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W(Z]ge[+e1 f'[T +[*'[1 Y]2]e'T 1. Scientific American, Special Issue 2008 entitled “Majestic Universe,â€? p. 11. 2. Perfect Planet, Clever Species—How Unique Are We? by William C. Burger, 2003, pp. 24, 34. 3. Rare Earth—Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe, by Peter D. Ward and Donald Brownlee, 2000, p. 224. 4. The Sacred Balance—Rediscovering Our Place in Nature, by David Suzuki, 2007, p. 102. 5. God and the New Cosmology—The Anthropic Design Argument, by M. A. Corey, 1993, pp. 144145. w˘eT1e. 21 - TZ'[i]cx \e`'['T. 6. Wildlife in a Changing World—An Analysis of the 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, edited ´ by Jean-Christophe Vie, Craig Hilton-Taylor, and Simon N. Stuart, 2009, p. 6. 7. Journal of Industrial Microbiology, “Total Bacterial Diversity in Soil and Sediment Communities—A Review,â€? by V. Torsvik, R. Sørheim, and J. Goksøyr, Volume 17, 1996, pp. 170-178. 8. Science, “Environmental Genomics Reveals a SingleSpecies Ecosystem Deep Within Earth,â€? by Dylan Chivian, et al, Volume 322, October 10, 2008, pp. 275-278. 5 David Hawks

9. Scientific American, “Microbe Census Reveals Air Crawling With Bacteria,� by David Biello, http://www.scientificamerican.com/ article.cfm?id6microbe-census-reveals-ai. yc - ['3')4+2 'a'`1[. 10. Natural History, “As the Whale Turns,� by Adam Summers, June 2004, pp. 24-25. 11. Science, Random Samples, “Flippered Flight,� May 21, 2004, p. 1106. 12. New Scientist, Technology, “Is It a Bird, Is It a Plane . . . ,� September 3, 2005, p. 21. 13. Heat Exchanger Design, Second Edition, by Arthur P. Fraas, 1989, p. 2. 30

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14. The Economist Technology Quarterly, Report, “Technology That Imitates Nature,â€? June 11, 2005, pp. 18-22. 15. The New York Times, “Design for Living,â€? by Michael J. Behe, February 7, 2005, p. A21. c]2Z]gf1'D c'eT'4[+e A h'bd+e 16. Natural History, “Darwin & Evolution—The Illusion of Design,â€? by Richard Dawkins, November 2005, p. 37. 17. Origin of Species, by Charles Darwin, First Edition, 1859, Sixth Edition, 1872, pp. 285-286. 18. Charles Darwin—The Origin of Species, Introduction by Sir Julian Huxley, 1958 for Introduction, First Signet Classic Printing, September 2003, p. 458. 19. Nobel Lectures, Physiology or Medicine 1942-1962, 1999, “The Production of Mutations,â€? by H. J. Muller, 1946, p. 162. 20. Mutation Breeding, Evolution, and the Law of Recurrent Variation, by Wolf-Ekkehard ¨ Lonnig, “Expectations in Mutation Breeding,â€? 2005, p. 48, and interview with Wolf-Ekkehard ¨ Lonnig. 21. Mutation Breeding, Evolution, and the Law of Recurrent Variation, pp. 48-51. 22. Mutation Breeding, Evolution, and the Law of Recurrent Variation, pp. 49, 50, 52, 54, 59, ¨ 64, and interview with Wolf-Ekkehard Lonnig. 23. Science and Creationism—A View From the National Academy of Sciences, “Evidence Supporting Biological Evolution,â€? 1999, p. 10. 24. Science and Creationism—A View From the National Academy of Sciences, “Evidence Supporting Biological Evolution,â€? p. 11. 25. Scientific American, “Natural Selection and Darwin’s Finches,â€? by Peter R. Grant, October 1991, p. 87; Nature, “Oscillating Selection on Darwin’s Finches,â€? by H. Lisle Gibbs and Peter R. Grant, June 11, 1987, p. 511; Science, “Hybridization of Bird Species,â€? by Peter R. Grant and B. Rosemary Grant, April 10, 1992, pp. 193-197. 26. Adaption and Natural Selection, by George C. Williams, 1966, p. 54. 27. Sudden Origins—Fossils, Genes, and the Emergence of Species, by Jerey H. Schwartz, 1999, pp. 317-320.


29. The Triumph of Evolution and the Failure of Creationism, by Niles Eldredge, 2000, pp. 49, 85. 30. The New York Review of Books, “Billions and Billions of Demons,� by Richard C. Lewontin, January 9, 1997, pp. 28-32. 31. Scientific American, “Scientists and Religion in America,� by Edward J. Larson and Larry Witham, September 1999, p. 91. 'eA]ye - 'e*Z]iE /+ 1[^1[ +i U'c'd]gY '[V'Y( *]gi 32. Science, Technology, and Social Progress, edited by Steven L. Goldman, “Evolution and the Foundation of Ethics,� by William B. Provine, 1989, pp. 253, 266.

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28. Science and Creationism—A View From the National Academy of Sciences, Second Edition, “Evidence Supporting Biological Evolution,� p. 14.

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