HONG KONG DATA Public Relations_Sept / Dec 2013 DEPREZ Eve & SIMON Alain (coordinators) ANDRIANTSIMALIA Olivia / AVNI Sarah / BARLAGUET Charlotte / BELYASMINE El Mehdi / CABOCHE Margaux /CASAUBON Franck / COURADET Rémi / DAUSQUE Aline / DUBOISSET Laurent / GIRARD Maxence / GUILLEMOT Cédric / GUILLEUX Thomas / HOANG Ngoc / KHALED Engy / LARSIMONT Alice / LEPAGE Samuel / MIURA Mai / MECHATTE Mehdi / MEUNIER Raphael / PALADE Diana / RADISIC Michaël / RODRIGO MARTINEZ Lucia / VANDENWEGHE Thomas / VANDERVELDE Kaat / ZWICKY Jean-Luc
HISTORY 1. First Dynasty: Qin (221 BC – 206 BC) Hong Kong incorporated China.
into 1.
2. Song Dynasty (960 -1279) Mongol invasion (1276) created in Hong Kong the first population boom as Chinese refugees entered the area. Despite the immigration and light development of agriculture, the area was hilly and relatively barren. 3. Ming Dynasty (1368 -1644) Many constructions and reformations projects (Grand Canal, the Great Wall of China, the Forbidden city...) begin as well and an establishment of a society of rural community without links with the urban area. A new culture is born, based on the consumption creating a change in the philosophic thought, the arts, the literature and the governmental institutions. At the end of the dynasty, natural disasters, epidemics, engender a decrease of the production causing a decrease of the economy and of the population.
10. The Transition (1982) A country, two systems. Discussions with the United Kingdom and the PRC are engaged. Hong Kong’s economic system differs from the one in China. 11. Hong Kong handed over to the PRC (1997) End of the British colony. Hong Kong special administrative region of the PRC is born.
7. People’s Republic of China (PRC 1949) Arrival of the communists in China: Mao Zedong’s leadership. Thousands of refugees fled the country to find work in Hong Kong; they are the main source of cheap labor found in the city. Mao ‘s new policy increases the agricultural production, widens the industrial infrastructure and the realization of civil engineering projects. Consequence: big famine in 1958-1962 with 30 million dead. Hong kong is the antagonist symbol of the unbridled capitalism.
3.
4.
5. Opium War (1839-1852) Through the defeat of China against England, the Treaty of Nanjing is signed. China lets go of Hong-Kong and the islands are now the property of England. Industries are transitioned in numerous ways (Electric company, bus, trams…), and the first Large Scale Bank is created. The changes made by the English occupying the islands increase the population and its wealth. Hong Kong gains back its independence and is given back to the Chinese in 1997.
4. Last dynasty: Qing (1644-1912) Closure of China to the outside world isolating the coastal regions and so new border is settled inside the lands.
12. Asian Economic Crisis (1998) Speculative economic bubble explodes and a new housing policy is introduced. An average of 85000 apartment construction per year. 13. The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS 2003) Hong-Kong is seriously affected by an epidemic. The economic activities are vigorously affected which increases the unemployment rate.
8. Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (1966) Launched by Mao to strengthen his power. Publication of the Little Red Book. The Hong Kong riot’s in 1967, leading to the fall of the communist network in the city.
14. Today (2013) Hong Kong is managed by a placed executive leader who is at the head of the government for 5 years. Leung Chun-Ying as president. Hong Kong becomes the commercial and tourist center of the Southeast Asia. This creates a considerable increase of the population. A noticeable change of the townscape can be seen.
9. Economic opening of China towards the outside world (1979) China becomes a strategic point for exchanges in Asia. Deng Xiaoping becomes president.
6 501,1 hab/km2
$
11 000 HK$
93,6%
0,4%
7 182 724 hab
1,9%
0,2%
25,9 %
0,8%
0,2%
1,9%
1%
as an everyday language and by 34.9% of the population as a second language. Signs displaying both Chinese and English are common throughout the territory. Since the 1997 handover, a greater integration with the mainland economy has brought an increasing number of Mandarin speakers to Hong Kong. Nowadays residents from mainland China do not have the right of abode in Hong Kong, nor are they allowed to enter the territory
freely. However, the influx of immigrants from mainland China, approximating 45 000 per year, is a significant contributor to its population growth – a daily quota of 150 Mainland Chinese with family ties in Hong Kong are granted a «one way permit». Hong Kong has one of the highest per capita income in the world. Statistically Hong Kong’s income gap is the greatest in Asia Pacific. The dense space also led to a highly
developed transportation network with the public transport travelling rate exceeding 90%, the highest in the world. Hong Kong has numerous high international rankings in various aspects. For instance, its economic freedom, financial and economic competitiveness, quality of life, corruption perception, Human Development Index,… are all ranked highly. Hong Kong also had the longest life expectancy of any region in the world in 2012. The hospitals offer a wide range
Places of Worship
Population Density (hab/km2)
Median age: 43,9 years Age structure: 0-14 years: 11.4% (male 427,250/female 390,856) 15-24 years: 11% (male 406,114/female 380,304) 25-54 years: 49.2% (male 1,650,509/female 1,867,907) 55-64 years: 14.5% (male 516,493/female 517,958) 65 years and over: 13.9% (male 467,199/female 528,929) Birth rate: 7.54 births/1,000 population Death rate: 7.23 deaths/1,000 population Population growth rate: 0,421% Fertility rate: 1.09 children born/woman Sex ratio: 0.94 male(s)/female Average domestic household size: 2,9 persons Religion: eclectic mixture of local religions 90%, Christian 10% Languages: Cantonese 89.5%, English 3.5%, Putonghua (Mandarin) 1.4%, other Chinese dialects 4%, other 1.6% Literacy (age 15 and over has ever attended school): total population: 93.5 % male: 96.9 % female: 89.6 % Attained post-secondary education: 25,9 % Currently attending coures: 56,6 %
4
1
3
6
8
Belgium and Hong Kong are separated by more than just 9394.06km. They differ radically in culture, history, socio political context, built environment, etc. This project teams up 3 pairs of Belgian & Hong Kong academic architecture student design studios, and has each pair simultaneously approach an urban / architectural issue within the Asia Pacific region from their own unique perspectives. We have two pairs of Master/Graduate Students and one pair at the Bachelor/ Undergraduate level.
< 4000
4001-10000
10001-25000
25001-40000
> 40000
10-20
1 104 km2 22°17’07 ‘’ N 114°09’27’’ E 957 meters, Ta Mo Shan located in central New Territories 66 meters ,Lo Chau Mun 552 meters
20-30
30-40
40-50 S.A.R
(Special Administrative Region)
Yuen Long
N
North
Yuen Long was developped from the traditional market town of Yuen Long Town from the late 1970’s. The town occupies the best location for villages in the surrounding area to sell their crops and fishes. The western new town is mainly residential. The district has the first public park in HK, the blake garden. Shops and living rooms tend to spill on the street. We can feel the traditional after-war architecture with mainly low height buildings.
Tai Po
Land Use Distribution
1 8,05 %
3 900 hab/km2
$
10 000 HK$
95%
9,4%
7,8%
2%
0,5%
2%
With a sub-tropical climate, expats relocating to Hong Kong will have to adjust to the cold winters, hot, humid summers, and a rainy season that extends from spring through summer. Typhoons are also possible during spring and autumn and residents should invest in a good umbrella!
2008
5
48,8 %
2,3%
Mong Kok Yuen Long Mong Kok is an area on Kowloon West. The district is characterized by a mixture of old and new multi-story buildings, with shops and restaurants at street level and commercial or residential units above. With its extremely high population density, Mongkok was described as the busiest district in the world by the Guinness World Records. Mong Kok preserves its tradittional characteristics with an array of markets, small shops, and food stalls that have already disappeared from other areas in Hong Kong.
HONG KONG DATA is a collection of facts and numbers about the city, its history, its economy, its culture and its population. It focuses on the entire city of Hong Kong and its relation to the world. It can be read like a whole or part by part with the document folded. HONG KONG CITY is a body of drawings realized by the students. It focuses on the city centre, its circulation system, its different layers and typologies. It can also be read like a whole or strip by strip with the document folded.
Tuen Mun Tsuen Wan
1800-1930
1850-1960
1980-1990
1840
1970
initial territory
Sha Tin
Rainfall & Temperature 2
$
Climat Change
5,25 %
130 000 hab/km2
12 500 HK$
Economical development and urbanization is one of the causes for the rainfall's increasing trend. The higher temperature in urban areas enhances convective activities and the increase in concentration of suspended particulates from urban activities favours the formation and development of rain-bearing clouds.
62,9 %
91,1%
0,5%
0,5%
0,3%
1%
1%
1%
2%
2010
6
269 billions € DEMOGRAPHY
HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY
Kwai Tsing
65 billions € CLIMAT
PROJECT
Mong kok
Hong Kong Airport
241 billions €
Lantau Island is the largest island in Hong Kong, located at the mouth of the Pearl River. Originally the site of fishing villages, the island has been developped in the recent years with major infrastructures. Lantau Island has a relatively low population density compared to Hong Kong Island. The island is hosting the Hong Kong International airport. It has the reputation of an expatriate enclave with residents from other 30 different countries.
Sai Kung
GENERAL MAP OBJECT
Gross National Income per Capita BIBLIOGRAPHY
LEGEND
ABOUT THE OBJECT
Lantau Island
Gross Domestic Product
HONG KONG CORE
Area Latitude Longitude Highest peak above the sea level Lowest peak above the sea le Victoria Peak or ‘The Peak‘
(Special Economic Zone)
This document is an attempt to understand some of the specificities. of the city It is divided in two parts, one on each side, HONG KONG DATA and HONK KONG CITY.
HONG KONG DATA
Hong Kong’s education system has been ranked as the second best in the world. Competition among university students to receive an offer for an undergraduate program is fierce as the annual number of intakes is limited. Hong Kong has the highest average IQ score in 81 countries around the world.
Shenzhen
Time
Reclaimed Lands
Hong Kong enjoys a high degree of religious freedom, guaranteed by the Basic Law. Hong Kong’s main religions are Buddhism, Taoism and Confucianism. A majority of residents of Hong Kong would claim no religious affiliation, professing a form of agnosticism or atheism. According to the U.S Department of State only 43% of the population
GEOGRAPHY
Guangzhou
12
10
practices some form of religion. A Christian community forms about 11.7% of the total population.
Educated People Proportion (%)
11
9
7
of healthcare services, and some of the territory’s private hospitals are considered to be world class.
S.E.Z
13
5
2
This document was realized by Belgian students from the school of Architecture of the Université Libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels). It is both a groundwork for the studio trip to Hong Kong and a response to a video work achieve by Chinese Students from the University of Hong Kong. A workshop organized from 28th of october to 1st of november in Hong Kong will permit to meet each other and to have a better understanding of the city.
Demography is the statistical study of human populations. To understand Hong Kong people’s lifestyles, we applied demographic analysis to four kinds of dynamic living populations spread over the Hong Kong territory: Hong Kong Island, Mongkok, Lantau and Yuen Long.
With a land mass of 1 104 km2 and a population of seven million people, Hong Kong is one of the most densely populated areas in the world. Its Cantonese-speaking majority originate mainly from the neighbouring Canton (now Guangdong) province, in which many of them fled from China to Hong Kong to escape wars and Communist rule from the 1930s - 1960s. English is also an official language, and according to a 1996 by-census is spoken by 3.1% of the population
14
Population
Twin Design Research Studios | Liquefied Space
DEMOGRAPHY
CLIMAT
ABOUT THE PROJECT
9394.06km
6. Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) Hong-Kong was attacked by the Japanese in 1941, the Black Christmas. Strong repression, paralyzation of the economy causes a large decrease of the population.
THROUGH BOOKS
ECONOMY
CULTURE
CIRCULATION
URBAN LAYERS
Hong Kong 38 149 €
Singapore 44 280 €
China 6 245 €
Lantau Island
Belgium 29 117 €
Hong Kong Island
Gross Domestic Product Structure VS Labour Force GROUND LEVEL SECTION N/S E/W
CHRONOGICAL RECORD
UNDERGROUND
612 000
39,5 billions €
1 224 000
13,9 billions €
385 000
2,6 billions €
168 000
Pacific Ocean
CHRONOGICAL RECORD
PUBLIC SPACE
Economy Hong Kong
Macau
Brussels
Singapore
Population
People
Density (hab/km2)
Billion €
Hong Kong Population Proportion
200 €
Profession
$
Income (HK$/year) Educated People Proportion
Median Monthly Wage 2 100 €
1 539 €
Construction Worker Philippines
Europe
Indonesia
Industrial Worker
Waiter Cleaning Man
General Map
898 €
Thaïland
Others
Urban Zones
Arable Lands
Trade
Industry
3
4 km
Average Income by District
3,3 % 19,9 %
Household Size and Median Monthly Income Hong Kong 1 977 € Brussels 3 000 €
Main Roads
Finance
Transport
2
Rail Roads
Water Reservoirs Japan
859 €
District Limits
India
Sector
1
1 195 €
Business Man China
Unemployment Rate
Forests
Mountains
Hong Kong became a developed country with the economic boom of the four Asian tigers (Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong and Taïwan) in the sixties. Indeed, Hong Kong developed a light industry with production costs cheaper than Europe’s or USA’s, like the japanese model developed in the fifties (Hong Kong territory does not permit heavy industries).
began to leave Hong Kong for thespecial economic zone of Shenzhen. This zone permits to the foreigners to invest in China. The rest of the country is dominated by state companies. The multinationals may invest only in joint venture with a Chinese company. The goal of this method is to oblige a technology transfer between western companies and the Chinese firms.
In the eighties, with the economic opening of China, the industry
Since 1969, Hong Kong has became one of the biggest financial centres of Asia Pacific. This economy based on finance is due to the colonial
ECONOMY
$
10 500 HK$
58,5 %
76,4%
9,4%
7,8%
2%
0,5%
2%
Rainfall Records
2,3%
More than 2858 €
Between 2191€ and 2858€
Between 1620€ and 1905€
Less than 1620€
government policy of «laissez faire» (low taxes, flexibility...etc) maintained by the Chinese after 1997. After the retrocession of Hong Kong to China, the city became a special administrative zone with a large autonomy. The occidental companies invest in Hong Kong to enter in the Chinese market and the Special Administrative zone is a window to the world for the Chinese multinationals. But the retail sector (shops, stores, shopping mall) employs twice more people than the finance. The sector
Between 1905€ and 2191€
of the transportation in Hong Kong is also important with one of the busiest and the biggest see-port of the world. Contrary to Brussels economy, the unemployment rate of Hong Kong is very low, the problem for a job researcher could be the quality of the job (low wage,...). Now, Hong Kong must face the competition of Singapore which has also a very liberal economy.
The culture of Hong Kong can best be described as a foundation that began with China, and became more influenced by British colonialism. After the 1997’s transfer of sovereignty to the People’s Republic of China, Hong Kong continued to develop an identity of its own. It is for this reason that many people in Hong Kong are proud of their culture and generally refer to themselves as «Hong Konger» or «Hong Kong Chinese», to distinguish themselves from the Chinese in mainland China. Still, the city is frequently described as a place where «East meets West», reflecting the culture’s mix of the territory’s Chinese roots with influences from its time as a British colony. Hong Kong is a recognized global centre of trade, and calls itself an «entertainment hub”. Culturally the city is very well developed thanks to wide government support. Food holds an important place in Hong Kong culture as it carries the reputable label of «Gourmet Paradise» and «World’s Fair of Food». The fusion of east and west also characterizes Hong Kong’s cuisine, where dim sum, hot pot, and fast food restaurants coexist with haute cuisine.
CULTURE
Hong Kong, nicknamed «shopping paradise», is well known for its shopping district with multiple department stores. Many imported goods transported to Hong Kong have lower tax duties than the international standard, making most items affordable for the general public. Hong Kong is identified by its materialistic culture and high levels of consumerism. Hong Kong is home to many of Asia’s biggest media players and remains as one of the world’s largest film industries. The printed media, especially tabloids but also broadsheet newspapers, lean heavily on sensationalism and celebrity gossips. The freedom of press is effectively protected by the Bill of Rights, in contrast to the rest of China where control over media is pervasive. As for music, Cantopop has dominated and become synonymous with local music culture since its birth in Hong Kong. Hongkongers devote much time to leisure activities. Mahjong, a strategic card game, is a popular social activity. Chinese chess and other board games such as Chinese checkers and gambling are also enjoyed by people of all ages. Among teenagers, shopping, eating out, karaoke and video games are common, with Japan being a major source of digital
entertainment for proximity reasons.
cultural
and
1 bowl of rice 15.00 HK$ = 1,42 € 1 pack of Cigarets 5.00 HK$= 0,47 € 1 beer 50.00 HK$ = 4,74 € 1 way bus ticket 8.00 HK$ = 0,76 € 1 liter of gasoline 17.00 HK$= 1.61 €
Taoism is the world view based on the unity of humankind and universe. It is a chinese philosophical and religious tradition, and impinges on Chinese ways of thinking. Feng Shui (literally,wind and water) is a philosophical system of harmonizing man with the universe (surrounding environment) and an application of Taoism. Feng Shui remains present and retains its influence on political decisions and urban design. Is Feng Shui important for Chinese Life? No (0%) Not so much
13%
1,5 liter of water 14.00 HK$ = 1,33 €
There are some distinctive holidays that are celebrated in Hong Kong as a part of eastern culture, and not generally in western countries, except among certain overseas Chinesecommunities. The most well known is Chinese New Year, which occurs variably in late January or early February. Other events Mid-Autumn Festival is another highly celebrated event, involving the massive purchase of mooncakes from Chinese bakery shops. include the Dragon Boat Festival. Mid-Autumn Festival is another highly celebrated event, involving the massive purchase of mooncakes from Chinese bakery shops.
33%
Yes
54% When it is needed
Concepts like feng shui are taken very seriously. Other objects like Ba gua mirrors are still regularly used to deflect evil spirits, and buildings often lack any floor number that has a 4 in it, due to its similarity to the word for «die» in Cantonese.
Hong Kong island is an island in the southern part of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. The island was occupied by the united Kingdom since 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking. The island was returned to China in 1997. The central area on the island is the historical, political and economic centre of Hong Kong. The residents living in the three northern shore districts of Hong Kong island have the highest median household income of any area in Hong Kong.
And about the future...?
4 16 390 hab/km2
$
19 %
14 000 HK$
88,5%
4%
55 %
2,4%
2,4%
Invisible Logic
Cities Without Ground
The Urban Code of China
A Matter of Things
In this research, Zhang Wei Ping tries to uncover the hidden logic, visualize the invisible and find a clue for this unusual urban phenomenon. He considers the city not only as an objective entity but alive. Through this urbanism of reality that caracterises HK, the author endorses a vision for the city that he defines as “Hong Kongism”. HK combines two paradoxical urban extremes: the maximum multiple urban layers with the incredible architectural mediocraty. The author presents a series of analytical and punctual schemes of the city that show how HK “deals with the obstacles in high density”.
Cities Without Ground explores how the city of Hong Kong lacks of traditional figure-ground relationships that shape urban spaces: axis, edge, center and fabric.The book analyses this condition by mapping three-dimensional circulation networks that join shopping malls, train stations and public transport interchanges, public parks and private lobbies as a series of spatial models and drawings. Hong Kong is a city without ground, a truth both physically (built on steep slopes, the city has no ground plane) and culturally (there is no concept of ground). Ground, Solids, Connectivity , Activity represents the main points that structure the book .
This book offers a particular reading of the chinese city. City is defined as a complex socio - cultural system; a landscape consisted of signals which deliver messages to the observer: the codes of the city. He explains the complex process of decoding these codes. Once deciphered, we can understand the functioning of the chinese city. The chinese society is based on the “community”. Family and religion takes an important part in the chinese life. This is translated by the presence of introvered spaces and by the absence of public place in comparison to the spacious extroverted european organization. Today China is in a societal system based on business and exchanges but the community foundations are always present. This system brings into conflict the relation between society and community. Rural pockets in the new urban city are appearing. This book tends to gives us the keys to understand the expansion of the urban development in China today.
The Spanish architect and urban planner Manuel de Sola-Morales shows in this book many successful interventions (urban landscape) that he made in several european cities. He explains what are the different methods used to apply his concept of an urban acuponcture to develop a city. For designing, he uses the metaphor of the human body: connecting different parts of the city in the same way the human body is connected from head to toe. He works on large scale projects where the intercation and interface between architecture, urbanism and infrastructure are very closed. The main idea of his architecture is to produce small scale but socially catalytic interventions in the urban fabric. Precise actions done with great care in a physical reality, Sola-Morales effects changes in the city that transcend his work’s with a physical and spatial dimension.
Zhang Wei Ping
A. Frampton, J. D. Salomon, C. Wong
THROUGH BOOKS
Dieter Hassenpflug
Manuel de Sola-Morales
Hong Kong is already subject to the risk of increasing flooding from catastrophic storms and rainstorms. Port facilities, major transportation infrastructure, coastal communities, and high rise commercial and residential real estate are all subject to the effects of extreme winds and flooding, and the flood risk will only increase in the future sea levels rise due to the effects of global climate change and economic development. Without forget that the density of population and the high concentration of key infrastructures increase the vulnerability of urban areas...
Internet
2013
7
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LEGEND
Flags
TYPOLOGY
0,26 %
307 hab/km2
Hong Kong Island
HIGHER GROUND
39 billions €
3
Population - www.census2011.gov.hk/en/district-profiles.html - fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong - www.expatarrivals.com/hong-kong/areas-and-suburbs-in-hong-kong - terrescontees.free.fr/regions/hong_kong.htm - www.urbanphoto.net/blog/2010/08/12/tai-ping-shan/ (1) - www.pbase.com/image/56856582 (2) - www.tripadvisor.com/LocationPhotoDirectLink-g294217-d447109-i57175296-Lantau_IslandHong_Kong.html (3) - theinterrobang.com/2012/07/42-food-markets/hong-kong-food-market/ (4) Geography - hongkong.edushi.com - www1.map.gov.hk/gih3/view/index.jsp Climat - en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Hong_Kong - www.studio-basel.net - www.urbanphoto.net/ (5, 6, 8) - www.weather.gov.hk/contente.htm (7) Economy - www.pland.gov.hk/pland_en/info_serv/statistic/landu.html - www.economist.com/node/16846959 - www.censtatd.gov.hk/hkstat/sub/bbs.jsp Circulation - hkerouting.gov.hk/drss/index.php?lang=E# - hketransport.gov.hk/index.aspx Public Space - movingcities.org/movingmemos/hong-kong-corridors-apr12/ - www.sinapolis.net/index.php?option=com_flexicontent&view=items&cid=38&id=447&Itemi d=33&lang=fr - www.theatlanticcities.com/design/2012/08/hong-kong-city-without-ground/3000/ - www.urbanphoto.net/blog/tag/hong-kong/ - saintnorbert.ca/images/tai-chi-3.jpg (9) - www.urbanphoto.net (10,12) - www.asianurbanepicenters.com/?p=771 (11) - www.vrm.ca/Cap_HongKong.asp?ID=1293 - movingcities.org/movingmemos/hong-kong-snapshots-part-2/ http://movingcities.org/movingmemos/hong-kong-snapshots-part-1/
Books
- Adam Frampton, Jonathan D Solomon, Clara Wong, Cities without ground, A Hong Kong Guidebook, by ORO editions, 2012 - In association with MVRDV, The Why Factory and Delft University of Technology, Hong Kong Fantasies, Challenging World-Class City Standards, by Nai publishers, 2011 - Dieter Hassenpflug, The Urban Code of China,by Birkhauser edition, 2010 - Manuel de Solà-Morales, A Matter of Things, by Nai publishers, 2008 - Learning from China the Tao of the city, by Birkhauser edition, 2004 - Zhang Wei Ping, Invisible Logic,Hong Kong, as Asian Culture of Congestion, by Chinese edition, 1991 - Emanuel Christ and Christoph Gantenbein ETH Zurich, Hong Kong Typology, by GTA, 2010 - William S W Lim, Asian Ethical Urbanism, a radical postmodern perspective,World Scientific Publishing, 2005