有9%的游客去过珊瑚海岸，仅7% 的游客去过西南区域。 报告称： “尽管前往西澳的中国游客相对 富有，他们经常来这里拜访朋友、家人或 同事，但国际旅游仍然是奢侈品，这意味 着当地的接待能力和高性价比才是关键 动力。”

“因此，对于想要充分利用有限时间去旅 游的人们来说，各景点之间的距离是个问 题。 “例如，杰拉尔顿（Geraldton）的粉色湖 为许多游客所熟知，但他们为了协调其他 景点的出行时间，可能会放弃前往粉色湖 的行程”

将工作日下班时间从下午5:30延长至6:30

，也未尝不是吸引更多中国游客的好建议。 本报告作者夏健红（Cecilia Xia） （科廷科 学与工程学院教授）指出，中国游客在澳 大利亚旅行时，每晚花费约500澳元，其中 75%游客的年龄在20岁至40岁之间。他们 倾向购买奢侈品。 夏教授表示： “接受问卷调查的游客称，他 们每天白天都要离开珀斯去旅行，之后希 望能在晚饭前整理打包一天的收获（他们 购买的商品）。”

“将零售交易时间延长至下午6:30，这将 使游客在珀斯拥有更多的购物时间”。

该报告敦促州政府开展更多研究，以便充 分了解并利用中国游客在西澳的旅游和 消费模式。

报告称： “我们的研究迈出了解前往西澳 旅游的中国游客的行为和期望的第一步。”

“如果这一市场得以充分开发，西澳大利 亚州将获得可观的经济利益，并助其平稳 度过资源型经济体固有的盛衰周期。”

NATURAL Clean skies and bright seas make Exmouth attractive to tourists. Photo: Tourism WA 自然景观 清澈的蓝天和明亮的大海是埃克 斯茅斯吸引游客的亮丽风景线。图片来源： 西澳大利亚州旅游局 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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电动汽车的迅猛发展推动新型石墨开采

Electric car boom drives new graphite miners Dan Wilkie DYNAMICS are shifting in the global graphite market, with Australian explorers driving an emerging world-leading production province in Mozambique, and Chinese battery manufacturers seeking higher purity supplies as electric vehicle sales surge.

Historically, China has dominated the graphite market and, until recently, accounted for around 70 per cent of the world’s supply and roughly 80 per cent of global demand.

But the emergence of the lithium-ion battery, in which graphite is a key manufacturing component, has changed the game, according to Triton Minerals managing director Peter Canterbury.

Graphite has many traditional industrial applications, with the material used to cool mobile phones, as well as heat shields for vehicles from automobiles through to spacecraft and in nuclear power generation facilities.

While the effects on the lithium market 20

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

from the electric vehicles boom seems widely understood, Mr Canterbury said understanding of the impact on the graphite market was not.

“Graphite is a bit different to lithium, but there is three times as much graphite in a lithium-ion battery than there is lithium,” he said.

“It should never have been called a lithium-ion battery.”

For batteries, graphite needs to be of extremely high purity, with large flake graphite the preferred deposit for manufacturers.

But even large flake graphite requires significant processing to be brought up to battery standard, with even more intensive processes required if the deposit is a lower grade.

“China is running out of large flake graphite,” Mr Canterbury said.

“There is still plenty of graphite in China, but for the large flake graphite, which gets higher purity generally, it is running out, so they are looking for sources of large flake graphite.”

丹·威尔基

全球石墨市场正在发生激变，澳大利亚勘 探者正在莫桑比克（Mozambique）开发 一个新兴的世界领先的矿区。随着电动汽 车销售的激增，中国电池制造商也在寻求 更高纯度的石墨供应。 从历史上看，中国一直主导着石墨市场， 直到最近，中国占据着全球约七成的供应 和约八成的需求。 但Triton Minerals总经理彼得·坎特伯 雷（Peter Canterbury）表示，以石墨为 主要制造成分的锂离子电池正进行重大 变革。

石墨应用在许多传统工业中，包括作为移 动电话的冷却材料、以及作为从汽车到航 天器和核能发电设施的车辆隔热罩。 虽然电动汽车热潮对金属锂市场的影响 似乎已得到广泛认同，但坎特伯雷表示， 对石墨市场影响的却并非那么简单。

他表示： “石墨与锂略有不同，但锂离子电 池中石墨的含量是锂的三倍。”

能源

| RESOURCES

NEXT GENERATION Chinese electric vehicle manufacturers such as BYD have reported a significant surge in demand in the first half of 2018. Photo: Reuters 更新换代 比亚迪(BYD)等中国电动汽车制 造商报告显示，2018年上半年的需求大幅飙 升。图片来源:路透社

China is expected to become a net importer of graphite as early as next year, as demand continues to grow for battery-making materials on the back of the electric vehicles boom.

Forecasts from Bloomberg New Energy Finance show sales of electric vehicles are expected to grow from 1.1 million worldwide last year to 11 million by 2025, then surging to 30 million by 2030 as electric vehicles establish cost advantages.

China is expected to lead the transition, with sales already surging in the first few months of 2018.

Data from the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers showed that 73,145 new energy vehicles were sold from January to April, an increase of more than 43,000 on the same period in 2017.

Advancements in the take-up of electric buses was expected to be even more rapid, Bloomberg said, with its analysis showing electric buses would be more cost-effective than conventional buses by 2019.

There are already more than 300,000 e-buses on Chinese roads, with electric models forecast to dominate the market by the late 2020s.

Energy storage is also expected to become a major market post-2021, as household renewable energy systems become more widespread.

The emerging major graphite source is Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado province, an area of focus for ASX-listed Syrah Resources, Battery Minerals and Triton.

Graphite deposits in Cabo Delgado are considered the world’s highest grade, and as such, explorers have been reporting significant demand from potential offtake and project partners.

Syrah has the first-mover advantage, having stated production at its Balama mine in November last year, and becoming the first significant exporter of graphite into China in January.

The company is targeting production of between 160,000 tonnes and 180,000 tonnes this year and expects to account for around 40 per cent of the world’s graphite production by 2020.

Syrah’s suite of offtake partners includes Jixi BTR Graphite Industrial Co, a subsidiary of Shenzhen BTR New Energy Materials, the world’s largest manufacturer of battery anode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

“所以不应该将其称为锂离子电池。"

对于电池而言，石墨需要具有极高的纯 度，大片状石墨是制造商的首选。

但即使是大片状石墨也需要大量的处理 才能达到电池标准，如果石墨品味较低， 则需要精深加工。 坎特伯雷表示： “中国的大片状石墨即将 枯竭。”

HIGH PURITY Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado province is home to the highest quality graphite deposits on earth. Photo: Syrah Resources 举世无双 莫桑比克的Cabo Delgado省 拥有全球最高品质的石墨矿床。图片来源: Syrah Resources

“中国的石墨储量还很丰富，但是纯度较 高的大片状石墨已经不多了，所以他们正 在寻找大片状石墨的来源。” 随着电动汽车的风起云涌，对电池制造材 料的需求也水涨船高，中国有望最早在明 年成为石墨的净进口国。 彭博新能源财经（Bloomberg New Energy Finance）预测表明，电动汽车 的销售量预计将从去年的110万辆增长 到2025年的1,100万辆，到2030年，随着 电动汽车确立成本优势，销售量将激增至 3,000万辆。

期望中国将引领转型，2018年前几个月的 销售量已经出现了大幅增长。 中国汽车工业协会的数据显示，1 - 4月新 车销量为73,145辆，同比增长了43,000 多辆。 彭博社称，电动公交车的占比增涨预计将 更加迅速，其分析显示到2019年，电动公 交车将比常规公交车更具成本效益。

中国现有电动公交车已超过30万辆，预计 到21世纪二十年代后期，电动车型将占据 主导地位。 随着家用可再生能源系统的普及，储能预 计也将在2021年后占据主要市场。

莫桑比克德尔加杜角省 （Mozambique’s Cabo Delgado province）是新兴的主要石墨 源，是澳交所上市公司Syrah

Resources、BAT(Battery Minerals)和 Triton Minerals的重点领域。 德尔加杜角的石墨矿被公认为世界上最 高等级的石墨矿，因此开采商们始终在马 不停蹄地报告潜在承购和项目合作伙伴 的巨大需求。

Syrah Resources在莫桑比克的矿商中 占据了先发优势，该公司已于去年11月 份在巴拉玛石墨矿(Balama)投产，并在 1月份成为了首个向中国出口石墨的重要 出口商。 该公司今年的目标产量为16至18万吨， 预计到2020年占世界石墨产量的40％左 右。

Syrah的承购合作伙伴中包括世界上最大 的锂离子电池正负极材料制造商深圳市 贝特瑞新能源材料股份有限公司的子公 司鸡西市贝特瑞石墨产业园有限公司。 贝特瑞公司将在其业务的头一年从巴拿 马矿采购三万吨石墨。 2018年，其与阳极材料制造商湛江市聚 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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NEW SUPPLY Syrah Resources has claimed first mover advantage among Mozambique miners, commencing production at its Balama operation last year. Photo: Syrah Resources 全新供给 Syrah Resources在莫桑比克的 矿商中占据了先发优势，该公司已于去年 在巴拉玛石墨矿(Balama)投产。图片来源: Syrah Resources

BTR will take 30,000 tonnes of graphite from Balama in its first year of operation.

A binding sales agreement is also in place with anode manufacturer Zhanjiang Juxin New Energy Materials Co for 20,000 tonnes in 2018.

Battery Minerals is positioning itself to be the second to market among Cabo Delgado players, targeting production of 50,000 tonnes of graphite concentrate annually by the second half of next year.

Construction is under way at Battery Minerals’ Montepuez operation, with first shipments of graphite concentrate are expected to start in the second half of next year.

Battery Minerals’ offtake partners include Qingdao Keshuo New Materials Technology Co, Qingdao Black Dragon Graphite Co and Qingdao Guangxing Electronic Materials Co. All three of the Shandong-headquartered companies have contracted to take 10,000 tonnes per year for the first three years of operation at Montepuez.

However, Battery Minerals has been forced to seek alternative financing options for the Montepuez project after a deal with Resource Capital Funds was terminated in early June.

RCF said it could no longer proceed with a $US30 million ($40.6 million) debt and equity funding agreement as the graphite market no longer met its investment criteria.

Battery Minerals managing director David Flanagan said while he respected RCF’s decision, the outlook for graphite prices and demand remained highly attractive.

“Our view is that the graphite market outlook continues to strengthen, driven by the impending surge in demand for graphite from 22

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

lithium battery manufacturers as well as refractory products and the rapidly growing expandable graphite market,” Mr Flanagan said in a statement to the Australian Securities Exchange in June.

Mr Flanagan said the financing delay would result in the first shipment from Montepuez to be deferred from June 2019 for at least three months.

Triton is on a similar timeline to Battery Minerals, with first production from its Ancuabe operation expected to occur in the second half of next year.

The explorer’s board of directors approved the development of Ancuabe on June 4, with construction to begin later this year.

Ancuabe is expected to produce around 27,000 tonnes of graphite concentrate annually.

Triton has entered offtake agreements for up to 50 per cent of that production, while Mr Canterbury described demand from potential project partners as substantial, particularly from Chinese groups.

In May, Triton secured its second Chinese offtake partner for production from Ancuabe, adding a deal with Qingdao Chenyang Graphite to an agreement with Tianshengda Graphite Company.

Triton is also in discussions with potential joint venture partners in China, for its Nicanda Hill deposit, also located in Cabo Delgado.

“Capo Delgado province in Mozambique will be the largest graphite-producing province in the world in the next year or so,” Mr Canterbury said.

“There is probably going to be around 400,000 to 500,000 tonnes of graphite com-

ing from that area, with expansion to grow to 600,000 to 700,000 tonnes.

“And all of us are looking like having production over 95 per cent purity, which in China they just don’t get.”

At the same time that Mozambique is emerging as a graphite production hotspot, China is pulling back on its production due to Beijing’s commitment to tighter environmental controls.

Processing graphite to the purity required for batteries has historically been done in China using hydrofluoric acid, with wastage dumped into wastewater systems.

With the new environmental curbs in place, China has been progressively shutting down its most pollutive graphite plants and upgrading others, with the result a much lower production profile.

“Some of these facilities are pretty old and run down,” Mr Canterbury said.

“Last year, there was a crackdown in Shandong Province, there were 73 operating plants and they closed all but two.

“Some have reopened, but they are being forced to go into industrial zones where the water can be treated.

“There is a consistent theme in China that their economic development needs to be not at the expense of the environment, and that’s why the interest from China in offtake is there.

“You can see improvement going on and the government is quite involved in that.

“It’s about getting higher quality product, so they can process it locally and have less environmental damage globally by not having to purify it as much, but also to take higher quality product into China and to value add.”

能源

| RESOURCES

All of us are looking like having production over 95 per cent purity, which in China they just don’t get – Triton Minerals’ Peter Canterbury

我们所有人似乎都能生产 纯度超过95％的石墨产品， 而中国方面很难获取同等 纯度的资源。—— Triton Minerals，彼得·坎特伯雷 （Triton Minerals’Peter Canterbury） 鑫新能源有限公司签订了约两万吨的销 售协议。

BAT将自身定位为德尔加杜角的第二大 市场，目标是到明年下半年每年生产5万 吨石墨精矿。

BAT的蒙特普埃兹（Montepuez）矿区项 目施工正在如火如荼地进行，首批石墨精 矿预计将于明年下半年开始出矿。 BAT的承购合作伙伴包括青岛科硕新材 料科技有限公司、青岛黑龙石墨有限公司 和青岛广星电子材料有限公司。 在蒙特普埃兹业务的前三年，三家总部 位于山东的公司均签订了每年1万吨的 合同。

然而，6月初RCF（Resource Capital Funds）对其调查终止后，BAT被迫寻求 蒙特普埃兹矿区项目的其他融资方案。

尽管第一阶段尽职调查成功完成，但石墨 市场不再符合其投资标准，因此不会再 继续推进早先的3000万美元（4,060万澳 元）融资的私募股权投资计划。 BAT董事总经理大卫·弗拉纳根（David Flanagan）表示，将尊重RCF的决定，但 石墨价格和需求前景依然极具吸引力。

弗拉纳根先生6月向澳交所表示， “ 我们认 为石墨市场前景继续增强，这是因为锂电 池制造商对石墨的需求激增以及耐火材 料产品和快速增长，因此这样的需求可膨 胀石墨市场。” 弗拉纳根先生表示，融资延迟将导致蒙特 普埃斯的第一批石墨精矿可能会从2019 年6月推迟至少3个月。 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

Triton Minerals与BAT的计划类似，预 计其安夸贝（Ancuabe）项目将于明年下 半年首次投产。

开采商董事会于6月4日批准了安夸贝的 开发，并于今年晚些时候开始施工建设。 预计安夸贝每年将产出约27,000吨石墨 精矿。

Triton Minerals已达成了50％于该产 量的承购协议，而坎特伯雷先生则认为潜 在项目合作伙伴的需求才是真金白银，尤 其是一些中国集团的需求。

今年5月，Triton Minerals的安夸贝项 目获得了第二家中国承购合作伙伴，在与 天盛达石墨有限公司达成的协议中加入 了与青岛晨阳石墨有限公司达成的交易。 Triton Minerals也正在与潜在的中国 合资伙伴讨论其位于德尔加杜角的尼加 达山矿床。

“在未来一年左右的时间里，莫桑比克德 尔加杜角省将成为世界上最大的石墨生 产大省，”坎特伯雷先生如是说到。

步关闭其污染最严重的石墨工厂并升级 其他石墨工厂，带来的影响就是生产量逐 步走低。 坎特伯雷表示： “其中一些工厂已经破旧 不堪。”

“去年，山东省就采取了强制取缔措施， 关闭了73家生产工厂其中的71家。

“有些已经重新开放，但却强制迁址到有 污水处理系统的工业区。

“中国始终如一的目标是，经济发展不应 以牺牲环境为代价，这也正是为什么中国 对海外承购如此热衷的原因。 “你可以看到，中国的环境正在改善，政 府也参与其中。

“其目的是获得更高质量的产品，所以他 们可以在莫桑比克当地进行加工，减少 全球范围内的环境污染，然后安心落意 地将更高质量的产品带回中国，实现增 值。”

“该地区可能可产出大约40万至50万吨 的石墨，甚至达到60万至70万吨。

“我们所有人都认为产出的石墨纯度将 超过95％，而这在中国很难获得同等品位 的石墨资源。” 就在莫桑比克正在成为炙手可热的石墨 产地的同时，由于北京致力于加强环境控 制，中国的石墨正在减产。

中国历来采用氢氟酸用以电池石墨提纯， 所有废料也随之排进了污水系统。 随着新环境限制措施的实施，中国正在逐

COMMODITIES Lithium-ion batteries for electric vehicles such as this power pack for a Chevy Volt contain about three times more graphite than lithium. Photo: Reuters 矿物含量 电动汽车的锂离子电池，如雪佛 兰Volt的电池组，其石墨含量是锂的三倍。 图片来源：路透社 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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EDUCATION | 教育

OPPORTUNITY Students from ECU’s Perth campuses will be given the chance to experience university life in Jinan.

Photo: ECU 机不可失 ECU珀斯校区的学生将有机 会体验济南大学的校园生活。图片来 源:ECU

两所名校开展工 科教育合作 Two universities to collaborate in engineering

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

Staff reporter EDITH Cowan University and China’s University of Jinan have launched a program of collaboration and exchange, focusing on opportunities in each respective institutions’ faculty of engineering.

Chancellor Cheng Xin led a delegation of officials from the University of Jinan in May, where a memorandum of understanding was signed between the two schools to explore collaborative engineering projects.

The arrangement builds on a 14-year relationship between the universities, which began after the City of Joondalup entered a sister city partnership with Jinan.

ECU and the University of Jinan have collaborated in their schools of business and information technology since that time.

ECU school of engineering executive dean Daryoush Habibi said while engineering would be the first focus of the MOU, the schools were open to collaborate in all areas where there was a mutual area of interest.

Dr Habibi said the engineering collaboration would not only give researchers the opportunity to access infrastructure and facilities, but also to take advantage of funding opportunities.

ECU students will also be given the opportunity to spend two weeks in academic programs with the University of Jinan, transitioning to a seven-week work placement with affiliated companies in Jinan.

Dr Habibi said he hoped the arrangement would build on the City of Joondalup, and Western Australia’s strategic economic partnership with China, describing the relationship as invaluable to the university.

The collaboration adds to a growing list of agreements and partnerships between Australian and Chinese educational institutions.

Universities Australia survey data shows the number of agreements covering student and staff exchange, studying abroad and research collaboration grew from 884 in 2012 to 1,402 in 2016.

There are also 14 Confucius Institutes and 67 Confucius Classrooms operating in Australia.

Australia and China are also each other’s third most frequent partners for collaboration in scientific research.

Universities Australia said the number of joint scientific publications involving Chinese and Australian authors had more than doubled over the past four years.

A total of six joint higher education schools have been established between Australian and Chinese partners within Chinese host universities, including collaborations between Shanghai University and the University of Technology Sydney, Liaoning University and Victoria University, and between Southwest University and the University of Western Australia.

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

教育

| EDUCATION

本刊记者

关联公司进行为期七周的实习。

今年5月，济南大学党委书记程新率领济 南大学代表团签署了一项合作谅解备忘 录，以探索工科项目方面的合作。

这项合作促进澳大利亚和中国的教育机 构签订协议，开展合作伙伴关系。

埃迪斯科文大学（Edith Cowan University）和中国济南大学启动了合作 与交流计划，侧重工程学院。

这项合作是建立在自君达乐市（City of Joondalup）与济南建立姊妹城市，以及 两所大学间14年友好关系的基础之上。

自那时起，埃迪斯科文大学和济南大学在 商学院和信息技术学院间开展密切合作。 埃迪斯科文大学工程学院的常务院长戴 瑞斯·哈斌（Daryoush Habibi）表示，虽 然工程专业将是该合作谅解备忘录的首 个重点，但也愿意在其余相关领域开展 合作。

哈斌博士表示，工程专业的合作不仅使研 究人员有机会接触更多研究设备，还能够 获得资金资助。 埃迪斯科文大学学生还将有机会参加济 南大学为期两周的课程学习，并在济南的

哈斌博士表示，他希望这一项目能够建立 在君达乐市和西澳与中国的战略经济伙 伴关系基础上，并称赞这种关系为高校的 无价之宝。 澳大利亚大学的调查数据显示，包括学生 和教职工交流，出国留学和研究合作的协 议数量从2012年的884个增加到2016年 的1,402个。 澳大利亚还有14所孔子学院和67个孔子 课堂。 澳大利亚和中国也是彼此科研合作第三 频繁的合作伙伴。

澳大利亚大学表示，过去四年中，涉及中 国和澳大利亚作者的联合科学出版物数 量翻了一倍多。

澳中双方共达成了六所联合高等教育学 校合作计划，包括上海大学与悉尼科技大 学，辽宁大学和维多利亚大学以及西南大 学和西澳大学。

A total of six joint higher education schools have been established between Australian and Chinese partners 澳中双方共达成了六所联合高等教育学校合作计划。

LANDMARK University of Jinan chancellor Cheng Xin and ECU deputy vice chancellor international Simon Ridings celebrate the exchange agreement. Photo: ECU 里程碑 济南大学校长程新与ECU副校长国 际西蒙·里丁共庆协议交换。图片来源:ECU

2018年七月 | JULY 2018

25

TECHNOLOGY | 科技

澳洲客户逐步开放电子钱包

Aussie consumers opening digital wallets Staff reporter DIGITAL and mobile payment systems are taking hold in Australia, with consumers following the lead of their Chinese counterparts and local retailers looking for ways to make it easier for Chinese visitors to spend.

While China has emerged as a world leader in mobile payments, with more than $US12 trillion in mobile transactions recorded last year, Australia and New Zealand’s biggest banks are sharpening their focus on the digital space in response to consumer demand.

Mobile payment systems such as Apple Pay and Google Pay have been rolled out across financial institutions in both Australia and NZ, alongside home-grown digital payment offerings from banks, providing consumers with additional options to use their phones to make transactions.

At the same time, Australian retailers are increasingly taking up digital payment options such as Alipay in an effort to tap into Chinese tourist spending, which reached 26

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

more than $10 billion in 2017, according to Tourism Research Australia.

ANZ reported earlier this year that mobile payments across its systems had risen by 156 per cent in the first half of the 2018 financial year, compared with the first half of the 2017 fiscal year, with the total spend rising to around $600 million.

Commonwealth Bank of Australia also reported substantial digital transaction momentum, with more than 6 million customers using digital channels, and more than 50 per cent of its total transaction value occurring digitally.

And last month, Bank of New Zealand became the first financial institution in Australia and New Zealand to offer its merchant clients the use of Alipay payment facilities across its Verifone payments platform.

Momentum is also building quickly outside of traditional banking institutions, according to Adyen Australia and New Zealand country manager Michel van Aalten.

Adyen, which recorded global revenue of

本刊记者

澳大利亚正逐渐开展电子和移动支付系 统，由于消费者受中国支付系统的影响， 当地零售商也在想方设法提高中国游客 消费的便捷程度。

中国已成为移动支付领域的全球领军者， 去年移动交易额超过12万亿美元，与此同 时，澳大利亚和新西兰最大的几家银行正 将重点放在电子领域，以应对消费者需求 比如苹果和谷歌，其移动支付系统已经在 澳大利亚和新西兰的金融机构推广，除了 本地银行电子支付服务以外，消费者还可 以通过手机进行交易。

与此同时，越来越多的澳大利亚零售商 采用支付宝(Alipay)等网上支付方式， 努力促进中国游客的消费水平。澳大利 亚旅游业研究报告(Tourism Research Australia)的数据显示，2017年中国游客 在澳消费超过100亿澳元。

今年早些时候，澳新银行(ANZ)报告称， 在2018财年上半年，其系统的移动支付增

科技

| TECHNOLOGY

TAILORED Michel van Aalten says financial institutions as well as retailers are responding to consumer demand for convenience. Photo: Adyen 量身定制 米歇尔·范·阿尔滕(Michel van Aalten)表示，金融机构和零售商都在满足 消费者对便利性的需求。图片来源:Adyen

more than $US1.14 billion ($1.54 billion) and processed $US122 billion in transactions for merchants in 2017, provides merchants with a payments platform which enables consumers to use a range of payment methods, including Mastercard and Visa, alongside Chinese preferred options WeChat Pay, Alipay and Union Pay. The Adyen platform also enables payments to be made in any country in the world, using one of 150 different currencies.

Mr van Aalten said 35 per cent of Adyen’s Australian customers supported the use of digital wallets, a proportion higher than many other countries.

“Australia has always been quick to adopt new technologies, tap and go payments as an example, and now that more banks and merchants are making these mobile payments accessible, we expect this to continue,” Mr van Aalten said.

“Merchant payments traditionally used to be a banking product, but now the landscape is evolving and it is changing into a technology-first space.

“Consumer expectation and behaviour is changing faster than ever, so it’s up to the payment landscape, companies like Adyen, to ensure that these payment methods that are demanded by the consumer are offered on their platform.”

Mr van Aalten said the shift to mobile payments in Australia was being driven largely by consumers looking for more convenient spending options.

“Just as we’ve seen the decline in cash over the years for payments, I would say digital wallets are almost a natural progression, it’s the next evolution if you will,” he said.

“Consumers have already gone from carrying cash to using a card, now they are using their phone.”

In addition to providing payment methods consumers were demanding, Mr van Aalten said the digital transformation of Australian payments was also giving businesses cross-border expansion opportunities.

“We accept payments for customers in any country, in over 150 currencies, which means that a local Australian business, if they sell cross-border, can accept over 150 currencies from their customers,” he said.

“These payment methods are not restricted to any local entity in China, so it is a huge opportunity for local businesses to sell cross-border into China.”

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

Now the landscape is evolving and it is changing into a technology-first space – Michel van Aalten 时过境迁，它正在转变为一种以技术为本的延伸。 ——米歇尔·范·阿尔滕

长了156%，同比2017上半财年，上升了 约6亿澳元。

澳大利亚联邦银行(Commonwealth Bank of Australia)的报告显示，电子交 易趋势不断上升，有超过600万客户使用 该渠道，其中超过半数的有效交易是通过 电子渠道实现的。

上个月，新西兰银行(Bank of New Zealand)成为澳大利亚和新西兰的首家 金融机构，为其商业客户提供在Verifone 支付平台上使用支付宝付款的服务。

Adyen公司澳新大区总经理米歇尔• 范•阿尔滕(Michel van Aalten)表示， 除了传统银行机构外，电子交易势头在迅 速增长。 Adyen公司在2017年，全球收入超过 11.4亿美元(15.4亿澳元)，为商家处理了 1220亿美元的交易，其支付平台支持消费 者使用多种支付方式进行支付，包括万事 达、Visa、中国客户青睐的微信、支付宝以 及银联支付。 Adyen公司的支付平台还允许客户在世 界上任何国家使用150种任意货币进行 支付。

范·阿尔滕先生表示，澳大利亚客户中有 35%支持使用电子钱包，这个比例高于许 多其他国家。 范•阿尔滕先生说:“澳大利亚一直在迅 速采用新技术，以开发移动支付为例，现

在越来越多的银行和商户在运用移动支 付，我们预计移动支付比例会持续上升。” 传统意义上，商家账户曾是一种银行产 品，但如今，这种格局正在改变，它正在转 变为一种以技术为本的延伸。 消费者预期和消费行为的变化速度比以 往任何时候都快，因此，应由Adyen等支 付公司来确保消费者要求的这些支付方 式在他们的平台上得以实现。”

范•阿尔滕先生表示，澳大利亚向支付电 子化的转变，很大程度上是由于消费者寻 求更便捷的消费方式而促成的。

“正如多年来我们看到的现金支付愈来 愈少一样，我想说，使用电子钱包是一种 必然的进步，这也将是社会下一阶段的改 革。” 消费者已经从携带现金到使用信用卡，再 到现在的手机支付。” 范•阿尔滕先生表示，除了满足消费者要 求的支付方式以外，澳大利亚数字化支付 也助企业的跨境发展一臂之力。

他说:“我们接受任何国家的客户，支持超 过150种货币。这意味着，当澳大利亚本地 企业面向国际客户时，可接受超过150种 不同货币的付款方式。”

“这些付款方式适用于中国任意地区，所 以对澳大利亚当地企业来说，向中国的跨 境销售是一个千载难逢的商机。” 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

27

RESOURCES | 能源

Private equity firms clearly see strong turnaround opportunities in the oil and gas sector – Bernadette Cullinane 私募股权投资公司显然看到了石油和天然气行业 强劲的扭亏良机——伯纳黛特•库利南

火力全开-澳洲将迎来并购春天

Foot on the gas – Australia primed for more M&A Sonali Paul Reuters PRIVATE equity firms are expected to drive a wave of merger activity in Australia’s gas sector, hunting for bargains amid soaring demand in China, rising domestic prices and a broader oil market recovery.

The energy sector has dominated Australian merger and acquisitions activity over the past 12 months, led by a spurned $US10.8 billion ($14.54 billion) bid for oil and gas producer Santos and a $US9.8 billion bid for pipeline operator APA Group by Hong Kong’s CK Infrastructure.

Still, the share prices of smaller companies in the sector have yet to fully reflect the sharp recovery in oil markets over the past year and gains from lower drilling costs, say bankers and consultants.

“Private equity firms clearly see strong turnaround opportunities in the oil and gas sector,” Perth-based Deloitte Consulting partner Bernadette Cullinane said.

“Stocks are trading below their earnings potential with serious upside.”

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

US company Harbour Energy pursued Santos for a year before its bid ended in acrimony, while private equity fund Lone Star bid $US392 million in March for Australia’s Sino Gas & Energy Holdings, which has stakes in two shale gas projects in China.

More deals are tipped as small oil and gas companies look to fund new gas developments to feed the east coast market, and bigger companies, like Santos, look to replenish their reserves, following years of cuts in exploration.

“Most of the sub-billion market cap companies with reasonable 2P resources (proved plus probable) and cash flow or near-term cash flow would be attractive to private equity funds,” said Eddie Rigg, head of corporate finance at Argonaut, who advised a private Chinese company that lost out in a three-way bidding war for gas producer AWE in February.

Such companies include Senex Energy, Central Petroleum, Cooper Energy and Strike Energy.

Mr Rigg predicted Sino Gas would attract a rival bid from a US, European or Asian group as most of the geological and well engineering risks on its project had been dealt with.

“It’s a reasonably safe entry into a growing gas market,” he said.

Australian domestic gas prices have more than doubled in the past three years as east coast supply has been sucked into exports of liquefied natural gas to feed Asia-Pacific demand.

China’s LNG imports, driven by a clean air push, are expected to jump 50 per cent over three years to 57 million tonnes by 2020, according to Australian government forecasts.

For investors, Australia is handy way to play into that growth.

“Australia’s attractiveness as an oil and gas M&A and investment proposition is driven primarily by its low geopolitical and sovereign risk ... and of course its proximity to Asia’s energy demand centres,” Ms Cullinane said.

The next likely target is in Western Australia. Gas supplier Quadrant Energy, potentially worth $3 billion, is attracting interest as one of its two owners, Canada’s Brookfield Asset Management, is looking to sell its stake, bankers say.

Quadrant, co-owned by Macquarie Group, produces more than a fifth of the gas going into the domestic market in WA, and has oil

能源

| RESOURCES

OFFSHORE Chevron’s Wheatstone is one of the global energy giant’s two major WA gas projects. Photo: Chevron Australia 近海霸主 雪佛龙主导的惠斯通项目 (Wheatstone)，是这家全球能源巨头旗下 两个主要的西澳天然气项目之一。图片来 源:Chevron Australia

production and untapped gas reserves.

Potential suitors include Santos.

The appeal for Santos is that it knows the Quadrant business well as the companies share stakes in a number of gas fields, although Santos may not want to risk alienating shareholders by splashing out on a deal so soon after having rejected a takeover.

“Quadrant’s domestic business in Western Australia is a prized cash cow in Santos’ portfolio. Doubling down there makes sense,” Wood Mackenzie analyst Saul Kavonic said.

Santos, Brookfield and Macquarie declined to comment.

Within the next two years, there could be other deals on the west coast, where Woodside Petroleum and Chevron Corp are looking to develop new gas fields to feed their LNG plants.

The biggest hurdle to their plans is the myriad co-owners in their gas fields and LNG plants – all with competing priorities – making it difficult to agree on development plans.

The best way to overcome that hurdle, ana-

lysts and bankers say, would be for Woodside or Chevron to buy out some of their partners, as Woodside did in February with the $US744 million purchase of ExxonMobil’s stake in the Scarborough gas field.

“Obviously if an interest owner in a particular part of the value chain no longer desires to participate, Chevron or other companies are always looking for opportunities to improve their portfolio,” Chevron’s Asia-Pacific exploration and production president Stephen Green said in a recent interview.

索纳利·保罗 路透社

Argonaut公司财务主管Eddie Rigg表 示， “大部分拥有一定证实储量和概算 储量、市值在10亿澳元以下的能源公司 都将对私募股权基金具有吸引力。”这 些公司包括Senex Energy、Central Petroleum，Cooper Energy和Strike Energy等。

拿大布鲁克菲尔德资产管理公司正在寻 求出售股份。

在中国需求飙升，国内价格不断上涨需及 时寻求海外低价油气，以及石油市场复苏 的背景下，预计私人股本企业将掀起澳大 利亚天然气行业新一轮并购浪潮。

在过去的12个月里，能源行业并购重 新在澳洲资本市场上占据了主导地位， 澳大利亚石油和天然气生产商Santos 拒绝以108亿美元（145.4亿澳元）的价 格被收购。香港长江实业基建公司（CK Infrastructure）对澳洲最大的天然气管 道运营商APA发出了98亿美元收购要约。 银行家和咨询师表示，尽管如此，该行业 规模较小的公司的股价并未完全反映出 过去一年石油市场的大幅复苏，以及钻探 成本下降带来的收益。 珀斯的德勤咨询合伙人Bernadette Cullinane表示： “私募股权投资公司显 然看到了石油和天然气行业强劲的扭亏 良机。”

“股价低于其盈利潜力并有很大的上涨 空间。”

美国私募股权公司Harbour Energy向 澳大利亚石油和天然气生产商Santos进 行了为期一年的收购，但最终以失败而告 终。私募股权基金Lone Star今年3月份 向澳洲的Sino Gas＆Energy Holdings 提出3.92亿美元的收购要约。 小型石油和天然气公司希望为新的天然 气开发项目融资，以满足澳洲东海岸市场 的需求。而像Santos这样的大公司，曾减 少勘探多年，如今正在补充储量，有望达 成更多交易。 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

今年2月，Eddie Rigg任一家中国私营企 业在对天然气供应商AWE的三方竞购战 中的财务顾问，但该收购不幸最终失败。 Rigg先生预测，Sino Gas将会吸引来自 美国、欧洲或亚洲的竞购资本，因为该项 目的大部分地质和工程风险都已得到处 理。

“这会是进入不断增长的天然气市场的 一个相当安全的捷径，”他说。

因东海岸供应被纳入液化天然气（LNG） 出口以满足亚太地区的需求，澳大利亚国 内天然气价格在过去三年中翻了一番多。 根据澳大利亚政府的预测，在环境治理推 动下，中国的液化天然气进口量预计将在 三年内增加50％至2020年的5700万吨。 对于投资者而言，澳大利亚天然气行业或 许是一个好的投资领域。

“澳大利亚具有油气并购和投资领域的 高度吸引力，主要源于其地缘政治和主权 风险较低……当然，它也接近亚洲的能源 需求，”Cullinane女士说。 下一个并购目标在西澳大利亚州。天然 气供应商Quadrant Energy可能价值 30亿澳元。公司一大股东为麦格理集 团。Quadrant生产西澳州进入国内市场 天然气的五分之一以上，拥有石油业务和 未开采的天然气储量。公司另一大股东加

目前潜在的收购者包括Santos。

Santos的吸引力在于，它对Quadrant 业务非常了解，而且两家公司在许多天 然气田均有持股，所以在拒绝收购交易 后，Santos桑托斯可能不想冒着得罪股东 的风险，砸下一笔钱进行交易。

“Quadrant在西澳的业务是Santos的 摇钱树，高价拿下这里的业务是合理的。” Wood Mackenzie 公司的分析师Saul Kavonic说。 Santos, Brookfield 和Macquarie公司 拒绝予以表态。 在未来两年内，西海岸可能还会有其他 交易，伍德赛德石油公司(Woodside Petroleum)和雪佛龙公司(Chevron Corp .)正寻求开发新的天然气田，为它 们的液化天然气工厂提供燃料。 他们的计划障碍重重，其气田和液化天 然气厂有大量共有者——他们各行其 是——因此很难就开发计划达成一致。

分析师和银行家表示，克服这一障碍 的最佳方式，是让伍德赛德或雪佛龙 收购部分股东的股份，就像伍德赛德 今年2月斥资7.44亿美元收购埃克森 美孚(ExxonMobil)在世嘉宝气田 (Scarborough gas field)的股份那样。 雪佛龙亚太区勘探与生产部门总裁 Stephen Green近期接受采访时表示:“ 显然，如果某条价值链上的特定部分的 利益所有者不愿再参与，雪佛龙和其他公 司总会不断寻找机会，改善自己的投资组 合。” 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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OPINION | 观点

Chinese companies need to recognise and accept that Australia’s corporate environment and physical infrastructure are vastly different 中国公司需要审视并接受澳大利亚企业环境和物 质基础设施方面的巨大差异。

JIEH-YUNG LO | 罗介雍

华为在澳路漫漫 Huawei a reminder companies still have work to do in Australia NO other foreign company operating in Australia has received the amount of media and public attention in recent years as Huawei.

The Chinese technology giant’s presence and operations in Australia have become a focal point in recent months as tensions between Australia and its largest trading partner become more complicated.

Despite being banned from participating in the National Broadband Network in 2013, there are talks within the Australian government to extend Huawei’s ban by excluding it from bidding for the new 5G network on national security grounds.

These concerns were demonstrated when the government took extraordinary measures to block Huawei from building and supplying an undersea high-speed internet cable in the Solomon Islands and opting to pay for it instead.

Should the Australian government ultimately decide to prevent Huawei from participating in the 5G network, it could potentially cut short the company’s future in Australia.

For the world’s largest maker of telecommunications equipment, such a ban would be a significant blow to Huawei’s international reputation.

In an open letter addressed to federal MPs, Huawei referenced recent commentary on its role in Australia as “ill-informed and not based on facts” and invited officials and security agencies to meet with representatives to better understand its technology and operations.

Huawei’s willingness to have an open discussion with the government and public is in contrast to how Chinese businesses typically operate in overseas markets.

The initial experience with Chinese businesses and foreign investment usually comes in the form of state-owned enterprises (SOEs).

Since China’s ‘Opening Up and Reform’ initiative in 1978, SOEs have evolved and shifted from central government-dominated entitles to commercial operations with international governance standards and professional management systems.

In spite of ongoing reforms, SOEs remain vehicles of national policy and still dominate large industries such as finance, resources and telecommunications.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

近年来，从未有任何在澳经营的跨国企业能像华为公司这样，获 得如此高的媒体及公众关注度。

由于澳大利亚与其最大的贸易伙伴之间的紧张关系日益复杂，近 几个月来，中国科技巨头在澳大利亚的存在和经营状况成为大众 所关注的焦点。

尽管2013年被禁止参与澳大利亚国家宽带网络建设，澳大利亚政 府还在与华为进行谈判，以国家安全为由延长禁令，将其排除在 新的5G网络竞标之外。 政府采取非常措施阻止华为在所罗门群岛（Solomon Islands） 建设并提供海底高速互联网电缆，并选择向华为支付违约金，这 恰好证明了政府的担忧。

如果澳大利亚政府最终决定阻止华为参与5G网络，可能使华为公 司缩短在澳大利亚继续经营业务的时间。 对于全球最大的电信设备制造商来说，这样的禁令将会对华为的 国际声誉造成重大打击。 华为在给联邦议员的一封公开信中引用了最近一篇 对其在澳大利亚的作用的评论，称该评论“不了解 情况而且不以事实为依据”，并邀请官员和安全 机构与公司代表会面，以更好地了解其技术 和运营。 华为愿意与政府和公众进行公开讨论的 意愿与海外市场的典型中国企业形成鲜 明对比。 初期，中国企业和外国投资通常以国 有企业（SOE）的形式出现。 自1978年中国的“改革开放”以来， 国有企业从中央政府主导发展并转 向具有国际管理标准和专业管理体 系的商业运营。

虽然改革仍在继续，但国有企业仍然

观点

| OPINION

CONNECTIONS Despite issues in the United States and Australia, Huawei is a global leader in telecommunications networks. Photo: Shutterstock.com 四通八达 尽管华为在美国和澳大利亚受 阻，但其仍是电信网络领域的全球领导者。 图片来源: Shutterstock.com

Huawei’s global footprint 华为的全球足迹

• $US92.5 billion – 2017 revenue • 2017年收入925亿美元

• 700+ – staff in Australia • 700余名在澳员工

• 197 – Fortune 500 companies which have chosen Huawei as their digital transformation partner • 全球500强企业，有197家企业选择华为作为其技术合伙伙伴

• 30+ – international carriers in 10 cities which have tested Huawei’s 5G infrastructure

• 全球十大核心城市的30多家领先运营商已开启华为5G预商用网络

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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OPINION | 观点 POLICY Huawei Australia chairman John Lord says it would be a failure of government if his company is barred from participating in the nation’s 5G rollout. Photo: Reuters 亏名损实 华为澳大利亚公司董事长约翰• 洛德表示，如果华为公司被澳洲政府禁止参 与当地5G网络建设，那将是整个澳洲的重 大损失。图片来源:路透社

The co-existence of government entitles and private profit-seeking companies and the complexity of these relationships have caused much tension and confusion for Chinese brands overseas.

When operating in overseas markets like Australia, Chinese businesses and brands often keep a low profile.

Huawei on the other hand has done quite the opposite, with corporate sponsorships of the Canberra Raiders rugby league team and the Gold Coast Suns in Australian rules football.

Chinese businesses also often typically employ and appoint Chinese nationals to their offshore workforce and board. The Huawei team in is led by a local board and employs more than 700 people across Australia.

Huawei’s approach to Australia appears to have done very little to change the perception of its brand and, to a certain extent, the reputation of Chinese businesses and investment in Australia.

The 2018 Lowy Institute poll ‘Understanding Australian attitudes to the world’ indicated 72 per cent (up from 56 per cent in 2014) of Australians believe the Australian government is “allowing too much investment from China”. Key findings from, ‘Demystifying Chinese Investment in Australia’, a joint research report from the University of Sydney Business School and KPMG found Chinese investments had dropped to $13.3 billion in 2017 – a fall of 11 per cent from 2016.

The same report also indicated a drop of SOE investment in Australia for the first time since 2014 as a result of policy changes from both Australia and China.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

Although Chinese investors and businesses continue to see value in Australia as an attractive investment destination with competitive industries to meet consumer demand, 70 per cent of respondents to the KPMG survey revealed the political debate and diplomatic tensions had made Chinese companies more cautious.

Similarly, 67 per cent see the federal government as less supportive, with Australian media viewed as the least supportive of their presence and activities.

These results most certainly reflect Huawei’s recent experience.

Outcomes of the survey and Huawei’s experience are a reminder Chinese companies still have work to do in Australia.

Aspects they could work on include developing greater knowledge and productive working relationships with their local staff, local entitles and sectors like trade unions, community organisations and media outlets.

Appointing local board directors and hiring local staff is a promising start but without resources and a commitment to introducing an overarching company strategy to open up and better integrate business practices to a localised context, Chinese companies will always

find dealing with the Australian environment difficult.

In addition to engagement with relevant stakeholders, Chinese companies need to recognise and accept that Australia’s corporate environment and physical infrastructure are vastly different.

Therefore, a more conscious and considered effort into ensuring business practices adapt and adhere to appropriate local laws, policies and regulations should be a priority.

The lack of knowledge and information by Chinese entities about Australia’s corporate environment mirrors this country’s limited familiarity and awareness of the Chinese market.

For Chinese companies and investors it should not just be about making a profit but to be respectful and accountable to the communities and country they are working and investing in.

Judging by Huawei’s approach, it appears Chinese companies are taking appropriate steps to do just that.

Jieh-Yung Lo is a Chinese-Australian Writer, analyst, researcher and commentator. He tweets at @jiehyunglo

观点

| OPINION

是体现国家政策的渠道，国家始终主导着 金融、资源和电信等大型行业。

究结果表明，中国2017年的投资已经下降 到133亿美元，比2016年下降了11％。

需要认识和接受澳大利亚的企业环境和基 础设施的巨大差异。

中国企业和品牌在澳大利亚等海外市场经 营时往往保持低调。

尽管中国投资者和企业仍然认为澳大利亚 是一个富有吸引力的投资目的地，有着满 足消费者需求的富于竞争力的行业，但毕 马威的调查表明，70 %受访者透露，政治 分歧和外交紧张使得中国企业如履薄冰。

中国企业缺乏对澳大利亚企业环境的了解 和信息，也侧面反映了澳大利亚对中国市 场的了解与认识的匮乏。

政府权利和私营企业的共存以及这些关系 的复杂性导致海外的中国品牌绷紧神经， 并带来很大困惑。 而华为的做法恰恰相反，澳式足球的堪培 拉突袭者橄榄球联盟队和黄金海岸太阳队 得到了华为公司的赞助。 中国企业通常也雇用和任命中国公民加入 海外劳动力队伍和董事会。华为团队由当 地董事会领导，在澳大利亚全国拥有700 多名员工。 华为对澳大利亚的态度似乎并没有改变 澳洲人对其品牌的看法，在某种程度上也 没有改变中国企业在澳大利亚的声誉和 投资状况。

洛伊国际政策研究所2018年度“了解澳大 利亚人对世界的态度”的调查表明，72 % 的澳大利亚人（高于2014年的56 %）认 为澳大利亚政府“过多地允许来自中国 的投资”。悉尼大学商学院（University of Sydney Business School）和毕马威 （KPMG）联合发表的研究报告《揭开中 国在澳大利亚投资的神秘面纱》的主要研 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

该报告还指出，自澳大利亚和中国的政策 发生变化以来，中国国有企业在澳大利亚 的投资自2014年以来首次下降。

同样，67 %的人认为来自联邦政府的支持 度较低，澳大利亚媒体对其存在和活动的 支持度是最低的。

这些调查结果自然也反映了华为的近况。

调查结果和华为的经历提醒中国企业在澳 大利亚仍任重道远。 他们可以努力与当地工作人员、当地实体 以及工会、社区组织和媒体等部门增进往 来，并发展富有成效的工作关系。

任命当地董事会成员和聘用当地员工是充 满希望的第一步，但如果缺乏资源并无法 承诺推出全面的公司战略，无法保持开放 和更好地将业务实践融入当地环境，中国 公司将永远难以应对澳大利亚的环境。 除了与利益相关者接触之外，中国企业还

因此，当务之急是清醒地意识到并且深思 熟虑地努力确保其经营方式，以适应和遵 守适当的地方法律、政策和法规。

对中国企业和投资者来说，不应该仅仅是 为了赚钱，还应该尊重并对他们所工作和 投资的社区和国家负责。 从华为的所作所为来看，中国企业似乎正 在采取适当的措施来加强这一点。 罗介雍是一位中澳作家、政策顾问和评论 员。他于@jiehyunglo发表推特。

IN DEMAND Huawei’s exhibit was popular among attendees at CES Asia 2018, held in April in Shanghai. Photo: Reuters 门庭若市 在今年4月于上海举行的2018年 亚洲消费电子展 (CES Asia 2018)上，华为 展台受到了与会人士的热烈欢迎。图片来 源:路透社 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

33

OPINION | 观点

Foreign brands are still well placed to tap into it if they ensure they interpret the market well

如果外国品牌确保他们能够很好地解读市场并迅速 采取行动，那仍会有机会成功进入中国市场。 MARK TANNER | 马克·唐纳

在中国市场树立正确品牌形象 Making right call on Chinese consumers FOREIGN brand companies scanning the news early last month may have been sent on an emotional roller coaster.

Although bears in China have been doomtalking about the economy for years, the World Bank’s latest update points to China’s gross domestic product continuing to grow at a healthy 6.9 per cent last year, and 6.8 per cent in the first quarter of this year.

Consumption remains China’s growth driver, which is likely to continue given consumer confidence reached a 10-year high in the first quarter of 2018.

But on the flipside, a Financial Times article about increasingly wealthy Chinese consumers trading up referred to McKinsey research illustrating a pronounced consumer preference for Chinese brands.

Across 17 categories, infant formula and wine were the only two segments where foreign brands were preferred over domestic – and only by a whisker.

This is contrary to what China Skinny is seeing in the market.

Consumers are often more familiar with domestic brands and their perceptions have become more positive – but we’re still seeing more favourable views for foreign products overall.

Based on the feedback we have had from our extensive industry networks in China, we believe many foreign brands are being supported.

China Skinny has done deep, intimate and 34

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

personal research and analysis with thousands of consumers across China.

The numerous projects spanning many categories have found Chinese consumers overwhelmingly still believe foreign brands are better – higher quality, more stylish, safer and healthier.

In reality, there is a disconnect. While Chinese consumers usually favour foreign products, those brands are not servicing their needs well enough and are not where they want them to be.

Research by Bain & Co showed China’s domestic fast-moving consumer goods brands grew 8 per cent versus 1.5 per cent for foreign brands in 2016.

This result is not so much that they are seeking local products over foreign, but more reflective of nimbler Chinese brands, which are reading the market better and acting more swiftly, coupled with stronger distribution networks and more resonant marketing.

As we highlighted 18 months ago, dairy products are a classic example of foreign brands not meeting needs.

While the wounds of the 2008 melamine scandal may still cast a cloud over Chinese milk, domestic milk commands a 38 per cent premium per litre over the imported product.

This is because more of appropriate format sizes, better-suited value-added products, more specific segmentation and more targeted marketing.

China Skinny analysis has found similar results across many other categories.

Research by China’s Ministry of Commerce found 31 per cent of surveyed consumers expected to spend more on imported products in the next six months and more than 20 per cent claimed imported products accounted for at least 30 per cent of their total consumption.

Similarly, Chinese retailers plan to increase imports of more than a third of 92 products surveyed.

Although the results could be somewhat glossy due to current US-China trade negotiations and November’s massive China International Import Expo, they do reflect the general sentiment that Chinese consumers still relish imported products.

It’s why Alibaba and JD, with all of their data, are busy opening up offices globally to source foreign products.

So with the good news from GDP growth to positive consumer sentiment, foreign brands are still well placed to tap into it if they ensure they interpret the market well, and act quickly.

This article was originally published on http:// www.ChinaSkinny.com Mark Tanner is the founder and managing director of Shanghai-based China Skinny. Through his agency he has worked with over 150 international brands such as IKEA, Colgate, Tourism Malaysia, ANZ, Westpac and IHG on their China market entry and growth strategies, trend analysis, branding and new product development.

观点

上个月初，外国品牌在看过新闻之后，心情 可能经历了大起大落。

虽然中国熊市论者多年来对中国经济一直 唱衰，但世界银行（World Bank）最新更新 指出，去年中国GDP继续保持6.9％的健康 增长率，且今年第一季度仍保持6.8％的增 长率。

消费水平仍然是中国的增长驱动力，鉴于 2018年第一季度消费者信心指数达到10年 来的最高位，这一趋势可能持续下去。

但另一方面，英国《金融时报》有关日益富裕 的中国消费者的文章称麦肯锡（McKinsey） 的研究表明消费者已开始偏好本土品牌。 在17个不同领域中，婴幼儿配方奶粉和葡萄 酒是仅有的两个外国品牌比本土品牌更受 青睐的细分市场，且差距并不大。 China Skinny在市场上看到的情况与其恰 恰相反。

消费者往往更熟悉本土品牌，他们对此的看 法变得更积极。但根据我们在中国广泛的行 业网络得到的反馈，我们仍然持有外国产品 整体上更受青睐的观点，相信很多国外品牌 同样会支持这一观点。 China Skinny已经对中国成千上万的消费 者进行了深度研究与分析。

从对众多消费类别的众多项目研究中我们 发现中国消费者总是认为外国品牌更好，质 量更高，更时尚，更安全，更健康等。 事实上，这是一种脱节现象：虽然中国消费 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

| OPINION

者通常喜欢外国产品，但这些品牌并没有为 满足他们的需求提供足够的服务，也没有达 到他们想要的水平。

国国际进口博览会会导致消费者情绪波动， 但它们确实反映出中国消费者仍青睐进口 产品的普遍心态。

这一结果并不是他们抛弃了外国品牌寻找 更多本土品牌，但更多地反映了中国本土 品牌对于中国市场的认知更完善，行动更 迅速，加上更强大的分销网络和更多的共 振营销。

因此，好消息是从GDP到消费者信心都有的 十足增长，所以，如果外国品牌确保他们能 够很好地解读市场并迅速采取行动，那仍会 有机会成功进入中国市场。

正如贝恩咨询在快速消费品类别中指出的 那样，2016年国内品牌增长了8％，而外国品 牌仅增长了1.5％。

正如我们在18个月前的这份信息图中所强 调的那样，外国乳制品品牌就是不能满足需 求的典型案例。

虽然2008年三聚氰胺的伤疤仍可能对中国 乳品造成持续影响，但每升本土乳制品的利 润要比进口产品高38％。 这是由于更合适的包装尺寸，更好的增值 服务，更具体的市场细分和更有针对性的 营销。

这就是为什么阿里巴巴和京东基于其掌握 的所有大数据，奔波于全球开设办事处以获 取国外产品。

该文最初发表于http://www.

ChinaSkinny.com。

马克•唐纳是总部位于中国上海的China Skinny公司的创始人兼董事总经理。通过 他的企业，他与宜家、高露洁、马来西亚旅游 局、澳新银行、西太平洋银行和洲际集团等 150多个国际品牌合作，在中国市场准入和 发展战略、趋势分析、品牌推广和新产品开 发等方面进行了合作。.

China Skinny分析发现，其他领域众多产 品也会产生类似的结果。

中国商务部的研究表明，接受调查的消费者 中，31％受访者预计未来六个月将花费更多 在进口产品上，超过20％受访者表示，购买 进口产品的支出占其个人总花费30%以上。 同样，中国零售商计划在92个调查产品中增 加超过三分之一的进口产品。 尽管当前的美中贸易谈判和11月的大型中

NIMBLE Chinese brands are reacting to consumer demand quicker than their foreign counterparts. Photo: Shutterstock.com 见机行事 相比进口品牌，中国本土品牌 对消费者需求的反应要更迅速。图片来 源：Shutterstock.com 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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OPINION | 观点

The smart Australian business will engage these groups for what they will become, as well as what they are right now

精明的澳大利亚企业将会与这个群体所接触，了解他 们当前处境，以及未来发展。 ANDREA MYLES | 麦舒岚

中国千禧一代是营销战略的重中之重

Chinese millennials key to your marketing strategy THEY are smart, rich, global, digitally switched on, ready to engage and spend, and there are hundreds of millions of them – meet the Chinese millennials.

Investment bank Goldman Sachs characterises the 415 million-strong cohort as the most influential generation on the planet today.

If they were a nation, they would be the world’s third largest, and the most digitally active.

And there are many reasons for smart Australian businesses to get on board – now and for the future.

Businesses need to include Chinese millennials into their strategies to tap into their fast-growing consumer power across a range of products and services.

The businesses, whether a handmade soap shop in the well-visited Blue Mountains in New South Wales, an Australian university or a tech startup, will do well to incorporate millennials into their marketing strategies.

China is on the cusp of becoming not only the world’s largest economy, but also the biggest investor in research and development, and an innovation leader.

This will fundamentally disrupt the business-as-usual approach from small-to-medium enterprises to multinationals in terms of consumer demands, talent acquisition and the rate of innovation required to keep pace with trends.

Chinese millennials make up the lion’s share of international students and tourists globally, and certainly do in Australia.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

They are twice as likely to travel internationally than their parents.

The smart Australian business will engage these groups for what they will become, as well as what they are right now.

Chinese international student numbers in Australia top 100,000 each year and comprise China’s bright, connected, ambitious and aspirational millennial leaders, who will one day hold the balance of power in China as the country continues its ascendance.

About 80 per cent of Chinese students who study in Australia are returning to China to pursue a career in a nation with an economy many times the size of Australia’s, and growing at three times the rate.

They know and love Australia, but largely do not have a rich Australian network to draw on, or to incorporate into their success path.

The savvy business will view Chinese millennials not as a cash cow for Australian universities but as a high-yield talent pool to tap into now and with an incredible return within five years, whether they remain in your business or not.

More than a quarter of Chinese millennials hold a university degree compared with 3 per cent of their parents.

The uptick in innovation and entrepreneurship driven by the Chinese government has seen millennials answer the call in droves.

Incentives have helped boost the pool of startup capital in China balloon from $32 billion to $338 billion, making the Chinese

中国的千禧一代具有聪慧、富有、遍布全 球、熟悉数字化、愿意消费并参加活动等 特点，而且人数数以亿计。

高盛集团（Goldman Sachs）的投资银行 将这个拥有4.15亿人口的群体列为当今 世界上最具影响力的一代。 如果他们组成一个国家，那将是世界第三 大国，也是数字化活跃度最高的国家。 而机智的澳大利亚企业这样做的原因有 很多 – 包括现在和未来。

企业需要将中国的千禧一代纳入他们的 战略之中，合理利用他们在各种产品和服 务中快速增长的消费能力。 无论是在新南威尔士州游客常去的蓝山 手工皂店、澳大利亚某所大学或科技创业 公司，都会将千禧一代完美融入其营销战 略中。

中国正在成为世界上最大的经济体，同时 也将成为研发领域最大投资者和创新领 导者。 这将从根本上破坏从中小企业到跨国公 司的传统发展方式，包括消费者需求、人 才引进以及与这一趋势保持同步所需的 创新速度。 中国的千禧一代成为全球留学生和游客 群体的主力军，当然在澳大利亚亦是如 此。 他们出国旅行的频率将是他们父母的两 倍之多。

精明的澳大利亚企业将会与这个群体所 接触，了解他们当前处境，以及未来发展。

观点

| OPINION

TECH FOCUS China’s emerging young generation of consumers is increasingly living life through smartphones. Photo: Shutterstock.com 技术革新 中国新兴的年轻消费者正越来 越多地通过智能手机来改善生活。图片来 源：Shutterstock.com

government the largest venture capital ‘company’.

Gone are the days in China when the most sought-after jobs on graduation were in government.

Now millennials aspire to gain a job at Alibaba, Tencent or any number of the Chinese “unicorn” companies (startup companies with a valuation over $1 billion), learn from the best and then mimic the trajectory of the iconic Jack Ma (Alibaba founder and executive chairman).

The smart business will be watching Chinese millennials as holders of emerging behaviour in China as it evolves from a “young person’s trend”, to business as usual (BAU) across generations in China and subsequently globally.

Business leaders in 2018 are overseeing a period where the rise or return of China to economic supremacy is overlaid with the rise of digital usage, two mega trends which combined require Australian business to have a digital strategy as well as a China strategy.

Australian businesses, however, have neither.

Rather their approach is integrated; there is no China strategy, just strategy in a China-led world. No digital strategy, just strategy in a digital world.

Businesses that wish to harness Chinese millennials, 94 per cent of whom have a smartphone, must have an integrated China digital strategy, which does not sit as an appendix to business as usual, but rather is a core function Consumer spending of Chinese millennials is growing at 14 per cent, twice the rate of that of their parents.

The smart business will not mistake Chinese millennials as ‘ramen-eating’ university students who can’t wait to cruise their way through university.

Rather, it will recognise them as customers who may arrive in Australia needing products and services which cater to their needs as a student, homebuyer, investor, entrepreneur, traveller and influencer.

Andrea Myles is the CEO and co-founder of the China Australia Millennial Project, a marketplace of education experiences, innovation and strategy. She regularly assists Australian companies better engage the Chinese millennial market. www.australiachina.org.

WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

澳大利亚的中国留学生人数超过10万人 次每年，他们是中国新时代聪慧、有作为、 热诚且具有雄心壮志的特殊群体，随着中 国的崛起，他们未来将起决定性因素。

精明的企业将关注中国的千禧一代，因为 他们将引领中国的新兴行为，从“年轻人 的趋势”演变为中国以及随后全球范围内 的常态。

他们了解并热爱澳大利亚，但很大程度上 没有丰富的澳大利亚人际网络来吸引他 们或融入他们的成功之路。

然而，澳大利亚企业依旧一成不变。

澳大利亚留学的中国学生约有80％返回 中国，在那片经济体量远超澳洲数倍之多 的热土上持续发展其事业，而且保持三倍 增速。

有觉悟的企业不应将中国的千禧一代视 为澳大利亚大学的摇钱树，而应将其作为 高收益的人才库来对待。因为在五年内， 无论他们是否留在您的公司，您将取得令 人难以置信的回报。 有超过四分之一的中国千禧一代获得大 学学位，而同比其父母获得大学学位的比 例仅为3％。 千禧一代积极响应中国政府提出的鼓励 创新和创业精神。

中国的新创企业集资从320亿澳元增加到 3,380亿澳元，使中国政府成为最大的风 投“公司”。 在中国，公务员作为毕业后首选工作的时 代已经一去不复返了。

现在，千禧一代渴望在阿里巴巴、腾讯或 其他中国“独角兽”公司（估值超过10亿澳 元的创业公司）中找到工作，学习它们的 模式，然后模仿马云（阿里巴巴创始人和 执首席执行官）。

2018年，商界领袖们发现，中国经济领导 地位的回归与中国数字化转型的崛起相 互叠加，澳大利亚企业必须制定与之对应 的数字化策略。 他们仍沿用老办法；只有面向全球的方 法，而缺乏直面中国的方案。只有面向数 字世界的策略，而并未有数字化策略。

希望利用中国千禧一代（其中94％拥有智 能手机）的企业必须制定中国数字化综合 战略，绝不仅仅作为普通业务的附属，而 需视其为业务的核心。

中国千禧一代的消费支出增长率为14％， 是他们父母的两倍。 聪明的企业不会把中国千禧一代误认为 是只是“吃拉面”、还没有见识过大千世界 的穷学生。 而应将他们视为抵达澳大利亚后，急需产 品与服务的顾客，以满足他们的学生、购 房者、投资者、企业家、旅行者和影响者的 多重身份。 麦舒岚是中澳千禧计划的首席执行官兼 联合创始人，该项目旨在创造一个学习 体验、创新愿景和策略能力的平台。她 定期协助澳大利亚公司更好地融入中 国千禧一代的市场。详情请访问www. australiachina.org 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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RESOURCES | 能源

Tesla leads race to strip cobalt out of electrical vehicle batteries Andy Home Reuters IF Elon Musk had his way, there would be no cobalt in any of the batteries powering the next generation of Tesla.

At the very least, “we think we can get the cobalt to almost nothing”, Mr Musk told analysts on the company’s first-quarter results call.

Panasonic, which supplies the batteries for Tesla’s electric cars, is “aiming to achieve zero usage in the near future and development is under way”, according to Kenji Tamura, who is in charge of the Japanese company’s automotive battery business.

The two companies are leading an industry race to reduce exposure to the metal even before the electric vehicle (EV) revolution truly builds momentum.

It’s not difficult to see why.

The London Metal Exchange price of the battery input has already rocketed from under $US30,000 ($40,400) per tonne at the end of 2016 to a current $US86,750.

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AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

It could go even higher.

Cobalt supply is dominated by Democratic Republic of Congo, presenting a volatile cocktail of political, operational and ethical risk.

And cobalt from Congo is dominated by China, which has locked down supply chains to secure its own fast-growing battery sector.

For relative newcomers, which means much of the European automotive sector, cobalt is the most problematic of all the ingredients in the metallic alchemy of an EV battery pack.

But given cobalt is one of the single most important determinants of a battery’s stability and performance, can the problem be engineered away?

Tesla and Panasonic are leading the EV field when it comes to minimising cobalt usage.

That’s primarily because from inception they took a different chemical road to build batteries with the capacity and stability to power an electric vehicle.

Panasonic’s nickel-cobalt-aluminium (NCA) technology has always used less cobalt than

the nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) formula used by just about everyone else.

And the company has had 10 years experience since the 2008 launch of the original Tesla Roadster to work on its battery chemistry.

Benchmark Minerals, a specialist battery research company, estimates that over the past six years Tesla has reduced the average amount of cobalt used in its vehicles by 60 per cent from 11 kilograms to 4.5kg per car.

That may have been the easy bit. Eliminating it altogether is going to be much harder, Benchmark Minerals says.

It’s not going to mean much for everyone else, anyway, given the broader industry adoption of NCM battery chemistry.

NCM battery-makers have already begun reducing the amount of cobalt used but it is very much work in progress.

The original NCM chemistry used a formula of one part nickel, one part cobalt and one part manganese, or 1:1:1 as it is termed in battery industry jargon.

That has already evolved to 5:2:3 (five parts

能源

| RESOURCES

FACILITY High cobalt prices are forcing Tesla to recalibrate its manufacturing processes. Photo: Shutterstock.com 设备革新 高昂的钴价正迫使特斯拉重新调 整其制造工艺。图片来源：Shutterstock. com

特斯拉将主导无钴汽车电池革命 安迪·霍姆 路透社

如果埃隆·马斯克(Elon Musk)如愿以 偿，那么下一代特斯拉(Tesla)的电池里 就不会有钴了。

他在该公司第一季度业绩电话会议上对 分析师表示，至少， “我们认为，我们几乎 可以把钴的用量降至零”。

负责特斯拉汽车电池业务的田村贤治 (Kenji Tamura)表示，为特斯拉电动车 提供电池的松下“目标是在不久的将来实 现钴的零使用，目前研发正在进行中”。 甚至在电动汽车(EV)革命真正形成势头 之前，这两家公司就在引领一场行业竞 赛，以减少对这种金属的依赖。 不难看出原因。

伦敦金属交易所(London Metal Exchange)的电池输入价格已从2016年 底的每吨不足3万美元（40,400澳元）飙升 至目前的每吨86,750美元。 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

甚至可能更高。

钴供应由刚果民主共和国主导，呈现出政 治、运营和伦理风险的不稳定组合。 而刚果钴矿在中国的掌控下，已经关闭了 供应链，以确保中国快速增长的电池行业 的安全与稳定性。 对于相对的新来者(这意味着欧洲汽车行 业的大部分)来说，钴是电动汽车电池组 金属需求中最成问题的成分。 但考虑到钴是决定电池稳定性和性能的 最重要因素之一，这个问题能被解决吗?

特斯拉(Tesla)和松下(Panasonic)在降 低钴使用量方面处于电动汽车领域的领 先地位。

这主要是因为从一开始，他们就用不同的 化学方法来制造那些容量和稳定性足以 驱动汽车的电池。 松下的镍钴铝(NCA)技术一直比其他几 乎所有人使用的镍钴锰(NCM)配方使用 的钴更少。

自2008年推出特斯拉跑车(Tesla Roadster)以来，特斯拉公司已经有了10 年的电池化学研究经验。

专业电池研究公司Benchmark Minerals估计，在过去六年里，特斯拉将 汽车中钴的平均使用量从每辆车11公斤 降低了60%，至4.5公斤。 这可能是一件容易的事。但Benchmark Minerals公司认为，要想将之完全消除 掉将会困难得多。

无论如何，考虑到NCM电池化学的广泛 应用，这对其他所有人都没有多大意义。 NCM电池制造商已经开始减少钴的使用 量，但仍有很多工作在进行中。

最初的NCM化学使用的公式是一份镍， 一份钴和一份锰，或者用电池行业术语说 的1:1:1。

如今已经发展到5:2:3(五份镍、二份钴、三 份锰)和6:2:2化合物。 NCM工程师们希望将钴进一步降低到 8:1:1的金属配方。 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

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RESOURCES | 能源

The problem for other automakers is that the EV revolution is now travelling faster than their collective ability to engineer out cobalt in a battery revolution

其他汽车制造商目前面临的问题是，电动汽车革命 的发展速度已远超其无钴电池的集体研发能力。

nickel, two cobalt and three manganese) and 6:2:2 compounds.

The Holy Grail for NCM engineers is to reduce cobalt even further to an 8:1:1 metallic formula.

It is, according to Benchmark Minerals, already being tested at pilot and small-scale plants, particularly in China, but is still years away from full commercial application.

Benchmark Minerals forecasts the 8:1:1 composition will not exceed five per cent of total NCM production until after 2020.

Tesla, in other words, is the outlier in terms of its war on cobalt.

Indeed, Tesla boss Mr Musk boasted in a letter to shareholders that the latest Panasonic battery design meant cobalt usage “is already lower than next-generation cathodes that will be made by other cell producers, with a nickel-manganese-cobalt ratio of 8:1:1”.

The problem for other automakers is that the EV revolution is now travelling faster than their collective ability to engineer out cobalt in a battery revolution.

Cobalt usage by the sector, even allowing for an accelerated rollout of 8:1:1 chemistry, will increase to 180,000 tonnes in 2026, or just under double last year’s global production, according to Benchmark Minerals.

It’s a daunting prospect for a supply chain that is so concentrated in Congo, a country that generates a stream of alarming headlines 40

AUSTRALIA CHINA BUSINESS REVIEW | 澳中商讯

from outbreaks of Ebola to militia attacks on mines.

Most concerning right now for the cobalt supply chain, however, is the stand-off between the government and some of its largest mine operators over a proposed new mining code.

The code scrubs out a previous stability clause, imposes a new windfall profits tax and allows the government to raise royalties on minerals deemed strategic.

One particular mineral springs to mind.

Meanwhile, Glencore, the country’s largest single cobalt producer, is locked in its own legal dispute with state miner Gecamines, which is trying to dissolve their joint venture.

Glencore’s restart of the Kamoto mine after two years’ refurbishment, including the installation of a super-charged cobalt circuit, drove Congo cobalt production 34 per cent higher over the first three months of this year.

The entire EV supply chain is relying on Congo’s ability to keep increasing production at this sort of rate to help match accelerating demand.

But everyone knows it’s a dangerous dependency.

On paper, Congo has the resources to supply the rest of the world with the extra cobalt it’s going to need. The current political reality, by contrast, suggests an elevated risk of supply disruption.

Hence, the collective impulse to cut co-

balt usage as much as possible, as quickly as possible.

Eliminating it altogether doesn’t seem to be possible without sacrificing safety and performance, both touchstone issues for EV manufacturers.

But the amount of research going into the battery sector is already generating new super-low-cobalt chemistries such as Johnson Matthey’s enhanced lithium nickel oxide, which it expects to produce commercially in 2020-21.

And there is no shortage of precedents for extreme prices and scarcity to generate a totally unforeseen technical breakthrough.

It was an accepted fact, for example, that dysprosium couldn’t be engineered out of an electric motor.

Until in the wake of the ferocious rare earths boom and bust cycle at the start of the decade, Honda and Daido Steel did exactly that.

The “FREED” minivan doesn’t use any dysprosium at all. While they were at it, they engineered out another “irreplaceable” rare earth, terbium, at the same time.

This electric vehicle revolution has only just begun but if cobalt is going to maintain its current core role for the duration, producers and governments alike should heed Elon Musk’s words.

Right now the EV industry needs cobalt.

The more unstable supply becomes, the harder it will fight to eliminate that need.

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根据Benchmark Minerals的说法，它 已经在试点和小规模工厂进行了测试，尤 其是在中国，但距离全面的商业应用还有 数年的时间。 该公司预测，到2020年以后，这一比例才 可能超过总NCM产量的5%。

换句话说，特斯拉在钴使用“战争”中实属 异类。 马斯克在致股东的信中夸耀，松下最新的 电池设计意味着钴的使用量“已经低于其 他电池生产商生产的下一代阴极，后者的 镍锰钴比为8:1：1。” 其他汽车制造商面临的问题是，电动汽车 革命目前的发展速度超过了它们在电池 革命中代替钴的集体能力。

Benchmark Minerals公司的数据显 示，即使考虑到加速生产8:1的化学反应， 该行业的钴使用量在2026年也将增至18 万吨，略低于去年全球产量的两倍。

对一个如此集中在刚果的供应链来说， 这是一个令人望而生畏的前景。在刚果， 从埃博拉疫情爆发到民兵对地雷的袭击 等一系列令人震惊的新闻报道层出不 穷。 然而，目前对钴供应链最令人担忧的是， 政府与一些大型煤矿运营商之间围绕一 项拟议中的新采矿法规的对峙。

该法规对之前的稳定条款进行了审查，制 定了一项新的暴利税，并允许政府提高 WWW.ACBR.COM.AU

被视为“战略性资产”的矿产的特许权使 用费。 这种特殊的矿物也被拿上桌面。

与此同时，该国最大的钴生产商嘉能 可(Glencore)也陷入了与国有矿商 Gecamines的法律纠纷。Gecamines正 试图解散它们的合资企业。 嘉能可(Glencore)经过两年的翻新后， 重新启动了嘉本(Kamoto)铜矿，包括 安装了一个超级充电的钴回路(cobalt circuit)，这推动刚果钴产量在今年前三 个月增长了34%。

整个电动汽车供应链都依赖刚果以这种 速度持续增加产量的能力，以帮助满足不 断加速的需求。 但每个人都知道这是一种铤而走险的依 赖。

理论上，刚果有足够的资源为世界其他地 区提供所需的钴。但当前的政治现实表 明，供应中断的风险有所上升。

| RESOURCES

极端价格和稀缺性带来完全无法预见的 技术突破的先例比比皆是。

这曾经是一个公认的事实，例如，制造电 动马达离不开镝。

直到本世纪初，在经历了稀土价格的剧烈 上涨和下跌周期之后，本田(Honda)和大 和钢铁(Daido Steel)才真正做到了这一 点。 “脱离了枷锁”的小型货车根本不使用 任何镝。 当他们研发的时候，他们还设计出了可以 替代另一个“不可替代”的稀土金属，铽。 电动汽车革命才刚刚开始，但如果金属钴 在这段时间内还想继续保持目前的核心 地位，生产商和政府都应该听取埃隆•马 斯克(Elon Musk)的话。 现在电动汽车工业需要钴。供应越不稳 定，就越难消除这种需求。

因此大家都想尽快减少钴的使用量。

在不牺牲安全性和性能的情况下，完全消 除它似乎是不可能的，这两者都是电动汽 车制造商的试金石问题。

但电池领域的大量研究表明已经产 生了新的超低钴方案，比如强生公司 (Johnson Matthey)的增强型锂镍氧化 物(eLNO)，该公司预计将在2020-2021年 投入商业化生产。

ADVANCING Tesla has had 10 years’ experience working on different aspects of battery chemistry to power its vehicles.

Photo: Maurizio Pesce 不断前进 十年来，特斯拉致力于从各方面 研究车辆驱动的电池化学成分。图片来源： 毛里齐奥·佩谢 2018年七月 | JULY 2018

41

CHINA EXPO CHINAINTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL IMPORT IMPORT EXPO SHANGHAI SHANGHAI NOV NOV 5-10, 5-10, 2018

TheAustralia Australia China China Business Business Council Council (WA) and The and China China Chamber Chamber of of Commerce Commerceinin Australia(CCCA) (CCCA)(Perth (PerthBranch) Branch) invite invite you to exhibit Australia exhibit at at the theChina ChinaInternational InternationalImport Import ExpoininShanghai Shanghaifrom fromNovember November 55 to 10, 2018.

Expo CIIEisisaaChinese ChineseGovernment Government backed backed event, event, with CIIE with hosts hosts the the Ministry Ministry of ofCommerce Commerceofofthe the People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM) and the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government.

People’s Republic of China (MOFCOM) and the Shanghai Municipal People’s Government.

Thisisisunique uniqueininChina, China, itit signifies signifies their their view view of This of firmly firmly supporting supporting trade tradeliberalisation liberalisationand and economic globalisation, opening the Chinese market to the world. economic globalisation, opening the Chinese market to the world.

STRONGPURCHASE PURCHASEDEMAND, DEMAND, A A STRONG LARGENUMBER NUMBEROF OFPROFESSIONAL PROFESSIONAL LARGE PURCHASES: PURCHASES:

150,000 domestic and foreign professional 150,000 domestic and foreign professional purchasers will participate in the Expo; and purchasers will participate in the Expo; and • Chinese enterprises from across China and • Chinese enterprises from across China and Merchants from across the globe will be Merchants from across the globe will be there to do business. there to do business.

•

•

LARGE EXHIBITION, DIVERSIFIED & LARGE EXHIBITION, DIVERSIFIED & TARGETED SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES: TARGETED SUPPORTING ACTIVITIES: • Enterprises from over 100 countries and •

Enterprises over 100 countriesinand regions arefrom expected to participate CIIE. regions are expected to participate in CIIE. • The following supporting activities will be • The following supporting activities will be held during the Expo: held• during the Expo: matchmaking Supply-demand • Supply-demand matchmaking meetings; meetings; • Seminars; and • • Seminars; and Product releases.

• Product releases.

CIIE CIIE HAS HAS THREE THREEPARTS: PARTS:

1.

1. Country CountryPavilion Pavilionfor forTrade Tradeand andInvestment, Investment,this thisisis exclusively for country exhibitions, not business exclusively for country exhibitions, not business transactions. The Australian Government will be transactions. The Australian Government will be exhibiting in this Pavilion. exhibiting in this Pavilion.

2. Enterprise and Business Exhibition 2. Enterprise and Business Exhibition a) Trade in goods: a) Trade in goods: 1. High-end Intelligent Equipment; 1. High-end Intelligent Equipment; 2. Consumer Electronics & Appliances; 2. Automobile; Consumer Electronics & Appliances; 3.

3.

Automobile; 4. Apparel, Accessories & Consumer 4. Goods; Apparel, Accessories & Consumer Goods; 5. Food & Agricultural Products; and 5.

Food & Agricultural 6. Medical Equipment Products; & Medicaland Care 6. Products.

Medical Equipment & Medical Care Products. b) Trade in services: b)1.Trade in services: Tourism; 1.

Tourism; 2. Emerging Technologies; 2. Culture Emerging Technologies; 3. & Education; 3. Creative Culture &Design; Education; 4. and 4. Service CreativeOutsourcing.

Design; and 5.

5. International Service Outsourcing.

6.

Trade Forum 6. International Trade Forum

Please see the China International Import Expo information pack and application forms for further ForInternational further information to submit applications please contact Lucy Please see details. the China Importand Expo information pack and application forms Palermo, Events information and Communications Manger on (08) 6189 7844 or email for further ACBC details.(WA) For further and to submit applications please contact Lucy lucy.palermo@acbc.com.au (WeChat Lucy_Clare_Palermo).

Palermo, ACBC (WA) Events and Communications Manger on (08) 6189 7844 or email lucy.palermo@acbc.com.au (WeChat Lucy_Clare_Palermo).

Hamersley Gorge Karijini National Park, Western Australia Photo: Tourism WA

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