Thesis Research Book Fall 2019 by Bonnee Grennon

DESIGNING FOR COMPANION ANIMALS DISASTER RELIEF SHELTER RESEARCH + PROGRAMMING

BONNEE GRENNON | FALL 2019

CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 4 CULTURE + DEMOGRAPHICS

PROGRAMMING

CASE STUDIES

RESEARCH + ANALYSIS

CITATIONS 52

INTRODUCTION

PROBLEM STATEMENT This project consists of a modular housing structure for companion animals that will be designed specifically for the Osceola County Animal Services Facility, located in St. Cloud, Florida. This structure will aid animal hospitals and shelters in need of additional housing and facility space due to the influx of animals seeking safety during emergencies such as hurricanes and flooding.

THESIS STATEMENT By designing a modular, net-zero structure with sustainable materials and finishes, an efficient and comfortable space for all inhabitants can be created. To enhance the efficacy of the space, materials and finishes will be carefully selected to ensure an interior that is: 1. Easy to maintain 2. Acoustically appropriate 3. Can be re-organized to meet the demands of the client and 4. Is comfortable for all its inhabitants.

GOALS + OBJECTIVES 1

Design an acoustically soothing environment in the boarding areas • Use materials that surpass the requirement of acoustic separation

Diffuse lingering odors of ammonia, commonly associated with pet urine-passive ventilation • Use passive ventilation consistent with Net-Zero energy efficient practices to reduce strong odors in the interior

Ensure that the kennel areas are fit to accommodate animals of all sizes at all times • Develop a modular system that allows for the size of each kennel or cage to be modified based on the needs of that space

Make supplies easily accessible from all points of the unit-maximizing storage • Maximize square footage by increasing storage within each unit, so that all the supplies needed for that specific area are located in unit

Create a more sustainable interior • Use cradle to cradle certified materials wherever possible

CULTURE + DEMOGRAPHICS

CULTURE

St. Cloud is located within Osceola County in Florida, and was originally founded as a retirement community for Civil War veterans. This town thrives off of the idea of “Celebrating Small Town Life.”

Due to its proximity, Osceola’s economic base is dominated by tourism; serving as a ‘gateway’ to Disney World and other Central Florida attractions.

St. Cloudâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s architecture is primarily dominated by Spanish influence. These buildings help shape the quiet downtown city and often attract tourist because it differs from the busier cities surrounding it.

DEMOGRAPHICS TOTAL POPULATION: 54,115

HISPANIC 29.2% OTHER .4% PACIFIC ISLANDER .3%

WHITE 62.1%

ASIAN 2.4% AFRICAN AMERICAN 7% NATIVE AMERICAN 1%

18.7% OF THE POPULATION IS

PUERTO RICAN CLIMATE Relatively humid with mild winters. In January, the coldest month of the year, temperatures can range from 50 to 60 °F During July, typically the hottest month of the year, monthly average temperatures are in the low 80s°F

72.3 °F Average in 2018

60.52” Total Rainfall in 2018

GEOGRAPHY Saint Cloud

Florida

Osceola County

St. Cloud, Florida is located on the southern short of East Lake Tohopekaliga. This town falls within Osceola County, and is 18.68 square miles large, of which 0.11% is water.

LEGEND Body of Water

< 1% ACF

1% ACF

2% ACF ACF=Annual Chance of Flooding

Although St. Cloud is adjacent to a lake, the risk to flooding is low, making this town a primary location for disaster relief relocation.

PROGRAMMING

SITE

The disaster relief structure(s) will be located adjacent to St. Cloudâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Osceola County Animal Services building. The existing building is approximately 60,000 square feet, and sits on 1.7 acres of land. The additional structure(s) will occupy approximately 1 acre, leaving 7.4 acres open for further development.

OSCEOLA COUNTY ANIMAL SERVICES The animals shelter’s primary missions and goals consist of 3 simple ideas • To provide the best care possible to ALL animals that come to the shelter • To be diligent in their efforts to save lives. • To educate and assist the community with animal related problems.

Adoption Services

Field Education and Enforcement

Free Ride Home Program

Licensing

LEASH

Live animal traps

This shelter offers various services in addition to housing and re-homing of animals.

The Osceola County Animal Services shelter is funded by county taxes, donations and grants.

OCAS is an ‘Open Access’ shelter, therefore they must accept all animals regardless of temperament, health or history.

LIST OF SPACES

Intake + Quarantine • Completely separate from housing and examination • Short term occupation (24-36 hours)

Examination (3) • Canine • Feline • Infectious Disease Control

Laundry + Grooming • Washer and Dryer • Utility Sink • Storage for Linens

Supplies Storage • Shelving for Food, Litter, Dishes and Toys • Shelving for Grounds and Kennel Maintenance Supplies

OUT ACC DOOR ESS

COMPANION ANIMAL HOUSING THESIS

PLU M ACC BING ESS

FOR:

A DJ ACE NCI ES

CRITERIA MATRIX

INTAKE AND QUARANTINE

N/A

YES

EXAM ROOM X3

1,3,4

YES

SINGLE HOUSING: CANINE

2,4

YES

SINGLE HOUSING: FELINE

2,3

YES

LAUNDRY AND GROOMING

YES

STORAGE

Single Unit Canine Housing • Modular • 4-6’ wide x 10-12’ long divided by a guillotine door -or• 3’ wide by 6’ long divided by a guillotine door • Double Sided Run • Outdoor access for safer means of isolation and excretion

Single Feline Housing • Modular • Approximately 9 Square Feet • 28-30” Clear Floor Space • 3’ Wide • 30” Height with Perch • Double sided compartment for litter

Open Bars for Ventilation

Guillotine Door

Sloped Floor for Drainage

Drain

Open Bars for Ventilation

Outdoor Access

A double-sided kennel, illustrated on the left, allows for separation between where the animal eats and where they go to the bathroom; making their experience more comfortable and maintenance easier.

Portal

Quiet Hinges

A double-sided cage, illustrated on the left, allows for a raised bed to be used, and separates the litter box from the resting area. These cages can be stacked on-top of each other to save space.

CASE STUDIES

EMERGENCY SUPPLY TRAILER

Propac Pet Shelter Supplies Location varies

7’ x 16’ (includes 24” deep interior shelf)

This case study focuses on the supplies and materials needed for emergency animal care. By evaluating the number of animals that can be serviced with the select supplies stored, more accurate storage facilities can be designed for this project. The supplies stored in the trailer are listed to the right.

• (45) Stackable crates, 48” x 30” x 36”

• (4 pairs) Disposable rubber gloves

• (15) Stackable crates, 30” x 19” x 22”

• (5) Buckets

• 8.5” x 11” Poly envelopes for crates

• (5) Scrub brushes

• (1) Tab-band collars for animal ID, 10”, pack of 500

• (1) Telescoping handle

• (2) Tab-band collars for animal ID, 20”, pack of 500

• (1) Mop bucket with wringer

• (1250) Colored wristbands for owner ID

• (1) Mop head

• (1) Registration log book

• Disinfectant, 100 oz

• (1) Digital camera and memory card

• (4) Bottles of Bleach, 1 quart each

• (1) Animal control pole

• (1) Hand wash station

• (2) Handling gloves

• (1) Liquid dispenser for hand wash station

• (1) Garden Hose, 5/8” x 50’

• (2) Trash Cans

• (5) Pooper scooper • (1) Bio-hazard bag for waste pick up, pack of 100 • (1) Measuring cup • (50) Bowls, 4 cup • (2) Can opener • (4) Cat Litter Bags, 25 lbs each • (6) Litter Box • (5) Litter Scoops • (1) Spray bottle for crate cleaning

EMERGENCY ANIMAL HOSPITAL

Town and Country Veterinary Clinic Christiansburg, VA 14,004 SQ FT TWC Construction This case study focuses on the process of an animal clinics day-to-day tasks. The design of this interior also helps define what spaces are necessary for this project type.

• Lobby/Reception

• Feline boarding

• Staff lounge

• ‘Cat Waiting’ area

• Luxury Canine Kennel room

• Conference room

• Canine grooming

• Standard Canine Kennel room

• Veterinarian sleeping area

• Surgical quarantine

• Laundry room

• Veterinarian open-office space

• Treatment area

• Storage

• (3) Private offices

• (2) Surgical suite

• Puppy room/nursery

• Pharmacy

• (6) Canine exam room

• Grieving room

• Check-out

• (6) Feline exam room

This new-construction project was designed and finished in 2018. Town and Country Veterinary Clinic offers 24-hour emergency care to companion animals as well as exotics.

Treatment area

Canine exam room

One unique feature of animal hospital design is that various spaces must be designed for the patients, for the owners and for the staff. Town and Country Veterinary Clinic is no different. This two-story structure features examination rooms and kennel housing for the patients, grieving rooms for the owners and office space as well as lounge and sleeping quarters for staff working long hours. Depending on the size of the animal and the amenities they require, the size of the kennel varies. Pictured on the right are a series of large â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;runsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; and comparatively smaller cages. This arrangement can be used for long and short term stays and is relatively standard amongst animal hospital design.

Standard canine kennel area

KEYNOTE LEGEND

07.701

RE: A1.2b

MATCHLINE

CAT WAITING

A7.5

108

109

A7.5

103 B

EXAM 4

A7.5

110

139

A7.6

22.403

JANITOR

106

W7 103

22.409

129

W7 22.404

116B W7

LOBBY

115

CHECK-IN RECEPTION

11.711

101B

2 1

11.711

CIRCULATON

113A

A7.5

113B 16

106

130

TREATMENT CIRCULATION

PHARMACY REF.

10.201

125

TECH STATIONS

W3 11.711

A7.5

11.703

113

LABORATORY

114

2 A7.2

112B

114B

CHECK OUT RECEPTION/ PHONE

06.425

A7.3

A7.5

A3.1

2 A7.1

A7.5

112

10.201

114A

101

DOCTOR OFFICE 112A

06.425

116

A7.5

102

ENTRY VESTIBULE

102C

06.425

116A

11.711

5 A6.1

TECH STATIONS

PRACTICE MANAGEMENT OFFICE

115

BUSINESS OFFICE

11.711

RR 2

111

10.201

10.403

A7.6

CIRCULATON

A3.1

101A

GROOMING B

140

102A

VIRGINIA

22.404

GROOMING A

129

22.404

A7.5

06.425

139

EXAM 3

110B

107

RETAIL

ADOPTION CENTER

EXAM 2

EXAM 6

06.425

EXAM 7

118

A7.5

119

200 CENTRAL AVE. NE CHRISTIANSBURG, VA 24073

TOWN & COUNTRY VC & EH

3 A4.1

EXAM 1

109B

140

07.701 K

A2.1

137

137A

1550 WILLMAR AVENUE S.E. WILLMAR, MINNESOTA 56201 320.235.1664 FAX 320.235.3137

10.201

BOARDING CIRCULATION

105 P

07.701 J

CIRCULATION

10.201 6 A6.1

A3.2

10.201

F F

105

11.711 22.403 22.404 22.409

2 A3.2 07.701

110A

11.703

A2.1 1 A3.2

109A

11.701

KEYNOTE TEXT STEEL COLUMN; RE: STRUCTURAL PRESURFACED STAINED TIMBER RE; FINISHED SCHEDULE & STRUCTURAL MANUFACTURED GUTTERS AND DOWNSPOUTS CORNER GUARD, TYPICAL ALL OUTSIDE GYP. BD. CORNERS MANUFACTURED FIREPLACE; RE: SPECS. SEMI-RECESSED FIRE EXTINGUISHER CABINET, 48" AFF MAX. TO TOP OF CABINET. INSTALL PER REQUIREMENTS OF THE JURISDICTION HAVING AUTHORITY RECESSED SCALE, PROVIDE A 2'-2" X 4'-2" ROUGH OPENING IN THE CONCRETE SLAB 2" DEEP. ROUTE EMPTY CONDUIT FROM BASE OF WALL AT SCALE TO DESK OR AS DIRECTED BY OWNER DRY TABLE, REFER DETAILS ON SEPARATE SHEET. EXCEPT NO MEDICAL GAS LINE TO BE INSTALLED IN THE TABLE LEASH HOOK, PROVIDE IN WALL BLOCKING AS REQUIRED DRINKING FOUNTAIN; RE: PLUMBING FLOOR DRAIN; RE: PLUMBING MOP SINK; RE: PLUMBING

108

07.701 10.201 10.301 10.403

107

KEY VALUE 05.101 06.425

05.101

1 A7.2

11.711

11.701

10.201

11.711

10.201

10.301

10.403

A7.5

EXAM 8

EXAM 9

122

123

121

ISSUE SCHEDULE

07.701

124

A4.4

A3.2

REVISION SCHEDULE

D I

RE: A1.2b

MATCHLINE

WW TWC

CHECKED BY:

COMFORT

I 106

121

07.701

1 A7.1

16226

DRAWN BY:

NO. DESCRIPTION DATE 1 FOR CONSTRUCTION 7-17-2017

126

RR 1 M-1

PROJ. NO:

INVENTORY OFFICE

22.404

M-1

A7.5

W7 W3

07.701

127A

A7.6

126

120

123

JANITOR

DOG WAITING

A7.5

W7 W3 124B

W7 22.409

124A

All design, documents and data prepared shall remain the property of TerWisscha Construction Inc and shall not be copied, changed, or disclosed in any form without written consent. TerWisscha Construction Inc shall not be responsible for any alterations or revisions made by anyone other than employees of TerWisscha Construction Inc.

10.201

125

10.201

120

NO.

A3.2

A4.3

DESCRIPTION

DATE

1st FLOOR ZONE - A NOTE PLAN

A2.1

KEYPLAN 1st FLOOR ZONE - A NTS

A1.2a

1st FLOOR ZONE - A NOTE PLAN

1 A1.2a

1/4" = 1'-0"

0' 1'

5'-4"

10'-8"

16'

KEYNOTE LEGEND 05.101 06.407 07.701 08.502 10.201 10.403

RE: A1.2a

07.701 J

11.702

10.201 D

A7.6

22.404 W3

10.201

GROOMING WARD 138

10 8 W3

E 2

10.201

142

10.201

132

10.201

A7.6

10.201

A7.8

W11

W12

145

2 U/C REF.

11.702

A7.8

CIRCULATION

A7.7

A6.4

W11

147

RR 3

134

22.404

145

05.101

A7.8 11.703

A7.7

TREATMENT

SPECIAL PROCEDURES

128

A7.7

10.201

11.702

SURGERY PREP

A7.8

A7.7

12 A7.7

26.110

2 A3.1

22.404

22.404 W3

11.702 A7.7

152

22.404

DENTAL CORNER 11.703

127

22.404

RISER RM

W4 127A

STAIRS

D:\Revit Files\16226 Town & Country VC LOCAL.rvt

08.502

10.201

SURGERY A

136

10.403

26.110

A7.8 9

22.404 22.412

06.407

W10

136

22.404

PROJ. NO:

1 A3.1

11.734

W3 D

23.315

VIRGINIA

146 10

10.201

10.201 W3

LUXURY BOARDING SUITES 22.404

10.201

130

06.407 10.201

131

10.201

08.502

05.101

STORAGE

22.404 26.111 135

22.404

151

150A

26.110

22.404

23.315

U/C REF.

131

135

150B

SURGERY B

DR STATION

10.201

12.325

Scale

12.325

22.420

JANITOR RADIOLOGY

22.404 10.201

130

150

10.201

147

146

A7.8

A7.6

10.403

W3 3 A7.1

A6.4 7

22.406

10.201

FOOD PREP

A2.1

148

A7.7

R 11.703

REF. 10.201

10.201

TRIAGE

1 22.404

DOG BOARDING W3

W7 3

10.201

3 A3.1

W3 22.404

A7.6

A7.9

144A

10.201 10.201

132

A7.8

2 144B

1550 WILLMAR AVENUE S.E. WILLMAR, MINNESOTA 56201 320.235.1664 FAX 320.235.3137

A7.7

STERILIZATION

ISOLATION

133

A7.6

26.111

A7.6

RECOVERY WARD

137C

144C

137

ICU / RECOVERY

A7.6

144 W3

141

H.B.

5 W3

NURSERY WARD

LAUNDRY

BOARDING CIRCULATION

133

10.201

152

138

22.404

151

22.404

11.734 12.325 22.404 22.406 22.412 22.420 23.315 26.110

148A

W7 R

11.703

D 148B

137

148C

16226

DRAWN BY:

RCR

CHECKED BY:

TWC

ISSUE SCHEDULE

22.404

200 CENTRAL AVE. NE CHRISTIANSBURG, VA 24073

BOARDING CIRCULATION

KEYNOTE TEXT STEEL COLUMN; RE: STRUCTURAL RECESSED ISLAND SHELVING, PLAM FINISH MANUFACTURED GUTTERS AND DOWNSPOUTS PASS THRU WINDOW; RE: DETAILS CORNER GUARD, TYPICAL ALL OUTSIDE GYP. BD. CORNERS SEMI-RECESSED FIRE EXTINGUISHER CABINET, 48" AFF MAX. TO TOP OF CABINET. INSTALL PER REQUIREMENTS OF THE JURISDICTION HAVING AUTHORITY WET TABLE, REFER DETAILS ON SEPARATE SHEET. EXCEPT NO MEDICAL GAS LINE TO BE INSTALLED IN THE TABLE DRY TABLE, REFER DETAILS ON SEPARATE SHEET. EXCEPT NO MEDICAL GAS LINE TO BE INSTALLED IN THE TABLE DENTAL XRAY UNIT-WALL, RE: EQUIPMENT SCHEDULE FOR SIZE VET-STORAGE CABINET FLOOR DRAIN; RE: PLUMBING HOSE BIBB; RE: PLUMBING HANDS FREE SINK; RE: PLUMBING FIRE SUPRESSION RISER ASSEMBLY, RE: PLUMBING FAN COIL UNIT; RE: MECHANICAL CEILING HUNG TREATMENT LIGHT PROVIDE BLOCKING AS REQUIRED; RE: ELECTRICAL CEILING HUNG SURGERY LIGHT PROVIDE BLOCKING AS REQUIRED; RE: ELECTRICAL

TOWN & COUNTRY VC & EH

10.201

137B

MATCHLINE

KEY VALUE

9/6/2017 12:16:51 PM

NO. DESCRIPTION DATE 1 FOR CONSTRUCTION 7-17-2017

W7 D

RE: A1.2a

127B

H D MATCHLINE

D:\Revit Files\16226 Town & Country VC LOCAL.rvt

10.201

CIRCULATON

122

102B

06.425

A3.1

9/6/2017 12:16:32 PM

A7.5

106 06.425

A7.5

117

10.201

EXAM 5

128

Scale

119

A7.5

118

11.711

26.111

H H

1 A5.1

A4.3

A3.2

1ST FLOOR ZONE - B NOTE PLAN Floor plans provided by Bill Winchell at TWC Construction 1

A1.2b

1/4" = 1'-0"

REVISION SCHEDULE NO.

0' 1'

5'-4"

10'-8"

KEYPLAN 1st FLOOR ZONE - B NTS

DESCRIPTION

DATE

1st FLOOR ZONE - B NOTE PLAN

A1.2b

16'

MODULAR HOUSING UNIT

The Annabelle Cape Cod Model North East America 2,338 SQ FT Ritz-Craft Modular Homes This case study focuses on how larger structures can be designed with expansion in mind. By simplifying the construction of each piece, and reinforcing the idea of custom configuration, pre-fabricated construction can make for efficient and aesthetically pleasing designs.

• (3) Bedrooms

• Kitchen

• Living Room

• (2.5) Bathrooms

• Utility

• Dining

• Home Office

Ritz-Craft modular homes are 100% American made along the east coast. These prefabricated structures vary in size but feature commonalities like the craftsmanship, materiality and option for customization.

Bedroom Example

Bathroom Example

Prefabricated buildings that consist of repeated sections called modules. This construction method involves constructing the various modules away from the building site and then delivering them the site for installation. The inter-connections tie the individual modules together to form the overall building structure. Because of their modular design, these sections can be placed in various configurations to create a custom design. Kitchen Example

Floor plans provided by Ritz-Craft.com

RESEARCH + ANALYSIS

COLOR AND MATERIALS

Color Given that companion animals cannot see color the same way as humans, the color used in the space is less important in comparison to the materials.

Ceiling Materials Hard materials typically enhance sound and make a space feel uncomfortable. Softer, more acoustically sound materials should be used on surfaces that arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t susceptible to water damage, like ceilings and higher surfaces. Therefore. Acoustic Ceiling Tile or a similar product could be used in this application, and if the runs do not run from floor to ceiling, thicker materials should be used to absorb the refracting sound.

Floor Materials Because of urine and feces excretion, all floor materials should be slip- and water-resistant as well as durable and easy to clean. Therefore, a material such as sheet vinyl would be a good candidate, and should continue onto the wall surface, acting as an additional barrier against major spills and messes.

Wall Materials Runs will mostly be used by canines, given that felines are better secured in cages. That being said, the wall material should be scratch resistant and easy to clean. In many cases, materials such as plastic, galvanized steel and powder coated steel. Plastic is typically the most commonly used materials because it is water resistant, easy to clean and softer acoustically, than metal. The construction of runs can vary, but typically consist of panels that are locked into metal posts that are secured in the floor.

Casework Materials Traditional casework materials like plywood and particleboard would be appropriate for this setting.

Exterior Materials The canine runs will have direct access to the outdoors to ensure they can relieve themselves when necessary. Each run will require additional fencing to separate the dogs from each other. In regard to the buildingsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; exterior, the materials used should be durable and inexpensive given that the focus of the design should be on the interior where the animals will spend most of their time.

Cage Construction Materials Similar to runs, stacked cages are typically constructed of plastic or galvanized steel. Plastic is preferred because it is softer and still maintains a water-resistant barrier, but steel cages are inexpensive and are more commonly used. If steel stacked cages were to be used it is important to note that softer materials must be used to increase the animalsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; comfort, given that metal will retain heat, or cold depending on its exposure to heat.

Misc. Materials Soft materials, such as blankets and beds, should be used as often as possible, to increase comfort and reduce stress for the user. Raised pet beds are also commonly used in canine runs. These are popular because even if the floor is soiled, the animal has access to a dry and comfortable space to sit. These beds are constructed

ORIGINAL RESEARCH

Tiny Space Living A â&#x20AC;&#x153;tiny spaceâ&#x20AC;? is defined as a livable dwelling unit that ranges in size from 200 SQ FT to 650 SQ FT. During this research, several tiny spaces were observed, including dormitories, micro-apartments and mobile homes. The purpose of this evaluation was to determine how communal spaces were used while also defining what the biggest issues were within these communal areas. In addition, the storage solutions within each of these tiny spaces was observed. The main purpose of this research was to determine how smaller living environments can alter the behavior of its users.

Survey Evaluations Students, ranging from 18 to 23, were asked to fill out a qualitative survey about communal areas within living environments and how they can be improved. These communal areas varied from laundry rooms and kitchens to bathrooms and lounge space. Below are the results from that survey.

Number of Responses

9 4 1

Rank Given

When asked to rate how satisfied users were with their shared living environments, majority ranked them at 4 on a scale from 1-5.

CONCERNS Cleanliness

Guest Access

Noise Control 15 29 of the responses stated that cleanliness was the number one concern within these spaces. Following that, 17 respondents claimed that guest access was their number one issue with shared living environments. Lastly, 15 individuals felt that noise control was the biggest concern.

Interviews

Maria Saxton Ph.D. in Environmental Design and Planning Founder of NANO Maria Saxton has devoted the last 3 years of her research on the impact of tiny-house living on the environment. She found that along with a reduction in waste, living in tiny-homes can help individuals live more minimalist lives. Living in a smaller home also helps to relieve financial strain. Saxton stated that living in smaller spaces can be challenging but also rewarding.

Greg Galford Doctor in Philosophy - Ph.D. Interior Architecture Assistant Professor at Virginia Tech The interview with Dr. Greg Galford referenced his research on prisoner behavior and how the environment they live in can alter this. Galford stated that many people find it easier to manage living in confined spaces when they have a regimented routine, are aware of time, can view and hear nature and trust the individuals around them.

Case Study

Motor Home Design

The purpose of this case study was to determine what amenities can be included in a confined space. Majority of the furniture and fixtures in this space serve multiple purposes. Without this innovation, small living environments would not be able to include full size amenities such as full size beds and fridges.

NET-ZERO DESIGN Defining Net-Zero Design Net-zero design consists of the idea that buildings can meet their annual energy requirements by using low-cost, locally available and non-polluting renewable sources . A zero-energy building (ZEB) can be achieved by using on- and off-site energy efficient technology to generate enough renewable energy to equal or exceed annual energy use. Depending on the project type, site location and values of the design team and owner, ZEB can be defined in several different ways. Four commonly used definitions are: net-zero site energy, net-zero source energy, netzero energy costs, and net-zero energy emissions. The definition of net-zero site energy is used when the buildings site produces at least as much energy as it uses in a year. In contrast, the net-zero source energy definition is used when considering a specific source, rather than the site itself, as the producer of energy. To be considered net-zero, this source would have to produce as much energy as it uses in a year; “source energy refers to the primary energy used to generate and deliver the energy to the site” and is calculated by multiplying imported and exported energy by the appropriate site-to-source conversion multipliers. Building owners most commonly define a ZEB in a way that models net-zero energy cost. This definition relates to the monetary cost of energy used to operate the building, and in the case of a ZEB, the amount of money that a utility company would pay the building owner for the energy the building is exporting is equal to or greater than the amount that the building owner would pay to operate the building over the year. The final definition is related to the amount of emissions a building produces. A ZEB that is considered net-zero energy emissions would produce “at least as much emissions-free renewable energy as it uses from emissionsproducing energy sources”; this definition is most commonly used by individuals and organizations that are concerned about pollution from power plants, and the burning of fossil fuels.

Renewable Energy Supply + Design The idea of a net-zero energy building can vary depending on location and production type. However, “the concept of a Net Zero Energy Building (Net ZEB) encompasses two options of supplying renewable energy,” specifically on-site and off-site renewable energy supply. On-site supply options are most commonly used for various reasons, including the proximity to the site as well as the owner’s comprehension of how the process works. That being said, a movement is forming that prioritizes off-site energy supply over on-site because of the limited area available for such supply processes. On-site renewable energy supply processes are limited to the roof and facade planes, and where the population of buildings is increased (i.e. a dense city) the amount of energy produced is greatly reduced and may not meet the threshold of net-zero energy. Comparing on-site and off-site renewable energy supply, on-site is limited to the interior and exterior of the building and varies from processes like photo-voltaic systems and micro combined heat and power systems (micro-CHP system). Photo-voltaic systems are also known as solar panels and can be used on a building’s roof as well as integrated into the exterior facade materials. Micro-CHP systems relate to HVAC systems, where a generator provides electric power, while simultaneously utilizing the waste heat for an individual building’s heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. A supply resource is considered off-site if it is located anywhere off site. This type of energy supply can vary from processes like wind-turbine co-ops to solar panel farms, and most business owners invest in these suppliers rather than simply outsourcing.

CRADLE TO CRADLE MATERIALS

Defining Cradle to Cradle design The idea behind Cradle to Cradle design is to push the boundaries of innovation, encouraging designers and scientists to develop materials and products that can be continuously reused so as to reduce the amount of building material that goes to waste during and after construction . For a product to be Cradle to Cradle certified it must meet strict requirements related to five factors: Material Health, Material Utilization, Renewable Energy, Water Stewardship and Social Fairness. Although the basic requirements are strict, products are given a â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;scoreâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; based on a split 5-level system of Basic, Bronze, Silver, Gold and Platinum. This system was developed in an effort to promote continuous improvement within production and development of these renewable materials.

Examples of Cradle to Cradle design Given the temporary nature of disaster relief construction, it is important that the products and materials used can be reused or recycled . Cradle to Cradle(C2C) products model this concept and will be used in replacement of traditional construction materials in order to make the design as sustainable as possible. Ideally, both the materials that will be used for the exterior as well as interior will be C2C certified; so the amount of waste produced from construction, installation and demolition is reduced as much as possible. Some of the C2C products that could be used in this design include:

‘Derbipure’ by Imperbel SA

‘SP Range’ by Deventer Profielen B.V.

‘Knauf platen’ by B&N Knauf Cie Isolava GCV

CODES + STANDARDS

• Business Group B • Low-Hazard Storage Group S-29 • Classified as a Category 8-Emergency 6.2.8.1 • Interior Finishes “Interior Finishes, contents, furnishings and storage shall be in accordance with Section 10.2 of NFPA 101 or Sections 10.2 and 10.3 of NFPA 5000 Interior wall and ceiling finish materials shall be Class A or Class B in accordance with ASTM E84

• Exterior Finishes Exterior walls shall provide the building with a weather-resistant exterior wall envelope. The exterior wall envelope shall include flashing, as described in Section 1405.4. The exterior wall envelope shall be designed and constructed in such a manner as to prevent the accumulation of water within the wall assembly by providing a water-resistive barrier behind the exterior veneer, as described in Section 1404.2, and a means for draining water that enters the assembly to the exterior. Protection against condensation in the exterior wall assembly shall be provided in accordance with Section 1405.3.

• Dimensions should allow for animals to achieve all normal postures and allow for a human to enter the space for cleaning in some way, when possible, include an alternative space located adjacent for refuge during cleaning times.

• Non-porous surfaces that can be easily disinfected and are durable enough to withstand repeated cleaning should be used in all animal areas and must be used in those areas housing puppies and kittens, or animals who are infectious or who are newly admitted with an unknown health history. These principles are equally important in home based programs. A sealed, impermeable surface, such as sealed concrete or epoxy is ideal for flooring.

• Appropriate housing that meets the behavioral needs of the animals minimizes stress. Even short-term Housing must meet the minimum behavioral needs of animals, providing separate areas for urination/defecation, feeding and resting and sufficient space to stand and walk several steps, and sit or lie at full body length.

LITTER

RESTING

T EE

EE T

2 FEET

FOOD

• Less than 2 feet of triangulated distance between litter box, resting place and feeding area has been shown to adversely affect food intake for cats.

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES + ANALYSIS “Effects of Group and Individual Housing on the Behavior of Kenneled Dogs in Animal Shelters” • A study was conducted at an animal shelter in Germany to observe if housing dogs together would impact their long-term behavior . 211 dogs were evaluated prior to, during and after their time at the facility. During this assessment, some dogs were placed in kennels with others, while others were kept separate from one another. The conclusion of the study was that the dogs housed together displayed signs of less anxiety, better temperament and a stronger animalhuman relationship. These dogs were also less likely to be returned to the shelter in comparison to the dogs housed by themselves. The canines housed by themselves showed stereotypical behavior consistent with unsocialized and anxious dogs. • This article is relevant to my research because it opened my eyes to the possibility of group housing for the animals. I had originally thought this to be impossible, at the risk of having the animals fight amongst each other and cause more trauma. This study helped me realize that with the proper tools and techniques, group housing can be achieved. I am still a bit apprehensive about housing the animals together, given that supervision may be limited, but I think having a designated socialization area where the dogs can interact with one another could benefit the animals, the staff caring for them and their perspective owners. “The influence of environmental change on the behavior of sheltered dogs” • Researchers observed how the organization of a kennel, as well as the products used in it can impact comfort levels and adoption likelihood . In this study, it was discovered that dogs who appear uncomfortable in their environment (barking, sitting in the back of the kennel, scared to approach the front of it etc.) are less likely to be adopted. In order to increase comfort levels, a more stimulating environment was created by placing beds closer to the front of the cage and using toys to entice interaction between the animals and visitors. • Although this research was directed towards adoption rate, the information is still relevant to the idea of a healthy and comfortable environment for the animals in a kennel and help to justify furniture placement within the kennels. 48

“Effects of sheltering on physiology, immune function, behavior, and the welfare of dogs” • This article discusses how a shelters interior can negatively impact an animal’s health and wellbeing, similar to how an interior environment can negatively impact a human . The study focuses on the behaviors of dogs, and how this behavior correlates with health issues associated with stress. As stated in the article, the most common signs of stress are pacing, grooming and unresponsiveness to stimuli. When the animals in the study displayed these behaviors, they were tested to see what physical ailments, if any, were occurring and the results concluded that when an animal is experiencing stress, they typically have higher levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and arginine vasopressin. These hormones stimulate the “fight or flight” response and put the animal in a state of shock and panic. This physiological response can negatively impact an animal’s health and wellbeing, given that over exposure to such hormones can alter the function of internal organs and brain activity. • This aids my research because it shows what factors in a shelter environment negatively influence an animal. This information will improve my design because I can account for these challenges and potentially lower the impact they have on the mental and physical health of the animals in the space. By better understanding the biology of what is causing the nervousness and anxiety, I can further research items that balance the increase in hormones such as comfortable surfaces and familiar objects such as toys and blankets.

“Challenges encountered during the veterinary disaster response: An example from Chile” • This article discusses the lack of disaster relief coordination for companion animals in small countries such as Chile . Various factors are observed including the plan, response and recovery operations in order to better understand how efficient and effective the current plans are. This research concluded that despite the social and economic benefits, many national and regional disaster relief plans lack advisory information regarding companion animals. This lack of coordination accompanied by increased exposure to disease can be detrimental to the restoration of a society and can even contribute to the chaos. • This research validates my design intent by providing valuable information about a lack of coordination, funding and overall strategy to planning for companion animal care during and after a disaster strikes. It directly states how the Chilean disaster relief plans as they are, lead to confusion and frustration amongst volunteers and citizens when it comes to companion animal welfare. Many similar plans, including regional Florida, lack basic information related to what owners and staff should do when it comes to companion animal care during such an event. My design would give local governments and animal care facilities a relief option to include in their plans that would better regulate the care given to the animals by offering consistent care at square footages to accommodate the needs of the facility.

“Companion Animals, Natural Disasters and the Law: An Australian Perspective” • This journal entry is about disaster relief in Australia and focuses on how animals, particularly companion animals, are not considered as important as their human owners . Three basic fundamentals are discussed in this article: 1. That companion animals have just as much as right to care and safety as humans 2. That many households all over the world consider their companion animals as more than just pets, but as members of the family, and would be willing to sacrifice their own safety over their pets and 3. Some owners, although they mean well, cant properly care for or make decisions for their pets so for a government to assume that these owners would be able to properly address the needs of their animals during a time of major crisis and trauma is unrealistic. • This article helps to validate the need for my design during times of crisis, given that pets are a valuable member of the household and have rights just the same as humans do. During these potentially traumatic events, people should focus on their own lives and safety and can only do so by having the peace of mind that their loved ones, including their pets, are also safe and away from danger.

CITATIONS

Culture + Demographics •

https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF

•

https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?src=CF

• https://www.osceola.org/about-osceola-county/general-information/economy.stml • https://www2.census.gov/geo/docs/maps-data/data/gazetteer/2016_Gazetteer/2016_ gaz_place_12.txt

• https://msc.fema.gov/portal/search#searchresultsanchor •

https://www.stcloud.org/

• https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/products-services/data/statewide-averages/temperature • https://climatecenter.fsu.edu/products-services/data/statewide-averages/precipitation • https://statesummaries.ncics.org/chapter/fl/ Programming •

https://www.osceolacountypets.com/mission/

•

https://www.osceolacountypets.com/our-team/

• https://www.sheltermedicine.com/library/resources/?r=all-you-need-to-know-abouthousing-dogs-in-animal-shelters

Case Studies •

https://propacusa.com/pet-shelter-trailer/

•

https://tcvccares.com/

•

Tour of Facility

•

Contact with Bill Wenchell from TWC Construction

• https://www.ritz-craft.com/

Codes + Regulations •

Florida Building Code 6Th Edition 2017 https://codes.iccsafe.org/content/FBC2017/ chapter-3-use-and-occupancy-classification#FBC2017_Ch03_Sec311

•

NFPA 150 2019 Edition http://www.floridabuilding.org/fbc/commission/FBC_0415/ Commission_Education_POC/701/701-0-MATERIAL.pdf

• https://www.sheltervet.org/assets/docs/shelter-standards-oct2011-wforward.pdf

Research + Analysis •

Petra A. Mertens & J. Unshelm (1996) Effects of Group and Individual Housing on the Behavior of Kennelled Dogs in Animal Shelters, Anthrozoös, 9:1, 40-51, doi: 10.2752/089279396787001662

•

Wells, DL and Hepper PG. (2000). The influence of environmental change on the behavior of sheltered dogs. Animals: an open access journal from MDPI, 68(2):151-162. doi: 10.1016/ s0168-1591(00)00100-3

• Protopopova, A. (2016). Effects of sheltering on physiology, immune function, behavior, and the welfare of dogs. Physiology & Behavior, 159, 95-103.

• Garde, E., Perez, G. E., Acosta-Jamett, G., & Bronsvoort, B. M. (2013). Challenges

encountered during the veterinary disaster response: An example from chile. Animals, 3(4), 1073-1085. doi:http://dx.doi.org.ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/10.3390/ani3041073

• White S. (2012). Companion Animals, Natural Disasters and the Law: An Australian

Perspective. Animals: an open access journal from MDPI, 2(3), 380–394. doi:10.3390/ ani2030380

•

Torcellini, P., Pless, S., Deru, M., & Crawley, D. Zero Energy Buildings: A Critical Look at the Definition; Preprint. United States.

• Marszal, Anna Joanna and Per Heiselberg, Rasmus Lund Jensen, Jesper Nørgaard. (2012,

August). On-site or off-site renewable energy supply options? Life cycle cost analysis of a Net Zero Energy Building in Denmark. Renewable Energy, 44(1), 154-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. renene.2012.01.079

• https://s3.amazonaws.com/c2c-website/resources/certification/standard/STD_ C2CCertified_ProductStandard_V3.1_082318.pdf

• MIL-OSI Global: When people downsize to tiny houses, they adopt more environmentally

friendly lifestyles. (2019, April 10). ForeignAffairs.co.nz. Retrieved from https://link-gale-com. ezproxy.lib.vt.edu/apps/doc/A581878873/STND?u=viva_vpi&sid=STND&xid=16c7f1a6

• (M. Saxton, personal communication, October 25, 2019) • (G. Galford, personal communication, November 1, 2019) • Zapata, Jess and Bonnee Grennon (On-Campus Housing Survey) • Zapata, Jess and Bonnee Grennon (Off-Campus Housing Survey)

Thesis Research Book Fall 2019

Articles inside

RESEARCH + ANALYSIS

CITATIONS