HONG KONG CORE To adapt to the growing population in Hong Kong, (3.8 moi. to 7 moi. in the last 40 years), the development of public transportation has been crucial during this period of time. The road network was doubled, and the number of passengers is 240% of what it used to be. The traffic flow is managed by a computer based system that includes 1590 traffic lights and 216 closed circuits television (cctv). Hong Kong has the highest vehicle density in the world, with 560’000 vehicles for a road network of 2’000 km. 90% of the transport system is public. The city has the lowest private car ownership, with one car for 13 inhabitants. URBAN FLOWS + DENSITY --> Giant HUBS, vertical cities, megaforms. Megaforms: variations around a basic model of « podium » with transportation infrastructures underneath the building which is occupied by various programs. Everything is very linked, transports, buildings, streets, and so produce an extended urban interior and an experience of a ‘city within a city’ = like a tiny city that is autonomous, in which one has no need to go back to the street as he can find anything he ma wants inside the tiny city. NETWORKS The different public transportions network carries each day more than 10 million people. This network can be divided into two categories of transportations : « rigid » and « flexible ». Rigid network consists in Metro and trains (MTR) ; it’s mostly used
for long distance transportation and represents 40% of the traffic on a 212 km long network with 10 lines and 163 different stations. Fares are distance-based (from 3 to 30HKD), or 55HKD (average. 4.5€) a day card.
CIRCULATION
URBAN LAYERS A
A. Penetration in the urban context In the case of the penetration a main highway axis in the city, we notice a strong physical impact with the different types of urban fabric.
B
In this case, we can observe that the axis is changing its character during its progress inside the city, dissoluting its force and creating different types of relations with the pre-existing urban fabric.
3
1
C
3
2
1
3
1
In this case, the highway is reinforcing the natural limits of the seaside . A tight link can be seen between the urban fabric and the
main axis, this highway is always found perpendicular to the seaside. In specific areas, this axis expands itself creating an independant road network.
5
6
OVER GROUND
5
6
3
4
16 17
C. Central highway node The central node is a very good example for showing how the different circulation reds are deterperpendicular to the main circulation axis.
mined by this main highway axis : every adjacent circulation structure is perpendicular to the main circulation axis.
4 1
8
12
4
2
5
6 6
4 5
1990
traffic control system
1985
1st Highway.
1983
Rail electrification
1980
1st cross-boundary road
1971
Cross harbour tunnel
5.2 Floors : 27 Single floor area : 1615m² Apartments : 9200
8
The double H and Triple H types are common in Hong Kong. The flats have one single orientation. A family of four to six people can occupy a 40 m² flat.
8
MTR Open light bus begins
UNDER GROUND
5.5 mio commuter / day
7
PUBLIC SPACES
St John’s Cathedral
HSBC Main Building
Former LegCo Headquarters
Sunday domestic worker’s gathering
The Landmark The Galleria New World Tower
Prince’s building Statue Square
Entertainment building
Central tower City Hall
Free domestic worker ballroom lesson
Tourist convergence
Chater House
Sunday domestic worker’s gathering
CONN AUGH T
Aon China building ROAD
Jard no house
S DE
Religious activity
X
EU
VO AD RO
Central Station Airport In Town Check-in
TYPOLOGY
SECTION
6.2 Single floor area : 1323m² Apartment size : 37m² Floors : 25 This building is one of the first public housing developments in Hong-Kong. The building works in the same way than the previous one. 7.1 Star Shape Tower Single floor area: 885m² Floors: 37 Apartments: 580 The four wings are joined into a very concentrated core with scissor stairs and six lifts. All four wings have a different height and thus create a dynamic composition. Each flat has a small balcony and natural ventilation is provided for each room. 7.2 1993 Single floor area : 1980m² Floors : 38 Apartments : 630 The building has three wings around a core providing vertical circulation. Each room have their own windows. 7.3 1965-1978 Single floor area : 498 m² Floors : 19 Apartments : 126 These nighty-nine towers are the first Private Housing Estate in Hong-Kong. Every apartment unit offers a balcony as well as two rooms and one bathroom. The two first floors provide facilities and car parks. The complex lies next to a large green park. HSBC Tower ( Arch. Foster) 1985 Through a process of questioning and challenging − including the involvement of a feng shui geomancer − the project addressed the nature of banking in Hong Kong and how it should be expressed in built form. As a result, the building form is articulated in a stepped profile of three individual towers, respectively twenty-nine, thirty-six and forty-four storeys high, which create floors of varying width and depth and allow for garden terraces The atrium to the floor of a public plaza below - a sheltered space, which at weekends has become a lively picnic spot. International commerce center 2010 Located in the southwest of the Kowloon peninsula, with a height of 484 meters it is the tallest building in the region, more than 70 meters Two International Finance Center just across the other side of Victoria Harbour. the skyscrapers of Hong Kong became the tallest building, the roof ranked third in the world after the Burj Dubai and the Shanghai World Financial Center.
Wan Chai
Eastern Harbour crossing
1970
4
7
Mid level escalator
1989
1969
7
4.2 This block is one of the first podium type: a base with shops and residential towers on top. Originally planned for 180 upper class apartments, each owner of an apartment took a lot of freedom in reorganizing the inside building. In the end, the building rapidly became deteriorated and ended up by being living quarters. Some of them became cheap hostels. All these activities added up through time and made this building extremely dense. 5.1 Slab composition Floors : 15-22 Single floor area : 800m² Flats : 5300 (23-55m²) The building is composed in ten slabs which are connected by « streets in the air » and expressive lift towers. A long corridor allows a horizontal circulation. Common facilities, like schools and buses stations are found everywhere inside. Numbers and colors allows to differentiate the slabs.
Wiedling tolo hihgway
MTR line to new airport Western Harbour crossing
3.2 Industrial block floors : 20 This vertical factory building stacks many different industrial activities (textile- dyeing-laundryleather trade). One floor is dedicated to one activity. Truck deliveries are on the ground floor.
6.1 Double Tube Tower Floors : 20-23 Single floor area : 1760 m² Flats : 6300 (34 per floor) Residents : 197000 This type is well known for improving social housing standards. The blocks are formed of two square towers with different heights and trimmed by a central courtyard with balcony access leading to the apartments. Both buildings are connected by the same staircase. A flat is 35-44m² for a family of four to eight people. The inner courtyard provides the flat ventilation.
100m
1992
10
3
/ day
1997
7 1
GROUND
13.3 mio
1998
2
11
7
10 min in Hong Kong is...
2003
5
2.2 Same as the previous one. Without connection between the 2 units.
4.1 Kowloon block Floors : 6 Single floor area : 735m² Apartment size : 55 m² Shops occupy the ground floor and housings occupy the upper floors. The plan is organized around three small courtyards. A technical block can be found around the courtyard.
9
6
2,03km
13.3 mio commuter / day
6
8
5
18 13
4
2.1 Gallery Building Floors : 7 Single area : 1195 m² Units per floor : 60-72 This building was planned by the government in reaction to bad living conditions in slums. Today 35.000 people live with a surface of 2.23 m² per person in this new building. Unfortunately this housing unit has still no running water and no electricity. The inhabitants have to share bathrooms and kitchens. In order to gain precious indoor space, the circumferential access balconies where transformed in kitchens. Schools can be found on the roof top of the building.
3.2 Industrial block Floors : 12 Originally built for manufacturing, this factory was transformed into a service building. Different usage can be found inside the block: fashion trade – printing- chemicals – express courier.
18
5
1,85km 0,8km
2012
14
6
2,66km
1,9km
15
15
4
The price depends on the type of taxi taken, but it’s about 20HKD (+/-.2€) for the 1st 2km + 7HKD for each next km. Ferry represents 1% of the total traffic. There are 32 different official routes. The rest of the traffic consists in non-franchised busses, tram, peak tram and resident services. Most of the transports networks are available 24 hours long, under different frequency.
1 City Hall and government complex 2 Man Mo Temple 3 Shing Wong Temple 4 Lo Pan Temple 5 Prince Philip Hospital 6 Hong Kong University 7 Victoria Park 8 Bank of China 9 Happy Valley Sports Ground 10 Tin Hau Temple 11 Hung Shing Temple 12 People’s Liberation Army Garrison Hospital 13 Centenary Garden 14 Hau Wong Temple 15 Sik Sik Yuen Wong Tai Sin Temple 16 Baptist university, campus and hos pital 17Kowloon hospital 18 The Hong Kong Polytecnics Uni versity
22
6
Public busses : carries about 30% of the total traffic on over 600 lines. Busses and metros’ fares are comparable.
Taxis represent 7.6% of the total traffic and are mostly private licensed. There is more or less 18’000 taxis of 3 types. Blue ones drive on Lantau Island, Green ones on the new territories and red ones serve the whole city are most likely found in the inner city.
1.2 Pencil Tower Floors : 22 Single floor area : 175 m² The building takes advantage of a small residual lot. The tower is settled on the top of the terminus of the Peak Tram and on the upper floors can fe found minimal office spaces.
B. City border
Flexible transportation can be divided into several types :
Public light busses, represents 15% of the total traffic. There are two types of such busses. Red ones circulate under a planned journey and greens ones are more flexible and can stop on demand. The number of these light busses is restricted at 4300 to regulate the traffic flow.
1. 1 Pencil Tower Floors : 23 Single floor area : 61 m² Usable floor area : 22m² It’s a residential tower on a narrow lot. It shows a most extreme vision of an architectural design for private home in a tower that can be found in Hong Kong. In other words there is only one apartment by floor preventing life with neighbors. Inside the building, the circulation takes more place than the private spaces. The balcony is often transformed into an indoor space. The ground floor is dedicated to commercial use.