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BIOMIN World Mycotoxin Annual Report No. 13 Survey 2016
Naturally ahead
BIOMIN World Mycotoxin Survey 2016
30% 46% 69% 24% 77% 2%
Figure 1. Global map of mycotoxin occurrence and risk in different regions. Legend ■ Moderate risk: 0-25% of samples above risk threshold ■ High risk: 26-50% of samples above risk threshold ■ Severe risk: 51-75% of samples above risk threshold ■ Extreme risk: 76-100% of samples above risk threshold ■ No samples tested
2
1% 46% 77% 18% 12% 13%
Middle East Total Risk 41%
38% 35% 46% 7% 74% 26%
Africa Total Risk 60% Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
10% 51% 73% 21% 50% 12%
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
42% 69% 37% 8% 79% 13%
South Africa Total Risk 63%
Southern Europe Total Risk 61% South America Total Risk 60%
Afla 0% ZEN 43% DON 70% T2 4% FUM 89% OTA 0%
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
Northern Europe Total Risk 67%
Central Europe Total Risk 60%
Overview
Afla 3% ZEN 37% DON 58% T-2 3% FUM 46% OTA 3%
Central America Total Risk 81%
North America Total Risk 66%
World
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
17% 68% 54% 2% 60% 16%
28% 61% 22% 20% 61% 22%
World map and highlights for 2016. With
East Asia Total Risk 86%
16% 33% 53% 38% 26% 18%
20% 56% 92% 27% 74% 15%
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
43% 46% 57% 1% 79% 14%
88% 21% 46% 1% 76% 82%
Oceania Total Risk 16%
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
South-East Asia Total Risk 74%
Afla 8% ZEN 42% DON 33% T2 8% FUM 25% OTA 8%
South Asia Total Risk 85%
Central Asia Total Risk 8%
Eastern Europe Total Risk 26%
heat map approach to mycotoxin risk. Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
Mycotoxins are a large and growing family of toxic fungal substances that can occur in various types of commodities intended for food and feed. The BIOMIN Mycotoxin Survey provides an overview on the incidence of aflatoxins (Afla), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), fumonisins (FUM) T-2-toxin (T-2) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in the primary components used for feed which include corn, wheat, barley, rice, soybean meal, corn gluten meal, dried distillers grains (DDGS) and silage, among others. From January to December 2016, a total of 16 511 samples were analyzed from 81 different countries around the world. This report summarizes the results of over 63 000 analyses conducted in the year 2016. Recommended risk threshold of major mycotoxins in ppb Afla
ZEN
DON
T-2
FUM
OTA
2
50
150
50
500
10
Total risk level is calculated as the proportion of samples that have at least one mycotoxin above a risk threshold level.
Afla ZEN DON T2 FUM OTA
11% 22% 27% 2% 26% 7%
DISCLAIMER BIOMIN GmbH and the authors had no influence on the sampling process of the investigated samples. Therefore, the contamination levels found in the samples do not necessarily reflect the actual contamination level of these regions/commodities. However, the samples provide more insight into the range and levels of mycotoxins which can be found in diverse commodities of various regions. Mycofix® is not available in the US and Canada. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks go to Biofarma Feedlab, Argentina, Labocea, France, LAMIC, Brazil and Dr. Anika Steinhoff- Ooster, Tiergesundheitsdienst Bayern e.V. for sharing their mycotoxin analysis results as part of this survey. Mycotoxin Report is published by BIOMIN Holding GmbH, Erber Campus, 3131 Getzersdorf, Austria, Tel: +43 2782 8030, www.biomin.net
Moderate risk
Extreme risk
©Copyright BIOMIN Holding GmbH, 2016. All rights reserved. Any kind of reprint, reproduction, or any other kind of usage – whether partially or to the full extent only allowed upon prior written approval by BIOMIN Holding GmbH.
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BIOMIN World Mycotoxin Survey 2016
Mycotoxin
trends
January – June 2015
July – December 2015
January – June 2016
July – December 2016
A regional overview Changes in risk for half year from 2015 to 2016 indicate the changes that happen with the main crop harvests (particularly in the Northern Hemisphere). Very high contamination present in European crops in the 2014 harvest affect the early 2015 results. Similarly, early 2016 results in the Northern Hemisphere show the relatively reduced risk in the 2015 harvest. In the second half of 2016,
4
the risk level increased in all parts of Europe (on average from 45% increasing to 64% of samples at a level above the risk threshold). Increases were also seen in South-East Asia (from 70% to 76%), East Asia (84% to 88%), Oceania (8% to 24%), South America (doubling from 37% to 74%) and South Africa (from 45% to 73%).
Europe
Afla 15% ZEN 48% DON 70% T-2 21% FUM 48% OTA 14% species risk assessment according to legend on page 2 and % positive samples
Corn
Finished feed
Mycotoxins in main commodities Total samples: 7 218
Afla
ZEN
DON
T-2
FUM
OTA
Number of samples tested
1 443
1 852
1 900
1 668
1 550
1 366
% Contaminated samples
13%
71%
77%
31%
69%
25%
Average of positives (ppb)
7
85
420
19
792
3.2
Median of positives (ppb)
2
20
138
8
164
2
175
7 400
21 300
355
33 970
84
Number of samples tested
743
1 078
1 162
711
856
676
% Contaminated samples
21%
42%
66%
11%
67%
4%
Average of positives (ppb)
20
155
790
44
2 057
26
Maximum (ppb)
Cereals*
Median of positives (ppb)
1
44
422
20
845
2
Maximum (ppb)
491
2 652
9 816
424
42 000
438
Number of samples tested
827
2 960
3 291
1 074
910
802
% Contaminated samples
12%
36%
71%
19%
7%
6%
Average of positives (ppb)
2
78
1 023
36
560
6
Median of positives (ppb)
1
26
400
24
36
2
Maximum (ppb)
53
3 757
37 640
404
13 360
68
71%
DON contamination at average of 1 023 ppb
*Cereals: wheat, barley, oats, triticale
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BIOMIN World Mycotoxin Survey 2016
North America
Afla 3% ZEN 37% DON 58% T-2 3% FUM 46% OTA 3% species risk assessment according to legend on page 2 and % positive samples
Cereals*
Corn
Finished feed
Mycotoxins in main commodities Total samples: 992
Afla
Number of samples tested
197
% Contaminated samples
4%
Average of positives (ppb)
11
154
DON
T-2
FUM
OTA
251
244
37%
85%
241
227
251
1%
56%
565
3%
35
1 177
2
Median of positives (ppb)
8
33
344
4
580
2
Maximum (ppb)
24
3 100
13 206
100
41 000
3
Number of samples tested
280
305
277
271
301
301
% Contaminated samples
3%
33%
73%
2%
70%
4%
Average of positives (ppb)
5
184
644
39
3 158
11
Median of positives (ppb)
3
97
400
18
929
3
Maximum (ppb)
15
2 500
5 510
133
40 500
100
Number of samples tested
24
31
30
29
29
30
% Contaminated samples
0%
32%
70%
7%
14%
20%
Average of positives (ppb)
0
4 596
2 481
3
203
5
Median of positives (ppb)
0
35
453
3
212
4
Maximum (ppb)
0
36 000
29 700
6
364
10
*Cereals: wheat, barley, oats
6
ZEN
32%
ZEN contamination at average of 4 596 ppb
South & Central America
Afla 30% ZEN 46% DON 69% T-2 22% FUM 77% OTA 1% species risk assessment according to legend on page 2 and % positive samples
Mycotoxins in main commodities
Corn
Finished feed
Total samples: 4 612
ZEN
DON
T-2
FUM
OTA
Number of samples tested
642
517
504
298
637
189
% Contaminated samples
26%
47%
58%
2%
92%
1%
Average of positives (ppb)
6
45
627
1
1 827
1
Median of positives (ppb)
3
28
620
1
1 196
1
Maximum (ppb)
51
500
3 100
2
45 700
1
Number of samples tested
2 483
1 732
715
547
1 117
160
% Contaminated samples
24%
37%
62%
12%
94%
1%
Average of positives (ppb)
8
168
1 185
35
2 894
1
Median of positives (ppb)
Cereals*
Afla
3
54
510
27
1 833
1
Maximum (ppb)
160
1 754
43 770
237
171 920
1
Number of samples tested
531
369
333
193
301
32
% Contaminated samples
55%
64%
77%
55%
34%
6%
Average of positives (ppb)
4
260
2 834
49
315
12
Median of positives (ppb)
3
94
1 520
44
230
12
Maximum (ppb)
28
2 162
49 790
146
5 400
22
94%
FUM contamination at average of 2 894 ppb
*Cereals: wheat, sorghum
7
BIOMIN World Mycotoxin Survey 2016
Asia
Afla 28% ZEN 50% DON 81% T-2
11%
FUM 72% OTA 22% species risk assessment according to legend on page 2 and % positive samples
Corn
Finished feed
Mycotoxins in main commodities Total samples: 2 641
Afla
ZEN
DON
T-2
Number of samples tested
1 026
1 033
1 107
389
841
426
% Contaminated samples
24%
53%
87%
1%
77%
34%
Average of positives (ppb)
29
137
417
19
924
4
Cereals*
OTA
Median of positives (ppb)
10
68
295
20
655
2
Maximum (ppb)
251
2 489
4 878
26
6 587
52
Number of samples tested
587
699
719
252
637
137
% Contaminated samples
46%
68%
87%
47%
93%
11%
Average of positives (ppb)
48
179
516
19
2 643
9
Median of positives (ppb)
3
48
330
13
1 397
1
Maximum (ppb)
730
10 618
3 647
250
59 709
54
Number of samples tested
226
237
270
134
194
146
% Contaminated samples
13%
21%
70%
1%
28%
18%
Average of positives (ppb)
22
219
1 547
37
168
2
Median of positives (ppb)
4
78
920
37
84
1
363
1 646
12 760
37
1 598
10
Maximum (ppb)
*Cereals: wheat, barley, oats, rice
8
FUM
93%
FUM contamination at average of 2 643 ppb
Middle East
Afla 27% ZEN 61% DON 22% T-2 20% FUM 61% OTA 22% species risk assessment according to legend on page 2 and % positive samples
Mycotoxins in main commodities
Cereals*
Corn
Finished feed
Total samples: 785
Afla
ZEN
DON
T-2
FUM
OTA
Number of samples tested
125
123
123
121
119
98
% Contaminated samples
22%
73%
33%
3%
68%
29%
Average of positives (ppb)
2
45
230
23
370
5
Median of positives (ppb)
1
21
137
25
159
1
Maximum (ppb)
13
893
1 005
35
1 815
84
Number of samples tested
413
356
430
79
33
26
% Contaminated samples
18%
52%
17%
6%
79%
8%
Average of positives (ppb)
6
252
1 686
20
1 634
78
Median of positives (ppb)
1
90
880
22
1 193
78
Maximum (ppb)
190
1 200
6 500
31
6 401
154
Number of samples tested
70
52
20
24
18
14
% Contaminated samples
56%
54%
40%
12%
17%
14%
Average of positives (ppb)
2
68
645
15
134
1
Median of positives (ppb)
1
32
240
20
32
1
Maximum (ppb)
3
773
3 670
24
349
2
17%
DON contamination at high average of 1 686 ppb
*Cereals: wheat
9
BIOMIN World Mycotoxin Survey 2016
Africa
Afla 23% ZEN 68% DON 50% T-2
3%
FUM 65% OTA 15% species risk assessment according to legend on page 2 and % positive samples
Mycotoxins in main commodities
Cereals*
Corn
Finished feed
Total samples: 263
ZEN
DON
T-2
FUM
OTA
Number of samples tested
70
70
70
70
70
70
% Contaminated samples
19%
76%
37%
6%
91%
4%
Average of positives (ppb)
2
43
166
8
1 015
2
Median of positives (ppb)
1
15
146
8
390
2
Maximum (ppb)
5
262
374
15
7 578
3
Number of samples tested
56**
56
56
56
56
56
% Contaminated samples
14%
61%
54%
2%
86%
11%
Average of positives (ppb)
3
198
229
28
1 872
1
Median of positives (ppb)
2
8
148
28
1 334
0
Maximum (ppb)
9
6 276
854
28
10 665
2
Number of samples tested
24
24
24
24
24
24
% Contaminated samples
17%
67%
79%
12%
21%
50%
Average of positives (ppb)
2
47
589
26
306
7
Median of positives (ppb)
2
20
431
5
65
4
Maximum (ppb)
2
195
2 724
68
1 340
27
*Cereals: wheat, sorghum
10
Afla
**41 samples originated from South Africa
86%
FUM contamination at average of 1 872 ppb
Multiple Mycotoxin
Overview
Multiple mycotoxin occurrence Spectrum 380® results 2016: the most comprehensive mycotoxin analysis available*
Number of samples
500
94+6
32%
94%
400 22%
300 200 100 0
9
19%
28
11% 7%
6%
2% <10
10 -19 20 -29 30 -39 40 -49 50 -59
>60
Metabolites in samples
mycotoxins and metabolites per sample
on average
10
out of samples contaminated with Fusarium toxins, Aspergillus toxins, or both
Contained
10
or more mycotoxins and metabolites
1378 samples In which raw materials are emerging mycotoxins most commonly found?
Mycotoxins & metabolites cyclo(L-Pro-L-Val)
86%
cyclo(L-Pro-L-Tyr)
86%
Aurofusarin
Wheat: Culmorin 70%
79%
Moniliformin
75%
86
2560
Tryptophol
74%
288 730
18160 157114
Culmorin
64%
Enniatin B
63%
58
7519
Zearalenone
63%
Enniatin B1
63%
64 61
6276 5077
60%
23 70
842 2054
Asperphenamate
59%
48
9407
Equisetin
59%
49 500
2081 9968
93 27
5582 2063
Beauvericin
61%
Brevianamid F
Deoxynivalenol
Maize: Moniliformin 94% Beauvericin 70% 15-Hydroxyculmorin 58%
56%
Asperglaucide
55%
Enniatin A1
55%
Emodin
54%
47
2388
15-Hydroxyculmorin
53% 46%
311 78 28
13168 3622 4068
46%
934 111253
Neoechinulin A
48%
3-Nitropropionic acid Fumonisin B1 Infectopyron
44%
Rugulusovin
Barley: Enniatin B1 100% Enniatin B 99% Enniatin A1 99%
Average Maximum 1066 30360 550 23061 556 62568
43%
Citreorosein
43%
Nivalenol
42%
Fumonisin B2
0%
41%
25%
50%
75%
702 71
89206 1658
32 114
2637 2055
376
36213
100%
Positive Samples [%] for metabolites present in more than 40% of samples (orange bars indicate regulated or guideline mycotoxins) Cut off for all metabolites 1 ppb (except for aflatoxins 0.5 ppb)
* Spectrum 380® is developed and conducted by the world’s leading independent mycotoxin research lab at the Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln) at the University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna and offered through cooperation with BIOMIN.
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Fumonisin B2 Nivalenol Citreorosein Rugulusovin Infectopyron Fumonisin B1 3-Nitropropionic Neoechinulin A 15-Hydroxyculm Emodin Enniatin A1 Asperglaucide Deoxynivalenol Equisetin Asperphenamate Brevianamid F Beauvericin Enniatin B1 Zearalenone Enniatin B Culmorin Tryptophol Moniliformin Aurofusarin cyclo(L-Pro-L-Ty cyclo(L-Pro-L-Va
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