1
Le Plateau de Saclay : designing with agriculture
A VEGETABLE GARDEN FOR PARIS Antoine Fourrier
Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam Landschapsarchitectuur 2015-2016
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COMMISSION GROUP Mentor Ruut van Paridon - van Paridon x de Groot landschapsarchitecten (landscape architect) Members of the commission Jana Crepon, Inside Outside (landscape architect) Giovanni Luca Tramutola, SAP Landscape Consultancy & Design (landscape architect)
Front page : Axonometric view of the Design of the Plateau de Saclay (Paris, France) by Antoine Fourrier, 2016
Final graduation project - Antoine Fourrier July 6th 2016 Landscape Architect Student Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam phone (nl) : +31 6 17 06 66 28 phone (fr) :Â +33 6 73 32 10 59 mail :Â antoine.fourrier@yahoo.fr
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Contents
1. Ile-de-France, a rural area 04
2. Concept
8. Water Design
9. Landscape framework
96
3. Analysis 16
30
10. Zoom areas 106
136
4. A landscape of innovation 58
5. An historic water system 68
11. Numbers
12. Bibliography 150
156
6. Strategy 76
7. Agricultural Design
82
4
1. ILE-DE-FRANCE A RURAL AREA
5
6
1.1. THE CONTEXT Starving Parisians are revolted Parisians! And this is how, in the XVIIIe century, the French revolution started. October 5th 1789, the famine was so important that the women walked to Versailles asking to the king food for their children. The food has always been, for centuries, a challenge and a major concern for kings of France. The food autonomy of the city has never exceeded a few days. In times of scarcity, the French kings did not hesitate to starve the capital campaign to supply Paris so as not to stir up the discontent of the population in poor neighborhoods, who could possibly make the revolution. Today the situation has not really changed. For example, in Kenya, people produce French beans, products which they can not even afford. Meanwhile, they have to import wheat and corn from France to provide their needs. At the same time, Paris import over long distances, agricultural products. Our food comes from all over the world. In fact, our meal takes in average over 2 200 km before reaching our plates (around five time the distance Paris-Amsterdam). For some products it makes sense, as rice, coffee, bananas… Nevertheless, for other, as vegetables, it starts to be absurd.
divers landscapes were meant to produce food for the city. Today, the agriculture shifted to a monotonous large scale production of cereals. We can question the sustainability of this landscape in an environmental point of view, but also in a sociological one. People seems to have left the landscape, the city get lost in the immense flatness of the mono-cultural fields.
The Parisian area – so called Île-de-France - carries a very urban image. But actually, half of it is agricultural lands. Back in the time, the agriculture generated a very diverse and lively landscape. It was a landscape of orchards, sheep’s, vineyards and vegetable productions. Villages were surrounded of beautiful traditional gardens, called ‘ourches’. This
Today, Paris became a world metropolis and the city has expanded tremendously. The housing demand has never been so high and we consume in average 700 ha of farmland per year. Which means, if we continue to built at that speed, that there will not be one open space left in 100 years.
What we need to remember is that Paris grew together with it’s agriculture. The French capital has been established a long time ago on the very fertile Seine river banks. To provide the city, agriculture started in the swamps around the city. This ‘swamp agriculture’ has been named ‘maraîchage’ (from the French word ‘marais’, marshland). As the city expanded, the maraîchage expanded as well. In the XVIIIe century, the king established outside the city, in Versailles. And at that time, the agricultural activity in Saclay started to flourish. In the XXe century, Paris built a defense line to protect the city against the Prussian invasion. But this defense line was also meant to protect the vital farmland to provide the city during war time.
Flock of sheep , Essonne, Ile-de-France
‘ourches’, a typical orchard kind near a farm in Saclay, Ile-de-France
7 N
Roissy-Charles De Gaulle
La Défense
Versailles
Saclay
PARIS
Orly Orsay
Marne-la-Vallée
8
Large scale farming in France relies in export, Ile-de-France
Painting ‘Les glaneuses’ by J.F. Millet
Import of fresh vegetables, Food Center, Amsterdam
French beans production in Kenya
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FISH POTATO
BARLEY
WHEAT
ORANGES
PEPPER TEA SUGAR
SUGAR
BANANA ORANGE APPLE
SHEEP
DAIRY PRODUCT KIWI APPLE
GRAPES
APPLE PEARS
THEA
COCONUTS SUGAR
Food coming from all around the world with an average travel of 5 times Paris-Amsterdam
CACAO
CHICKEN
SUNFLOWER
BEAN ORANGE SOY
STRAWBERRIES
OIL BEEF
PEANUT COFFEE
COFFEE
SUGAR
THEA
COFFEE
PEANUT
ONION
SOY BEAN
THEA
TEA
CACAO COFFEE COFFEE
MANGO
CITRUS CASHEWS
CHICKEN
APPLE
TEA COFFEE MAIZE
CACAO
TEA FRENCH BEANS
RICE
CABBAGE
COFFEE
FISH
COFFEE
OIL CACAO
FRENCH BEANS
COFFEE
CACAO
COFFEE
CACAO COFFEE
MANGO
COFFEECOFFEE COCOA
COFFEE CACAO
MANGO
MELON
GRAPE
BANANA MILK
SUNFLOWER OIL WATER MELON STRAW STRAWDATE FIG
CABBAGE CHICKEN POTATO RICE ONION CABBAGE PORK CHICKEN ONION
FISH
OAT WHEAT
CARROTS
BERRIES BERRIES COFFEE COFFEE
CACAO
CACAO COFFEE
CHICKEN
ORANGE
KIWI
CITRUS
PORK
BEEF
CACAO
WINE
DATE
ORANGES
COFFEE
EGGS
COFFEE
ORANGE
KIWI
CACAO
MILK
KIWI
BANANA
CACAO
COFFEE ASPERGE
SUGAR CACAO
TOMATOES
FISH
CACAO
FISH
COFFEE
BANANA
FENCH BEANS
FENCH BEANS FRENCH BEANS
SUGAR
CHICKEN
CUCUMBER APPLE BEEF
OAT
MILK WHEAT TOMATO PORK CARROTS CARROTS BARLEY
SUGAR
BANANA
CORN BARLEY CABBAGE
OAT RYE SUNFLOWER OAT POTATO CORN APPLES CABBAGE EGGS WHEAT RYE POTATO MILK LETTUCE WHEAT WHEAT CORN MILK PRODUCTS
LETTUCE
PORK
OAT
COFFEE
SUGAR
APPLE
MILK
WHEAT STRAWBERRIES ORANGES
FISH
FISH POTATO
CORN BEEF BARLEY MILK
MILK
FISH
FISH SHELLFISH MAPLE SYRUP SOY
BEETS
VODKA
FISH PRODUCTS
MILK
Source : Noordhoff Uitgevers B.V., De Bosatlas van het voedsel , 116 p., nov. 2014 VPXDG Landscape Architect i.s.m. Antoine Fourrier - Foodscape
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Antique Folio Copper Engraved Map, 1724, Paris
Mérian plan is a “bird view” plan of Paris towards the East, 1615 by Matthäus Merian.
Maraichage around Paris, postcard
Fort Villiers, postcard
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marshlands Paris
‘maraichage’ Versailles
Defense line 1814-1870
in e Se
in e Se
in e Se
Saclay
1300
‘maraichage’
XVIIIe century
Saclay
XXe century
Saclay
Today
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1.2 A CHALLENGE FOR THE AGRICULTURE IN THE METROPOLIS Today, Île-de-France export most of it’s production abroad, while several trucks from Amsterdam brings vegetables every day to the French capital. Large scale crop farming relies on export, which makes it really sensitive to international competition. More and more in the future, climate change and the generalized carbon tax, will make the transport of grain product and import of fresh product a really expensive and unsustainable way to feed the city. But peri-urban agriculture is also facing other difficulties, like the high competition with urban expansion. And this will be a major challenge for Paris. This urban sprawl also generate social conflicts with farmers. For example, in 2013, the farmers of Saclay have several time demonstrated against the urbanization of their lands. Nevertheless, farmers are also bringing some answers to this problem. The ‘AMAP’, a community supported association, has a number of initiatives to get closer to the consumer, by producing fresh and healthy food. Although, is small scale farming the definitive answer to urbanization? Often for good reasons, intensive farming has been subject of a negative image, with food and environmental scandals. We associate too systematically being environmentally virtuous to the small scale farming. However, I have a good new: intensive farming is not incompatible with the environment. We are living a new agricultural revolution.
Pavilion nightmare by Jean-Luc de Bry
13
Urban expansion & population: a fast and high land consumption
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Demonstration against the urbanization of Plateau de Saclay, December 2013
Protest against the aerial subway on Plateau de Saclay
Farmers involved in the Community-Supported Agriculture Association (AMAP) in Saclay
School excursion with a Community-Supported Agriculture Association (AMAP) in Saclay
Entrepreneurship : a network of farmers engaged food transition
15 N
Saclay
‘AMAP’ network in Ile-de-France : existing small-scale organic farmers distribution point
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2. CONCEPT
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2.1 A LANDSCAPE REVOLUTION Nowadays, new techniques and agriculture practices are being developed. This new generation of machinery combines big data, computer science and farming techniques. Already this new technology are in action, like in Germany, with tractor being so precise that they can determine automatically the right amount of water and pesticides input according to the soil type. In France, pruning robots are use in vineyards to monitor vine health. Likewise, drones can apply fertilizer in an optimum way according to growing conditions. These machines relies on the landscape and they create landscape. One of the most outstanding example is certainly precision farming. By combining soil & climate data, this machines can study and harvest precisely the fields. They also reduce the amount of input in water and fertilizer. These new high-tech machines are even able to plant different crops in one field according to the soil condition of this one. Furthermore, they are precise enough to follow to contour line of a slop in order to reduce soil erosion. Precision farming, is a way to reduce fertilizers, water consumption and disease, and by consequent improving biodiversity and the yield per hectare. This new high tech way of farming is also recalling old technique of farming. Indeed, back in the time, vineyard around Paris were following the topography lines of the terrain.
shown the high potential of agro-ecology, by developing agricultural systems with a deep knowledge of ecology science. For example, agro-forestry combines crop culture with forestry. It has been studied by the INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research) that one hectare of agro-forestry can produce as much biomass as 1.5 ha of forest and 1.5 ha of crops. The trees provide fertile nutriments and reduce water consumption by creating a micro climate. In the same way, it is possible to associate crops with fruit trees in order to in increase the food production. Different crops can be planted together increasing the production the yield and reducing pest and diseases. In fact this technique was already use in the traditional orchards (‘the ourches’) combining fruit tree production with vegetables. Other techniques are also making the best of the solar energy, CO2 regulation and nutriment cycles. Acquaponic and hydroponic green houses combine fish production and vegetable production, by using the feces of the fish to provide the plants in nutriments. In the past, the same smart use of nutriments was used in the Sologne countryside. Fish pounds were put dry and the people cultivated it for a few years before re-filling with water.
Technology and big data, Germany
In the same vein, recent research have
Automated harvesting of a vineyard, France
19
Robot for pruning, removing young shoots, and monitoring soil and vine health, France
A new agricultural revolution for a productive and sustainable farming
20
Polyculture design and permaculture Eden Project, Cornwall, UK
Drone applies fertilizer automatically based on growing conditions, China
Precision farming in a cherry orchard, Denmark.
Agro-forestery of peaches trees and vegetable, France
A new landscape revolution
21
Landscape printing
Precision farming & contour-farming
22
A modern technique based on old principles : vineyards following contour of a slope
23
Current production intensive farming
less inputs (fertilizer, water) precision farming
less inputs (fertilizer, water) biodiversity higher production precision farming and polyculture
less inputs (fertilizer, water), biodiversity less soil erosion higher production
precision farming, polyculture, and contour farming Source : INRA- Institute national de la recherche agronomique Agreste - Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’agroalimentaire M. A. Altieri & C.I. Nicholls, Agroecology Scaling Up for Food Sovereignty and Resiliency
Precision farming & contour-farming
24
A modern technique based on old principles : vegetable garden in a ‘ourche’ (orchard)
25
Current production
Forestry (1.5 ha)
Current production
Truck farming (1.5 ha)
higher biomass production less inputs (fertilizer, water) Agro-forestery (1ha)
higher biomass production less inputs (fertilizer, water) fruit production higher production Agro-forestery & fruit trees (1ha)
higher biomass production less inputs (fertilizer, water) fruit production higher production biodiversity Agro-forestery, fruit trees & permaculture (1ha) Source : INRA- Institute national de la recherche agronomique Agreste - Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’agroalimentaire M. A. Altieri & C.I. Nicholls, Agroecology Scaling Up for Food Sovereignty and Resiliency
Agro-forestery
26
A Modern technique based on old principles : pond put dry before being cultivated in Sologne
27
Current production regular glasshouse
high tech glasshouse with CO2 regulation
high tech glasshouse, CO2 regulation and LED
high tech glasshouse, CO2 regulation, LED, hydroponic/aquaponic Source : INRA- Institute national de la recherche agronomique Agreste - Ministère de l’agriculture, de l’agroalimentaire Howard M Resh, Hydroponic Food Production, 2001
Hydroponic & Aquaponics
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2.2 SUSTAINABLE INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE FARMING : Often considered as the backyard of Paris, the peri-urban farmland of the French capital have to become the front garden of the metropolis. This front garden has to be a metropolitan vegetable garden for Paris, with a sustainable & intensive agriculture. This agriculture has to be highly productive, sustainable, but also multi-functional, fun for the people and generation a divers and attractive landscape. In fact, the German economist Von Thunen had already though about this concept in the XIXe century. He explaining that it makes sense according to the distance to produce fresh product close to the city and crops and extensive farming further away. I believe that the peri-urban farmland can become more attractive, divers and generate an exciting landscape for the metropolis.
Highly productive Sustainable Multi-functional Divers & attractive landscape city fresh fruits, vegetables & dairy farming area forest for firewood cereals, field crops extensive farming
wildeness
Saclay is one of the only remaining farmland within the Parisian metropolitan area. I believe this wonderful landscape heritage is highly valuable for the metropolis, as an open space for the people and as a production space. More and more, people care about the production of their food and they want to feel more connected to agricultural landscapes. Nevertheless, in order to resist the thread of urbanization, we need to design with the landscape and elaborate a strategy with its people. Can be Saclay the future vegetable garden of Paris?
Producing close to the city Johann Heinrich von Thünen ’s theory
A
ni m al
sp
ro d
uc
Ex
ts
te n
si v e
fie
ld
Ve g
cr op
s
et
ab
le
&
fre
sh
pr od
uc
ts
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The vegetable garden of Paris : Farming in peri-urban area
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3. ANALYSIS
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3.1 THE CONTEXT 30 km
Located at 10 km from Versailles and 15 km of the centre of Paris, Saclay is one of the remaining open space within the urban fabric. This piece of farmland of about a bit more than the half of the Beemster. It is one of the remaining open agricultural area within the urban fabric. The landscape of the area is divided between the urban valley, the forest on the slops and the open agricultural plateau. The location of these landscapes can be explain by the quality of the ground. The fertile silt ground has always been use for agriculture, and the sandy slops of the plateau were use for livestock and wood production. Because of a layer of clay under the silty ground, this landscape used to be a marshland. Nevertheless, in the XVIIIe century, important drainage work have been realized, and this landscape turned into a very productive and prosperous agricultural landscape. Many historical remains are still visible in the landscape, as several beautiful farms, mouillères (clumps of trees around ponds), XIIIe century tree line, and ourches around the villages (fruit trees gardens around the cities).
Charles de Gaule
25 km
20 km
La DĂŠfense
15 km
10 km
Paris Center
Versailles
5 km
Saclay
Orly
Location a rural plateau in Paris
33 N
Saclay
Space in the metropolis : Saclay one of the only major open space within the urban fabric
34
12 km
6 km
44 km2
Saclay’s perimeter
35
Paris metropolitan area - Ile-de-France
Saclay and the metropolis: scale comparison
Amsterdam metropolitan area
36
3.2 HERITAGE
Abbaye de Saint-Louis du Temple, Saclay
37
Versailles
38
tch
ditch
ditch
Saclay’s lake
Versailles
Buc’s aqueduc
1
the farm
2
the hamlet
20
Versailles Buc’s aqueduc
underground aqueduc
Saclay’s lake
ditch
ditch
2ditch 1 Saclay’s lake
20
Versailles
Buc’s aqueduc
3
3 weat, potatoes, root beet
Sec
legumes, potatoes
5
leave vegetables, strawberies, roots
10
15
20
tion
Ea s
the village
t-W es t
orchards, strawberies vignards sheep, cattle
Versailles
strawberries
Buc’s aqueduc
underground aqueduc
wheat, potatoes, root beet
sheep, cattle
Saclay’s lake
orchards
vineyards sheep, cattle
39
40
3.3 GEOLOGY & PEDOLOGY
Silty soil in a field of Saclay
41
Plateau Silt
Clay & Meulière Montmotency
Fontainebleau Sand
42 N
plateau silt meulière Montmorency & clay fontainebleau sand water & watercourse
Soil condition
Source : Infoterre BRGM, geological map 1/50000, Metropolitan France, 2011
43
200
150
ditch
100
ditch
Saclay’s lake
ditch
Buc’s aqueduc
Versailles 50
0
section South-North 0
5
10
15
20
200 Versailles Buc’s aqueduc
150
underground aqueduc 100
Saclay’s lake
50
0
section West-East 0
5
10
15
20
plateau silt meulière Montmorency & clay fontainebleau sand marnes à huître and green clays water, ponds, ditch underground acqueduc
section West-East
section South-North
44
3.4 LANDSCAPE STRUCTURE
Tree alignment, typical of French Beauce Landscape, Saclay
‘Ourches’ orchard around the villages, Saclay
45
46
N
Existing landscape structure
Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013
47
N
Remaining historical structure and new tree alignment
Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013
48
3.5 URBAN DEVELOPMENT
A new urban development in Saclay
The Science Cluster Paris-Saclay under construction
49
50
N
Soil occupation in Saclay
51
N
Planned urban development in Saclay
52
SOCIAL ASPECTS agriculture production
3.6 AGRICULTURAL ANALYSIS craftsmen, retailers, business leaders
slowing down urbanization
smell
SOCIAL ASPECTS
farmers
without professional activity
both
Inhabitants
Inhabitants
SOCIAL ASPECTS SOCIAL ASPECTS
manager intellectual professions
landscape
Inhabitants
manager intellectual professions manager intellectual
agriculture production employees
farmers without professional activity craftsmen, retailers, business leaders without professional activity without professional activity
living Inhabitants Inhabitants Inhabitantsretired environementretired
associate professionals
workers
Farmers
landscape
agriculture production
craftsmen, retailers, business leaders
farmers
city dweller or rural
without professional activity
both
manager intellectual professions
slowing down urbanization
smell
Inhabitants
Inhabitants
noise
workers agriculture production
destruction of the landscape degradation of cultures open air rubbish dump
living environement
socio-professional categories land fragmentation
city dweller or rural
benefit of agriculture on the plateau
30 to 40 y.o. not concerned
30 to 40 y.o.
b th
profitability of farms
Succession not concerned
city dweller or rural
Farmers
successor
Succession
landscape
pollution
socio-professional categories
Succession
landscape
none
congestion
benefit of agriculture on disadvantage of agriculsocio-professional categories city dweller or rural dwellerbenefit or ruralof agriculture socio-professional categories benefitonof agricu the plateau ture next city to city the plateau the plateau slowing down urbanization
employees
no successor
Farmers
profitability of farms
landscape
successor
agriculture production living environement
Farmers
Farmers
no successor
slowing urbaniza
agric
accessibility to the plots
successor
Farmers
slowing ruraldown urbanization
agriculture production
rural
city dweller associate professionals
lan landscape living environement
living environement
Inhabitants
retired
Inhabitants
landrural fragmentation
rural
employees
landscape
Inhabitants
city dweller
workers employees
Inhabitants
both
landscape destruction of the landscape degradation of cultures Inhabitants Inhabitants open air rubbish dump
accessibility to the plotscity dweller
workers
associate professionals employees
associate professionals
socio-professional categories
both
agriculture production slowing down urbanization
both
pollution
Inhabitants
retired
city dweller
SOCIAL ASPECTS
agriculture production
living environement
slowing down manager intellectual professions urbanization
professions
workers
noise
farmers
farmers
craftsmen, retailers, business leaders
rural
city dweller associate professionals
craftsmen, retailers, business leaders
Inhabitants
retired
none
congestion
40 to 50 y.o.
disadvantage of agriculture next to city
no successor successor
concerned nonot successor
not concerned
40 to 50 y.o.
50 to 60 y.o.
more than 60 y.o.
more than 60 y.o.
Aging of the farming population
Aging of the farming population
successor
40 to 30 50 to y.o.40 y.o.
50 t
Aging of the farming Agingpopulatio of the far
Succession
50 to 60 y.o.
30 to 40 y.o.
no successor
not concerned
53
54
N
Farm headquarters and farms activities
Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013
55
N
Farmers’ properties map
Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013
56
N
Farms activity succession in Saclay
Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013
57
N
Functional and nonfunctional agricultural spaces in Saclay
Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013
58
4. A LANDSCAPE OF INNOVATION
59 N
60
4.1 THE ‘GRAND PARIS SCIENCE CLUSTER’ One of the most fascinating aspect of Saclay is being a place of innovation. It is one of the 7th cluster of the Grand Paris plan. Saclay is, and will develop, as the cluster of science, research and technology. Already today there is quite a number of research institutes. Universities, physics, nuclear research center, army research center, aeronautic, the Renault design center… They mark the strong presence of the innovation in the landscape. And in the coming future will be built the great science cluster Paris-Saclay, located on the South of the plateau. For this reason, in 2030, there will be a high speed metro line to connect the center of Paris to Saclay and Versailles. In term of agriculture, it is interesting to notice that several agricultural research institutes are experimenting new farming techniques on the fields of Saclay.
Exchange, economy & aeronotic
Financial city
Culture & tourism Maratim cluster
Saclay Sustainable city & urban renovation Scientific research & technology
Biotechnology Valley
N
0
Le Grand Paris Toward a decentralized capital
2
4
6
8
61 N
Saclay
Connectivity : an open agricultural well connected and reachable from the center of Paris
62
N
Plateau de Saclay : a rural plateau in the metropolis - farms located on the plateau (existing)
63
Agri-Obtentions Seed research and production Research institute for Insects and Environment
Air Liquide
Renaud design center
HEC Paris
Snecma Aviation industry and producer
Centre essais propulseur
Aerodrome of Toussus-le-Noble Aircelle Aviation industry, jet, military inginering & space engines
Agri-Obtentions CEA Saclay
Synchrotron Soleil
CNRS
Polytechnique University
N
The ‘Grey matter’ Plateau : A place of research and innovation - research institutes on the plateau (existing)
Science Cluster Paris-Saclay
N
The New scientific cluster : The future Science cluster of the Grand Paris (Planned & in execution)
N
A new metro line in 2030 : A plateau connected to the metropolis by a hight speed metro line (planned)
66
1 - Agri-Obtentions
2 - Arvalis
3 - Agro Paris Tech / INRA
5 - Computer lab QUAERO / CNRS
4 - Air liquide
6 - Mechanic Center
67
1
4
2
3
5 6 3
N
Agricultural research : agriculture related research institutes and experimental fields (Current)
68
5. AN HISTORIC WATER SYSTEM
69
Saclay
70
5.1 LISTENING TO THE LANDSCAPE Versailles is certainly the most famous French garden, but less famous is certainly the whole water system behind its marvelous fountains. And indeed, it is often forgotten that Saclay is the master piece of a whole water system, bringing the water from its ponds and swamps, to the castle of Versailles. After several unsuccessful attempts to bring the water to Versailles, the king’s engineer Thomas Gobert designed in 1679 a ‘landscape machine’ connecting all the lakes above Versailles to bring the water for the fountains of Versailles. On the plateau’s surrounding the castle, 200 km of ditches were dug to fill the ponds of Saclay and then, through a system of underground and aerial aqueducts, brought by gravity the necessary water to Versailles’ reservoirs. The relics of this landscape machine are still visible in Saclay: ditch, pump house, the lake of Saclay, underground aqueduct and the impressive aqueduct of Buc. Although, today, this water system is unused and falling apart, due to new infrastructures and land re-parceling. Currently, water from the Seine River is imported everyday, to Saclay to provide the city, the agriculture and the Versailles fountains. Ironically, the cities located in the valleys are regularly flooded, as a result of this bad water management. Another consequence is the soil erosion because of the water flushing away the fertile silty ground to the valley. Therefore, this phenomenon has an impact on agricultural production. We did not listen to the landscape, and the landscape give us back.
Ditch of the Versailles’s water system, Saclay
Pump house at Saclay Lake, Saclay
Underground aqueduct, Saclay
Buc aqueduct crossing the Bièvre Valley, Saclay
71
Saclay the source of Versailles : an innovative water system to provide Versailles with water
72 A landscape to provide Versailles using swamps and the lakes as a water source N
5
Versailles
aerial aqueduct
4
La
3
2
Biè vre
1
2
Saclay
1 L’ Yvette
1
ditch
2
underground aqueduct
3 Lake of Saclay
1
ditch
4 Acqueduct of Buc La Bièvre
L’ Yvette
5 Versailles
73 Today, a fragmented water system but partially intact N
Versailles
Saclay
La Bièvre L’ Yvette
74
Water running off, consequence of the damaged water system, Saclay
Flooding in Saclay Val d’Albian, 2013
Flooding in Paris, 2016
Flooding in Ile de France, 2016
The increased of flooding risk : we did not listen to the landscape
75 Landscape risk : the bad management of water causes soil erosion and floods N
Versailles
Saclay
76
6. STRATEGY
77
78
6.1 A LANDSCAPE BY THE PEOPLE For the design of such an area as Saclay, we have to thing of a long term strategy. To do so, we can propose in a matrix what different actors can do according to the size of their land, their possibility of investment and their interaction with other farmers. For example, in order to start to produce fresh vegetables, a farmers having a large farm can include one legume or leaf vegetable in their crop rotation. If they can, they have the possibility to invest in precision farming to increase their production. Or, opting for new agricultural practices as polyculture, which require a large surface to be efficient. A farmer with a small agricultural exploitation car develop into services, niche products, or intensify his production with high-tech glasshouse. In other cases, farmers can team up together or, work with the municipality or with the science institute to develop and diversify their production.
79
small farmer
common initiative
farmer & other institutions
diversification
current
big farmer
service
rotation with eco-materials (research)
precision farming
greenhouse
sharing equipment (cooperative)
agro park (city)
polyculture
‘niche’ farming
polyculture among several farmers
polyculture + participation (city)
new agricultural practice + investment
current
investment
rotation with legumes & vegetables
rotation among several farmers
contour farming
Strategy : a long term vision : cooperating with different actors
cooperative & contour farming among several farmers
80
2016 Cluster Paris-Saclay
Farmers
Muniscipality
Paris Metropolitan area
AMAP 800 000 kg of vegetables
for 6 000 people
2030 Cluster Paris-Saclay
Farmers Niche products
Gardening associations
Muniscipality
Paris Metropolitan area
AMAP 80 000 000 kg of vegetables
for 400 000 people
Nature organization
2050 Cluster Paris-Saclay
Farmers
Muniscipality
Niche products
Gardening associations Nature organization
Saclay, the Vegetable Garden of Paris, in a long term vision
125 000 000 kg of vegetables
Agri-Cluster
for 800 000 people
Paris Metropolitan area
81
I - Conditions
II - Landscape framework
III - Farming typology
IV - Ownership
°C
Polyculture Use
Climate
Cultural history
Pedology
NO3 Nutriments
Water
Big farm (more than 300ha)
Agro-forestery
Medium farm (100 - 300 ha)
Contour-farming
Small farm (50 - 100 ha)
Landscape identity
Topography
Contour-farming + agro-forestery
Cooperative farming
Hydrometry
Niche farming
Municipality, Private & Science Cluster
Design principles
82
7. AGRICULTURAL DESIGN
83 N
84
7.1 DESIGNING WITH AGRICULTURE We have to compose with the conditions of the landscape, as the climate, the pedology, the nutriment cycles, the topography and the hydrometry. First, we will start with the soil. The plateau is mainly composed of silt, carried by the wind in Quaternary age (two million years ago). Although, on some places, the erosion has brought up a clayish soil around the lake and on the edge of the plateau. Furthermore, on the North East of the plateau, a sandy soil takes place. Consequently, this soil condition will influence our productive landscape. On the fertile silt, we can easily produce a wide range of plants from leaf vegetables, to roots vegetables (potatoes), fruits, and legumes (beans). The clay soil has a tendency to stay wet a longer time. Therefore, we will avoid root vegetables and we will prefer leaf vegetables and fruits. The sand soil is well irrigated and can host roots, some fruits, nuts and condiments. Water and soil moisture are an important component of the Saclay landscape. Wherefore, we also have to pay attention to the hydrometry. Wet areas are localized on some depressions, around the ditches and the lake. On this places, some plants can efficiently grow, as leafy vegetables (salads, cabbages, watercress). They are also favorable areas to encourage niche productions, as some species of sheep, frogs, snails and fish. Besides, some condiment appreciate also this wet condition. The metropolitan area of Paris is well know to produce a significant heat,
which influence the climate of Saclay. For example, from the North to the South of the plateau, there is almost 10 frost day difference every year, due to city heat. Thereupon, we can deduct that the best place to have fruit trees is on the North of the Plateau, where the production will not suffer too much during the early spring period. And finally, the topography will influence agricultural techniques. In order to prevent and reduce the erosion, the farmer should consider new practices, especially on the slops of the plateau. By overlaying all this landscape conditions, we can determine multiple productive landscapes. This diversity of landscapes can be seen from North to South and from West to East. First, on the Southern slops, we can perceive beans, potatoes and other roots growing on contourfarming. More in the center, on the silt, grows fruits and leaf vegetables. Meanwhile, on the North side are planted fruits trees, strawberries, combined with some condiments. Furthermore, the historical water system can become more productive with some niche products as water cress production along the ditches and fish and green vegetables in the lakes. On the wet lands, take place sheeps, frogs or snails production. Then, on the West-East section, on the sand, we get root vegetables in contour farming with nut trees, and on clayish soil, we can have different poly-culture of leaf or fruit vegetables. Likewise, the Eastern slop host large variety of fruit tree planted in contour-farming.
Different foodscapes
85 section South-North
Silt agriculture ‘foodscapes’ according to the different conditions
1. SILT CONTOUR FARMING roots and legumes
2. SILT POLY CULTURE fruit & leaf vegetables, legumes
3 . SILT POLY CULTURE fruits & condiments
NORTH
1
2
3
86
plateau silt meulière Montmorency & clay fontainebleau sand water & watercourse
N
Soil condition
Source : Infoterre BRGM, geological map 1/50000, Metropolitan France, 2011
Sand
Clay
Silt
Vegetables
Food production according to the different conditions
Starchy Roots & tubers
Fruits
Legumes, Niche Herbs &87 nuts products condiments
88
water pond or lake ditch and river wet area
N
Water condition
Source : Wetlands map of Saclay, ECOSPHERE, 2012
Wet
Sand
Clay
Silt
Vegetables
Food production according to the different conditions
Starchy Roots & tubers
Fruits
Legumes, Niche Herbs &89 nuts products condiments
90
N
Climate condition
Source : J.L Vallée, Techniguide de la météo, editions Nathan, 222 p., May 2004
Wet
Sand
Clay
Silt
Vegetables
Food production according to the different conditions
Starchy Roots & tubers
Fruits
Legumes, Niche Herbs &91 nuts products condiments
92
N
Erosion : farmland with eroded soil
Source : Infoterre BRGM, geological map 1/50000, Metropolitan France, 2011
Wet
Sand
Clay
Silt
Vegetables
Food production according to the different conditions
Starchy Roots & tubers
Fruits
Legumes, Niche Herbs &93 nuts products condiments
94 Wet agriculture ‘foodscapes’ according to the different conditions
4. SHALLOW WATERS water cress & condiments
section South-North
5. LAKES & PONDS fish & leaf vegetables
6. WETLAND sheep & amphibians
NORTH
4
5
6
95 Sand & Clay ‘foodscapes’ according to the different conditions
7. SAND CONTOUR FARMING roots & nuts
sec
8. CLAY or SILT POLY CULTURE leaf vegetables
9. CLAY POLY CULTURE fruit vegetables & cucurbitaceae
tion We st-
Eas t
10. CLAY CONTOUR FARMING fruits
EAST
7
8
9
10
96
8. WATER DESIGN
97
98
8.1 UPGRADING AN HISTORICAL WATER SYSTEM By acknowledging the conditions of their lands, the farmers have the possibility to chose which option they prefer in order to produce vegetables and fresh products. While different ‘foodscapes’ will take place in time, we can already start to reinforce the existing landscape structure. At the first place, the water system needs to be reinforced. To do so, we can reuse three old principles: following the topography, creating underground structure when the topography rise up, and digging new storage for water retention. Nevertheless, I do not only want to restore the water system, but to upgrade it. This new water system will be an opportunity for new kind of agriculture, recreation and for supplying the research industries (which consume a large amount of water). And then, the restored water system could eventually go straight to the
fountains of Versailles. For example, this ditch close to the city of Corbeville can be widen and be enhanced with water cress ponds. This green and long structure accentuate the perspective to a farm on the back. On the side we see this intriguing wooden structure, where snails are produce as a niche farming on this wet lands. Close to the ditch, there is a path where you can walk and discover this new productive water system. Another example would be on the West of side of the lake. Today the view is rather flat and monotonous. Nevertheless, it can get way more divers. The clay ground is perfect for poly-culture of tomatoes, melons, zucchini, irrigated. This demanding vegetables in water can be irrigate by the new water system.
1 - natural or artificial storage
2 - natural flow of water (following the topography)
3 - artificial flow of water (underground aqueduct)
4 - artificial flow of water (aerial aqueduct)
Re-using historical principles to design a new water system
99
ditch
aquaculture (water cress, fish)
agriculture (sheep, batracian)
agri - nature
main storage (Lake of Saclay)
irrigation for agriculture
use of water for industries
fountains of Versailles
Water uses : use of water for agriculture, technological industry and culture
100
N
Existing water system : a fragmented and disconnected water system from the XVIIIe century
101
N
New water system : an upgraded water system for the needs of a XXIe century landscape
102
Existing situation from Corbeville ditch
103
Perspective from Corbeville ditch - cress water farming and snail farming
104
Perspective from the West side of the Lake : a new water system for agricultural irrigation
105
Perspective from the West side of the Lake : a new water system for agricultural irrigation
106
9. LANDSCAPE FRAMEWORK
107
108
9.1 FARMER INFRASTRUCTURE Farmers needs to easily move around in Saclay, and this is an opportunity to develop a multi-functional infrastructure, for agriculture and recreation. We can enhance the entrance of these beautiful farms and underline new farmer’s route with tree alignment, bringing new perspectives and horizon in this landscape. As a start, we can already focus on a few historical tree lines. And then, we can complete this structure by new roads from the farms and to the fields. This green structure can considerably improve the accessibility for the farmer, but also, be part of the production system. Close to Limon Abbey, we could make more water retention with new wet lands. On this wet land can graze solognote sheep, a species appreciating wet area. This sheep needs in average 36 trees to be fed in the winter period. So
in a way, this niche farming generates a new landscape structure. Moreover, the nuns of this abbey, have a program to rehabilitate jobless people in the working life with farming. So they can work on the vegetables fields, care of this flock of sheep and process the delicious meat of it. Besides, it is also a structure which can get richer with new kind of farming. As an example, the area close to the Trou Salé Farm, is perfect for contour-farming. At this location, the plateau meets the valley, and this new kind of farming can considerably reduce the soil erosion. In the dead corner of the contour-farming, we can have clump of trees for wood production. As a new version of the clumps of trees of the XVIIIe century, this landscape remind us the old structure of the ´mouillère´ landscape.
1 - existing farm entrance
2 - new farm entrances : accessibility & visibility of the farms
109
farm entrance
farmer route through the fields
A multi-functional infrastructure : an infrastructures for farmers and recreation
110
N
Farmers’ routes : from farms to fields
111
N
Farmers’ routes : synthesis of the most used roads by farmers
Source : SAFER de l’Ile de France, EPAPS Paris-Saclay, Global Report: Functional analysis of agricultural areas, natural and forest, Saclay, 2013
112
N
Historic lines : revealing the line of an XVIIIe century landscape
113
N
From the farms to the field : an infrastructures for farmers
114
N
Farm entrances : enhancing farm entrances
115
polyculture contour-farming
N
A changing structure over time : new agricultural practices generate a new green structure
116
A multi-functional infrastructure : an infrastructures for farmers & agricultural uses
117
A multi-functional infrastructure : an infrastructures for farmers & agricultural uses
118
Historical landscape structure
1 - old tree line
2 - entrances of farm buildings
A new landscape structure : reusing an old structure for new agricultural uses
3 - ‘mouillières’
119
New landscape structure
1 - new tree line : dedicated infrastructure for farmers
2 - new farm entrances : accessibility & visibility of the farms
3 - ‘new mouillières’ : use of the space in contour-farming ‘dead ends’
New uses
wood production
sheep feeding
A new landscape structure : reusing an old structure for new agricultural uses
wood chips bedding
Wood work school of the Academy of Versailles
120
A changing structure over time : new agricultural practices generate a new green structure
121
A changing structure over time : new agricultural practices generate a new green structure
122
9.2 A LANDSCAPE FOR DIFFERENT USERS We are designing for a diversity of users. From the farmers, the locals, scientist, the Parisians and of course to the tourist. A denser network of paths can guaranty the transition from the villages to the landscape. The locals can wander in the landscape and discover the poly-cultural fields of fruits or the intriguing cress farming. They can enjoy this divers and dynamic landscape, as a large scale park, maintained by farmers. In a similar way, Saclay can become a wonderful place to visit for the Parisians. As part of the Grand Paris plan, Saclay will be accessible by metro in 2030. I would suggest to locate this new metro stop at the South part of the plateau, where in history, urbanization has always started. This metro stop can be a magnificent entrance to the plateau, with the start of a monumental tree line going to the center of the plateau. At the station, people can enjoy a farmer market, see how the products they eat are processed and transformed. This could be a beautiful and functional hub for the farmers to sell their products locally and to the metropolis.
Paris is well known for being one of the first city in the world for tourism. Tourist often go to visit the impressive castle of Versailles. Although, they could also come to see Saclay and its intriguing water system and innovative agriculture. A network of bike path will connect Versailles to Saclay, with a network along the ditches and to the experimental fields. We can also envision the possibility to do rafting in the ditch system and in the underground aqueduct for a unique life experience. The science cluster is one of the most intriguing feature of the plateau. Scientist experiment and test everyday new technology in the fields of Saclay. I believe this experimental fields should be accessible to the public. People could come and see this new technological discovery, with path and platforms designed in a way to guaranty privacy for the scientist. All together, this path create a dense network for all this different kind of users. And inside this structure, can happen in the future new kind of farming, creating a beautiful, varied and unique place for Paris.
123
processing storage
1 - Farmers
selling
nature landscape transport
2 - Locals
experiment
walk social contact
lunch tour
3 - Scientist
heritage meetings
bike tour
4 - Parisians
hiking
heritage farmer market
bike tour
5 - Tourists
scientific discovery rafting
124
N
Local routes : from the villages to the landscape
125
N
Parisian routes : a place to go and the visit for culture, nature, leisure and agriculture
126
Existing situation from a path close to Saclay Village
127
Local’s route from Saclay village : a divers and attractive agricultural landscape
128
N
Touristic routes: visiting the Saclay of yesterday and tomorrow
129
The Agri-Cluster at Saclay metro station : an entrance to an agricultural park
130
Existing situation from Orsigny ditch
131
Perspective from Orsigny ditch - a new use for recreation
132
N
Science & research routes : bringing together the workplaces with the landscape & the public
133
Perspective from Moulon : a walk into the experimental fields
134
N
Routes : an innovative heritage landscape for everyone
135
Urban area built area new metro line new metro stop Water
Agriculture & research existing water new water
Landscape structure
wetland agriculture & aquaculture fruits contour farming fruits polyculture
path along ditch
tomatoes & cucurbitaceae poly culture
agri-infrastructure
root & legumes contour-farming
path
root, legumes & nuts contour farming
fort
leave vegetable poly culture
historical tree alignment
fields for research
N
Overall plan Saclay : the vegetable garden of Paris - an innovative heritage landscape
136
10. ZOOM AREAS
137
138
LA MINIĂˆRE, GUYANCOURT an agri-research park
ORSIGNY A new agriculture LAKE OF SACLAY a new structure for a landscape heritage
Urban area built area new metro line
Water
Agriculture & research existing water
aquaculture
new water
wetland agriculture
Landscape structure path along ditch agri-infrastructure historical tree alignment fort
fruits contour farming fruits poly culture tomatoes & cucurbitaceae poly culture root & legumes contour-farming root, legumes & nuts contour farming
path
leave vegetable poly culture
combined metro line & agri-infrastructure
fields for research
N
Saclay : the vegetable garden of Paris an innovative heritage landscape
139
ORSIGNY
A new sustainable and intensive agriculture
140 eroded ground
remainder of ‘mouillère’ dead end path isolated farm
10.1 A SUSTAINABLE AND INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE Orsigny, is located in the middle of the plateau, close to the villages Toussus-leNoble and Les Loges-en-Josas. The land are owned by three big farmers, which makes it interesting to start a new kind of farming. At this place, the plateau is meeting the valley in a ‘talweg’. Therefore, because of the steepness of the ground, the soil became eroded. Consequently, this location is ideal for contour-farming to avoid further soil erosion. A wide range of culture, will make this landscape divers and tree lines will connect to the farms. In the curves of the slops, a new tree line goes through the landscape and clumps of trees in the contour farming fields are punctuating the landscape. The landscape structure is finer and more dynamic.
Orsigny a mono cultural agricultural plain
contemporary ‘mouillère’ for wood production
fruit poly culture
Orsigny a modern and divers agriculture
new path ‘designed by agriculture’
contour farming agriculture
connection to the valley vegetable poly culture
141
Orsigny a modern and divers agriculture
1. Roots & legumes contour farming on silt soil
2. Roots & legumes contour farming on sandy soil
3. Fruits contour farming on silt-clay soil
3 2 1
142
143
LAKE OF SACLAY
a productive water system
144
DGA thrusters trials, Military Base
10.2 A PRODUCTIVE WATER SYSTEM
N118 highway bird reserve
The Lake of Saclay is a beautiful landscape monument. Unfortunately, this landscape feature is totally fenced out because of a military base on its side. We can see a few ditches running off to this lake. However, they are at the moment covered up by vegetation. Wherefore, I want to open this lake to the public, to make it accessible and productive for agriculture. The ditches should be wider for water retention and for new kind of farming. For example, this water can be use for aquaponics of fish together with vegetables. The lake can host aquaculture farming, and the ditches water cress farming.
rare connections to the landscape
Lake of Saclay an isolated landscape monument nature reserve opened to the public aquaponic farm entrance
aquaculture
Lake of Saclay a landscape monument part a a dynamic agricultural system
route along the ditches tree alignment broader ditch for water stora following & water cress culture agricultural infrastructure
145 Lake of Saclay water agriculture
1. aquaponic fish & vegetables
2. aquaculture
3. water cress culture
age
3
2
1
146
147
LA MINIÈRE, GUYANCOURT an agri-research park
Antoine Fourrier
Academie van Bouwkunst Amsterdam Landschapsarchitectuur 2015-2016
148 enclaved experimental fields
Buc
10.3 AN AGRI-RESEARCH-PARK La Minière is an experimental field for agriculture research, enclave between two cities. This city are the owners of these fields and they are planning to built it. Nevertheless, I think this fields can bring much more by staying open than by being built. I would like first to organize this fields to make them accessible to the public, as a new public space for the city. New connections can be created from the city to the experimental fields, to the farms and to the valley. People can go and see this fascinating ago-technological landscape and make a tour from the city to the research institutes. They can also wander to the large variety of landscape surrounding this place, as the wooded valley, the open plateau, the dynamic experimental fields.
Valley
research center
Guyancourt
La minière an enclave experimental field
biochemistry experimental fields seed research
La minière an agri-research park
enclaved farm
149 La Minière : an agri-research park
1. bio chimistry / bio materials fields
2. agro technology
3. connection to the city
1
2
3
150
11. NUMBERS
151
152
11.1 A VISION FOR THE METROPOLIS Saclay could be a first step for a vision for the agriculture in the peri-urban area of Paris. With only Saclay, we could feed between 500 000 to 700 000 people in fresh vegetables. If we extend this system to the metropolis, we could feed the whole area in fresh vegetables with only 52 000 ha. And to do so, we could imagine an efficient distribution system, with places like Saclay, farmers you could transform the products and deliver them to the consumer. I believe that intensive farming can reveal the beauty and the diversity of the landscape of Saclay. Saclay is a place of history. An innovative water system from the XVIII century has transformed this marshland to a fertile agricultural landscape. And tomorrow, the technology of the XXI century will transform again this place. As designer we can work together with the landscape, the people and the farmers to make of Saclay a meaningful open agricultural landscape for the metropolis.
Saclay An agri-cluster
Agriculture & metropolis : Saclay, an agricultural cluster
52 000 ha required for fresh vegetable production (70 000 ha of farmland are in peri-urban area)
Agriculture & metropolis : area required to feed Paris in fresh vegetable
153
12 million people
Paris
5 000 farms
Saclay 570 000 ha farmland
70Â 000 ha farmland in peri-urban area
Facts & Data : a rural metropolis
2 470 ha in Saclay
154 Surface required for the food production of vegetable, fruits, tubers and legumes
consumption for one person kg/year Tubers radishes beetroot starch potato carrots celeriac conservation potato onions scorzonera
25
consumption for one person kg/year Vegetables eggplants cucumbers peppers tomatoes white cabbage red cabbage courgettes celery leeks chinese cabbage conical cabbage salad (lettuce & chicor y) other vegetables green cabbage spinach sprouts kale endive cauliflower fennel chicory broccoli sweet corn artichoke aparagus
51
consumption for one person kg/year Legume peas french beans broad beans flageolet beans
13
consumption for one person kg/year Fruits table grape apples pears peaches-nectarines strawberries plums prune cherry
49
yield (kg/ha per year) 42,503 230,000 61,966 51,600 46,100 42,014 41,750 34,200 19,890
yield (kg/ha per year) 54,114 447,619 220,700 262,757 158,900 80,012 62,014 46,000 40,000 31,900 30,000 28,889 27,600 26,491 25,676 21,372 20,357 18,571 18,200 18,000 17,262 15,490 13,400 6,909 5,000 4,600
surface required for 12 MM people 6,909.28 1,276.80 4,739.12 5,691.15 6,370.14 6,989.64 7,033.85 8,586.65 14,764.74 surface required for 12 MM people 11,153.47 1,348.37 2,734.73 2,297.01 3,798.33 7,543.28 9,732.54 13,120.76 15,088.88 18,920.22 20,118.50 20,892.29 21,867.94 22,783.55 23,506.88 28,240.33 29,648.32 32,499.12 33,162.36 33,530.83 34,964.57 38,964.12 45,041.42 87,356.65 120,711.00 131,207.61
yield (kg/ha per year)
surface required for 12 MM people
9,815 7,427 12,060 13,250 6,521
15,622.98 20,644.20 12,713.90 11,572.41 23,514.54
yield (kg/ha per year)
surface required for 12 MM people
30,943 84,000 41,100 24,800 22,600 18,500 13,600 12,000 5,700
18,758.75 6,910.11 14,122.85 23,405.21 25,683.60 31,375.64 42,680.09 48,370.77 101,833.20
44 m2 / year for 1 person
52 000 000 m2 / year for 12 MM person
52 000 ha to feed the 12 MM persons with fresh products
Fresh food consumption for one person per year in kg
155
Food consumption for one person per year in kg
Paris Saclay
Paris Saclay
Existing small-scale organic farmers distribution SYSTEM : an inefficient transport system
Efficient distribution network at metropolitan scale : A farmer to consumer system
New farmer to consumer SYSTEM : optimized transportation distance with a common delivery system
156
LITERATURE Arbre & Paysage 32 , Bilan du programme expérimental gersois d’agroforesterie Eau & Biodiversité et réseau national de placettes de références Agreste - Numéro 133 - Septembre 2015 ADER, De Saclay aux fontaines de Versailles, un réseau de rigoles et d’aqueducs souterrain du XVIIe siècle digne de figurer au patrimoine de l’UNESCO, 2000 Biasi Laure, Les paysages agricoles fraciliens : évoluton et diversité, Note Rapide Sur l’Environement n°361, Librairie d’Ile de France, 2014 Bouraoui Mouez, L’invention paysagiste du plateau de Saclay, De la création des rigoles au plan d’actions paysagères, Courrier de l’environnement de l’INRA n°36, 1999 Bendel F, Hafner, S, Jaeglé, R, Marie-France L, Mellina, A, Perraguin, G, Perraguin, M, ADPP, À la découverte du Plateau de Palaiseau, Parcours découverte de l’histoire du plateau, 2003 Bouraoui, M, L’agriculture, nouvel instrument de la construction urbaine? ecole nationale du genie rural des eaux et des forets ecole nationale superieure du paysage de versailles, these de doctorat en sciences de l’environnement, 2000 Cheenne Patrick, Brochure Paris-Saclay, Etablissement public Paris-Saclay, Paris, 2013 Corbin Alain : Le territoire du vide, l’Occident et le désir du rivage. Paris : Aubier, 1988
12. BIBLIOGRAPHY
157
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