Campus Safety Magazine March 2011 by Bobit Business Media

Technology on Campus

Upgrading 2-Way Radios Your Guide to Narrowbanding and Digital Equipment ALSO IN THIS ISSUE:

UT Arlington’s 1-Card System Hospital Access Control and Video Integration Conquering Mass Notification Coverage Gaps

• Preventing K-12 Student Suicides • How NOT to Manage Inmate Patients

WWW.CAMPUSSAFETYMAGAZINE.COM MARCH 2011 • VOL. 19 • NO. 3

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T A B L E O F C O N T E N T S I M A R C H 2 0 11 I V O L . 1 9 N O. 2

BOBIT BUSINESS MEDIA

3520 Challenger St. Torrance, CA 90503 (310) 533-2400

Publisher

PEGGY ONSTAD (310) 533-2477 fax: (310) 533-2502 peggy.onstad@bobit.com

Executive Editor

ROBIN HATTERSLEY GRAY (310) 533-2534 fax: (310) 533-2502 robin.gray@bobit.com Assistant Editor

BRITTANY-MARIE SWANSON (310) 533-2588 fax: (310) 533-2502 brittany.swanson@bobit.com

Art Director

FEATURES

RON RENNELLS (310) 533-2593 fax: (310) 533-2514 ron.rennells@bobit.com Sr. Production Manager

12 Get Your 2-Way Radios Ready ady

Going digital, being P25 compliant and switching to narrowbanding technology will w help ensure your campus two-way radios are prepared to effectively communicate with the necessary internal and external agencies and personnel during emergencies. By Brittany-Marie Swanson

18 UT Arlington’s 1-Card System Does It All

Students, staff and sponsored affiliates at this Texas university are issued ID cards that allow them to access appropriate buildings, make on- and off- campus purchases, and clock in and out of work. By Brittany-Marie Swanson

SARAH PAREDES (310) 533-2497 fax (310) 533-2501 sarah.paredes@bobit.com Audience Mgr.

BILL CIESIELCZYK A D V E R T I S I N G C O N TA C T S Western Sales Manager

DYNISE PLAISANCE (760) 519-5541 fax: (310) 533-2502 dynise.plaisance@bobit.com Eastern Sales Manager

28 Building a Better Hospital Security System 1 Phase at a Time Here’s how Rush University Medical Center embarked on a five-year overhaul of its security systems to deploy a future-proofed integrated access control and video solution. By Warren Brown

32 Suicide Prevention at K-12 Schools

Recognizing the warning signs and intervening appropriately can help save student lives. By Robin Hattersley Gray

TARA SCHELLING (215) 794-7015 fax: (215) 794-7756 tara.schelling@bobit.com HOW TO GET YOUR NEWS TO US

E-mail: campussafetymagazine@bobit.com Mail: 3520 Challenger St., Torrance, CA 90503 fax: (310) 533-2502 FOR SUBSCRIPTION INQUIRIES

36 How NOT to Handle Inmate Patients

Here are six common errors hospitals, their security officers and police make when they are managing prisoners and suspects. By Robin Hattersley Gray

42 Dealing With a Combative Subject

Campus public safety officers must be able to recognize when a disruptive individual’s behavior is caused by a medical emergency. By Michael Weaver

48 Ensuring Emergency Alerts Get Delivered at Carnegie Mellon A newly installed mass notification solution addresses the coverage issues and other challenges associated with the school’s previous emergency alert systems. By Tim Means

50 Your Crash Course on Vehicular Perimeter Security

Here are eight factors to consider when deploying barriers, barricades and bollards for vehicle-based physical access control on your campus perimeter. By David Dickinson

DEPARTMENTS

(310) 533-2400 fax: (310) 533-2510 www.campussafetymagazine.com EDITORIAL ADVISORY COUNCIL Shad U. Ahmed Chief of Emergency Medical Services, University of Rhode Island S. Daniel Carter Director of Public Policy, Security On Campus Inc. Michael Dorn Safe Havens Int’l Osborne Frazier NYPD Div. of School Safety Linda Glasson Security Manager/Consultant, Obici Hospital William Lassiter Center for Prevention of School Violence Joseph Moscaritolo Madison Park Vocational HS, Boston K. Gary Somerville Senior Campus Supervisor, Natrona County School District, Casper, Wyo. Philip Mullendore Institute for Campus Safety

Member of:

4 From the Editor’s Desk

Public Safety Can’t Go It Alone When Addressing Bullying

6 News Watch

FBI to Colleges: We Want to Work With You

54 Safety Zone

Should Students, Teachers Be Taught to Attack Active Shooters?

56 As I See It

‘Snitches Get Stitches’: My Experience With Hazing

58 Emergency Management Matters You’ve Just Lost Your Top Emergency Management Employee. Now What?

60 Technology at Work 62 Ad Index 65 Spotlight on Call Boxes 68 Tools of the Trade 72 Recess

Winner 2007, Finalist 2006, 2008, 2009

COVER PHOTO: ©ISTOCKPHOTO.COM/EGEEKSEN

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FROM THE EDITOR’S DESK

When Confronting Bullying, Public Safety Can’t Go It Alone School security professionals and law enforcement must do a better job of communicating with administrators and non-security personnel about the importance of intervening when student-onstudent social violence occurs.

Robin Hattersley Gray is executive editor of Campus Safety. She can be reached at robin.gray@bobit.com or (310) 533-2534

‘‘

WHEN YOU CAN HAVE A ONE-ON-ONE WITH THE KID AND EXPLAIN WHERE THEIR CHOICES COULD LEAD THEM AND MAYBE EVEN SHOW THEM WITH A LITTLE TRIP DOWN TO THE POLICE STATION, IT’S A VERY EFFECTIVE TOOL.

recently attended the SMILE Conference on social media and law enforcement in which an entire day was dedicated to addressing traditional and cyber bullying among children. Although school police and traditional law enforcement were well represented, one very important group was missing: school administrators. Considering these individuals are often the ones who see the bullying first hand, have the best opportunity to intervene and have so much influence, I find the fact that they weren’t in attendance highly troubling. A former SRO for the City of Santa Monica, Dave Rynski, explained why it is so important for non-security campus personnel to be involved when dealing with bullying: “When you sit down with the bully, along with the principal, you have an opportunity to make a lasting impact. When you can have a one-on-one with the kid and explain where their choices could lead them and maybe even show them with a little trip down to the police station, it’s a very effective tool. That’s when you really want to work with the school site administrators and parents to get them involved early on.” Don’t get me wrong: I understand why campus administrators might not be inclined to attend a conference like this. They’ve already got too much on their plates, and their primary mission is education, not student discipline. But everyone knows that abusive student behavior adversely impacts academic performance. Studies also show that it affects both bullies and the victims long after they leave school. Erin Weed, founder and CEO of Fight Back

Productions, put it best: “The school bullies of today are going to be the work bullies of tomorrow. We need to teach our kids how to handle this effectively. You wouldn’t throw your kids in the water without teaching them how to swim. You teach them how to swim so they will grow up and save themselves.” The lack of attendance by administrators to this and some other school safety events I’ve attended makes it clear to me that those of us in the campus security, emergency management and law enforcement communities still need to do a better job of communicating the importance of safety with school and district officials. We as campus protection professionals can and should also learn from them. The administrators, in turn, can pass on what they’ve learned about bullying to teachers and parents. Ultimately, it’s the teachers and especially the parents who will have the greatest influence on bullying. This is not to say that school administrators and teachers aren’t trying to address bullying in their own ways. Some schools in Pinal County Ariz., for example, are trying some pretty interesting approaches. Santa Rosa Elementary School observed a national no name-calling week in January, reports TriValleyCentral.com. Others have peer education programs. I applaud those districts that are taking these steps. Now if we could just improve the communication among all district and campus administrators, security directors, police chiefs, security officers, SROs, teachers and parents, we could really affect some positive change.

‘‘

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FBI to Colleges: We Want to Work With You The FBI Campus Liaison Initiative can help college and university public safety departments with investigations, threat assessments, incident response and more. By Robin Hattersley Gray WHEN AN INCIDENT OCCURS, FBI agents and many others in law enforcement are fond of saying, “A command post is no place to exchange business cards.” Indeed, whether the emergency involves an active shooter, natural disaster or something else, if a campus’ relationships with federal, state and local law enforcement aren’t already established, precious hours can be lost developing the appropriate level of trust on the fly. To address this challenge, the FBI created the Campus Liaison Initiative in 2008 so that the bureau could partner with institutions of higher learning to combat the threat of international and domestic terrorism. Now, more than two years later, campuses are experiencing the benefits of the program. “Whenever I get information or something is posted anonymously on a Web site that may be threatening in nature, I can forward it to [the FBI liaison], and they’ll take it from there and follow up with a lot better resources than I could ever get together,” Wesleyan University Director of Public Safety Dave Meyer tells Campus Safety. Although Meyer sings the praises of his local field division in New Haven, Conn., there are other Joint Terrorism Task Forces ( JTTF) in the remaining 55 field divisions located throughout the nation that also are eager to partner with the higher education community.

with us.” In the past, one significant concern many campuses had with the FBI was its inability or unwillingness - perceived or real - to share information on threats with nonsworn security departments. Gant explains that except for the eGuardian program, which is only available to sworn police departments, the Campus Liaison Initiative doesn’t differentiate between campus public safety agencies. “We understand that whatever agency is responsible for protecting the campus, it doesn’t matter if they are sworn or nonsworn, or they carry weapons or they don’t,” she adds. “If they are charged with the protection of the campus, they are important to us.” For nonsworn departments that don’t have access to eGuardian, Gant says the local FBI liaison or a local sworn agency can input threat information on behalf of the department. Meyer can vouch for the value of the program to nonsworn departments. “As a director of a nonsworn public safety agency, to have this kind of support from the FBI is quite helpful because we have limited resources when it comes to investigations,” he says.

NONSWORN DEPARTMENTS RECEIVE INFORMATION ON THREATS

LIAISONS ENCOURAGED TO ATTEND ASSOCIATION MEETINGS

Unfortunately, the biggest challenge to the program is the fact that some campuses are still reluctant to work with the FBI. “We’ve worked very hard over the years to overcome our historical reputation,” says FBI Supervisory Special Agency Jennifer Gant. “Whether it was true back then or not, I don’t know. I wasn’t working then. However, I am working on it now, and I can tell you the FBI honestly wants to bridge this gap to develop relationships [with colleges and universities], work in an environment of trust and become partners with campuses. My greatest hope is that all of the campuses believe me and will come forward to work

Gant recommends that college and university law enforcement and security departments reach out to their local campus liaisons. “We want to build a relationship,” she says. “You have to remember, there is only one campus liaison agent [per district]. She can only get to so many places, so we ask campus public safety departments to reach out to her.” The FBI also encourages its campus liaisons to attend state, local and regional association meetings when possible. For example, the Connecticut agent will be participating in the Northeast Colleges and Universities Security Association (NECUSA) 2011 Conference, which will be

CAMPUS SAFETY

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held June 19-23. The FBI liaison will provide an overview of the initiative and be available for questions from attendees. Although the 56 field offices have varied approaches to handling threats, Gant says many can help not only with threats involving terrorism, but also those associated with behavioral health, intellectual property and cyber crime. Additionally, they can help a campus develop a threat assessment team, if it hasn’t created one already. She also encourages colleges and universities to assign full-time officers to the local JTTFs: “The more input we can have on the JTTF from campuses, the better this country is going to be. One campus can have a tremendous impact and can represent numerous campuses.”

‘WE HAVE TO GO WHERE TERRORISM TAKES US’ Gant claims the Campus Liaison Initiative helps to build the trust that must exist between campus public safety and the FBI to thwart terrorism and keep universities and colleges safe. “We’re not there to take anything over,” she says. “We’re not there to run rampant on campus. It’s exactly the opposite. We have to go where terrorism takes us, so we often have to go onto campuses. We’d rather do it in partnership with the campus rather than them not knowing. No single agency can fight terrorism.” ■ www.campussafetymagazine.com

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NEWS WATCH

Report Reveals Epidemic of Bullying Against Special Needs Children – Children with special needs are victims of a nationwide silent epidemic of bullying, according to the “Walk a Mile in Their Shoes” report and guide released Feb. 15 by AbilityPath.org, an online hub and special needs community for parents and professionals of children with disabilities. “Bullying is every parent’s fear,” said Sheryl Young, CEO of Community Gatepath, the nonprofit organization which created AbilityPath.org. “For parents of children with special needs, that fear is exacerbated. This report and guide were developed to include children with special needs in the national dialogue and to raise the level of awareness about bullying, cyberbullying and the devastating developmental effects it can have upon children with special needs.” In collaboration with Special Olympics and Best Buddies International, Young announced that AbilityPath. org is launching a nationwide “Disable Bullying” campaign that will engage a broad coalition of parents, educators, activists and policymakers to prevent and combat behavior that is widespread but has until now not been clearly documented in the United States Over the course of several months, staff from AbilityPath.org interviewed experts, educators and parents regarding this escalating issue facing children with special needs. The result, “Walk a Mile in Their Shoes,” is one of few U.S. reports to focus exclusively on the bullying of children with special needs or disabilities. The authors discovered behavior that included children with special needs being isolated, ridiculed,

SAN FRANCISCO

verbally abused, cyber bullied, subjected to physical violence such as being tied to flag poles, being tripped and kicked, forced to consume alcohol, force fed dog food by their peers and in some cases driven to suicide. In response to the abuses detailed in the report, Rep. Jackie Speier (DCA), announced plans to brief members of Congress. “Lawmakers, parents and educators need to be made aware of the resources contained in this valuable report “ said Speier. “We have to explore every option to protect children with special needs, indeed all children from bullying.” According to the report’s authors, the United States is nearly a decade behind other nations in tracking, researching, implementing and legislating policies regarding bullying and children with special needs. The report has also prompted action at the state level. California Superintendent of Schools Tom Torlakson announced that the Department of Education would call on all California schools to raise the level of awareness about the bullying of children with special needs. In addition to creating a national dialogue and voice for families with special needs, “Walk A Mile in Their Shoes” and its online components on www.abilitypath.org provide parents and teachers with toolkits and resources, including links to current laws and legislation, tips on how to best utilize a child’s Individualized Education Program (IEP), information on social and emotional learning, social skills for making friends, and information on how to protect a child from cyberbullying. ■

Fast Facts on Bullying of Children With Disabilities • 60 percent of students with disabilities reported being bullied compared to 25 percent of the general student population • Children with disabilities were two to three times more likely to be victims of bullying than their non-disabled peers • The bullying experienced by these children was more chronic and usually directly related to their disability • Students with disabilities were more worried about school safety and being injured or harassed by peers, compared to students without a disability • One study reports that 88 percent of children with autism have been bullied at school, ranging from verbal abuse to physical contact • Nearly 97 percent of teachers reported observing more than one incident of school-related disability harassment conduct • 65 percent of the parents reported that their children with Asperger’s syndrome had been victimized by peers in some way within the past year • 47 percent of parents reported their children had been hit by peers or siblings • 50 of parents reported their children were scared by their peers

College Freshmen Are Drinking Less But Have More Mental Health Problems – Three studies on university freshman and high school seniors indicate that although their emotional health is at an all-time low, fewer of them are consuming alcohol. A study released by UCLA’s Higher Education Research Institute surveyed 200,000 college freshmen and found that only 52 percent of them rated their

LOS ANGELES

CAMPUS SAFETY

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emotional health as high or above average. Female students were less likely to have high levels of emotional health compared to males, USA Today reports. The study also found that the percentage of students with unemployed parents was on the rise. Another poll conducted by an organization called Outside the Classroom

MARCH 2011

found that since 2006, the percentage of incoming college freshmen who do not consume alcohol increased from 38 to 62 percent. The report claims the decrease in freshmen drinkers can be attributed to the economy or the proliferation of social media. CEO Brandon Busteed told USA Today that students are beginning to

better understand the consequences of Web sites like Facebook, in that pictures of alcohol use can affect their job prospects. According to another study conducted by the University of Michigan, the percentage of high school seniors would did not drink in the past 30 days was up from 54.7 percent in 2006 to 58.8 percent in 2010. ■

www.campussafetymagazine.com

3/3/11 3:34:59 PM

6 States Consider Bills to Allow Guns on College Campuses ampuses A BILL THAT WOULD PERMIT FIREARMS

to be carried on college ge campuses has been n introduced into the he Florida legislature by State Sen. Greg Evers. ers. Florida currently prohibits ohibits concealed weaponss on all school campuses. The bill would not allow weapons on K-122 campuses, Ocala.com reports. Everss told the news source that he believed ed people should be allowed to carry firearms arms on campus in order to protect themselves. In January, a Florida State University graduate student was arrested after officers found an AK47 rifle and a high-powered rifle with a scope in his room, Tallahassee.com reports. William Zimmermann, 29, also had 460 rounds of ammunition. He faces felony charges for possession of firearms on campus. In Idaho, a law student recently filed a lawsuit against the University of Idaho in regards to its gun policy. Currently, the university does not allow guns in student housing. However, firearms may be stored at the police campus substation, Politics Daily reports. Lawmakers in Oklahoma, Arizona, Texas, Nebraska and New Mexico have also introduced bills that would allow concealed weapons on college campuses. The Arizona Legislature is considering several new gun laws, including a “Firearms Omnibus” bill that would make Arizona the second state in the nation to require universities and communities to allow guns on campus, The Arizona Republic reports. Similarly, Oklahoma state Sen. Steve Russell recently proposed a bill that would allow anyone with a valid concealed handgun license to carry a weapon on campus, the Associated Press reports. All 25 public college presidents in the state oppose the bill. In Texas, more than half of the members of the House have coauthored a bill that would allow concealed handguns on university campuses. Virginia, however, appears to be bucking the trend. Its Senate Rules Committee rejected a bill that would have prevented state agencies from implementing gun regulations that are stricter than those passed by the legislature. Under the bill, colleges and universities would have had to allow guns to be carried on campus. The panel rejected the bill 12 to 2, Newsleader.com reports. Additionally, the Virginia Supreme Court ruled in favor of George Mason University’s gun policy, which disallows firearms in campus buildings and at sporting or entertainment events. Also, the House of Delegates Militia, Police and Public Safety Committee struck down several bills that would have eased gun control, such as eliminating the requirement of a permit to carry a concealed handgun. ■

DOJ: Stop Using Scared Straight Programs issued a statement that it does not support scared straight-style programs and discourages the funding of such approaches to youth interventions. Instead, it supports programs that it says are more effective, such as mentoring programs, which use positive relationships to modify youth’s behavior. Those programs should be 12 months in length or through an entire school year. ■

- Government officials are now saying that scared straight programs are actually ineffective and can harm youth. A study by Anthony Petrosino and researchers at the Campbell Collaboration analyzed results from nine scared straight programs and found that participants were up to 28 percent more likely to offend in the future. As a result of such evidence, the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ)

WASHINGTON

Sign up for CS’ ‘Hospital Security Update’ eNewsletter LOS ANGELES - Campus Safety magazine is pleased to announce that its new eNewsletter dedicated to hospital security has launched. Called Hospital Security Update, the new eNewsletter focuses on security and public safety issues in the healthcare setting. Joint Commission accreditation, officer training, infant abduction prevention, video surveillance, access control, emergency preparedness and mass notification are just some of the subjects that will be in the spotlight. The new hospital security eNewsletter is free and allows readers to comment on articles, receive live updates on current events and access special content. It is sent to subscribers’ E-mails twice per month. The expansion of offerings comes on the heels of a banner year for Campus Safety magazine. The redesigned CampusSafetyMagazine.com and redesigned original weekly eNewsletter were launched in May 2010, and the redesigned print version of Campus Safety was unveiled in July 2010. Additionally, the magazine has expanded its print offerings so that it will be published nine times in 2011. To sign up for Hospital Security Update, visit www.CampusSafetyMagazine.com/eNewsSignUp.

UPCOMING

EVENTS

MARCH 7-8

MARCH 28-30

APRIL 6-8

8th Annual Campus Fire Safety & Risk Management Conference Columbus, Ohio www.campusfiresafety.com

6th Annual Conference on Crimes Against Women Dallas, Texas www.conferencecaw.org

ISC Las Vegas Las Vegas www.iscwest.com

•••••

APRIL 13-15

•••••

APRIL 5-8

MARCH 12-16

CCUPCA/California College and University Police Chiefs Association Conference Lake Tahoe, Calif. www.ccupca.com

NJ CUPSA/New Jersey College and University Public Safety Association Conference Atlantic City, N.J. www.cupsanj.org

NASPA/Student Affairs Administrators in Higher Education Annual Conference Philadelphia www.naspa.org

RECEIVE BREAKING NEWS WHEN IT HAPPENS! Sign up for Campus Safety’s free eNewsletters • Timely updates on university, school and hospital security issues • Research and trends pertaining to all facets of campus protection • Current and archived CS articles and features • Industry event listings and contacts

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•••••

CAMPUS SAFETY

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feature

radio interoperability

GET YOUR 2-WAY RADIOS READY If your radio system is not narrowbanding-compliant by January 1, 2013, your campus could face monetary fines or the loss of your FCC radio license.

he requirements of two-way radio systems are rapidly changing and it may be time to reevaluate your equipment. Switching to digital two-way radios that offer a slew of features will improve safety on your campus. Acquiring Project 25-compliant radios will allow you to communicate with first responders in the event of an emergency. In fact, your outdated radio system could be holding you back from achieving a safer campus and could put you at odds with federal guidelines sooner than you may think. Several mandates set forth by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) have already started affecting how radios work. In less than a decade, FCC licensees could be required to use all-digital systems. And if you don’t comply with new narrowbanding parameters by 2013, your campus could be left without a working radio system.

FAILURE TO COMPLY COULD RESULT IN FINES, LOSS OF LICENSE In December of 2004, the FCC ruled that all public safety, industrial and business licensees must switch to radio systems that utilize at least 12.5 kHz efficiency technology by January 1, 2013. This will allow radio users to operate within the FCC’s new technical parameters – known as narrowbanding – which allow for a more efficient use of VHF and UHF land mobile frequency bands. Narrowbanding will increase the number of radio channels available for use by reducing the amount of bandwidth used by each channel. Ultimately, each channel will be reduced in bandwidth by a 12

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Thousands of people flock to your campus for the big game. A forensic patient escapes from his room during treatment. An active shooter opens fire in a classroom. Are you prepared to effectively communicate with the necessary agencies or personnel to By Brittany-Marie Swanson handle these scenarios?

half – meaning that twice as many channels will exist on each spectrum. For campuses or hospitals using analog radio equipment, narrowbanding could significantly reduce their equipment’s ability to work in fringe areas; in some cases, drastically reducing radio coverage. However, a campus does not need to have digital equipment in order to comply with the FCC narrowbanding mandate. “Basically, this affects every commercial radio user in both VHF and UHF in North America,” explains Vision Communication Co. Major Account Executive, Anton Johnson. “There are a finite number of radio frequencies in the spectrum and there are an infinite number of users. [Narrowbanding] allows us to compress the bandwidth to fit all these radio users into this finite set of frequencies.” Currently, VHF and UHF frequency bands are impacted by this disproportionate user-to-frequency ratio. It has become difficult for users to expand their systems or implement new ones due to the lack of space. To alleviate frequency congestion, users will be required to switch to one voice path on a 12.5 kHz channel or two voice paths on a 25 kHz channel. Or, they can opt to achieve greater than required capability by operating in a 6.25 kHz efficiency mode. Since Jan. 1, agencies operating on wideband systems have not been allowed to expand their coverage area or replace old equipment with wideband-compatible equipment due to an FCC mandate. In addition, licensees cannot renew their licenses until they have been modified for narrowbanding. In fact, if your campus is not fully

narrowbanding-compliant by 2013, you could face monetary fines or the loss of your FCC radio license.

OLDER RADIOS CAN BE REPROGRAMMED FOR NARROWBANDING Two-way radio users are not required to switch to digital radios in order to comply with the narrowbanding mandate. If purchasing a new digital radio system is out of the question, it is possible to reprogram your current system to work on narrower frequencies. “Many of the radios that are out there right now can be reprogrammed for narrowbanding,” says Jessica Pourciau from Motorola Solutions. “The ones that can’t are generally 20-plus years old.” Motorola users, she says, can bring their radios to Motorola support centers to be reprogrammed. The company also sells reprogramming software for experienced users and offers classes on reprogramming. However, Pourciau cautions that even if your radio system can be reprogrammed, it might not be in your best interest to do so. “It might be 10 to 15 years old and you may no longer be able to get service on that radio,” she says. Analog radios can also face coverage problems on narrowbanded frequencies. In some cases, paging systems could cease working altogether, requiring extra equipment to function. “Narrowbanding will affect coverage slightly, but this can be compensated for in adjustments and improvements in amplifier and antenna systems,” says Joe Watts, product manager for Kenwood USA Corp., Communications Sector. Kenwww.campussafetymagazine.com

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wood’s NEXEDGE digital business radios can extend coverage range depending on band, power and topography, he says.

FUTURE SYSTEMS MUST BE DIGITAL The tentative date proposed by the FCC for the switch from analog to digital radios is 2018. The switch has not yet been mandated and this date is subject to change. “So the logic, obviously, is don’t buy a radio that isn’t digital,” says Johnson. “Digital radios can be programmed to go analog, but analog radios can’t be pro-

grammed to go digital.” If you’re still on an analog system but need to replace lost or broken equipment, explains Johnson, you should purchase digital radios and program them to work with the analog system. The radios will function fully “with your existing analog system that we’re re-licensing and modifying. Then, when everything is complete and the equipment is all replaced with digital equipment, you flip the switch and everything’s digital,” he explains. For the Houston Community College

Police Department, migrating to digital two-way radios is a long-term process. The department serves six campuses over approximately 600 square miles and uses more than 200 handheld radios. “We don’t have them all upgraded to digital yet, that’s in the works,” says Larry Sherwood, Crimestar Database and Mobile Data Terminals (MDT) administrator for the department. “We intend to convert our entire fleet to digital at the earliest possible time.” For Houston Community College po-

UT Austin: Creating a Radio System Governance Model SELECTING THE RIGHT EQUIPMENT

for your campus is only part of the equation. Once you know what you need, it is essential to plan accordingly so that you can use your radio system in the most effective way possible. For the University of Texas at Austin, becoming part of a cooperative regional radio system meant that university officials would have to coordinate radio frequency use with police, fire, security, medical personnel and other radio users. What emerged from that process was a governance model for radio use. “The biggest thing you’re trying to do when you put together a cooperative radio system is create a structure so that everybody understands how it’s going to be managed,” says Gary Wilks, assistant manager for the Wireless Services Division of the City of Austin. “We made a governance model that covers everything from the financial aspect of it to the operational side. It needs to be clearly defined and agreed to, in that it’s a living document and it will grow and be modified, but there’s a governing board that’s made up of all the users who

give the direction either directly or to a managing partner to make it work.”

Establishing Standard Talk Groups Saves Time Wilks functions as UT Austin’s Communications Unit Leader (COML). In that position, he developed an incident radio communications plan using the ICS Form 205 provided by the National Incident Management System (NIMS), which, he says, is a kind of radio “cheat sheet.” The form defines the different frequencies that will be used by various personnel. For example, during a football game, frequencies are assigned by discipline and geo-

inside the stadium, medical outside the stadium, fire response outside the stadium, fire protection systems for inside the stadium,” he says. “The groups are based on who you are...and then whether you’re geographically inside the stadium or outside the stadium.”

Radio Users Briefed Prior to Campus Events Before a large event at the university, radio users will be briefed on which interoperability channels to use and given a radio frequency cheat sheet. Because all the users share a common radio system, says Wilks, no reprogramming is necessary. Communications are

... if you are not active with your community partners in regards to communication planning, you need to be. There is great strength in numbers. graphic location. “We have 12 to 15 different talk groups that we’ll use for a football game, and we’ll split those between law enforcement, parking, medical

UT Austin has five campus locations that can be used as emergency operations centers. During large campus events, a communication commander representing each agency is stationed in the EOC to direct their staff in the event of an emergency.

then managed by a group of representatives from each agency from a campus emergency operations center (EOC). UT Austin has five campus locations that can func-

tion as an EOC depending on the event. “So if there were an incident, we have room silence, we have land lines if we need them and it also gives the communication commanders in the room the ability to direct their field staff over to another channel if they needed to. We’ll have a command channel in reserve just in case we need it,” explains David Cronk, UT Austin’s Director of Emergency Prepardness. The efficiency with which UT Austin operates during large events is the product of long term planning. The regional radio network it operates on underwent extensive testing before various users transitioned. Development of the network began in 1996, but the university system did not go live until 2003. “Any system you consider needs to be easy to use, reliable and it needs to be compatible with regional resources,” Cronk stresses. “I’m very fortunate to be involved with the City of Austin, because if you’re not active with your community partners in regards to communication planning, you need to be. There is great strength in numbers.”

Before each UT Austin football game, radio users are briefed on what interoperability channels are available for use in the case of an emergency. The university designates radio frequencies based on discipline – law enforcement, fire safety, medical – and geographical location – inside or outside the stadium. MARCH 2011

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radio interoperability

How Do I Choose a New Radio System? When considering an upgrade to your campus or hospital radio system, it is important to note that: r• Your system must address your coverage needs. Your security pers sonnel should be able to use their handheld radios in all the areas they are instructed to patrol. Narrowbanding can reduce your coverage area if your campus is using analog radios. Computer modeling may help to determine how your coverage will be affected by narrowbanding. • You must be able to communicate with first responders in the event of an emergency. How frequently does your campus contact the police or fire department? If police and fire personnel are integral to your daily operations, you should consider purchasing P25-compliant radios. • The price of your system must fall within your budget. There are several options for campuses that cannot afford P25-compliant or digital radios. Gateway solutions allow standard radio systems to interoperate with P25 systems. Also, digital radios can be programmed to work in analog mode, so that your campus can slowly migrate to a digital system.

lice, gradually switching to digital radios has several advantages: first, it’s easier on the budget; secondly, it allows the department to have working radios at all times. “We have to keep some [radios] in service while we’re converting over,” explains Sherwood. “It’s a process that we figure probably will take us at least a couple of semesters.”

DIGITAL RADIO FEATURES IMPROVE SAFETY, EASE COMMUNICATION Switching to a digital system will not only prepare your campus for the future, it will also provide an array of previously unavailable features. These features have the potential to increase safety on your campus by easing the strain of emergency communication. “The features of digital and analog are night and day,” says Johnson. “[Digital] is a whole new platform.” “A powerful aspect of [digital radio] technology is the IP connectivity that links single conventional channels or multi-channel trunked sites together,” says Watts. Trunked radio systems are computer-controlled radio systems that only use a few channels but can have virtually unlimited talk groups. “The users can utilize both their own private and commercial subscriber broadband networks to link sites,” he adds. Additionally, Kenwood’s NEXEDGE digital radios “offer enhanced automatic level control and audio filtering. This reduces high level background noise dramatically and accentuates the user’s voice so that even in extremely noisy conditions, the recipient hears clear audio rather than garbled or distorted communications,” explains Watts. A digital radio system has the potential to increase campus security 14

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through radio clarity, ensuring that users will be able to understand commands in the event of an emergency. Users with digital radio equipment also have the option of using GPS to locate or track personnel who are carrying radios. And if a radio is taken by an unauthorized person, administrators have the ability to “kill” the compromised equipment. “If someone leaves a property with [a radio], I can send a command to it, and as long as it’s in the footprint of coverage it will kill it immediately,” explains Johnson. “If they made it outside of the footprint, it waits until it senses it come back in [the coverage area] and kills it.”

SURVEILLANCE EASIER WITH HOT MIKING, E-MAILS, TEXTS Digital radios can also be “hot miked” – meaning that dispatch personnel have the ability to listen in on radio feeds even when the user of that specific radio is not operating his or her handheld. The idea behind this, says Johnson, is to navigate dangerous situations – such as an altercation between a security officer and a suspect. “If you’re in an emergency operation center and you see one of your [security officers] is in an altercation with somebody and you can’t hear what’s going on, you can open up his mic,” explains Johnson. “You can hear all the background noise while you’re watching it on the video monitor.” This, Johnson explains, will help security personnel make informed decisions during high stress situations. “It’s going to be up to your organization whether you want to utilize that kind of thing,” he adds. “Radios are really much more than

push-to-talk these days,” says Pourciau. “Radios today also have data capabilities built into them. So, for instance, if you had to be on the look out and you wanted to contact police officers or campus safety officers in the field, text messaging capabilities are available.” Digital radios can also help users communicate with personnel who do not carry handhelds. Portable radios operating on Motorola’s MotorTRBO platform allow users to send E-mails directly from their handhelds and can be programmed to perform tasks such as opening gates or garage doors. MotoTRBO incorporates Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) technology – the same technology that is used in cell phone networks to increase efficiency by allowing a greater number of simultaneous transmissions. MotoTRBO allows users to operate two talk paths for each physical station, allowing a “more efficient use of resources. It is greener, because less stations mean less space is needed, and there is less power consumption, less heat put out,” adds Pourciau. “This is exciting because with the digital platform, radio has really reinvented itself,” says Johnson.

COMMUNICATION WITH FIRST RESPONDERS IS KEY Interoperability with local police, fire fighters or other campuses is most likely important to the daily operation of your facility. If that is the case, acquiring Project 25-compliant radios could be essential to ensuring safety on your campus. Project 25 (P25) refers to a group of standards originally introduced several decades ago by the Association of PublicSafety Communications Officials (APCO) to enable interoperability between federal, state and local public safety agencies in North America. The standards ensure that radio equipment from various manufacturers will be able to communicate with one another, as long as they meet the P25 standard. P25 supports digital voice and data communications and a variety of radio system configurations, including direct mode, repeated, single site, simulcast operation and others. P25-compliant equipment is available in VHF, UHF, 700 and 800 MHz frequency bands. In fact, P25 standards are applicable to existing analog systems as well as digital ones. This allows users to be P25 compliant even if they have yet to migrate to a digital platform. Houston Community College’s police force, which now has P25-compliant www.campussafetymagazine.com

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feature

radio interoperability

Campus Stats: UT Austin • P25 COMPLIANT: Yes • CAMPUS SIZE: 100,000 staff, students, administrators • NUMBER OF RADIOS: 220 law enforcement radios, 242 non-law enforcement staff radios • RADIO SYSTEM: Cooperative regional system • WHO IT COVERS: City of Austin, Travis County, University of Texas, Capital Metro, Austin Independent School District and Texas legislative security

equipment, communicated with a mix of UHF radios prior to 1993, when it became part of the Harris County regional radio network. Operating on the regional network has significantly increased their coverage area and allows them to easily contact other first responders in the event of an emergency. “We have approximately 10 mutual aid channels. Some [of those channels] reach all the way into Louisiana,” explains Sherwood. Prior to the switchover, police could only communicate within the city of Houston. Areas outside the city were on a simplex frequency, and officers had to be dispatched from those locations. “Mutual aid channels are channels we can switch to in times of critical emergencies when we may have to intercommunicate with other agencies because of major flooding, hurricanes and other natural disasters,” he explains. The Harris County regional radio network currently serves nine counties. The system, says Sherwood, is continually growing.

P25 RADIOS IMPROVE INCIDENT RESPONSE ON LARGE CAMPUSES The importance of P25-compliant radios can not be underestimated, especially on a large campus. For the University of Texas at Austin (UT Austin), joining a regional radio network was the perfect solution to monitoring a campus that can have nearly 100,000 people on it, including students, staff and administrators. The UT Austin campus has 160 portable radios and 60 mobile radios that are carried by law enforcement officials. Another 242 radios are carried by personnel in administration, emergency management, utilities or facility services. All of these two-way radios are digital and P25 compliant. “Our system is a cooperative system between the City of Austin, Travis County, University of Texas, Capital Metro — which is our transportation bus ser16

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Campus Stats: Houston Community College • P25 COMPLIANT: Yes • CAMPUS SIZE: 600 sq miles, 6 campuses • NUMBER OF RADIOS: 200 • RADIO SYSTEM: Harris County regional radio network • WHO IT COVERS: 9 counties

A Guide to FCC Radios Mandates • JANUARY 1, 2011 The FCC will no longer accept applications for radio systems that do not achieve at least 12.5 kHz efficiency. • JANUARY 1, 2013 All radio systems must achieve at least 12.5 kHz efficiency. Equipment that cannot meet these requirements must be replaced. • 2018 (TENTATIVE) Radio systems must switch to all-digital equipment. Visit http://www.fcc.gov/pshs/public-safety-spectrum/narrowbanding.html for more information.

vice — Austin Independent School District and the Texas legislative security for House representatives for the state,” says Gary Wilks, assistant manager for the Wireless Services Division of the City of Austin. These agencies, he adds, share a common radio frequency template that allows them to easily communicate with one another. The templates – which determine what frequencies a radio user should use based on his or her profession – simplify incident response. “[Our radios] are very easy to use, and as we continue to work with our partners within the region, we refine the templates and use continues to get easier and easier,” explains David Cronk, director of emergency preparedness for UT Austin. “Also, multi-agency use of the interoperability tactical channels is something that we continually reinforce.” In September of 2010, those tactical channels helped multiple agencies respond to a shooting on campus in which a 19-year-old student carrying an AK-47 fired several rounds of ammunition into the air before taking his own life in a campus library.

OTHER INTEROPERABILITY OPTIONS ARE AVAILABLE For campuses that require the option of immediate contact with law enforcement, radio manufacturers offer a variety of P25 compatible options. “If interoperability with police and fire is a need on a day-to-day basis, [P25 radios are] absolutely something that you’re going to look for,” suggests Pourciau. “If it’s not needed on a day-to-day basis, or if you don’t have the budget to afford P25compliant radios, then there are other solutions available.” An operations critical radio system with a built-in gateway can meet the needs of a campus that may lack the budget to purchase P25 radios, Pourciau adds. Motorola’s Motobridge interoperable IP so-

lution is a gateway that allows different radio systems to communicate with one another, regardless of P25-compatibility. “A Motobridge is an intelligent gateway that basically sits between different systems and allows different system architectures to talk to each other,” she says. “So a Motobridge could allow a P25 system to talk to one of our MotoTRBO systems, or it could even allow something like a Nextel radio to talk on a P25 network.” Selecting the right radio “depends on the existing or planned new system, the size of the organization and what area needs to be covered,” says Watts. “P25 digital is an open standard offered by many vendors and was developed by a consortium of manufacturers and users specifically for public safety. However, the price of system infrastructure and subscriber units is somewhat higher than NEXEDGE and other offerings.” No matter what radio solution you choose for your campus or hospital, interoperability is key. Sherwood points out that having an interoperable system prevented a total communication failure after Houston Community College’s backup generators failed during Hurricane Ike in 2008. “If we’d had been on our old UHF system when the power went down…we wouldn’t have been able to communicate with anybody,” he says. “When our dispatch centers lost power and when the backup generators failed after about a day or two of continual running, [with the new radio system] we could then at least easily switch over to handhelds and we were able to maintain communications.” To see how Pacific Hospital incorporated the use of a two-way radio microphone into its daily operations. Visit CampusSafetyMagazine.com/PacificHospital For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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multipurpose ID card

Card readers outside campus parking structures limit access to official UT Arlington cardholders.

1 CARD DOES IT ALL:

A Look at UT Arlington’s Multipurpose ID Card System This Texas university has spent more than a decade adding functionality and upgrades to its one-card system. Now, students, staff and sponsored affiliates are issued ID cards that allow them to access appropriate buildings, make on- and off- campus purchases, and clock in and out of work. By Brittany-Marie Swanson

n any given day, the typical college student might need to enter and exit his or her residence hall multiple times, purchase food from a campus vendor or check out research materials from the library. While all of these things could be accomplished by separate means – keys, a meal plan card or library card, respectively – this only provides more opportunities for the student to misplace these items and compromise security. A student meal plan card or residence hall key often have no identifying markers to prevent someone other than the cardholder from using them; a multipurpose identification card, however, can access all of these privileges and has a photograph of the student to which it belongs. Such cards can also 18

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be easily deactivated if misplaced by the cardholder, making a one-card system a viable solution to many university security concerns. One example of the successful implementation of this kind of solution is the University of Texas at Arlington’s onecard system. It is the cumulation of 15 years of updates and added functionality, resulting in a system that addresses the needs of students, faculty, staff and university guests. The magnetic stripe card, which works with CBORD’s CS Gold system, controls access to campus buildings, tracks meal plans, records time and attendance, and provides a ubiquitous form of identification on university grounds. The multiuse system not only keeps students and university employees safe by restricting access to sensitive areas and university events; it also allows card-

holders to take advantage of privileges such as meal plans and campus laundry facilities.

CARD OPTIONS INCLUDE DECLINING BALANCE AND DEBIT When determining what privileges to offer to its students, UT Arlington considered the makeup of its community and what services might appeal to its campus

FAST FACT:

CREDIT AND DEBIT CARDS ARE ISSUED 16-DIGIT NUMBERS CALLED ISO/IEC 7812 NUMBERS. THIS STANDARD WAS DEVELOPED BY THE INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION (ISO). www.campussafetymagazine.com

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feature

mulitpurpose ID card

population. Factors such as the university’s urban setting influenced administrators’ choices when it came to making certain services available, says Director of Campus Card Operations Pascal Robert. Through an agreement with Wells Fargo, students have the option of using their credentials exclusively as a declining balance card through UT Arlington or linking it to a bank account. “It makes it a pin-based debit card,” Robert explains. “And it’s optional – students don’t have to link their cards to an account. But all of our cards are made with proper ISO [numbers] so they are linkable if our students decide to do that.” Students have access to two declining balance options on their cards through UT Arlington: Dining Dollars and Mav Money. Dining Dollars can be used to buy food from the university’s dining services and are only available with the purchase of a meal plan. On the other hand, “Mav Money” – named for UT Arlington’s mascot, the Maverick – can be used to make purchases in the university bookstore, wash clothes in the residence hall laundry facilities or to print or copy when a student or faculty member exceeds their quota for the semester. The university also opted to allow noncampus-affiliated vendors to accept Mav Money. This lets students access a wider array of services with their cards, both on and off campus. The university uses CS Gold to manage most card-related privileges. The application is highly customizable and operates on a Windows-based graphical user interface with optional Web-based features for reporting, patron look-ups, access assignments and more. On-campus purchases using Mav Money and Dining

Locks Can Provide Varying Levels of y Security

THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT ARLINGTON is a state institution that currently serves close to 29,000 students. The university’s 100-plus buildings span 420 acres and are managed by 3,400 benefit-eligible employees, most of which use UT Arlington’s oneb h card system. The university offers approximately 190 different degrees – bachelors, masters and doctorates – from ten schools. Close to 4,300 students reside in on-campus housing, and use their ID cards to enter and exit residence halls.

Dollars are made using the MICROS 9700 HMS point-of-sale system. “[MICROS] is a CBORD partner so it all integrates with our CS Gold system,” says Robert. “We also use some of CBORD’s older terminals such as the Turbo reader. We utilize both of these for point of sale and the Turbo is also used to manage privileges such as school elections, meal plans and activities.”

SYSTEM TRACKS EMPLOYEE TIME AND ATTENDANCE UT Arlington uses Commeg Systems Inc.’s TimePro, which interfaces with CS Gold, to manage time and attendance on campus. Turbo readers and PC-based virtual clock user interfaces allow employees to clock in and out. The system also provides automated time and attendance tracking. “We offer our time and attendance service across the board, to whomever wants to use it,” says Robert. “Here in the office, all of our student workers clock in and clock out using our time and attendance function. There are other areas, like facilities management, where it’s very popular.” Most field employees using TimePro need university ID cards to interact with the system. These cards differ in appearance between students, university staff and outside contractors so that campus

EACH UT ARLINGTON ID CARD ISSUED allows for different levels of access to the cardholder based on their preferences or position. New students will automatically be granted access to the library and the Maverick Activities Center but must apply to gain access to most other facilities, including secure areas such as chemical or radiation laboratories. Department heads must request access for specific staff, students and sponsored affiliates; these requests are then processed by the administration and campus operations office. The data is stored in a data warehouse and periodically audited to prevent unauthorized access to any campus facilities. UT Arlington restricts access to sensitive areas by using locks that can only be opened by ID cards with the correct access levels. The university recently introduced Schlage AD-Series locks into the campus security system, which can be equipped with many credential entry interfaces. The university uses locks with a combination magnetic stripe reader and

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Campus at a Glance

MARCH 2011

security can better identify the personnel on university grounds. Cards are full color on the front, and black and white on the back with a security overlay and magnetic strip. Each card has the cardholder’s photograph on the front. The color scheme on official UT Arlington student ID cards is the opposite of the scheme on cards issued to faculty and staff, but “when you talk about any sponsored affiliate, like guests, vendors, contractors - it’s a drastically different card design,” explains Robert. “These people are actually sponsored by the department that utilizes them. If you have a general contractor, the people who will be on campus from that company have to be sponsored by, [for example], facilities management. “The card looks different so campus police can identify [outside personnel] easily. They are also categorized differently in our system for ease of management,” he says.

IT DEPARTMENT, PLANNING INTEGRAL TO SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION Robert says the most important part of implementing a one card system is to make sure that the different systems on campus can be effectively integrated. UT Arlington uses a database provided by CBORD to manage access levels, declining balances and other card privileges.

numeric keypad. “We actually have about 1,300 offline access points on campus,” says Pascal Robert, Director of Campus Card Operations. These points are safeguarded by Schlage locks that require a pin and ID card to disarm. This prevents stolen cards from being used to gain entrance into secure areas. “I believe we have close to 60 wireless access points and probably in the neighborhood of 600 online access points. Our building perimeters are mostly online.” The university participated in the beta testing of the AD-200 Series locks, which replaced the Schlage Legacy Computer Managed (CM) locks around campus. Robert believes the CM locks will be slowly phased out, and “that’s why it was a good thing for us to be involved in that beta process,” he said. “We have a chance to have a front seat to testing these locks and defining how well they will work as a replacement to the legacy equipment.” www.campussafetymagazine.com

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Students use the “Dining Dollars” declining balance on their cards to purchase meals from the university’s dining services.

“We have the CBORD system as a base system, and basically every time we want to add a branch to our tree, we make sure that it’s going to integrate well with CBORD,” he explains. “We also want to make sure that the provider is involved and that specific enterprise will all be onboard to support the endeavor. So I would say that when you choose a product, make sure that you’re going to be able to have it supported by whoever is involved in that relationship.” Robert advises further that each stakeholder being affected by the implementation of a new system should be involved in its evaluation process. Also, after a product has been selected, it should be introduced at a time that generates as little interference as possible with peak campus activity. “Make sure you have a plan B and a plan C, because an unknown surprise will appear no matter how well you plan, that’s just the way it goes – especially with technology,” says Robert. “If you know you’re going to have to shut down the server for 24 hours, you don’t want to do that in the middle of orientation.” The relationship between UT Arlington’s administrators and its IT department has been integral to campus security. Robert points out that there is a standing meeting between administrators, representatives of different branches of the IT department and Campus Card Operations, in which current security needs and future plans are discussed. But no one system can best address every single security need on a university campus. UT Arlington has spent many years adding functions to the one card system it implemented 15 years ago. “I’ve been in this business for over 10 years, and what I’ve found is that you have to pick the [system] that is the closest to what you need,” he says. “The bottom line is that there are so many offerings that can do a lot of things; it’s very important to understand what your organization’s needs, goals and missions are and then look at the technology that’s out there and will best fulfill those.”

How to Implement a One-Card System • Look for systems (cards, locks, point-of-sale) that integrate effectively • Get stakeholders involved in the selection/testing process • Establish a set of goals and needs the system should meet • Choose a system that best meets those needs – no one system will address all of them • Keep your impacted population informed before, during and after implementation • Implement your system at a time when it will have the least impact – possibly during winter or summer breaks

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For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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feature

intergration case study

Building a Better Hospital Security System,

1 PHASE AT A TIME

Here’s how Rush University Medical Center embarked on an overhaul of its security systems to deploy a future-proofed integrated access control and video system By Warren Brown

hile Chicago’s Rush University Medical Center is considered tops in the field of medicine, like many other hospitals, its security personnel still face everyday challenges. The hospital’s downtown campus spans four city blocks and encompasses 20 buildings. At the same time, the security department recognizes that its work plays a pivotal role relating to the hospital’s reputation as a leading and safe medical facility. All of this must be accomplished while maintaining an open environment for patients and visitors. Recognizing the important function security plays in the hospital environment, Lauris Freidenfelds, director of security services and emergency management for the medical center, began implementing several significant changes to the hospital’s security system when he came onboard three years ago. On his agenda was replacing the hospital’s obsolete ac-

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cess control system, as replacement parts for the system were becoming scarce and the manufacturer was beginning to phase out support. The hospital needed to invest in a new access control system that would stand the test of time.

NEW SOLUTION EXPANDS AS HOSPITAL GROWS Rush University Medical Center turned to Software House C•CURE solutions as the foundation for its enterprise access control system. But Freidenfelds had some tough questions for the manufacturer. “I remember, even then, being adamant on having clear migration strategies and smooth transitions to new technology,” he recalls. “Software House and its C•CURE 800/8000 solution had great reputations, but I wanted assurance from them that what I bought that day wouldn’t be a wasted investment.” Convinced by the solid technology roadmap, Rush University Medical Center replaced its old, antiquated access control

system with the C•CURE 800/8000 system five years ago. The scalable system enabled the hospital to “grow from the inside out,” according to Freidenfelds, by allowing the security department to initially focus on specific departments and areas of the hospital that required access control, such as the pharmacy, labor and delivery and the IT department, before taking the next step to incorporate other areas of the facility. “We’re now planning a comprehensive campus-wide deployment of the latest Software House solution, C•CURE 9000, for campus doors and general public areas,” said Freidenfelds. “We started this 2 ½ years ago after completing a security risk assessment and identified that we need to ensure a secure perimeter-of-thebuilding concept.”

FACILITY REPLACES KEYS WITH ACCESS CARDS With the new system as the foundation for its access control needs, the hospital www.campussafetymagazine.com

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intergration case study

could begin to incorporate other areas of the hospital into its overall, comprehensive security plan. That includes storage areas, food service areas and adding employee access points at several entrances along the perimeter of the building. Previously, at night, employees had a single access point into the building that could require an employee to walk several city blocks late at night from the bus stop. Part of Rush University Medical Center’s overall security plan involved replacing keys once used to access linen closets and employee lockers with a card reader-based access control system. The benefit, according to Freidenfelds, is the hospital can easily manage, monitor and restrict access to specific areas instead of relying on a physical key to get the job done. The security director’s goal was to condition employees to use their access control credentials on a daily and regular basis. The challenge of a hospital’s open environment, he said, is balancing public access with restricted space, such as patient care areas, sensitive areas and the back of the house. “Right now we have about 4,000 to 5,000 people using badging solutions every day,” he says. “The philosophy is if you have to use your badge to get to where you work, you will have it with you more often.”

ACCESS CONTROL INTEGRATES WITH VIDEO SURVEILLANCE Another element of Rush University Medical Center’s security overhaul involved tying together its video system with C•CURE and its intrusion detection system, enabling security officers to be able to first evaluate an incident using video and then physically responding if necessary. Using American Dynamics video solutions to manage their surveil-

lance and integrating that with C•CURE 9000 from Software House, the hospital security guards can immediately and remotely review a door going into alarm mode because the associated video will come up on a monitor at the hospital’s command center. “Instead of doing a patrol, we can now proactively send a security officer over there to resolve a situation,” says Freidenfelds. “Our security becomes more taskoriented and focused vs. just patrolling.”

It was a logical move to integrate access control with video. John Skwirblies, senior account executive for Advent Systems. Chicago-based systems integrator Advent Systems Inc. worked closely with the hospital to help it integrate the first and second phase of integration of the new access control platform with its video management system. “It was a logical move to integrate access control with video,” says John Skwirblies, senior account executive for Advent Systems. “Now the hospital can have a camera associated with a card reader on the C•CURE 9000 monitoring screen, and they don’t have to close it out and go to another monitor to view what is happening on the video side.”

VIDEO TOURS KEEP HOSPITAL CODE COMPLIANT In addition, Rush University Medical Center security guards can use the American Dynamics recorders for virtual tours of hallways to make sure they are clear of materials and trash instead of sending a security guard to physically walk the hall.

Campus at a Glance CAMPUS: Rush University Medical Center is an academic health center that encompasses a hospital for adults and children with more than 613 staffed beds (including Rush Children’s Hospital), the 61-bed Johnston R. Bowman Health Center for older adult and rehabilitative care and Rush University. It also operates Rush Oak Park Hospital. The medical center employs more than 8,000 people. In 2010, U.S. News and World Report listed Rush University Medical Center as one of America’s Best Hospitals. CHALLENGE: Securing a downtown campus that spans four city blocks and encompasses 20 buildings while maintaining an open environment that is welcoming to patients, visitors and staff. Also, staff had to manually lockdown the facility during emergencies and conduct foot patrols to ensure the hospital was in compliance with fire codes. SOLUTION: Software House’s C•CURE 800/8000 access control system and video surveillance system from American Dynamics.

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RESULTS: Many doors on campus can be quickly locked down by security with the push of a button, and security can monitor the hallways and doors that go into alarm with the new video system.

MARCH 2011

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Cellular, Two-Way Radio, Analog & SIP Telephony Call Box Solutions

All photos courtesy Software House

By replacing keys with access credentials, the hospital can easily manage, monitor and restrict access to specific areas.

This helps the medical center maintain compliance with fire codes. Perhaps one of the most significant changes taking place at Rush University Medical Center is the recent introduction of a lockdown feature to provide greater security in emergency situations, such as if a gunman is reported near the hospital. Previously, hospital security officers had to manually lock down each perimeter door. Now, the new system offers a single emergency button and, with one push, security personnel can lock many doors at one time. “They’ve taken it a step beyond what we’ve normally seen,” says Skwirblies about the lockdown mode. “By hitting a button to lock perimeter doors, they can catch the individual and provide greater security at the facility. We’re seeing more of that response by hospitals to these types of situations.”

CAMPUS-WIDE MIGRATION SCHEDULED FOR 2012 While Rush University Medical Center has initiated and completed several major se-

curity projects in recent years, one of its biggest projects has yet to be finalized. The hospital is in the process of constructing a brand new building, called the East Tower, which is a 14-floor, 846,000 square-foot facility scheduled to be completed in 2012. With this new medical building will come the hospital’s complete campus-wide migration to C•CURE 9000 and the enterprise-based benefits presented by this access control management system for the entire hospital. “Everything we have done to improve security at Rush University Medical Center has been with an eye towards deploying a single, enterprise-based and futureproof security management system,” said Freidenfelds. “Now, we’re nearing the finish line.”

WARREN BROWN is the director of product management, enterprise commercial solutions, for Tyco Security Products. For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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mental health

SUICIDE PREVENTION AT K-12 SCHOOLS

Recognizing the warning signs and intervening appropriately can help save student lives. By Robin Hattersley Gray

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here is probably nothing more disturbing than when a child or teen takes his or her own life. Yet, with nearly half of U.S. children with mental health disorders not seeking help for their conditions, chances are that most K-12 school teachers, administrators and security professionals will be forced to deal at one point or another in their careers with students who may have thoughts of suicide. Here, Dr. Paula Clayton, who is a psychiatrist and the medical director for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, shares how schools can tackle this troubling issue.

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Bullying has to be attended to, and we certainly support safe school policies and all those laws that are coming up to Congress.

CS: Can you tell me some of the signs that a teacher, faculty member, principal, vice principal or security professional might see that would indicate a student is contemplating suicide? ———— PC: First of all, you have to understand that — and this is true at whatever age — 90 percent of the people who kill themselves have a psychiatric disorder or a mental disorder. The most common one is depression. Manic depression is another type of depression. Many other disorders may end in suicide, like anorexia nervosa or alcohol and drug abuse, bulimia, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) or schizophrenia, but depression is what you really have to be aware of. What that means is the child, the teenager, has a change in his personality or his behavior. A coach might see a kid who was previously enthusiastic and energetic and now is late to practice, skips practice or wants to drop out. It’s a change from what [a school official] normally sees. A drop in grades is another sign: a teacher might see that [a student] also doesn’t really enjoy being with people, so they withdraw from their friends too. When you’re depressed, the world gets distorted, so you feel like a drag or a bore or dumb. A lot of teenagers describe themselves as “I’m dumb so why would anyone want to be with me?” even though, of course, they’d been doing well before in school. So it’s a change with some of these symptoms. Or they might fall asleep in their morning classes because they haven’t slept well the night before. They might get thinner, and they surely don’t do as well in school because they don’t concentrate and can’t remember as well. It’s really affecting their brain as well as their bodies, and it shows. As one our mothers said, her son just seemed to shrink in front of her. CS: There’s been a lot of mention in the news lately about bullying preceding suicide. What kind of correlation is there? ————

Don’t Make Suicide Easy to Carry Out

Because firearms are often used by teens to commit suicide or in active shooter incidents, it is important for K-12 district personnel to tell parents to bar access to guns by their children, according to Dr. Paula Clayton, psychiatrist and the medical di-

PC: We, the foundation, sponsored a study on bullying — just by history — and as it turns out, many kids are bullied. But if you’re depressed and bullied, you already feel bad about yourself so the humiliation of bullying makes it worse. There’s this background of depression or alcohol or drug abuse, and then these events that occur on top of it lead to suicide. Bullying has to be attended to, and we certainly support safe school policies and all those laws that are coming up to Congress. We have a film called More Than Sad: Teen Depression and it talks about bullying. There’s one of the girls who is cyber bullied. Bullying can be at all levels, and it can make a depressed kid much, much more depressed. CS: What can schools, administrators, coaches, teachers and the like do? They’re obviously not at home with the children. What can they do to counteract the factors that lead to a student taking his or her own life? ———— PC: I think first of all they’ve got to be aware. You have to first recognize that the student might be depressed. It’s really a change that lasts not just a day or two, because everyone has ups and downs. It’s when the kid day in and day out for at least two weeks or maybe a month is sort of different than their old self. Then you say to them, “You know I’m really worried about you. Have you talked to your parents about this?” Because if you’re [dealing with someone who is underage], somebody has to help you with an intervention or they can be referred to the school counselor. And a [teacher or administrator] can do that. Evaluate and refer. So they have to be aware of where to send a kid and [how to talk] to them. [Say] “I worry about you because’” and tell them why. [It could be because] they want to quit, and that’s not like them. Then refer them. The school, all the teachers, should also know the anti-bullying policy at their school, and they should take that seriously. Every school should have a policy, and in many states, it’s already the law. They

rector for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention. This is especially true if a child or teen appears to be depressed. “Whether because he’s a bully or because he’s depressed and withdrawn, you really do have to be careful about barri-

ers — about blocking ways to die by suicide,” she says. “Gun management in every home is a very important part of providing training for parents.” The same applies to prescription medication found in medicine cabinets.

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mental health

Helpful Resources

Warning Signs of Suicide

Suicide Hotline: • Observable signs of depression (unrelenting low mood, (800) 273- TALK (8255) pessimism, hopelessness, desperation, anxiety, psychic MoreThanSad.org pain and inter tension; withdrawal; sleep problems) • Increased alcohol and/or other drug use • Recent impulsiveness and taking unnecessary risks • Threatening suicide or expressing a strong wish to die • Making a plan (giving away prized possessions; sudden or impulsive purchase of a firearm; obtaining other means of killing oneself, such as poisons or medications) • Unexpected rage or anger Source: American Foundation for Suicide Prevention

According to Dr. Paula Clayton, who is psychiatrist and the medical director for the American Foundation for Suicide Prevention, one sign that a student is depressed is a significant, long-term change in his or her personality and behavior. For example, a coach might notice that an athlete who was formerly excited about a sport is no longer interested.

should also have in place some kind of way to refer kids [to in-school counselors.] CS: If a school staff member sees a student who has been exhibiting these tendencies or signs, should the staff member contact the parents and the counselor, or just the counselors? ———— PC: It varies by person. I presented [our suicide prevention films] to the school psychologists who are in the schools as counselors. And one of the teachers [in the film] made the referral to the parents. The [counselors] were very upset about that. They said, “No, no, no. That should go through us. We want to know about every kid that might be in trouble.” But I think it just depends. The teacher, if she or he feels comfortable calling the parents, then that’s okay. Obviously, the counselor should know also. But the teacher may want to talk to the parents themselves. Then he and the parents might work out a plan. Either the counselor, the parent, or both, just as you said. CS: With quite a few of the active shooting incidents that occur on K-12 campuses, the shooters not only target other people, but also take their own lives. How do teachers know the difference between a suicidal student who 34

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might become an active shooter and a kid who is just interested in taking his or her own life? Do they respond differently? ———— PC: It is true that in investigating what kinds of disorders affect kids who died by suicide, [the kids who have] a conduct disorder, which is sort of a prerequisite to being antisocial — some of them do kill themselves. So that really angry, difficult kid can also be potentially suicidal. Teachers cannot make diagnoses. They’re not supposed to. I think they just have to be aware that bullying kids are vulnerable too, and teachers should refer them. They should feel comfortable talking to them about it and then referring them. So the key is their own comfort level.

CS: And as far as alcohol and substance abuse, they kind of go hand in hand with a lot of suicides. Any recommendations on prevention or intervention? ———— PC: Well, again, with teenagers you can’t do it without a parent. I think if [teachers or administrators] see teenage drinking on the campus, even off the campus, but they see it — if a kid comes to school with alcohol on their breath or if they have an automobile accident, the teacher should worry about alcohol as being involved. He or she should question the child about it. Again, they have to talk to the counselor or the parent. For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

CampusSafetyMagazine.com

Responding to Teen Suicide Clusters LESSONS LEARNED RESPONDING TO A SUICIDE CLUSTER: PALO ALTO SCHOOL DISTRICT (2010) recounts the events of what came to be known as a “suicide cluster” in the Palo

Alto school district, in which five students took their own lives on a rail crossing over the course of late 2009 and early 2010. The report, which was published by the U.S. Department of Education’s Office of Safe and Drug-Free Schools and the Readiness and Emergency Management for Schools Technical Assistance Center, documents the Palo Alto school district’s response to this series of traumatic events. It also provides information to assist schools and communities on how to prepare for and prevent similar incidents. 1 Identify the victim’s connections and personal contacts to determine if they are at risk for experiencing grief-related issues. The Palo Alto district kept in touch with these at-risk individuals throughout the school year. 4 Create a database of individuals who might be at risk for committing suicide.

2 Implement an effective, comprehensive, community-based mental health plan for overall youth well-being.

5 Develope a “Track Watch” group, where parents, other members of the community and paid guards would station themselves at the railroad tracks

3 Work with the media so they don’t sensationalize the suicides

6 Develope a student peer group to remove some of the stigma associated with mental illness

The full report can be found at www.CampusSafetyMagazine.com/SuicideClusters. www.campussafetymagazine.com

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patient management

Illustration: Ron Rennells

HOW NOT TO HANDLE PATIENTS WHO ARE INMATES Here are six common errors hospitals, their security officers and police make when they are managing prisoners and suspects. By Robin Hattersley Gray

ost U.S. hospitals are designed to be open and accommodating to their patients, staff and visitors. Comfortable furniture, medical equipment, phones, as well as the focus on customer service by both medical and security staff are all intended to help the infirm and their family and friends have as positive an experience as possible while at the facility. But then your hospital is thrown a curve ball: a forensic patient (an inmate from the local prison or a suspect who has just been arrested) is brought in by police or corrections for medical treatment. How can your institution provide the necessary care for this challenging type of patient while keeping other patients, staff and the public safe? Communication among hospital medical employees, security and local law enforcement, as well as appropriate staffing are just some of the ways your facility can provide medical treatment to inmates and suspects while keeping your campus secure. Here are some mistakes many healthcare facilities make when managing these individuals: 36

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1. POOR COMMUNICATION AMONG HOSPITAL STAFF “What I see most is a breakdown in communication as to when a forensic patient enters the institution,” says Kevin Weeks, who formerly worked as a hospital nurse and is now ADT’s director of marketing for healthcare solutions. Often, the nursing unit admitting the patient won’t let hospital security staff know an inmate has arrived. When this happens, security doesn’t get the chance to let the law enforcement or corrections officers accompanying the inmate know about the procedures required by the Joint Commission.

2. SECURITY, NURSING STAFF AND LAW ENFORCEMENT DON’T KNOW WHAT TO DO WHEN THEY ARE IN THE PRESENCE OF A FORENSIC PATIENT Because the sizes, locations and types of hospitals vary greatly across the country, there is no one set of rules for managing inmates who must receive medical treatment in a hospital. Even officers from the same jurisdiction sometimes handle forensic patients differently. www.campussafetymagazine.com

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patient management

IAHSS Prisoner Patient Safety Guidelines The International Association for Healthcare Security and Safety (IAHSS) has developed recommendations on how hospitals can most effectively handle forensic patients. The recommendations cover: 1 A hospital employee to coordinate the protocols with police and corrections 2 Forensic staff training on interacting with and monitoring forensic patients 3 Medical provider orientation 4 Verifying the patient is not carrying any weapons 5 Limiting the chances that weapons will be in close proximity to the patient 6 Prisoner restraints 7 Notification procedures 8 Documentation of the forensic patients and any incidents associated with their visits 9 Physical security evaluations, including designating access points and holding areas 10 Patient visitor policies To read all of the guidelines, visit www.CampusSafetyMagazine.com/ForensicPatients “You might have one officer from an agency stay with a forensic patient, while another one from that same agency feels more comfortable leaving him there and coming back later,” says Bryan Warren, who is director of Carolinas Healthcare Systems Corporate Security. And even when the law enforcement

or corrections officer stays with the patients, hospital staff and the officer might not know who is in charge or what is expected of them. “The biggest issue I see is a lack of communication between hospital security and local law enforcement as to what their roles and responsibilities are

and should be, and what training is being given to security and police on common issues that are going to affect the forensic patient,” says Warren. “Ideally, we should have a good relationship with local law enforcement to make sure they stay with that patient as much as possible, understanding that they have a lot of other things to do.”

3. NOT ENOUGH POLICE OR CORRECTIONS OFFICERS GUARD THE PATIENT According to San Antonio Community Hospital Director of Safety and Security Darren Morgan, the law enforcement agency handling the transfer of the forensic patient must assign the appropriate number of persons to the job. “In each case I’ve looked at [where an inmate has escaped from a hospital or caused an incident], especially when I was on the East Coast, there wasn’t enough staff,” he says. “There was either one police or corrections officer who became a victim and was overpowered because their weapon was taken from them and used on the officer or others. It’s important to have a minimum of two police officers if the forensic patient is deemed

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to be a significant threat. Those officers should be with that patient as much as possible.” To address this issue, a risk assessment of the prisoner should be conducted prior to him or her being admitted. Obviously, someone who has been arrested for DUI or a misdemeanor poses less of a risk than a murder suspect. However, Warren offers this warning: forensic patients can be unpredictable. “Even if the person hasn’t been convicted of a heinous crime, you never really know what is going on with him,” he says. “Perhaps they have other warrants that the police are not aware of at that time. Perhaps that person feels cornered. You never know what their response will be.”

Maryland’s Model Policy A Maryland workgroup headed by Captain Jeff Gahler of the Maryland State Police created “Maryland’s Model del Guidelines for the Security of Prisoners for EMS and Hospital Settings.” According to LifeBridge Health Director of Security Roger ger Sheets, while there was not total agreement on all areas of the he model policy, some of the major points were: • A risk assessment of any prisoner patient should be done prior to them presenting at a hospital • High risk prisoner patients should require two guards at all times • There should be communication between the guarding agency, hospital security and clinical staff regarding the risks and mitigating efforts to reduce any risks while providing patient care • Appropriate room assignment should be considered, along with a clean sweep of a room where prisoner patients will be admitted • Visitor restrictions, telephone restrictions and TV privileges are considerations To read the model policy, visit www.CampusSafetyMagazine.com/ForensicPatients

4. LACK OF APPROPRIATE FACILITIES Before an inmate is admitted, the medical facility must ensure that his or her treatment room will be clear of furniture, objects and medical equipment (such as IV polls) that can be used as make-shift weapons. Unfortunately, most hospitals, but especially smaller ones and those in rural areas, don’t have appropriate areas

designated for inmates. In those cases, security personnel should do a clean sweep of the room or rooms before the inmate is admitted to the hospital. There are some hospitals that do have well-secured areas designed specifically for forensic patients. “In Greenville, S.C., through federal

grants and other resources, they were able to create a secured mantrap entrance into a portion of their emergency room for law enforcement to use with inmates,” says Warren. “It includes a walkthrough metal detector and radios that enable police to communicate with hospital security while they are on site. The

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patient management

furniture is either bolted down or can’t be used as a weapon or barricade. All of these things have been taken into consideration in that wing. It’s an example how preplanning, architecture and getting security involved in the front end before they do an addition or renovation can be an outstanding compliment to the emergency room.”

5. LAW ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS NOT PAYING ATTENTION TO DETAILS Some inmate handling errors defy explanation. “I have witnessed or my officers have witnessed police officers who left their radios in the room with the forensic patient unattended,” says Morgan. “They have uncuffed a patient in their custody and left the room to go on a break, and it was one of our security officers who found the patient uncuffed on the bed,” he adds. “Leaving forensic patients unattended is absolutely something that should not be done.”

6. NOT RECOGNIZING THAT SITUATIONS CAN ESCALATE TO ACTIVE SHOOTER INCIDENTS The tragic shooting death of Montgomery Regional Hospital Security Officer Derrick McFarland in 2006 is a prime example of how forensic patient handling

After shooting him, the suspect fled the hospital on foot where he shot and killed another police officer on the campus of Virginia Tech. Warren and Morgan both say that hospitals must not let their guard down, focusing only on the healthcare issues of the inmate. “A lot of facilities have the ability to lockdown and keep people out, but sometimes we don’t do as good a job when they are already inside and something occurs,” adds Warren. He recommends hospitals explore ways they can compartmentalize the emergency departments and other areas designated for forensic patients to prevent prisoners from escaping, potentially leading to either an active shooter incident or hostage situation.

... if you are not active with your community partners in regards to communication planning, you need to be. There is great strength in numbers. can go terribly wrong. He was shot and killed as he attempted to assist a Blacksburg, Va., Police Department deputy who had been overpowered by an inmate. During the struggle, the forensic patient took the officer’s gun and turned the weapon on McFarland.

For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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feature

medical emergencies

Possible Medical Causes of Abnormal Subject Behavior

DEALING WITH A

COMBATIVE SUBJECT Campus public safety officers must be able to recognize when a disruptive individual’s behavior is caused by a medical emergency. By Michael W. Weaver

or mainstream municipal law enforcement, in-custody death has often been tied to a condition known as Excited Delirium Syndrome (EDS). The symptoms of EDS are typically bizarre behavior, super human strength, sweating, incomprehensible speech and inappro42

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priate dress (often nudity) for the environment. Any attempts at subdual and restraint are met with extreme resistance. EDS is often associated with males in their mid thirties with histories of illicit drug use and/or mental illness. While slowly gaining acceptance as a legitimate cause of death, it is the chaos and emo-

Here is a quick but not comprehensive list of causes of abnormal (possibly combative) suspect behavior and their pitfalls. In fire/EMS, this is known as a differential diagnosis. ••• Overdose: This can result in respiratory and/or cardiac arrest, depending on the substance ingested, which can be illicit drugs, prescription meds, homebrews or “fad” drinks (think Four Loko). ••• Head injury- trauma from assault, sports injury or accident: An internal head bleed can lead to respiratory arrest leading to cardiac arrest. ••• Hypoglycemia: Insulin dependent diabetics must take insulin to regulate the sugar in their body. If the insulin is not followed by a meal or if the person has a cold/ infection, he or she can develop hypoglycemia (low blood-sugar) and present with bizarre/combative behavior. ••• Carbon monoxide poisoning in winter months: This is a high risk due to alternative open flame heat sources and poor ventilation. ••• Mental illness: Due to early recognition and treatment, higher numbers of college students are enrolling that have histories of mental illness. Non-compliance with prescription meds and psycho stimulant drug use can result in a psychotic event. ••• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): Currently, 300,000 veterans are taking advantage of their college benefits. Numbers as high as one in eight of combat veterans may be afflicted with PTSD. Though rare, some can present with violent psychoticlike episodes if a trigger is encountered. This is less likely to occur to the veteran who has received a diagnosis and treatment for his or her condition.

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medical emergencies

tion witnessed by bystanders that possibly cause public scrutiny. Unlike municipal law enforcement, college campus police and security are typically dealing with young adults. Campus officers seldom have to deal with members of society who suffer from long-term addiction, and unmanaged and untreated mental illness. While the typical call for a university officer may not involve the hardened and experienced criminals faced by “big city” law enforcement, they are facing a much more complex and delicate situation when confronted by a subject presenting with combative or bizarre behavior. This individual is likely not to be a hardened criminal, and any infractions being committed are minor. They are probably the result of some poor choices that were made a few hours earlier and not because of intent for wrongdoing. That being said, the disorderly behavior of college students can be challenging and must be dealt with appropriately. Otherwise, campus police, fire or EMS could suffer the scrutiny of an emotional uninformed public whipped into frenzy by media sensationalism. When an agitated or violent individual is subdued, restrained and “packaged” for transport, the entire world gets to witness the chaos, thanks to the World Wide Web. If injury or death occurs, whether it is in a patrol car or in a medic unit, the

adult evaluations as well through Competency Based Training (CBT) and Ongoing Training and Evaluation Program (OTEP). These training modules are scenario based and are part of fire/EMS continuing medical education. BEHAVIOR SOMETIMES IS CAUSED A campus law enforcement officer BY MEDICAL ISSUES lacking a medical background can be Sometimes, the cause of the behavior trained to determine the need for further may have medical origins. (see sidebar fire/EMS evaluation from a safe distance on page 42) Most agencies provide their away using this model. This over-simplimembers with the basic training in First fied explanation is not a substitute for an accredited, scenariobased training course. When an agitated or violent individual is subdued, restrained and It is only intended to “packaged” for transport, the entire raise awareness of the tools available to recworld gets to witness the chaos ognize an individual in thanks to the World Wide Web. If need of fire/EMS evalinjury or death occurs, whether it uation, treatment and is in a patrol car or in a medic unit, transport. the campus will feel the impact. Traditional methWhat could be a routine procedure ods of de-escalation, will now be labeled police brutality subdual and restraint are not effective on all due to lack of communication and subjects encountered relevant education and training of in the field. This also officers. applies to methods of Aid and CPR. This addresses airway, compliance and incapacitation. breathing and circulation (ABCs). The Without relevant training, any attempts ability of a campus public safety officer to manage the out of control individual to recognize a medical emergency is evpresenting with bizarre and/or combatery bit as important as the treatment of a ive behavior will make an officer appear medical emergency. undisciplined and unprofessional, imposThe Pediatric Assessment Triangle ing his or her will upon another hapless (see sidebar below) is included in sevvictim. New tactics and techniques need eral courses designed to help rapidly to be incorporated that reflect the changidentify a sick child in need of advanced ing conditions faced by first responders. life support (ALS). It is taught to pediatriAlso, incorporating fire/EMS into training cians, pediatric nurses, flight nurses and exercises will familiarize everyone on paramedics. The concepts of this assessa plan of action that is proactive rather ment tool have been incorporated into than reactive.

campus will feel the impact. What could be a routine procedure will now be labeled police brutality due to lack of communication and relevant education and training of the officers.

Pediatric Assessment Triangle From a safe distance away from the subject, a campus law enforcement officer can be trained to use this model to determine if the individual needs further fire/ EMS evaluation. APPEARANCE How does the suspect look? Is there blood or other signs of obvious injury? Are they agitated or calm? Are their interactions with the environment appropriate?

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WORK OF BREATHING How much effort is the individual making to breathe? What is the rate of his breathing? A normal breathing pattern is 12 to 20 respirations per minute and is an effortless rhythmic rise and fall of the chest. This range covers being at rest to speaking and walking. Anything below or above this, with or without effort, is worth further evaluation by fire/EMS. CIRCULATION TO SKIN The last part of the assessment triangle is an indicator of oxygenation and/or how efficiently the heart is pumping. It is the most difficult to assess without touching the individual and is further complicated by struggle and the application of restraints. Essentially, the evaluator will have to rely on seeing mottled skin, blue lips, pale gums and mucous membranes as indicators of poor blood circulation to the skin.

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medical emergencies

Appropriate Equipment Can Help Along with new training, it would be advantageous to everyone involved to use equipment that shares commonality and compatibility with the transporting agency. “Soft” limb restraints are the preferred method of limb restraint for individuals requiring EMS transport to the emergency department. Some agencies have opted to incorporate a restraint system into their equipment inventory to specifically deal with combative individuals. Whatever system that may be in use, all members of a first responder team should have adequate training on when to apply it, how to apply it and how to quickly remove it when necessary. While there may be other restraint systems available, here are four worth mentioning.

3 The Ultimate Restraint System (Gillen Industries) This system was designed for combative/violent psychiatric patients and is in use at various psychiatric care facilities on the East Coast. Currently, the system comes with a stiff board that gives it rigidity. The manufacturer has a new model that was unavailable for review specific to Fire/EMS that can be used with a standard backboard.

1 The Wrap (Safe Restraints Inc.) This solution is in use by more than 300 law enforcement, emergency departments or psychiatric care facilities. The system was designed to help law enforcement manage “out-of-control” suspects and is suitable for fire/EMS as well. The Wrap restraint system is compact and fits easily into small compartments until needed. It is accompanied with easyto-follow instructions and is easy to apply by trained individuals.

4 The T.A.S.E. kit (US Elite Gear) This kit consists of items typically found in any EMS transport unit. It is designed to consolidate all the necessities of patient restraint into one location. It is a combination restraint system that can be used as-is or in conjunction with other existing systems. Because of its low cost, many can be purchased and distributed or shared with other agencies/disciplines to encourage commonality and compatibility.

2 Reeves Sleeve (Reeves EMS) This solution is designed for the purpose of extricating injured personnel out of confined areas. Part of many fire departments’ technical rescue equipment inventory, it is designed to be used with or without a backboard. The device has a pocket that the backboard slides into and with the backboard in place. It is pressed into service as a combative patient restraint system.

MICHAEL W. WEAVER is a 15-year veteran of the Everett (Wash.) Fire Department. He is also an author and trainer. For a more detailed review of these items and more pictures, please visit http://community.fireengineering. com/profile/MichaelWWeaver For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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feature

mass notification case study

ENSURING EMERGENCY MESSAGES GET DELIVERED AT CARNEGIE MELLON U.

A newly installed mass notification solution addresses the coverage issues and other challenges associated with the school’s previous emergency alert systems.

By Tim Means

ollege campuses often experience challenges notifying everyone on campus when a crisis hits, and until recently, Carnegie Mellon University (CMU) in Pittsburgh, Pa., was no different. Director of Environmental Health and Safety (EH&S) Madelyn Miller was concerned that her institution would not be able to give appropriate instructions to the campus population about evacuating or sheltering in place during an emergency. “I was concerned about our ability to drill down to the student level,” says Miller. “For example, I wanted to be able to tell a teacher in a classroom not to let students out if some emergency situation outside warrants a shelter-in-place directive. In some cases we don’t have much time to notify. We also have areas where cell phone reception isn’t good, in Mellon Institute, for example. I needed to fill some holes where existing technologies did not provide solutions.” One potential crisis scenario that concerned Miller was the proximity of rail lines to campus. What if a train car carrying hazardous materials derailed nearby? Less urgent events, such as water disruptions, were also challenging. Mock drills had identified the difficulty in alerting and providing information to students and staff for short-notice emer-

gencies. At best, the process was time consuming and piecemeal.

EXISTING SYSTEMS COULDN’T TARGET SPECIFIC LOCATIONS Although the university employed a range of technologies to alert the campus population, many of these solutions had limitations. None could deliver warnings to specific buildings or rooms in a timeeffective manner. According to Miller, when a water main break occurred several months earlier, security resorted to posting handwritten notices on doors in affected locations to communicate updates and information. In exploring various communications solutions, CMU identified one building, Mellon Institute, as the single most difficult environment for communications.

OLD INFRASTRUCTURE CREATED CELL PHONE DEAD ZONES Mellon Institute’s location in the heart of the Oakland neighborhood connects it to the expansive network of scientific activity in Pittsburgh’s biomedical, technological and industrial research community. On a daily basis, approximately 500 researchers at the institute use a wide range of potentially dangerous chemicals in more than 170 laboratories. They also conduct research that cannot easily be replicated or interrupted.

Limitations of Existing Notification Systems Cell Calling

• Takes more than 30 minutes to receive messages • Voluntary opt-in yields only about 40 percent enrollment in warning program • Poor reception limits success in some locations

• Only works when someone voluntarily reads E-mail • Not a “wake up and warn” technology

Fire Alarm

• Loud buzzer, little or no information • Often thought to be a false alarm or drill, and ignored by occupants • Cannot tell people to shelter in place

Blue light towers

• Outdoor locations only • Not capable of mass notification

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Not only does the scope of research present a safety concern, but the construction of the building poses a second critical issue in terms of emergency warnings. Covering a city block, the building is densely constructed of stone and concrete. Sixty two monolithic limestone columns line the four sides of the building. Concrete between floors ranges from 18to 30-inches thick. This kind of old-world construction is a hostile environment with extensive dead zones for cell phone reception on four underground floors, creating problems for cell phone-based calling and text messaging systems.

NEW SOLUTION DOESN’T DEPEND ON CELL COVERAGE, WIFI Meeting the complex communications challenges faced by CMU required a platform independent from mobile phone and WiFi networks, which have limited ability to penetrate buildings. Additionally, they slow down considerably during times of crisis. Miller decided to install the Metis Secure system to address key concerns such as message speed, targeting locations, providing instructions, penetrating reception dead zones, and independence from phone, Internet and power failure. Using a layered combination of wireless mesh networks and FM-RBDS broadcast, the Metis Secure system, with 119 notification devices mounted to walls on all 10 floors of Mellon Institute, can send targeted warnings to specific locations in less than 10 seconds. The FM-RBDS broadcast provides an all-at-once broadcast, while the mesh network allows the system to penetrate reception dead zones by passing warning messages from device to device within the building. The new system delivers data to all of the Metis notification devices in typically less than one second; enables targeted messages sent to rooms, floors or other locations; and supports custom messages. Additionally, it uses voice, text, lights and www.campussafetymagazine.com

3/4/11 8:32:57 AM

sirens, ensuring ADA compliance and message effectiveness. Other features include a map-based interface incorporating floor plans identifying high risk areas and battery back-up in each unit. The system can be monitored on-site or off-site to identify maintenance needs and system performance.

CAMPUS OFFICERS RESPOND TO REQUESTS FOR HELP Each notification device has a Request Help feature. The HELP button allows a user to leave a recorded voice message for campus police. The dispatcher can instantly see the location of the request, and can listen and quickly respond to the brief recording. In this manner, information about a building fire, a medical emergency, or other events can be fed directly to campus police by faculty, staff, students and visitors faster than a phone call. This feature is particularly important because it enables security to notify affected people of events who may require evacuation. The system’s software was installed on the university’s server and is monitored by multiple authorized users. On-site guards can monitor and respond to re-

The HELP button allows a user to leave a recorded voice message for campus police.

quests for help; campus police dispatchers can also supervise and operate the system from police headquarters off site; Miller and authorized environmental health and safety staff can access and operate the system from various remote locations.

EVACUATION DRILL DEMONSTRATES VALUE OF NEW SYSTEM The Metis Secure solution successfully addressed key concerns, such as message speed, targeting locations and penetrating reception dead zones, even in the challenging communications environment of Mellon Institute. As part of implementation, there was a live evacuation drill during which the building manager used the Command Center software to send a message to all of the notification devices in the institute. There was great internal response to the drill. Many people surveyed said they preferred the voice message to the fire

alarm due to clarity of message and the directions provided by the Metis Secure system. But the drill participants weren’t the only ones satisfied with the new solution. Miller was too. “I am impressed by the message speed and targeting capabilities that the Metis Secure team is able to achieve,” she says. “Metis Secure has a unique solution that we could use in any building on campus, but is particularly effective in addressing our most challenging environments.” TIM MEANS is the director of product management for Metis Secure Solutions. For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

CampusSafetyMagazine.com

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vehicle access control

Here are eight factors to consider when deploying barriers, barricades and bollards for vehicle-based physical access control on your campus perimeter. By David Dickinson

YOUR CRASH COURSE ON CREATING A VEHICULAR PERIMETER SECURITY SYSTEM 1

When evaluating the security risk for a given facility, particular attention must be focused on the weights and velocities of vehicles that would be used to attempt penetration into sensitive areas. A vehicle Know the moving towards a barricade has a certain kinetic Weights and energy, which is the major measure of how much Speeds of â&#x20AC;&#x153;hitting powerâ&#x20AC;? it possesses. Mathematically, kinetic Vehicles energy is derived from the vehicle velocity and its mass. On impact, some of this energy is converted to heat, sound and permanent deformation of the vehicle. The barricade must absorb the remainder of this energy if the vehicle is to be stopped. The amount of remaining energy varies, depending on many factors, but primarily the velocity of the vehicle at the moment of impact. The amount of kinetic energy posed by a vehicle changes by the square of its velocity. For example, a vehicle moving at 50 mph has 25 times as much kinetic energy as it would at 10 mph. Thus, an armored car weighing 30 times as much as a Toyota Corolla and moving at 10 mph would have less hitting power than the Toyota moving at 60 mph. 50

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FAST FACT: BOLLARDS, BENCHES AND PLANTERS MADE OF CEMENT ARE LOSING FAVOR. WHEN HIT, THE EXPLODING CEMENT CAN ACT LIKE SHRAPNEL, RESULTING IN MANY INJURIES. www.campussafetymagazine.com

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vehicle access control

Because of the relationship of velocity to the total kinetic energy possessed by the vehicle, every effort must be made by the secuRequire rity engineer to force a vehicle to Vehicles to slow down before it reaches the Approach barricade. Failing to understand Facility Slowly this and not using the proper equipment to counter the threat may lead to a false sense of security. The most frequently used technique is to require a sharp turn immediately in front of the barrier. When vehicle speed is reduced by 50 percent, the “hitting power” is reduced by four times. If the speed is reduced by two-thirds, the force of impact will be reduced by nine times. Upon designing a way to slow down vehicle approach, precautions should also be taken that the attacking car cannot make a corner cutting shot at a barricade. Often, only a light post defines a turning point and a speeding car can take it out and not even hesitate. Knolls and other impediments should be considered. Additionally, it’s best to create curves on the access roads to your facility as a natural impediment to speeding cars or trucks.

Another common planning deficiency occurs when designers choose non-certified barriers or barricades. Certified equipment Deploy has been tested and proven to Certified work under extreme conditions, Barriers giving planners the confidence they rely on. Today’s barriers and bollards are capable of stopping and destroying a truck weighing up to 65,000 pounds and traveling at 50 mph. Such barricades can be raised or lowered at will to stop traffic or let it through. In an emergency, the thick steel plates or bollards pop out of the ground within 1.5 seconds.

How Some Campuses Use Their Barriers, Bollards and Barricades

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4 Determine If Active or Passive Barricades are Appropriate Normally, an active system keeps the barrier in the active or up position. It must be deactivated to permit access. Active systems are preferable to ones that must be activated to prevent access because they are more secure.

Mix Aesthetics with Functionality With today’s smart designs, it’s no longer necessary to choose between form and function. You can have them both. Designers are creating secure environments with more compatible and aesthetically pleasing architectural elements.

Quite often, vehicle access is required temporarily on campuses. Parking for a football game, a grand opening for the new wing, freshman matriculation day and Determine open houses are temporary events needif Temporary ing only a temporary solution. Fortunately, Barriers Will such equipment now exists in the form of Work Best portable, towable barriers. These barriers can be deployed effectively in 15 minutes, even in places where it’s impossible to excavate for a permanent foundation. These mobile crash barriers can be towed into position by a medium-sized pick-up truck or equivalent. They operate locally or remotely for guard protection. Deployment, retrieval and operation are all hydraulic. The barriers stop and disable a 15,000-pound vehicle moving at 30 mph. Once positioned, the mobile barricade is separated from its transporter and lowered into place by means of a battery-operated hydraulic power system, which is then used to raise or lower the barrier for normal or emergency tasks.

Penn State University uses seven temporary barriers for home football games and special events for vehicle control and protection. The university is able to quickly deploy these barriers at strategic sites around the facility. After the event, they are quickly knocked down and towed to another location. • Manual beam barricades were recently installed at the Fort Bragg VA Hospital in North Carolina to shut down certain areas of the facility when a higher alert is sounded. • The Navy Hospital in San Diego uses high speed, high security, very shallow foundation barricades to control all vehicles going in and out of the facility. • The National Institute of Health in Bethesda, Md., uses shallow foundation barriers for traffic control and protection. • Fixed post bollards protect the perimeter

MARCH 2011

of buildings at Boston University Medical Center. • At Stanford University, the primary use of permanent pneumatically-operated bollards is to restrict vehicular traffic from entering the campus via maintenance roads. They are lowered to allow access to maintenance vehicles and raised immediately. • UCLA uses decorative bollards throughout the campus to restrict vehicle access to student housing areas and other locations that require temporary removal. Some of the areas block access to dumpsters and roads that require temporary access during admission periods. • Decorative bollards also protect the George H.W. Bush Presidential Library and Museum, located on the West Campus of Texas A&M University.

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Solutions include beam barricades and high security shallow foundaConsider tion barriers. Permanent Manual beam barBarriers, ricades look like Barricades the classic bar that and Bollards comes down but will stop a 15,000 pound vehicle traveling 50 mph dead in its tracks. It takes only one person to operate them. High speed, high security, very shallow foundation barricades can control vehicles going in and out of a facility. These barricades were created for high speed actuation and quick installation. With their extremely shallow foundation, they reduce the concerns of interference with buried pipes, power lines and fiber optic communication lines. The shallow foundation also reduces installation complexity, time, materials and corresponding costs. They will stop a 15,000 pound vehicle traveling 50 mph. Even stronger shallow foundation barriers will destroy a 65,000-pound (5.4 million foot-pounds) dump truck traveling

50 mph and continue to stand, preventing a potential second attack. However, bollards are the most used permanent solutions on campuses because they can be raised and lowered to permit or deny access. These systems operate individually or in groups up to 10, and are used for intermediate level security applications. Individual bollards are up to 12.75 inches in diameter, up to 35 inches high and are usually mounted on 3-5 foot centers. They are tested to stop and destroy an attacking vehicle weighing 10,000 pounds moving at 65 mph or a 20,000-pound vehicle moving at 46 mph. With bollards you can create the look you want. Ranging from faceted, fluted, tapered, rings and ripples, colors, pillars, to shields, emblems and logos, bollards are aesthetically pleasing and versatile. Campus officials can specify ornamental steel trim attached directly to the bollard, or select cast aluminum sleeves, which slip right over the crash tube. Bollards can be galvanized for corrosion resistance, fitted with an internal warning light for increased visibility and engineered to suit high traffic volume. If damaged, simply slip off the old and slip on the new.

Photo courtesy Delta Scientific

Here, bollards protect access at a University of Texas campus.

NO APPLICATION IS TOO LARGE OR SMALL Protecting perimeters of facilities is no small responsibility. Knowing youâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ve got the right equipment in place to secure the facility and to prevent human tragedy brings a peace of mind that no amount of money can buy. Carefully researching available options and consulting with experts will ultimately lead to the right solution. DAVID DICKINSON is the senior vice president for Delta Scientific. For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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SAFETY ZONE

Should Students, Teachers Be Taught to Attack Active Shooters? Training them to use an aggressive-assaultive approach might not be the best use of resources.

By Michael Dorn An internationally recognized authority on campus safety and author of 19 books on the topic, Michael Dorn is the senior public safety and emergency management analyst for Jane’s Consultancy. Dorn, a member of the Campus Safety Advisory Council, works with a team of campus safety experts to make campuses safer around the globe through Jane’s offices in nine countries. He can be reached at schoolsafety@janes.com. Check out Dorn’s podcast on the topic at www.CampusSafetyMagazine.com/Dorn1.

here has been a fair amount of dialogue on this topic. In some cases, staff and students are taught a variety of techniques to distract and overwhelm a person who is actively shooting. Some trainers teach that one or more students should attack an aggressor from one side of the doorway while another group rushes the gunman from a different direction. At least one trainer teaches teachers and students to place a table several feet in front of the classroom doorway to disorient and distract a shooter as he enters the room so students can then attack and disarm him. Another training group has taught students as young as kindergarteners to throw textbooks at the head of an armed aggressor and then rush him. One training video advises college students to spread out in their classroom to make it harder for an aggressor to shoot victims. Most of these techniques are grounded in military and law enforcement training concepts that have been vetted at least to some extent.

APPLICATION TO CAMPUS SETTING IS QUESTIONABLE

If two weeks of academy instruction and practice were not enough for successful application of these tactics by police officers, how likely is it that an elementary school student will be able to apply them when he or she is terrified?

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I have to say that I am skeptical as to how well they can be applied by K-12 students under the actual stress of an active shooter situation. I am also very concerned about how well even college age students will be able to remember to avoid these types of approaches if an attempt is made to take hostages. I have talked with a number of people who have survived campus shootings who might easily have been killed had they provoked the shooter who, for whatever reason, selected not to shoot them. While I might apply some of these same concepts if I didn’t happen to have my Glock or 1911 with me, I am a grown man who was a cop for 20 years. I know what it is like to be shot in real life. I can recall dozens of police tactical concepts that seemed really cool at the time but proved to be ineffective and even dangerous in actual street application. Some of these techniques worked extremely well in controlled simulations but were abandoned after highly trained cops were unable to apply them under actual field conditions far less dire than a gunman in an enclosed area. In one instance, my partner and I both applied different techniques we had been taught and had practiced intensively every day for two weeks while attending the police academy. Both techniques failed, and the suspect attempted to MARCH 2011

snatch my revolver from my holster. If two weeks of academy instruction and practice were not enough for successful application of these tactics by police officers, how likely is it that an elementary school student will be able to apply them when he or she is terrified?

TRAINING MUST FOCUS ON EVACUATION, SHELTERING IN PLACE While staff and students in institutions of higher learning would more likely be able to learn the proper application of these techniques given adequate practice, have they already been prepared for much more likely mass casualty events? Do they know how to use severe weather and earthquake sheltering concepts? There are still many schools that have never done a proper spread of emergency drills to practice skills that are far more likely to prevent mass casualty losses. For example, severe weather sheltering, sheltering place for chemical incidents and reverse evacuation are probably far more important emergency protocols for most campus organizations, yet are practiced or taught in only a small percentage of schools and universities. I think some of the active shooter concepts being discussed and taught in our nation’s schools are definitely worthy of discussion and testing. I also feel that they are still theoretical concepts at least in terms of their application by students, particularly in the K-12 setting. Having seen how students and staff respond to far less stressful situations in both the K-12 and higher ed settings for many years, I think such approaches should be carefully evaluated. I am not sure I would dedicate the time and resources to train students and staff on unproven concepts in the K-12 setting when proven concepts could be taught to the same people in less time to cover a far wider array of more likely situations. I know this doesn’t answer the extremely valid question “What do we teach people to do when a gunman forces their way into a room?” but there are other, simpler responses that have worked. I’ll probably strike a nerve with some folks, and I welcome dissenting views and thoughtful dialogue. This is too important a topic to rest on any one person’s viewpoint, and I know that there are a number of intelligent, thoughtful, caring and experienced people who may hold a different opinion. I for one, welcome your thoughts. For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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3/3/11 3:41:19 PM

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AS I SEE IT

‘Snitches Get Stitches’: My Experience With Hazing Campus safety personnel can help pledges overcome or even avoid dangerous fraternity and sorority initiation experiences.

Ashley Willis is the associate editor of Security Sales & Integration magazine and was formerly the associate editor for Campus Safety. She can be reached at ashley.willis@bobit.com.

ampus Safety has reported on quite a few fraternity and sorority hazing incidents this year, and sadly, it doesn’t seem like the trend will die down soon. For years, there have been stories about pledges dying or being seriously injured all in the name of [place Greek organization here], whether it be from alcohol poisoning, drowning or being beaten. In July, Campus Safety ran a story about four members of the California Polytechnic State University (Cal Poly) chapter of Sigma Alpha Epsilon (SAE) receiving jail time for their involvement in the death of an 18-yearold Carson Starkey, who died from alcohol poisoning during the pledging process. More recently, a former sorority pledge of the Sigma Gamma Rho sorority chapter at San Jose State University claims she was repeatedly beaten and paddled during an initiation process. This story broke several months after a pledge of the Rutgers University chapter of the aforementioned sorority said she was struck 200 times, leaving blood clots and welts on her buttocks.

Some pledges, myself included, are told not to tell authorities of the obvious illegal hazing process because you aren’t being a true “sister” or “brother” to the organization. Even worse, people are bullied into keeping quiet about their process because they don’t want to experience harassment by organization members. EVERYONE KNOWS HAZING IS WRONG Hazing is illegal in 44 states. Despite this, Greek organizations are constantly getting suspended or banned on campuses throughout the nation for hazing incidents. To be fair, EVERYONE involved in the pledging process is aware that hazing is wrong. Most, if not all, fraternity/sorority orientations state this. However, it’s not stressed enough to really get into the heads of the pledges or the members of the organizations. Having looked at several sororities during my college years, I remember going to those orientations and seeing the nonchalant atti-

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tude towards hazing. As a naïve 19-year-old who really hadn’t experienced much of the world, I took everything that each person said to me about hazing at face value. “Hazing is WRONG! We definitely don’t do that,” I was told. “How could I not believe such strong convictions?” I thought. After all, Greek organizations are all about sisterhood and brotherhood, right? Wrong. I did join an organization, and I did participate in a process that involved hazing, which put my health and welfare in jeopardy. I won’t go into the details because even as I write this, a small part of me fears that someone from my organization/process will read this, and the bullying and harassment will start all over again. Looking back, I can see how students start to believe that they have to travel this route to “earn” letters, which is why they continue to put themselves in dangerous positions. Some pledges, myself included, are told not to tell authorities of the obvious illegal hazing process because you aren’t being a true “sister” or “brother” to the organization. Even worse, people are bullied into keeping quiet about their process because they don’t want to experience harassment by organization members. This is what happened to me.

IT TAKES GUTS TO REPORT ABUSE This is why I appreciate the bravery of 20-yearold Courtney Howard, who allegedly endured many of those aforementioned obstacles when she was pledging Sigma Gamma Rho at San Jose State University. During her pledging process, she was told that “snitches get stitches,” meaning that if she told an authority about her experience, members of the chapter were going to beat her up. Fortunately, she listened to her gut instinct and did report her hazing experience. Unfortunately, Howard says she was threatened and bullied because of it. Sadly, this girl will not be the last to go through this; however, she is one of the brave ones. She stood up for herself and filed a negligence lawsuit against her attackers, the national sorority and the university.

HAZING LEADS TO LAWSUITS You’re probably wondering how the university can be held accountable for the incident. After all, the institution was not a part of the

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pledging process, and chances are, campus officials didn’t even know these things were taking place on campus. However, Howard isn’t the only victim who doesn’t believe that is an excuse anymore. Let’s take a look at Nicolas Brown, a former pledge of the University of Arkansas chapter of Phi Delta Theta Fraternity. As a freshman pledge in November 2009, Brown claims he was forced to drink large amounts of alcohol as a part of his pledging experience. With a blood alcohol level eight times the legal limit at .68, he suffered from grand mal seizures and acute respiratory failure because of severe intoxication. Brown fell into a coma, and doctors feared he would either die or suffer permanent brain damage. Now, Brown is not only suing six members of the fraternity, he is also suing the university, claiming that school officials knew the organization was already on probation for hazing and alcohol violations, and yet they did nothing to stop the abuse. Still think your institution can’t be held accountable for the foolish (and/or violent) actions of Greek organizations?

VICTIMS NEED YOUR SUPPORT What bothers me most is that there are so

many students out there who are going through the exact predicaments as StarIT IS IMPERATIVE key, Howard, Brown and I did. WantTHAT FRATERNITIES ing to be accepted by their peers, AND SORORITIES they allow themselves to be hazed. UNDERSTAND AT A For those who are wise enough to MUCH DEEPER LEVEL walk away before they end up severely hurt, they feel as if they have THAT ABUSING no one to contact or report to because PLEDGES IS of the fear that they will face the wrath WRONG. of fraternity/sorority members. raThus, I believe it is imperative that fraternities and sororities understand at a much deeper level that abusing pledges is wrong. How about the university hosting a mandatory meeting for all organizations to discuss the repercussions of hazing? Then, make it a point to have some sort of authority at orientations to inform prospective members on the truth about hazing and reassure them that if something does happen, campus officials are available to handle the situation. True, hazing is not going to stop in a day, but at least this will be a step in the right direction. For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

CampusSafetyMagazine.com

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EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT MATTERS

You’ve Just Lost Your Top Emergency Management Employee. Now What? Departments must be prepared for when important members of their teams leave.

s I look back on what I’ve accomplished as a campus emergency manager (EM), one thing is clear: I can’t do this job alone. I rely on many, many people. There are key individuals who have a great impact on how I do my job, and how we come together as a team in crisis. So what happens to the team when a major player leaves? In universities across the country, using a football analogy, we move to the second and third string players. Unfortunately, in emergency management, there aren’t always as many players as we would like. This year I saw some changes with new people coming into my organization and many experienced people leaving due to retirements. Some just left because a better opportunity came along. This brings up the issue of having a good organizational succession and training plans. Many of the people I rely on have decades of skill and experience; institutional knowledge that is not easily replaced. I work with people who have been on campus an average of 15 to 20 years; even 50 years of experience in some locations. They know every nut, bolt and minute element of the campus. The loss can severely impact an institution.

By David Burns David Burns has more than 30 years experience in public safety and is the director of UCLA’s Emergency Management Office. He is also a higher education consultant who is a subject matter expert in mass casualty incident management, emergency notification systems, comprehensive plan development, emergency organization, EOC design, operation, crisis communications, threat and vulnerability assessment, disaster recovery, grant administration and auditing. David can be reached at burns.gsmblog@gmail.com.

I work with people who have been on campus an average of 15 to 20 years; even 50 years of experience in some locations. They know every nut, bolt and minute element of the campus. The loss can severely impact an institution.

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LEARNING THE NUANCES OF A CAMPUS TAKES TIME I have been on my campus for nearly five years, and I am just now mastering the vastness of the campus community - 175 buildings and growing; a new medical center across the street, new research labs, and many changes. Five years means I am exiting my novice period and becoming a pro at the higher education level. The dynamics of change can bring in many challenges to a university campus. When a person leaves, a void is created. Knowing how nature hates a vacuum, that void will be filled. How the void is filled can create some political and organizational challenges. A good succession plan or strategy can help smooth out some of the wrinkles. All of us know at least one person in our organization who holds great skill, knowledge and experience. In this knowledge, there is great respect. They often do the work of many people. Their presence in a crisis establishes a level of calm or gravitas that carries the entire room. If we do not have redundancy of comparably skilled and qualified staff, the departure of just one staff member like this can devastate a campus EM program and the crisis team. It could take many months or a year or more to correct

MARCH 2011

if succession, training and mentoring strategies are not undertaken well in advance. We should be preparing for the future; we need to ensure our staff is up to the task at hand, especially working in an emergency management function. We need to have veterans mentoring those entering the profession. We need to build good teams with varying levels of experience.

GET YOUR 2ND AND 3RD STRING TEAM MEMBERS READY The success I have in doing my job is made somewhat easier because the team I work with has great skill. If the people replacing those who leave do not have similar skill sets, the ease and fluid nature of the team will be challenged. If one person comes in lacking key skill sets or experience (the weakest link), especially in emergency management-related functions, the ability to manage a critical section or function is lost. The entire institution could suffer during a crisis. It’s like relying on only one star kicker to kick that winning goal, and if he goes down, who then will we have to work with? In a campus setting, a team may often only be able to perform as well as its weakest link. We can reduce our vulnerabilities, risks and potential for failure by making sure we have a plan and staffing layers for succession in critical campus positions, especially as it relates to emergency management. There is one chaos element we all work with: the people we train. Those we expect to be there in a crisis could be absent. They may be sick, on vacation, out of the area and simply unable to be recalled. We need to make sure we have people who can respond and take charge, and more important, when the need for a second or third string player is made - they can rise to the challenge. If not, we lose. Unfortunately, in this serious game (emergencies), when we lose, people suffer. That’s why it’s important our campus administrators take their crisis roles seriously. People’s lives and campus mission may depend on how we train, prepare and respond to the challenges that may be placed before us. The problem is we never know when we will get the call from the coach. Readiness never takes a break or holiday. When the coach taps you on the shoulder and says, “get in there, you’re up!” - will you be ready? For additional coverage of this and other healthcare and educational safety and security topics, visit

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3/3/11 3:32:12 PM

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TECHNOLOGY AT WORK

1 / Chapman Medical Center Upgrades Its Video Surveillance System Chapman Medical Center in Orange, Calif., has installed the Avigilon HD Surveillance System. The solution is managed using Avigilon Control Center Enterprise Network Video Management Software (NVMS) with HD Stream Management and installed Avigilon HD cameras ranging from 1MP to 8MP. They monitor the perimeter of the building, including parking lots and all access points. An Avigilon 180° Panoramic HD dome camera monitors the main entrance and the reception desk in the lobby. An Avigilon analog video encoder improves the performance of existing analog cameras, and the system is monitored from users’ desktops or remotely when necessary. The hospital also stores seven days of continuous surveillance video footage. The system has helped to reduce security management costs because only one nighttime security guard is required. The hospital has also been able to reduce storage costs and improve search capabilities for greater investigative success. Chapman Medical Center has also reduced crime by at least 80 percent, according to the company.

2 / Hobbs Muni School District Upgrades Its Video Management Software Hobbs Municipal School District in Texas has installed Video Insight software to manage its video surveillance solutions. The district has made an aggressive effort to ensure comprehensive video surveillance coverage of its 16 district buildings, providing more than 480 cameras throughout the district including elementary, junior high and high school campuses. Its video surveillance system operates with one centralized server located at technology headquarters and an archival server at each building.

School administrators monitor cameras at their campuses and also take recordings when an incident occurs. One of the key areas Hobbs officials sought in a video software provider was the ability to monitor and record sound, a feature their previous software providers did not provide. Another issue Video Insight solved for Hobbs was storage. The previous software only allowed two weeks of images to be stored. With the Video Insight solution, district officials can configure it to store for as long as they want, which is particularly helpful during long periods of time without regular activity in buildings due to summer or holiday breaks. The software also allows access to the cameras from outside of the network. The next project phase of new construction will include an additional 70 Axis cameras, bringing the total camera coverage to 550.

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3 / Fairfax County Schools Install New Video Wall The security operations center for the safety and security department of the Fairfax County (Va.,) Public Schools recently moved from its longtime facility into a new facility. A key component of the new console is the Middle Atlantic Products’ VisionFrame video wall that is used to mount a large 42-inch x 47-inch display monitor. The company was able to use CAD software so the district could come up with a physical layout of the dimensions of the room, including a raised floor and recessed ceiling. The new system monitors intrusion and fire alarms for about 230 different facilities, as well as the school bus GPS system. It also monitors expulsion hearings or judicial processes in the school system that are supplemented with panic buttons in the rooms.

4 / New Capital Health Facility Installs Integrated System Officials from Capital Health have

MARCH 2011

3 installed AMAG Technology’s Symmetry Security Management System at their new hospital in Hopewell Township, N.J. AMAG Technology, a security management system provider encompassing access control, IP video and intrusion detection, along with EDI Ltd., a professional consulting and design firm, worked together on the project. They provided the hospital with a security solution that will protect patients, staff and assets at its brand new state-of-the-art medical building, which is opening later this year. The system will integrate with Milestone XProtect video surveillance software to provide a complete security management system for the 237-bed facility. The integrated system will link alarms and camera views, providing security officers with an imme-

diate view of events. Symmetry’s visitor management module will allow the hospital to actively manage visitors, while maintaining a high level of protection for staff and patients.

5 / Gustavus Adolphus College Deploys Critical Information System Saint Peter, Minn.-based Gustavus Adolphus College has selected NaviGate, a critical information management system from Lauren Innovations. It will use the system to expand and improve its emergency and safety plans, as well as enhance coordination and interaction with local first responders. NaviGate is a Web-based, secure, integrated emergency management system. It stores all of the school’s critical information, links the facility to first responders, provides permissionbased access to building and emergency plans and provides real-time reporting. The solution stores the college’s information in two secure locations: one on the East Coast and the other in the South West. The incident management module allows users to log and report on any incident. The system can also assign each Gustavus Adolphus College officer training content and then follow it up with a test.

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SPOTLIGHT ON EMERGENCY COMMUNICATIONS

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Aiphone IS Series Rescue Assistance Stations Aiphone’s IS Series Rescue Assistance Stations are manufactured to be integrated with CCTV systems, and the stations meet the latest ADA requirements, including station lettering, Braille signage, a call status indicator light, a call button mounting height on towers and the thinnest mounting box available. The IS Series features a wide angle camera with pan/tilt control from the master station, capturing a larger viewing area and ability to zoom in for greater detail. Aiphone’s modular design allows for maximum flexibility with two-module or three-module towers and easy assembly, according to the company.

G GAI-Tronics’ new Red Alert emergency ttelephones are designed for maximum environmental sustainability, high audio e quality, and unparalleled monitoring capabilq itity, according to the company. In addition to providing hands-free, two-way communicap ttions, the product can report its location, provide call activity reports, activate two p peripheral devices (locally or remotely), p and let you know when it is experiencing a problems. The product’s TMA software application installs on a customer-provided PC and will automatically monitor push buttons, microphone integrity, speaker integrity, line integrity and call connection. Need FREEInfo? Use 13415 (800) 440-1129, ext. 13415 www.campussafetymagazine.com/FREEInfo/13415

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Code Blue IP5000 Full Duplex Emergency Speakerphone The IP5000 full duplex emergency speakerphone technology from Code Blue includes user programming capabilities, reliability, vandal resistance, auxiliary functions, fault monitoring and reporting, and a public address system. It is designed to be compatible with Code Blue’s Blue Alert mass notification system over the wired or wireless network, simplifying installation and existing system retrofitting. Blue Alert allows flexibility in announcement delivery by providing text-to-speech, live broadcast, pre-recorded messages and warning tone options, as well as announcement repeat and scheduling features. Need FREEInfo? Use 13414 (800) 440-1129, ext. 13414 www.campussafetymagazine.com/FREEInfo/13414

Talk-A-Phone Native VoIP 500 Series Emergency Phones Talk-A-Phone Co. introduces its Native VoIP 500 Series Emergency Phones that can be connected directly to existing routers and LAN infrastructure. The new unit replaces the company’s 400 Series analog phone. Many custom faceplate sizes are available, allowing other manufacturer’s analog phones to be easily upgraded to the VoIP 500 Series. A built-in Layer 2 switch allows other IP devices to be connected directly to the VoIP 500 Series phone, further enhancing IP integration options. As an added benefit, VoIP 500 Series Emergency Phones can be paged at high volume with WEBS® Contact mass notification software, allowing emergency personnel to issue targeted alerts to any segment of a facility. Need FREEInfo? Use 13417 (800) 440-1129, ext. 13417 www.campussafetymagazine.com/FREEInfo/13417

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ASC Campus Warning Systems provide peace-of -mind for students, parents, faculty, and staff with their ability to alert the campus instantly of an emergency. I-Force high-powered speaker arrays (HPSAs) produce: • Superior voice instelligibility • Incident-specific pre-recorded messages and live public address. ASC can coordinate HPSAs with voice, text, and e-mail alerts to stakeholders. Contact ASC for professional consultation to address your campus' emergency notification needs.

(800) 243-2911

Detex Electric Delayed Egress New Braunfels, Texas-based Detex Corp. announces the electric delayed egress with latch retraction (EExER), which combines the self-contained delayed egress EE with the latch retraction ER module to provide exceptional security for applications requiring delayed egress and remote unlocking, remote dogging, access control or an automatic door operator. An optional request to exit (REX) switch may be added for push pad monitoring or LX switch for latch bolt monitoring. The alarm in the Remote Interface Module, with approximately 100dB, will sound when someone attempts to exit. Need FREEInfo? Use #13409 (800) 440-1129, ext. 13409 www.campussafetymagazine.com/FREEInfo/13409

Avigilon Control Center 4.6 Network VMS Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada-based Avigilon’s Control Center 4.6 with high definition stream management (HDSM) network video management software (VMS) captures, transmits, manages, stores, archives, plays back, and exports HD video while efficiently handling bandwidth and storage, the company maintains. Data management includes enterprise-class, intelligent video transmission, recording and storage features that organize and protect surveillance assets gathered from hundreds of cameras across multiple sites. Need FREEInfo? Use #13407 (800) 440-1129, ext. 13407 www.campussafetymagazine.com/ FREEInfo/13407

Or visit us at: www.americansignal.com www.campussafetymagazine.com/freeinfo/13100 CAMPUS SAFETY MARCH 2011 68

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CAMPUS SAFETY MAGAZINE Has Gone DIGITAL!

Now the same great magazine that you rely on is available right from your computer. • Faster delivery than print (7-10 days faster) • Green alternative – no paper! • Search current issue and archived issues • Direct links to advertiser’s website • Forward to a friend

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TOOLS OF THE TRADE

Kenwood TK-5410 & TK-5910 Portable Radios

Gamewell-FCI Wide-Area Mass Notification Solutions

The TK-5410 and TK-5910 are the newest P25 compatible radios introduced by Kenwood of Suwanee, Ga., specifically for public safety agencies operating in the 700/800 MHz bands. Both incorporate increased memory for future software upgrades

and AMBE+2 enhanced full rate CODEC voice digitization technology with improved FEC and noise reduction, the company says. The portables operate in P25 conventional, trunking and analog conventional modes. Need FREEInfo? Use #13409 (800) 440-1129, ext. 13409 www.campussafetymagazine. com/FREEInfo/13409

Northford, Conn.’s Gamewell-FCI by Honeywell introduces a comprehensive line of wireless and hardwired audible notification solutions for wide area (outdoor) applications. Designed to site-specific requirements, the mass notification systems (MNS) can provide fast, supervised communications over a choice of hardwired media or wireless technologies, including radio frequency, IP-Ethernet, mesh radio and satellite. An intuitive software interface allows authorized users to direct prerecorded or live voice notifications to zoned outdoor areas through the wide-area system with the touch of a button. Need FREEInfo? Use #13408 (800) 440-1129, ext. 13408 www.campussafetymagazine.com/FREEInfo/13408

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MARKETPLACE

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Honoring security dealers/integrators that exemplify professionalism in their sales, marketing, business and installation efforts.

Entries are now being accepted. For more information, www.thesammyawards.com or email: secsales@bobit.com CS0909steamboat_cls.indd

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MARCH 2011

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CAMPUS SAFETY

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RECESS

WHAT’S WRONG WITH THIS PICTURE?

THEY SAID IT When I started at Anoka Technical College in 1990, there were six counselors. Today, I am the remaining counselor. There is one counselor on campus for a head count over the course of the year that’s in the neighborhood of 3,000.

Photo courtesy Jim Grayson

ANSWER:

The dumpsters placed against the fence make it easy for anyone to access campus grounds.

DID YOU KNOW? Children with ADHD are

LESS CRIME OCCURS

in neighborhoods with big trees than in residential areas with smaller trees.

13 TIMES MORE LIKELY

Source: U.S. Forest Service

to have conduct disorders n than children who don’t have ADHD.

Counselor Kevin Lindstrom on the cutbacks in counseling services at Minnesota community colleges despite there being an increase in demand for mental health assistance. Source: Grand Forks Herald

Some were combative, some were extremely paranoid -- monsters and demons and talking to God and aliens coming to get their family. But the cravings are similar to crack, so they keep doing it. Mark Ryan of Louisiana Poison Control on the effects of Mephedrone, which is often sold legally to users in the form of bath salts, plant food or insect repellent. The products often have names like Ivory Wave, Ocean, White Lightning or Red Dove. Source: ABC News

Source: Pediatrics

80%

Source: “Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research”

Source: USA Today

of fans who were tested after professional football and basketball games were drunk.

of colleges nationwide have started using threat assessment teams since the 2007 massacre at Virginia Tech.

$13,000

was paid d on eBay for the purse used by a Florida school board member to smack a man who was holding other board members at gunpoint. Source: ABC

FOR ADDITIONAL COVERAGE OF HEALTHCARE, EDUCATIONAL SAFETY, AND SECURITY TOPICS, VISIT CampusSafetyMagazine.com

Bobit

CAMPUS SAFETY MAGAZINE (USPS 610) (ISSN 1066-7039) is published BI-Monthly with an extra issue in November, by Bobit Business Media, 3520 Challenger Street, Torrance, California 90503-1640. Periodicals Postage Paid at Torrance, CA 90503-9998 and Additional Mailing Offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to Campus Safety Magazine, P.O. Box 1068, Skokie,

Business Media IL 60076-8068. Please allow 8 to 16 weeks for address changes to take effect. Subscription Prices – United States and Canada $60 per year; Foreign $100 per year. Single copy price - $10. Please

alow 8 to 16 weeks to receive your first issue. Please address Editorial and Advertising correspondence to the Executive Offices at 3520 Challenger Street, Torrance, California 90503-1640. The contents of this publication may not be reproduced either in whole or in part without consent of Bobit Business Media. All statements made, although based on information believed to be reliable and accurate, cannot be guaranteed and no fault or liability can be accepted for error or omission.

CAMPUS SAFETY

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MARCH 2011

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With intelligent and integrated solutions for your entire campus, we help you reduce energy costs while improving the security and comfort of your students. A quality educational experience requires a quality environment â&#x20AC;&#x201D; an environment that is secure, comfortable and operating at peak efficiency. The Building Technologies division of Siemens helps colleges and universities achieve this by delivering proven system infrastructure solutions and services so that students can concentrate on what is most important â&#x20AC;&#x201D; learning. More at www.usa.siemens.com/highered

Answers for infrastructure.

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All Cooper logos are valuable trademarks of Cooper Industries in the U.S. and other countries. You are not permitted to use Cooper trademarks without the prior written consent of Cooper Industries.

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