Antoine Fourrier Master of Landscape Architecture A Vegetable Garden for Paris

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Le Plateau de Saclay : designing with agriculture

A VEGETABLE GARDEN FOR PARIS Antoine Fourrier

Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam Landschapsarchitectuur 2015-2016

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COMMISSION GROUP Mentor Ruut van Paridon - van Paridon x de Groot landschapsarchitecten (landscape architect) Members of the commission Jana Crepon, Inside Outside (landscape architect) Giovanni Luca Tramutola, SAP Landscape Consultancy & Design (landscape architect)

Front page : Axonometric view of the Design of the Plateau de Saclay (Paris, France)

by Antoine Fourrier, 2016

Final graduation project - Antoine Fourrier July 6th 2016 Landscape Architect Student Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam phone (nl) : +31 6 17 06 66 28 phone (fr) :Â +33 6 73 32 10 59 mail :Â antoine.fourrier@yahoo.fr

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Contents

1. Ile-de-France, a rural area 04

2. Concept

8. Water Design

9. Landscape framework

96

3. Analysis 16

30

10. Zoom areas 106

136

4. A landscape of innovation 58

5. An historic water system 68

11. Numbers

12. Bibliography 150

156

6. Strategy 76

7. Agricultural Design

82

4

1. ILE-DE-FRANCE A RURAL AREA

5

6

1.1. THE CONTEXT Starving Parisians are revolted Parisians!

And this is how, in the XVIIIe century, the French revolution started. October 5th 1789, the famine was so important that the women walked to Versailles asking to the king food for their children. The food has always been, for centuries, a challenge and a major concern for kings of France. The food autonomy of the city has never exceeded a few days. In times of scarcity, the French kings did not hesitate to starve the capital campaign to supply Paris so as not to stir up the discontent of the population in poor neighborhoods, who could possibly make the revolution.

Today the situation has not really changed.

For example, in Kenya, people produce French beans, products which they can not even afford. Meanwhile, they have to import wheat and corn from France to provide their needs. At the same time, Paris import over long distances, agricultural products. Our food comes from all over the world. In fact, our meal takes in average over 2 200 km before reaching our plates (around five time the distance Paris-Amsterdam). For some products it makes sense, as rice, coffee, bananas… Nevertheless, for other, as vegetables, it starts to be absurd.

divers landscapes were meant to produce food for the city. Today, the agriculture shifted to a monotonous large scale production of cereals. We can question the sustainability of this landscape in an environmental point of view, but also in a sociological one. People seems to have left the landscape, the city get lost in the immense flatness of the mono-cultural fields.

The Parisian area – so called Île-de-France - carries a very urban image. But actually, half of it is agricultural lands. Back in the time, the agriculture generated a very diverse and lively landscape. It was a landscape of orchards, sheep’s, vineyards and vegetable productions.

Villages were surrounded of beautiful traditional gardens, called ‘ourches’. This

Today, Paris became a world metropolis and the city has expanded tremendously.

The housing demand has never been so high and we consume in average 700 ha of farmland per year. Which means, if we continue to built at that speed, that there will not be one open space left in 100 years.

What we need to remember is that Paris grew together with it’s agriculture. The French capital has been established a long time ago on the very fertile Seine river banks. To provide the city, agriculture started in the swamps around the city.

This ‘swamp agriculture’ has been named ‘maraîchage’ (from the French word ‘marais’, marshland). As the city expanded, the maraîchage expanded as well. In the XVIIIe century, the king established outside the city, in Versailles. And at that time, the agricultural activity in Saclay started to flourish. In the XXe century, Paris built a defense line to protect the city against the Prussian invasion. But this defense line was also meant to protect the vital farmland to provide the city during war time.

Flock of sheep , Essonne, Ile-de-France

‘ourches’, a typical orchard kind near a farm in Saclay, Ile-de-France

7 N

Roissy-Charles De Gaulle

La Défense

Versailles

Saclay

PARIS

Orly Orsay

Marne-la-Vallée

8

Large scale farming in France relies in export, Ile-de-France

Painting ‘Les glaneuses’ by J.F. Millet

Import of fresh vegetables, Food Center, Amsterdam

French beans production in Kenya

9

FISH POTATO

BARLEY

WHEAT

ORANGES

PEPPER TEA SUGAR

SUGAR

BANANA ORANGE APPLE

SHEEP

DAIRY PRODUCT KIWI APPLE

GRAPES

APPLE PEARS

THEA

COCONUTS SUGAR

Food coming from all around the world with an average travel of 5 times Paris-Amsterdam

CACAO

CHICKEN

SUNFLOWER

BEAN ORANGE SOY

STRAWBERRIES

OIL BEEF

PEANUT COFFEE

COFFEE

SUGAR

THEA

COFFEE

PEANUT

ONION

SOY BEAN

THEA

TEA

CACAO COFFEE COFFEE

MANGO

CITRUS CASHEWS

CHICKEN

APPLE

TEA COFFEE MAIZE

CACAO

TEA FRENCH BEANS

RICE

CABBAGE

COFFEE

FISH

COFFEE

OIL CACAO

FRENCH BEANS

COFFEE

CACAO

COFFEE

CACAO COFFEE

MANGO

COFFEECOFFEE COCOA

COFFEE CACAO

MANGO

MELON

GRAPE

BANANA MILK

SUNFLOWER OIL WATER MELON STRAW STRAWDATE FIG

CABBAGE CHICKEN POTATO RICE ONION CABBAGE PORK CHICKEN ONION

FISH

OAT WHEAT

CARROTS

BERRIES BERRIES COFFEE COFFEE

CACAO

CACAO COFFEE

CHICKEN

ORANGE

KIWI

CITRUS

PORK

BEEF

CACAO

WINE

DATE

ORANGES

COFFEE

EGGS

COFFEE

ORANGE

KIWI

CACAO

MILK

KIWI

BANANA

CACAO

COFFEE ASPERGE

SUGAR CACAO

TOMATOES

FISH

CACAO

FISH

COFFEE

BANANA

FENCH BEANS

FENCH BEANS FRENCH BEANS

SUGAR

CHICKEN

CUCUMBER APPLE BEEF

OAT

MILK WHEAT TOMATO PORK CARROTS CARROTS BARLEY

SUGAR

BANANA

CORN BARLEY CABBAGE

OAT RYE SUNFLOWER OAT POTATO CORN APPLES CABBAGE EGGS WHEAT RYE POTATO MILK LETTUCE WHEAT WHEAT CORN MILK PRODUCTS

LETTUCE

PORK

OAT

COFFEE

SUGAR

APPLE

MILK

WHEAT STRAWBERRIES ORANGES

FISH

FISH POTATO

CORN BEEF BARLEY MILK

MILK

FISH

FISH SHELLFISH MAPLE SYRUP SOY

BEETS

VODKA

FISH PRODUCTS

MILK

Source : Noordhoff Uitgevers B.V., De Bosatlas van het voedsel , 116 p., nov. 2014 VPXDG Landscape Architect i.s.m. Antoine Fourrier - Foodscape

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Antique Folio Copper Engraved Map, 1724, Paris

Mérian plan is a “bird view” plan of Paris towards the East, 1615 by Matthäus Merian.

Maraichage around Paris, postcard

Fort Villiers, postcard

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marshlands Paris

‘maraichage’ Versailles

Defense line 1814-1870

in e Se

in e Se

in e Se

Saclay

1300

‘maraichage’

XVIIIe century

Saclay

XXe century

Saclay

Today

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1.2 A CHALLENGE FOR THE AGRICULTURE IN THE METROPOLIS Today, Île-de-France export most of it’s production abroad, while several trucks from Amsterdam brings vegetables every day to the French capital. Large scale crop farming relies on export, which makes it really sensitive to international competition. More and more in the future, climate change and the generalized carbon tax, will make the transport of grain product and import of fresh product a really expensive and unsustainable way to feed the city. But peri-urban agriculture is also facing other difficulties, like the high competition with urban expansion. And this will be a major challenge for Paris. This urban sprawl also generate social conflicts with farmers. For example, in 2013, the farmers of Saclay have several time demonstrated against the urbanization of their lands.

Nevertheless, farmers are also bringing some answers to this problem. The ‘AMAP’, a community supported association, has a number of initiatives to get closer to the consumer, by producing fresh and healthy food. Although, is small scale farming the definitive answer to urbanization?

Often for good reasons, intensive farming has been subject of a negative image, with food and environmental scandals.

We associate too systematically being environmentally virtuous to the small scale farming. However, I have a good new: intensive farming is not incompatible with the environment. We are living a new agricultural revolution.

Pavilion nightmare by Jean-Luc de Bry

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Urban expansion & population: a fast and high land consumption

14

Demonstration against the urbanization of Plateau de Saclay, December 2013

Protest against the aerial subway on Plateau de Saclay

Farmers involved in the Community-Supported Agriculture Association (AMAP) in Saclay

School excursion with a Community-Supported Agriculture Association (AMAP) in Saclay

Entrepreneurship : a network of farmers engaged food transition

15 N

Saclay

‘AMAP’ network in Ile-de-France : existing small-scale organic farmers distribution point

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2. CONCEPT

17

18

2.1 A LANDSCAPE REVOLUTION Nowadays, new techniques and agriculture practices are being developed. This new generation of machinery combines big data, computer science and farming techniques. Already this new technology are in action, like in Germany, with tractor being so precise that they can determine automatically the right amount of water and pesticides input according to the soil type. In France, pruning robots are use in vineyards to monitor vine health. Likewise, drones can apply fertilizer in an optimum way according to growing conditions.

These machines relies on the landscape and they create landscape.

One of the most outstanding example is certainly precision farming. By combining soil & climate data, this machines can study and harvest precisely the fields. They also reduce the amount of input in water and fertilizer. These new high-tech machines are even able to plant different crops in one field according to the soil condition of this one. Furthermore, they are precise enough to follow to contour line of a slop in order to reduce soil erosion. Precision farming, is a way to reduce fertilizers, water consumption and disease, and by consequent improving biodiversity and the yield per hectare. This new high tech way of farming is also recalling old technique of farming. Indeed, back in the time, vineyard around Paris were following the topography lines of the terrain.

shown the high potential of agro-ecology, by developing agricultural systems with a deep knowledge of ecology science.

For example, agro-forestry combines crop culture with forestry. It has been studied by the INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) that one hectare of agro-forestry can produce as much biomass as 1.5 ha of forest and 1.5 ha of crops. The trees provide fertile nutriments and reduce water consumption by creating a micro climate. In the same way, it is possible to associate crops with fruit trees in order to in increase the food production. Different crops can be planted together increasing the production the yield and reducing pest and diseases.

In fact this technique was already use in the traditional orchards (‘the ourches’) combining fruit tree production with vegetables.

Other techniques are also making the best of the solar energy, CO2 regulation and nutriment cycles. Acquaponic and hydroponic green houses combine fish production and vegetable production, by using the feces of the fish to provide the plants in nutriments. In the past, the same smart use of nutriments was used in the Sologne countryside. Fish pounds were put dry and the people cultivated it for a few years before re-filling with water.

Technology and big data, Germany

In the same vein, recent research have

Automated harvesting of a vineyard, France

19

Robot for pruning, removing young shoots, and monitoring soil and vine health, France

A new agricultural revolution for a productive and sustainable farming

20

Polyculture design and permaculture Eden Project, Cornwall, UK

Drone applies fertilizer automatically based on growing conditions, China

Precision farming in a cherry orchard, Denmark.

Agro-forestery of peaches trees and vegetable, France

A new landscape revolution

21

Landscape printing

Precision farming & contour-farming

22

A modern technique based on old principles : vineyards following contour of a slope

23

Current production intensive farming

less inputs (fertilizer, water) precision farming

less inputs (fertilizer, water) biodiversity higher production precision farming and polyculture

less inputs (fertilizer, water), biodiversity less soil erosion higher production

precision farming, polyculture, and contour farming Source : INRA- Institute national de la recherche agronomique Agreste - Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’agroalimentaire M. A. Altieri & C.I. Nicholls, Agroecology Scaling Up for Food Sovereignty and Resiliency

Precision farming & contour-farming

24

A modern technique based on old principles : vegetable garden in a ‘ourche’ (orchard)

25

Current production

Forestry (1.5 ha)

Current production

Truck farming (1.5 ha)

higher biomass production less inputs (fertilizer, water) Agro-forestery (1ha)

higher biomass production less inputs (fertilizer, water) fruit production higher production Agro-forestery & fruit trees (1ha)

higher biomass production less inputs (fertilizer, water) fruit production higher production biodiversity Agro-forestery, fruit trees & permaculture (1ha) Source : INRA- Institute national de la recherche agronomique Agreste - Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’agroalimentaire M. A. Altieri & C.I. Nicholls, Agroecology Scaling Up for Food Sovereignty and Resiliency

Agro-forestery

26

A Modern technique based on old principles : pond put dry before being cultivated in Sologne

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Current production regular glasshouse

high tech glasshouse with CO2 regulation

high tech glasshouse, CO2 regulation and LED

high tech glasshouse, CO2 regulation, LED, hydroponic/aquaponic Source : INRA- Institute national de la recherche agronomique Agreste - Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’agroalimentaire Howard M Resh, Hydroponic Food Production, 2001

Hydroponic & Aquaponics

28

2.2 SUSTAINABLE INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE FARMING : Often considered as the backyard of Paris, the peri-urban farmland of the French capital have to become the front garden of the metropolis. This front garden has to be a metropolitan vegetable garden for Paris, with a sustainable & intensive agriculture. This agriculture has to be highly productive, sustainable, but also multi-functional, fun for the people and generation a divers and attractive landscape.

In fact, the German economist Von Thunen had already though about this concept in the XIXe century. He explaining that it makes sense according to the distance to produce fresh product close to the city and crops and extensive farming further away.

I believe that the peri-urban farmland can become more attractive, divers and generate an exciting landscape for the metropolis.

Highly productive Sustainable Multi-functional Divers & attractive landscape city fresh fruits, vegetables & dairy farming area forest for firewood cereals, field crops extensive farming

wildeness

Saclay is one of the only remaining farmland within the Parisian metropolitan area. I believe this wonderful landscape heritage is highly valuable for the metropolis, as an open space for the people and as a production space. More and more, people care about the production of their food and they want to feel more connected to agricultural landscapes. Nevertheless, in order to resist the thread of urbanization, we need to design with the landscape and elaborate a strategy with its people. Can be Saclay the future vegetable garden of Paris?

Producing close to the city Johann Heinrich von Thünen ’s theory

A

ni m al

sp

ro d

uc

Ex

ts

te n

si v e

fie

ld

Ve g

cr op

s

et

ab

le

&

fre

sh

pr od

uc

ts

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The vegetable garden of Paris : Farming in peri-urban area

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3. ANALYSIS

31

32

3.1 THE CONTEXT 30 km

Located at 10 km from Versailles and 15 km of the centre of Paris, Saclay is one of the remaining open space within the urban fabric. This piece of farmland of about a bit more than the half of the Beemster. It is one of the remaining open agricultural area within the urban fabric.

The landscape of the area is divided between the urban valley, the forest on the slops and the open agricultural plateau.

The location of these landscapes can be explain by the quality of the ground. The fertile silt ground has always been use for agriculture, and the sandy slops of the plateau were use for livestock and wood production. Because of a layer of clay under the silty ground, this landscape used to be a marshland. Nevertheless, in the XVIIIe century, important drainage work have been realized, and this landscape turned into a very productive and prosperous agricultural landscape. Many historical remains are still visible in the landscape, as several beautiful farms, mouillères (clumps of trees around ponds), XIIIe century tree line, and ourches around the villages (fruit trees gardens around the cities).

Charles de Gaule

25 km

20 km

La DĂŠfense

15 km

10 km

Paris Center

Versailles

5 km

Saclay

Orly

Location a rural plateau in Paris

33 N

Saclay

Space in the metropolis : Saclay one of the only major open space within the urban fabric

34

12 km

6 km

44 km2

Saclay’s perimeter

35

Paris metropolitan area - Ile-de-France

Saclay and the metropolis: scale comparison

Amsterdam metropolitan area

36

3.2 HERITAGE

Abbaye de Saint-Louis du Temple, Saclay

37

Versailles

38

tch

ditch

ditch

Saclay’s lake

Versailles

Buc’s aqueduc

1

the farm

2

the hamlet

20

Versailles Buc’s aqueduc

underground aqueduc

Saclay’s lake

ditch

ditch

2ditch 1 Saclay’s lake

20

Versailles

Buc’s aqueduc

3

3 weat, potatoes, root beet

Sec

legumes, potatoes

5

leave vegetables, strawberies, roots

10

15

20

tion

Ea s

the village

t-W es t

orchards, strawberies vignards sheep, cattle

Versailles

strawberries

Buc’s aqueduc

underground aqueduc

wheat, potatoes, root beet

sheep, cattle

Saclay’s lake

orchards

vineyards sheep, cattle

39

40

3.3 GEOLOGY & PEDOLOGY

Silty soil in a field of Saclay

41

Plateau Silt

Clay & Meulière Montmotency

Fontainebleau Sand

42 N

plateau silt meulière Montmorency & clay fontainebleau sand water & watercourse

Soil condition

Source : Infoterre BRGM, geological map 1/50000, Metropolitan France, 2011

43

200

150

ditch

100

ditch

Saclay’s lake

ditch

Buc’s aqueduc

Versailles 50

0

section South-North 0

5

10

15

20

200 Versailles Buc’s aqueduc

150

underground aqueduc 100

Saclay’s lake

50

0

section West-East 0

5

10

15

20

plateau silt meulière Montmorency & clay fontainebleau sand marnes à huître and green clays water, ponds, ditch underground acqueduc

section West-East

section South-North

44

3.4 LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE

Tree alignment, typical of French Beauce Landscape, Saclay

‘Ourches’ orchard around the villages, Saclay

45

46

N

Existing landscape structure

Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013

47

N

Remaining historical structure and new tree alignment

Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013

48

3.5 URBAN DEVELOPMENT

A new urban development in Saclay

The Science Cluster Paris-Saclay under construction

49

50

N

Soil occupation in Saclay

51

N

Planned urban development in Saclay

52

SOCIAL ASPECTS agriculture production

3.6 AGRICULTURAL ANALYSIS craftsmen, retailers, business leaders

slowing down urbanization

smell

SOCIAL ASPECTS

farmers

without professional activity

both

Inhabitants

Inhabitants

SOCIAL ASPECTS SOCIAL ASPECTS

manager intellectual professions

landscape

Inhabitants

manager intellectual professions manager intellectual

agriculture production employees

farmers without professional activity craftsmen, retailers, business leaders without professional activity without professional activity

living Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitantsretired environementretired

associate professionals

workers

Farmers

landscape

agriculture production

craftsmen, retailers, business leaders

farmers

city dweller or rural

without professional activity

both

manager intellectual professions

slowing down urbanization

smell

Inhabitants

Inhabitants

noise

workers agriculture production

destruction of the landscape degradation of cultures open air rubbish dump

living environement

socio-professional categories land fragmentation

city dweller or rural

benefit of agriculture on the plateau

30 to 40 y.o. not concerned

30 to 40 y.o.

b th

profitability of farms

Succession not concerned

city dweller or rural

Farmers

successor

Succession

landscape

pollution

socio-professional categories

Succession

landscape

none

congestion

benefit of agriculture on disadvantage of agriculsocio-professional categories city dweller or rural dwellerbenefit or ruralof agriculture socio-professional categories benefitonof agricu the plateau ture next city to city the plateau the plateau slowing down urbanization

employees

no successor

Farmers

profitability of farms

landscape

successor

agriculture production living environement

Farmers

Farmers

no successor

slowing urbaniza

agric

accessibility to the plots

successor

Farmers

slowing ruraldown urbanization

agriculture production

rural

city dweller associate professionals

lan landscape living environement

living environement

Inhabitants

retired

Inhabitants

landrural fragmentation

rural

employees

landscape

Inhabitants

city dweller

workers employees

Inhabitants

both

landscape destruction of the landscape degradation of cultures Inhabitants Inhabitants open air rubbish dump

accessibility to the plotscity dweller

workers

associate professionals employees

associate professionals

socio-professional categories

both

agriculture production slowing down urbanization

both

pollution

Inhabitants

retired

city dweller

SOCIAL ASPECTS

agriculture production

living environement

slowing down manager intellectual professions urbanization

professions

workers

noise

farmers

farmers

craftsmen, retailers, business leaders

rural

city dweller associate professionals

craftsmen, retailers, business leaders

Inhabitants

retired

none

congestion

40 to 50 y.o.

disadvantage of agriculture next to city

no successor successor

concerned nonot successor

not concerned

40 to 50 y.o.

50 to 60 y.o.

more than 60 y.o.

more than 60 y.o.

Aging of the farming population

Aging of the farming population

successor

40 to 30 50 to y.o.40 y.o.

50 t

Aging of the farming Agingpopulatio of the far

Succession

50 to 60 y.o.

30 to 40 y.o.

no successor

not concerned

53

54

N

Farm headquarters and farms activities

Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013

55

N

Farmers’ properties map

Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013

56

N

Farms activity succession in Saclay

Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013

57

N

Functional and nonfunctional agricultural spaces in Saclay

Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013

58

4. A LANDSCAPE OF INNOVATION

59 N

60

4.1 THE ‘GRAND PARIS SCIENCE CLUSTER’ One of the most fascinating aspect of Saclay is being a place of innovation. It is one of the 7th cluster of the Grand Paris plan. Saclay is, and will develop, as the cluster of science, research and technology.

Already today there is quite a number of research institutes. Universities, physics, nuclear research center, army research center, aeronautic, the Renault design center… They mark the strong presence of the innovation in the landscape. And in the coming future will be built the great science cluster Paris-Saclay, located on the South of the plateau. For this reason, in 2030, there will be a high speed metro line to connect the center of Paris to Saclay and Versailles.

In term of agriculture, it is interesting to notice that several agricultural research institutes are experimenting new farming techniques on the fields of Saclay.

Exchange, economy & aeronotic

Financial city

Culture & tourism Maratim cluster

Saclay Sustainable city & urban renovation Scientific research & technology

Biotechnology Valley

N

0

Le Grand Paris Toward a decentralized capital

2

4

6

8

61 N

Saclay

Connectivity : an open agricultural well connected and reachable from the center of Paris

62

N

Plateau de Saclay : a rural plateau in the metropolis - farms located on the plateau (existing)

63

Agri-Obtentions Seed research and production Research institute for Insects and Environment

Air Liquide

Renaud design center

HEC Paris

Snecma Aviation industry and producer

Centre essais propulseur

Aerodrome of Toussus-le-Noble Aircelle Aviation industry, jet, military inginering & space engines

Agri-Obtentions CEA Saclay

Synchrotron Soleil

CNRS

Polytechnique University

N

The ‘Grey matter’ Plateau : A place of research and innovation - research institutes on the plateau (existing)

Science Cluster Paris-Saclay

N

The New scientific cluster : The future Science cluster of the Grand Paris (Planned & in execution)

N

A new metro line in 2030 : A plateau connected to the metropolis by a hight speed metro line (planned)

66

1 - Agri-Obtentions

2 - Arvalis

3 - Agro Paris Tech / INRA

5 - Computer lab QUAERO / CNRS

4 - Air liquide

6 - Mechanic Center

67

1

4

2

3

5 6 3

N

Agricultural research : agriculture related research institutes and experimental fields (Current)

68

5. AN HISTORIC WATER SYSTEM

69

Saclay

70

5.1 LISTENING TO THE LANDSCAPE Versailles is certainly the most famous French garden, but less famous is certainly the whole water system behind its marvelous fountains. And indeed, it is often forgotten that Saclay is the master piece of a whole water system, bringing the water from its ponds and swamps, to the castle of Versailles.

After several unsuccessful attempts to bring the water to Versailles, the king’s engineer Thomas Gobert designed in 1679 a ‘landscape machine’ connecting all the lakes above Versailles to bring the water for the fountains of Versailles. On the plateau’s surrounding the castle, 200 km of ditches were dug to fill the ponds of Saclay and then, through a system of underground and aerial aqueducts, brought by gravity the necessary water to Versailles’ reservoirs.

The relics of this landscape machine are still visible in Saclay: ditch, pump house, the lake of Saclay, underground aqueduct and the impressive aqueduct of Buc. Although, today, this water system is unused and falling apart, due to new infrastructures and land re-parceling. Currently, water from the Seine River is imported everyday, to Saclay to provide the city, the agriculture and the Versailles fountains. Ironically, the cities located in the valleys are regularly flooded, as a result of this bad water management. Another consequence is the soil erosion because of the water flushing away the fertile silty ground to the valley.

Therefore, this phenomenon has an impact on agricultural production. We did not listen to the landscape, and the landscape give us back.

Ditch of the Versailles’s water system, Saclay

Pump house at Saclay Lake, Saclay

Underground aqueduct, Saclay

Buc aqueduct crossing the Bièvre Valley, Saclay

71

Saclay the source of Versailles : an innovative water system to provide Versailles with water

72 A landscape to provide Versailles using swamps and the lakes as a water source N

5

Versailles

aerial aqueduct

4

La

3

2

Biè vre

1

2

Saclay

1 L’ Yvette

1

ditch

2

underground aqueduct

3 Lake of Saclay

1

ditch

4 Acqueduct of Buc La Bièvre

L’ Yvette

5 Versailles

73 Today, a fragmented water system but partially intact N

Versailles

Saclay

La Bièvre L’ Yvette

74

Water running off, consequence of the damaged water system, Saclay

Flooding in Saclay Val d’Albian, 2013

Flooding in Paris, 2016

Flooding in Ile de France, 2016

The increased of flooding risk : we did not listen to the landscape

75 Landscape risk : the bad management of water causes soil erosion and floods N

Versailles

Saclay

76

6. STRATEGY

77

78

6.1 A LANDSCAPE BY THE PEOPLE For the design of such an area as Saclay, we have to thing of a long term strategy.

To do so, we can propose in a matrix what different actors can do according to the size of their land, their possibility of investment and their interaction with other farmers. For example, in order to start to produce fresh vegetables, a farmers having a large farm can include one legume or leaf vegetable in their crop rotation. If they can, they have the possibility to invest in precision farming to increase their production. Or, opting for new agricultural practices as polyculture, which require a large surface to be efficient. A farmer with a small agricultural exploitation car develop into services, niche products, or intensify his production with high-tech glasshouse. In other cases, farmers can team up together or, work with the municipality or with the science institute to develop and diversify their production.

79

small farmer

common initiative

farmer & other institutions

diversification

current

big farmer

service

rotation with eco-materials (research)

precision farming

greenhouse

sharing equipment (cooperative)

agro park (city)

polyculture

‘niche’ farming

polyculture among several farmers

polyculture + participation (city)

new agricultural practice + investment

current

investment

rotation with legumes & vegetables

rotation among several farmers

contour farming

Strategy : a long term vision : cooperating with different actors

cooperative & contour farming among several farmers

80

2016 Cluster Paris-Saclay

Farmers

Muniscipality

Paris Metropolitan area

AMAP 800 000 kg of vegetables

for 6 000 people

2030 Cluster Paris-Saclay

Farmers Niche products

Gardening associations

Muniscipality

Paris Metropolitan area

AMAP 80 000 000 kg of vegetables

for 400 000 people

Nature organization

2050 Cluster Paris-Saclay

Farmers

Muniscipality

Niche products

Gardening associations Nature organization

Saclay, the Vegetable Garden of Paris, in a long term vision

125 000 000 kg of vegetables

Agri-Cluster

for 800 000 people

Paris Metropolitan area

81

I - Conditions

II - Landscape framework

III - Farming typology

IV - Ownership

°C

Polyculture Use

Climate

Cultural history

Pedology

NO3 Nutriments

Water

Big farm (more than 300ha)

Agro-forestery

Medium farm (100 - 300 ha)

Contour-farming

Small farm (50 - 100 ha)

Landscape identity

Topography

Contour-farming + agro-forestery

Cooperative farming

Hydrometry

Niche farming

Municipality, Private & Science Cluster

Design principles

82

7. AGRICULTURAL DESIGN

83 N

84

7.1 DESIGNING WITH AGRICULTURE We have to compose with the conditions of the landscape, as the climate, the pedology, the nutriment cycles, the topography and the hydrometry.

First, we will start with the soil. The plateau is mainly composed of silt, carried by the wind in Quaternary age (two million years ago). Although, on some places, the erosion has brought up a clayish soil around the lake and on the edge of the plateau. Furthermore, on the North East of the plateau, a sandy soil takes place.

Consequently, this soil condition will influence our productive landscape. On the fertile silt, we can easily produce a wide range of plants from leaf vegetables, to roots vegetables (potatoes), fruits, and legumes (beans). The clay soil has a tendency to stay wet a longer time.

Therefore, we will avoid root vegetables and we will prefer leaf vegetables and fruits. The sand soil is well irrigated and can host roots, some fruits, nuts and condiments.

Water and soil moisture are an important component of the Saclay landscape.

Wherefore, we also have to pay attention to the hydrometry. Wet areas are localized on some depressions, around the ditches and the lake. On this places, some plants can efficiently grow, as leafy vegetables (salads, cabbages, watercress). They are also favorable areas to encourage niche productions, as some species of sheep, frogs, snails and fish. Besides, some condiment appreciate also this wet condition.

The metropolitan area of Paris is well know to produce a significant heat,

which influence the climate of Saclay. For example, from the North to the South of the plateau, there is almost 10 frost day difference every year, due to city heat.

Thereupon, we can deduct that the best place to have fruit trees is on the North of the Plateau, where the production will not suffer too much during the early spring period.

And finally, the topography will influence agricultural techniques. In order to prevent and reduce the erosion, the farmer should consider new practices, especially on the slops of the plateau.

By overlaying all this landscape conditions, we can determine multiple productive landscapes. This diversity of landscapes can be seen from North to South and from West to East. First, on the Southern slops, we can perceive beans, potatoes and other roots growing on contourfarming. More in the center, on the silt, grows fruits and leaf vegetables.

Meanwhile, on the North side are planted fruits trees, strawberries, combined with some condiments. Furthermore, the historical water system can become more productive with some niche products as water cress production along the ditches and fish and green vegetables in the lakes. On the wet lands, take place sheeps, frogs or snails production. Then, on the West-East section, on the sand, we get root vegetables in contour farming with nut trees, and on clayish soil, we can have different poly-culture of leaf or fruit vegetables. Likewise, the Eastern slop host large variety of fruit tree planted in contour-farming.

Different foodscapes

85 section South-North

Silt agriculture ‘foodscapes’ according to the different conditions

1. SILT CONTOUR FARMING roots and legumes

2. SILT POLY CULTURE fruit & leaf vegetables, legumes

3 . SILT POLY CULTURE fruits & condiments

NORTH

1

2

3

86

plateau silt meulière Montmorency & clay fontainebleau sand water & watercourse

N

Soil condition

Source : Infoterre BRGM, geological map 1/50000, Metropolitan France, 2011

Sand

Clay

Silt

Vegetables

Food production according to the different conditions

Starchy Roots & tubers

Fruits

Legumes, Niche Herbs &87 nuts products condiments

88

water pond or lake ditch and river wet area

N

Water condition

Source : Wetlands map of Saclay, ECOSPHERE, 2012

Wet

Sand

Clay

Silt

Vegetables

Food production according to the different conditions

Starchy Roots & tubers

Fruits

Legumes, Niche Herbs &89 nuts products condiments

90

N

Climate condition

Source : J.L Vallée, Techniguide de la météo, editions Nathan, 222 p., May 2004

Wet

Sand

Clay

Silt

Vegetables

Food production according to the different conditions

Starchy Roots & tubers

Fruits

Legumes, Niche Herbs &91 nuts products condiments

92

N

Erosion : farmland with eroded soil

Source : Infoterre BRGM, geological map 1/50000, Metropolitan France, 2011

Wet

Sand

Clay

Silt

Vegetables

Food production according to the different conditions

Starchy Roots & tubers

Fruits

Legumes, Niche Herbs &93 nuts products condiments

94 Wet agriculture ‘foodscapes’ according to the different conditions

4. SHALLOW WATERS water cress & condiments

section South-North

5. LAKES & PONDS fish & leaf vegetables

6. WETLAND sheep & amphibians

NORTH

4

5

6

95 Sand & Clay ‘foodscapes’ according to the different conditions

7. SAND CONTOUR FARMING roots & nuts

sec

8. CLAY or SILT POLY CULTURE leaf vegetables

9. CLAY POLY CULTURE fruit vegetables & cucurbitaceae

tion We st-

Eas t

10. CLAY CONTOUR FARMING fruits

EAST

7

8

9

10

96

8. WATER DESIGN

97

98

8.1 UPGRADING AN HISTORICAL WATER SYSTEM By acknowledging the conditions of their lands, the farmers have the possibility to chose which option they prefer in order to produce vegetables and fresh products.

While different ‘foodscapes’ will take place in time, we can already start to reinforce the existing landscape structure.

At the first place, the water system needs to be reinforced. To do so, we can reuse three old principles: following the topography, creating underground structure when the topography rise up, and digging new storage for water retention. Nevertheless, I do not only want to restore the water system, but to upgrade it. This new water system will be an opportunity for new kind of agriculture, recreation and for supplying the research industries (which consume a large amount of water). And then, the restored water system could eventually go straight to the

fountains of Versailles.

For example, this ditch close to the city of Corbeville can be widen and be enhanced with water cress ponds. This green and long structure accentuate the perspective to a farm on the back. On the side we see this intriguing wooden structure, where snails are produce as a niche farming on this wet lands. Close to the ditch, there is a path where you can walk and discover this new productive water system.

Another example would be on the West of side of the lake. Today the view is rather flat and monotonous. Nevertheless, it can get way more divers. The clay ground is perfect for poly-culture of tomatoes, melons, zucchini, irrigated. This demanding vegetables in water can be irrigate by the new water system.

1 - natural or artificial storage

2 - natural flow of water (following the topography)

3 - artificial flow of water (underground aqueduct)

4 - artificial flow of water (aerial aqueduct)

Re-using historical principles to design a new water system

99

ditch

aquaculture (water cress, fish)

agriculture (sheep, batracian)

agri - nature

main storage (Lake of Saclay)

irrigation for agriculture

use of water for industries

fountains of Versailles

Water uses : use of water for agriculture, technological industry and culture

100

N

Existing water system : a fragmented and disconnected water system from the XVIIIe century

101

N

New water system : an upgraded water system for the needs of a XXIe century landscape

102

Existing situation from Corbeville ditch

103

Perspective from Corbeville ditch - cress water farming and snail farming

104

Perspective from the West side of the Lake : a new water system for agricultural irrigation

105

Perspective from the West side of the Lake : a new water system for agricultural irrigation

106

9. LANDSCAPE FRAMEWORK

107

108

9.1 FARMER INFRASTRUCTURE Farmers needs to easily move around in Saclay, and this is an opportunity to develop a multi-functional infrastructure, for agriculture and recreation. We can enhance the entrance of these beautiful farms and underline new farmer’s route with tree alignment, bringing new perspectives and horizon in this landscape.

As a start, we can already focus on a few historical tree lines. And then, we can complete this structure by new roads from the farms and to the fields.

This green structure can considerably improve the accessibility for the farmer, but also, be part of the production system. Close to Limon Abbey, we could make more water retention with new wet lands. On this wet land can graze solognote sheep, a species appreciating wet area. This sheep needs in average 36 trees to be fed in the winter period. So

in a way, this niche farming generates a new landscape structure. Moreover, the nuns of this abbey, have a program to rehabilitate jobless people in the working life with farming. So they can work on the vegetables fields, care of this flock of sheep and process the delicious meat of it.

Besides, it is also a structure which can get richer with new kind of farming. As an example, the area close to the Trou Salé Farm, is perfect for contour-farming.

At this location, the plateau meets the valley, and this new kind of farming can considerably reduce the soil erosion. In the dead corner of the contour-farming, we can have clump of trees for wood production. As a new version of the clumps of trees of the XVIIIe century, this landscape remind us the old structure of the ´mouillère´ landscape.

1 - existing farm entrance

2 - new farm entrances : accessibility & visibility of the farms

109

farm entrance

farmer route through the fields

A multi-functional infrastructure : an infrastructures for farmers and recreation

110

N

Farmers’ routes : from farms to fields

111

N

Farmers’ routes : synthesis of the most used roads by farmers

Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013

112

N

Historic lines : revealing the line of an XVIIIe century landscape

113

N

From the farms to the field : an infrastructures for farmers

114

N

Farm entrances : enhancing farm entrances

115

polyculture contour-farming

N

A changing structure over time : new agricultural practices generate a new green structure

116

A multi-functional infrastructure : an infrastructures for farmers & agricultural uses

117

A multi-functional infrastructure : an infrastructures for farmers & agricultural uses

118

Historical landscape structure

1 - old tree line

2 - entrances of farm buildings

A new landscape structure : reusing an old structure for new agricultural uses

3 - ‘mouillières’

119

New landscape structure

1 - new tree line : dedicated infrastructure for farmers

2 - new farm entrances : accessibility & visibility of the farms

3 - ‘new mouillières’ : use of the space in contour-farming ‘dead ends’

New uses

wood production

sheep feeding

A new landscape structure : reusing an old structure for new agricultural uses

wood chips bedding

Wood work school of the Academy of Versailles

120

A changing structure over time : new agricultural practices generate a new green structure

121

A changing structure over time : new agricultural practices generate a new green structure

122

9.2 A LANDSCAPE FOR DIFFERENT USERS We are designing for a diversity of users.

From the farmers, the locals, scientist, the Parisians and of course to the tourist.

A denser network of paths can guaranty the transition from the villages to the landscape. The locals can wander in the landscape and discover the poly-cultural fields of fruits or the intriguing cress farming. They can enjoy this divers and dynamic landscape, as a large scale park, maintained by farmers.

In a similar way, Saclay can become a wonderful place to visit for the Parisians.

As part of the Grand Paris plan, Saclay will be accessible by metro in 2030. I would suggest to locate this new metro stop at the South part of the plateau, where in history, urbanization has always started.

This metro stop can be a magnificent entrance to the plateau, with the start of a monumental tree line going to the center of the plateau. At the station, people can enjoy a farmer market, see how the products they eat are processed and transformed. This could be a beautiful and functional hub for the farmers to sell their products locally and to the metropolis.

Paris is well known for being one of the first city in the world for tourism. Tourist often go to visit the impressive castle of Versailles. Although, they could also come to see Saclay and its intriguing water system and innovative agriculture.

A network of bike path will connect Versailles to Saclay, with a network along the ditches and to the experimental fields.

We can also envision the possibility to do rafting in the ditch system and in the underground aqueduct for a unique life experience.

The science cluster is one of the most intriguing feature of the plateau.

Scientist experiment and test everyday new technology in the fields of Saclay. I believe this experimental fields should be accessible to the public. People could come and see this new technological discovery, with path and platforms designed in a way to guaranty privacy for the scientist.

All together, this path create a dense network for all this different kind of users.

And inside this structure, can happen in the future new kind of farming, creating a beautiful, varied and unique place for Paris.

123

processing storage

1 - Farmers

selling

nature landscape transport

2 - Locals

experiment

walk social contact

lunch tour

3 - Scientist

heritage meetings

bike tour

4 - Parisians

hiking

heritage farmer market

bike tour

5 - Tourists

scientific discovery rafting

124

N

Local routes : from the villages to the landscape

125

N

Parisian routes : a place to go and the visit for culture, nature, leisure and agriculture

126

Existing situation from a path close to Saclay Village

127

Local’s route from Saclay village : a divers and attractive agricultural landscape

128

N

Touristic routes: visiting the Saclay of yesterday and tomorrow

129

The Agri-Cluster at Saclay metro station : an entrance to an agricultural park

130

Existing situation from Orsigny ditch

131

Perspective from Orsigny ditch - a new use for recreation

132

N

Science & research routes : bringing together the workplaces with the landscape & the public

133

Perspective from Moulon : a walk into the experimental fields

134

N

Routes : an innovative heritage landscape for everyone

135

Urban area built area new metro line new metro stop Water

Agriculture & research existing water new water

Landscape structure

wetland agriculture & aquaculture fruits contour farming fruits polyculture

path along ditch

tomatoes & cucurbitaceae poly culture

agri-infrastructure

root & legumes contour-farming

path

root, legumes & nuts contour farming

fort

leave vegetable poly culture

historical tree alignment

fields for research

N

Overall plan Saclay : the vegetable garden of Paris - an innovative heritage landscape

136

10. ZOOM AREAS

137

138

LA MINIĂˆRE, GUYANCOURT an agri-research park

ORSIGNY A new agriculture LAKE OF SACLAY a new structure for a landscape heritage

Urban area built area new metro line

Water

Agriculture & research existing water

aquaculture

new water

wetland agriculture

Landscape structure path along ditch agri-infrastructure historical tree alignment fort

fruits contour farming fruits poly culture tomatoes & cucurbitaceae poly culture root & legumes contour-farming root, legumes & nuts contour farming

path

leave vegetable poly culture

combined metro line & agri-infrastructure

fields for research

N

Saclay : the vegetable garden of Paris an innovative heritage landscape

139

ORSIGNY

A new sustainable and intensive agriculture

140 eroded ground

remainder of ‘mouillère’ dead end path isolated farm

10.1 A SUSTAINABLE AND INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE Orsigny, is located in the middle of the plateau, close to the villages Toussus-leNoble and Les Loges-en-Josas. The land are owned by three big farmers, which makes it interesting to start a new kind of farming. At this place, the plateau is meeting the valley in a ‘talweg’. Therefore, because of the steepness of the ground, the soil became eroded. Consequently, this location is ideal for contour-farming to avoid further soil erosion. A wide range of culture, will make this landscape divers and tree lines will connect to the farms.

In the curves of the slops, a new tree line goes through the landscape and clumps of trees in the contour farming fields are punctuating the landscape. The landscape structure is finer and more dynamic.

Orsigny a mono cultural agricultural plain

contemporary ‘mouillère’ for wood production

fruit poly culture

Orsigny a modern and divers agriculture

new path ‘designed by agriculture’

contour farming agriculture

connection to the valley vegetable poly culture

141

Orsigny a modern and divers agriculture

1. Roots & legumes contour farming on silt soil

2. Roots & legumes contour farming on sandy soil

3. Fruits contour farming on silt-clay soil

3 2 1

142

143

LAKE OF SACLAY

a productive water system

144

DGA thrusters trials, Military Base

10.2 A PRODUCTIVE WATER SYSTEM

N118 highway bird reserve

The Lake of Saclay is a beautiful landscape monument. Unfortunately, this landscape feature is totally fenced out because of a military base on its side. We can see a few ditches running off to this lake. However, they are at the moment covered up by vegetation. Wherefore, I want to open this lake to the public, to make it accessible and productive for agriculture. The ditches should be wider for water retention and for new kind of farming. For example, this water can be use for aquaponics of fish together with vegetables. The lake can host aquaculture farming, and the ditches water cress farming.

rare connections to the landscape

Lake of Saclay an isolated landscape monument nature reserve opened to the public aquaponic farm entrance

aquaculture

Lake of Saclay a landscape monument part a a dynamic agricultural system

route along the ditches tree alignment broader ditch for water stora following & water cress culture agricultural infrastructure

145 Lake of Saclay water agriculture

1. aquaponic fish & vegetables

2. aquaculture

3. water cress culture

age

3

2

1

146

147

LA MINIÈRE, GUYANCOURT an agri-research park

Antoine Fourrier

Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam Landschapsarchitectuur 2015-2016

148 enclaved experimental fields

Buc

10.3 AN AGRI-RESEARCH-PARK La Minière is an experimental field for agriculture research, enclave between two cities. This city are the owners of these fields and they are planning to built it. Nevertheless, I think this fields can bring much more by staying open than by being built. I would like first to organize this fields to make them accessible to the public, as a new public space for the city.

New connections can be created from the city to the experimental fields, to the farms and to the valley. People can go and see this fascinating ago-technological landscape and make a tour from the city to the research institutes. They can also wander to the large variety of landscape surrounding this place, as the wooded valley, the open plateau, the dynamic experimental fields.

Valley

research center

Guyancourt

La minière an enclave experimental field

biochemistry experimental fields seed research

La minière an agri-research park

enclaved farm

149 La Minière : an agri-research park

1. bio chimistry / bio materials fields

2. agro technology

3. connection to the city

1

2

3

150

11. NUMBERS

151

152

11.1 A VISION FOR THE METROPOLIS Saclay could be a first step for a vision for the agriculture in the peri-urban area of Paris. With only Saclay, we could feed between 500 000 to 700 000 people in fresh vegetables. If we extend this system to the metropolis, we could feed the whole area in fresh vegetables with only 52 000 ha. And to do so, we could imagine an efficient distribution system, with places like Saclay, farmers you could transform the products and deliver them to the consumer.

I believe that intensive farming can reveal the beauty and the diversity of the landscape of Saclay. Saclay is a place of history. An innovative water system from the XVIII century has transformed this marshland to a fertile agricultural landscape. And tomorrow, the technology of the XXI century will transform again this place. As designer we can work together with the landscape, the people and the farmers to make of Saclay a meaningful open agricultural landscape for the metropolis.

Saclay An agri-cluster

Agriculture & metropolis : Saclay, an agricultural cluster

52 000 ha required for fresh vegetable production (70 000 ha of farmland are in peri-urban area)

Agriculture & metropolis : area required to feed Paris in fresh vegetable

153

12 million people

Paris

5 000 farms

Saclay 570 000 ha farmland

70Â 000 ha farmland in peri-urban area

Facts & Data : a rural metropolis

2 470 ha in Saclay

154 Surface required for the food production of vegetable, fruits, tubers and legumes

consumption for one person kg/year Tubers radishes beetroot starch potato carrots celeriac conservation potato onions scorzonera

25

consumption for one person kg/year Vegetables eggplants cucumbers peppers tomatoes white cabbage red cabbage courgettes celery leeks chinese cabbage conical cabbage salad (lettuce & chicor y) other vegetables green cabbage spinach sprouts kale endive cauliflower fennel chicory broccoli sweet corn artichoke aparagus

51

consumption for one person kg/year Legume peas french beans broad beans flageolet beans

13

consumption for one person kg/year Fruits table grape apples pears peaches-nectarines strawberries plums prune cherry

49

yield (kg/ha per year) 42,503 230,000 61,966 51,600 46,100 42,014 41,750 34,200 19,890

yield (kg/ha per year) 54,114 447,619 220,700 262,757 158,900 80,012 62,014 46,000 40,000 31,900 30,000 28,889 27,600 26,491 25,676 21,372 20,357 18,571 18,200 18,000 17,262 15,490 13,400 6,909 5,000 4,600

surface required for 12 MM people 6,909.28 1,276.80 4,739.12 5,691.15 6,370.14 6,989.64 7,033.85 8,586.65 14,764.74 surface required for 12 MM people 11,153.47 1,348.37 2,734.73 2,297.01 3,798.33 7,543.28 9,732.54 13,120.76 15,088.88 18,920.22 20,118.50 20,892.29 21,867.94 22,783.55 23,506.88 28,240.33 29,648.32 32,499.12 33,162.36 33,530.83 34,964.57 38,964.12 45,041.42 87,356.65 120,711.00 131,207.61

yield (kg/ha per year)

surface required for 12 MM people

9,815 7,427 12,060 13,250 6,521

15,622.98 20,644.20 12,713.90 11,572.41 23,514.54

yield (kg/ha per year)

surface required for 12 MM people

30,943 84,000 41,100 24,800 22,600 18,500 13,600 12,000 5,700

18,758.75 6,910.11 14,122.85 23,405.21 25,683.60 31,375.64 42,680.09 48,370.77 101,833.20

44 m2 / year for 1 person

52 000 000 m2 / year for 12 MM person

52 000 ha to feed the 12 MM persons with fresh products

Fresh food consumption for one person per year in kg

155

Food consumption for one person per year in kg

Paris Saclay

Paris Saclay

Existing small-scale organic farmers distribution SYSTEM : an inefficient transport system

Efficient distribution network at metropolitan scale : A farmer to consumer system

New farmer to consumer SYSTEM : optimized transportation distance with a common delivery system

156

LITERATURE Arbre & Paysage 32 , Bilan du programme expérimental gersois d’agroforesterie Eau & Biodiversité et réseau national de placettes de références Agreste - Numéro 133 - Septembre 2015 ADER, De Saclay aux fontaines de Versailles, un réseau de rigoles et d’aqueducs souterrain du XVIIe siècle digne de figurer au patrimoine de l’UNESCO, 2000 Biasi Laure, Les paysages agricoles fraciliens : évoluton et diversité, Note Rapide Sur l’Environement n°361, Librairie d’Ile de France, 2014 Bouraoui Mouez, L’invention paysagiste du plateau de Saclay, De la création des rigoles au plan d’actions paysagères, Courrier de l’environnement de l’INRA n°36, 1999 Bendel F, Hafner, S, Jaeglé, R, Marie-France L, Mellina, A, Perraguin, G, Perraguin, M, ADPP, À la découverte du Plateau de Palaiseau, Parcours découverte de l’histoire du plateau, 2003 Bouraoui, M, L’agriculture, nouvel instrument de la construction urbaine? ecole nationale du genie rural des eaux et des forets ecole nationale superieure du paysage de versailles, these de doctorat en sciences de l’environnement, 2000 Cheenne Patrick, Brochure Paris-Saclay, Etablissement public Paris-Saclay, Paris, 2013 Corbin Alain : Le territoire du vide, l’Occident et le désir du rivage. Paris : Aubier, 1988

12. BIBLIOGRAPHY

157

Collectif « Un autre avenir pour les Pays de Saclay », le pôle agriurbain des pays de saclay, Une entité remarquable, espace d’équilibre pour la région Ile de France, 2007 CAPS, Contrat de developpement territorial et evaluation environnementale paris-saclay territoire sud, Cahier des cartes, Projets de Contrat de Développement Territorial et d’Evaluation environnementale associée validés en Comité de pilotage, 2015 Donadieu Pierre & Fleury André, Le Courrier de l’environnement n°31, Paris, 1997 Bouraoui Mouez Donadieu Pierre, Pérennité ou disparition des espaces ouverts agricoles dans la planification urbaine, 40ème congrès ISoCaRP, 2004 Dupraz , Agriculture, agroforesterie et couverture des sols Enjeux pour la transition énergétique et loi d’avenir pour l’agriculture, 2005 Dupraz, C. & Capillon, A., L’agroforesterie : une voie de diversification écologique de l’agriculture européenne?, INRA Montpellier Dupraz C., Burgess P., Gavaland A., Graves A., Herzog F., Incoll L., Jackson N., Keesman K.,Lawson G., Lecomte I., Liagre F., Mantzanas K.,Mayus M., Moreno G., Palma J., Papanastasis V.,Paris P., Pilbeam D., Reisner Y., Vincent G., Werf Van der W., 2005. Synthesis of the Silvoarable Agroforestery for Europe Project. INRA-UMR System Editions, Montpellier, 254 pp.

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