Digital Design & Fabrication M4

DIGITAL DESIGN AND FABRICATION Semester One, 2017 Catherine Kho 813073 Joshua Russo #9

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Contents: 1.0 Ideation

1.1 Object 1.2 Object + System Analysis 1.2 Volume 1.3 Sketch design proposal 1.4 M1 Reflection

2.0 Design

2.1 Design development intro

2.2 Digitization + Design proposal v.1 2.3 Precedent research 2.4 Design proposal v.2 2.5 Prototype v.1+ Testing Effects 2.6 M2 Reflection

3.0 Fabrication

3.1 Fabrication intro

3.2 Design development & Fabrication of prototype v2 3.3 Design development & Fabrication of prototype v3 3.4 Final Prototype development + optimisation 3.5 Final Digital model 3.6 Fabrication sequence 3.7 Assembly Drawing 3.8 Completed 2nd Skin 3.9 M3 Reflection

4.0 Reflection.

5.0 Appendix

5.1 Credit

5.2 Bibliography

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From Section & Profile to Panel & Fold Initially the material system that I was assigned with is section and profile, and

studied through a rocket model. Then since module 2 onwards, the material systems becomes paper and fold. Through the shift, the rules and material logic both systems are identified and how both system differ to each other.

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1.0 IDEATION

1.1 Object

Each individual are measured by using command ‘length’ in rhino.

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Then, after each individual components are measured, the model are being measured again.

Sketch Model

200 mm

30 mm 70 mm

350 mm

150 mm

Material thickness: 3.0 mm Notches size : 3.0 mm

90 mm

170 mm

Scale 1:2 0

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Digital Model

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PLAN

ELEVATION

ISOMETRIC

Not to Scale

Not to Scale

Not to Scale

Digital modelling process:

2D blueprint were given by the tutor in Rhino.

2D lines is made into a planar surface, then it is extruded to create a 3 dimension objects.

After all parts are extruded, then starts assembling all the rocket component to create a rocket.

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1.2 System Analysis

Notches are made in every individual component of the rocket. This notches is used to join one component to another by having one notch vertically and the other notch horizontally.

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Rings are used along the body of the rocket gives more strudy structure to the rocket without adding a lot of weight to the rocket.

Three ‘legged’ rocket is used to balance the rocket, if there is only 2, it will not balanced easily, and if there is 4, there is not much difference to 3 ‘legged’ rocket, therefore to make the model more efficient, 3 ‘legged’ is used.

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To recreate the model, other materials are being used, which is a luan plywood. The thickness used is also different which originally is 3.0 mm, and the new configurated model material thickness is 2.7 mm. With such difference, the notches which are suppose to fit perfectly become more loose. By having so, it allows part of the object to be manipulate easily as it is not as rigid.

The idea of the model inspired from the rocket itself. The rings with notches looks like a gear in machinery. This model is my interpretation of a rocket’s engine.

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1.3 Sketch Design Proposal #1 BACK // PROTECTION // RIGID // SHARP

With such rigid and sharp apperance, its makes people hesitant to approach someone from the back. Usually most people aware what in front of them or what they see rather than whats behind people which may harm them.

How does this respond to your personal space?

This is worn in the back part of body. This gives a sense of security as when it is worn, it feels like something protecting us from behind.

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#2 RINGS // DISTANCE // COMFORT ZONE

This rings wrapped lower body of person to create a certain distance to people. The whole appearance of the object will only create distance but not makes people avoid them because the ring did not gives a scary vibes which makes people scared or try to avoid the person, it only create some distance. This distance will gives the person who wear it feels like they are in their comfort zone.

How does this respond to your personal space?

When this is worn, it only allows people to be close within certain distance due to the rings surrounding the person. This gives the people sense of security without feeling secluded as the person head is not covered with anything.

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#3 TIED // RESTRICTION // LIMITATION

The design of this object is somewhat the opposite of the previous design as the upper body is completely tied by the rings. The way this object works is almost similar to the rocket, which limits the movement of the rocket so it will stay in shape and in this case,it limits the person’s movement. This will suffocate and frustrate person as they cannot use their hands like they used to.

How does this respond to your personal space?

When it is worn, it create a suffocating feeling as the person hands cannot be moved because it is tied together to the body. It creates a limitation to human freedom to move around with their upper body.

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1.3 M1 Reflection In this module, I learn about the basic of how to measure object accurately and draw it to a one-to-one scale. In this module I also learn how to laser cut object from rhino. My given material system is a section and profile where using notches to join one parts to another. In this exercises, I realise that accuracy in term of measurement is crucial as the notches might be loose as the thickeness did not match. This realisation happened when I used a 2.7mm Luan Plywood to laser cut the rocket, the notches is very loose and it is very difficult to maintain the overall structure. Then I tried to laser cut it again using a different material, a 3.0mm MDF and the notches fit perfectly and I can built the rocket easily. After the rocket is built, then we are analysing the object. The details of the rocket is observed by having a measured drawing. This is also mentioned by Heath, Heath and Jensen (2002) that measured drawing helps us to understand the mental and physical activities which are necessary to design an object. This makes me realised that there are a lot of thinking behind what made up the design of an object, for instance how to design the rocket with efficient amount of materials.

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2.0 DESIGN

With: Zicheng Liao/Cloris (783979)- Zixuan Li/Lauren (813173)

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2.1 Design Development Intro

Lauren’s Idea

Cloris’s Idea

Catherine’s Idea

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This design is from M1, it is made from folded triangle panel which covers head. We choose head because it is the most sensitive part of human’s body because people can see, smell and feel. This design provide a private area for the face, it can easily prevent getting to close in the communication situation, therefore, people can feel comfortable. This will be the starter design of the refined sketch.

2.2 2nd Skin Proposed Design V.1 The first proposal is to use the transparent materials to create a personal space for people’s head. The concept of our design is for the friends who feel awkward while they meeting each other, so we cover the head part to obstruct the eye contact to each other. And this can let them feel not so awkward and can provide them a comfortable private space.

The shape of the design is using the diamond shape from the lantern, one diamond shape folding and become two small triangle. Several triangle combine together to create this personal space for head.

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Initialy we wanted to use clear perspex as our materials and use laser cuts, however, while we were experimenting with the materials, we realise it cannot be bend and meanwhile using glue makes the model looks messy as it is transparent.

So we try experimenting with other clear materials and try to use PVC Plastic Sheet, which offers flexibility so we can bend it to create the model.

However, it does not gives the clear clean tranparency that we desire.

PROS: -

PROS: Easy, works with most materials

PROS: Easy, cheap as there is no addtional material added

CONS: Costly, require a precision to create the hole but may use laser cut, so need some experience in laser cut

CONS: Aesthetically unpleasing as the material is clear, so the glues are visible

CONS: Do not work with all materials as some material tend to break when it is bend, e.g.

Perspex, not much air circulation as there is no gap

We try use cardboard instead and make a holes into. This method consist of the advantages from 3 different folding methods, and get away from the disadvantages of the previous 3 methods. It for people to be able to see things and not suffocated. It’s easy, cheap, lightweight and the only cons we found is it is not waterproof, which should not be a problem. So we decide using the tab method.

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Using tab to connect one component to other

2.3 Precedent Research Shadows // Light // Manipulation // Aesthetic

Clear // Folding // Internal Space

Triangle roof frame // Light // Skylight

Polygons have been contributing to human architecture since the great pyramids days. They are used in modern architecture and design nowadays. Polygons can give the architecture and design an aesthetically pleasing. They can also manipulate light in some creative ways to augment the interiors and exteriors of any structure. So we use polygon shapes to create an elegant and useful design for personal space.

This design uses clear material to create a kind of coast with hat to create a personal space. It uses “folding� to fold the sheet to a large member of triangular shapes to create internal space, which also inspires us to use the similar idea to create personal space with clear materials.However, when we use perspex sheet, It is too hard to fold it.

A member of triangular skylights are set into the roof witch used stainless-steel to get the daylight directly into the reading room. Skylights on the roof truncated pyramidal sections fill the internal space with soft and diffused north light. This skylights design give us an idea of using clear material in our design to let light come in to offer people a field of vision.

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This sketch shows the section of the roof of the library. Our group try to draw this section to discover how the light comes into the internal space through the skylights.

Skylight Hole -- inspired us to make hole on our models to allows light come through

Plan of the roof which formed by series of triangular shapes

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For the next 2 design we decide to experiment with one design consist of cut triangle, and the other one with some triangle sheet that are cut and is not.

2.4 Design development - Version #1

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The idea behind this design is from analysing human personal space. Most private are for human are head, chest (especially women) and near hips.

From this understanding of human private space, we create something to cover head and chest, but not hips area due to our concept is to a ex-best friend, not to a stranger, therefore we think that covering the hips is not the priority.

Limit shoulder joint’s movement so the idea of hugging

We wanted to create something that will evoke sense of safeness and comfort to the wearer. This not only via eye contact, but through possible body contact. When person who are very closed might greet each other buy hugging each other. With this design, it somehow restricting the movement of the joint in the shoulder, so the idea of hugging other people is less likely to happen. It prevent any action that may cause discomfort, rather than ‘chasing’ other people which has a more negative conotation.

other people is less likely because while hugging the joints are being moved halfway, compare to hand shake which only require quarter move.

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This design idea is align with Sommer’s Personal Space (1969), where people wanted to be close with someone to obtain warmth, but not too close which may cause discomfort. In this case, wanted to be able to interact comfortably but within certain boundaries.

Design development - Version #2 This design is influenced by the precedent research and the previous design we have made. We keep the basic form of the triangle but we make it smaller to get a more interesting visual effect.

Besides, we still keep the design to cover the head, shoulder and arms in order to show our concept.

Some parts of the head is hollow because we want to let people have connection with others. At the same time they can prevent staring by other people and feel comfortable.

This design use different size of triangle, the triangles in the shoulder part is bigger because we want to keep the distance for people while they stand together.

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2.5 Prototype

We decide to try to fabricate some part of the design, which the head part. We choose to use laser cut and using ivory card 290 GSM and using tab to join all parts like we did during experimenting with the joint. Using rhino and laser cut is definitely helps to make the process faster, because its using machine and we use command ptTab to create the tab, rather than doing it one-by-one.

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It creates shadow to the person face, which is what we expect to have.

It also create a visual barrier which also what we expect.

Front Elevation

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Left Elevation

Back Elevation

2.6 M2 Reflection In this module I learn how to use a basic panelling tools. We made some 3D models using panelling tools, however it turned out to be a rather ‘practical’ design as it is easy to made, instead of using it to express our ideas according to a concept of personal space that we are using. By reading Sommer’s Personal Space (1969), where it is mentioned people wanted to be close with someone to obtain warmth, but not too close which may cause discomfort. We are inspired to design a second skin model that still could make someone interact comfortably but within certain boundaries. Then as cited in Scheurer and Stehling (2011), using reduction to omit the ‘decoration’ part of a design and find the efficient way to express a design, we realise what does it mean when we are given a feedback that our final design for M2 have a lot of fashion references. After completing this module 2, I realise how the design should be made. There should be a lot of thinking behind what should be design, than merely what is aesthetically pleasing. This also makes realise that how important the exercise in module 1 reflects the design in module 2.

Another things that I realised as my previous material system is section and profile, and in module 2 is become panel and fold, is that using panel and fold gives more flexibilty in term of manipulating in case there is a mistake in the calculation of the size compare to using section and profile. Another thing I realise that section and profile often using a more thick and rigid material so that it could support one component to another, compares to panel and fold where is it more often to use materials like paper as it is could be bend easily without breaking the material. This is realised when our group attempt to use a perspex to build the prototype. It is very difficult to use panel and fold method with that material and if decide to use it, it does not give the appearance that we desire and to achieve the aesthetic that we desire, it requires a more advance tools and more time, and considering the time spans, it is less likely to be used in this project.

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3.0 FABRICATION

With: Zicheng Liao/Cloris (783979)- Zixuan Li/Lauren (813173)

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3.1 Fabrication Intro

In module 2, we explore the idea of personal space where people are able to avoid situation that might cause discomfort in term of personal space.

This idea is rather to prevent any upcoming invasion of personal space. This concept then provide the basis to our design, where it prevent direct eye contacts and avoid the movement of shoulder joint to prevent any further body contact, for instance hugging.

FRONT ELEVATION

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BACK ELEVATION

M2 PROTOTYPES For M2 prototype, we produce one part of the design, and we choose the head part. The way this design is fabricated by having triangular panel being laser cutted with tabs to join one panels to another.

As we having 2 parts in the design, it is questionalble whether it is necessary to have 2 components, whereas it is possible to have both component combined.

It is also commented that our design have to much fashion references as the body part is symmetrical.

The downside of the prototype also it keeps on sliding while people wearing it, so the design M2, we will be adding more panels so it will not slide off from the head.

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3.2 Design development + fabrication of Prototype V.2

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As it is questionable whether it is necessary to keep the head and body part separated, we decide combined both head and body part for M2. We also add openings to the body part where in the previous design in M2 there is no opening. The opening are in various size in a rondom manner. For the protoype, we still using the 290 GSM ivory card and also we decide to add tranlucent materials in blue and red colour in the openings.

The design for M3 is covering the upper body with the heart area exposed. As the concept in M2 is a best friends get into a fight and meet again in the future, we keeps the heart area opened, symbolizing the person is ready to accept the person in their life again.

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Reading Response Wk 6 Digital Fabrication Process - From physical to digital

The process of a physical model to digital model is a way of transtation. The

geometry of a physical model can be represented by digital form by using

several fabrication machines such as Three-Dimensinal scanning. A common

method for it is the use of a digitizing position probr to trace surface

features of the physical model.Digital Fabrication includes 3D fabrication, 2D

fabrication,Subtractive, Addictive and Formative fabrication and assembly.

Subtractive fabrication

It removes a specified volume of materials from solid using electro-, chemical

ly- or mechanically-reductive (multi-axis milling) processes, for instance laser cutting.

Addictive fabrication Addictive fabrication is forming by adding material in a layer-by-layer fashion.

It is as the converse of milling. The example of it is 3D printing. However, there is rather limited application in building design and production because of limited size of objects, costly equipment and lengthy production times.

ďżźďżź

Formative fabrication In the formative fabrication process, in order to get the desired shape, me chanical forces, restricting forms, heat or steam are applied to a material.

Laser Cutting - Dan Linden, 2012

3D Printing - Will Dean, 2013

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Reading applied to design We used laser cutting during our fabrication process. It helps us make the digital model to physical model more efficient. It also helps us cutting the material with accuracy and neat clean cut. With such time efficient method of fabrication, it allow us to have time to test different materials and see how it works.

We used Ivory card 290 gsm because it is firm and easy to bend. In addition, laser cut allow us to etch curve, so the panels have clear folds which can shows the sharpness of our triangular shapes.

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Reading Response Wk 7 Describe one aspect of the recent shift in the use of digital technology from design to fabrication?

With digital technology, the way of thinking and doing, design, fabrication and prototype are being blurred. Therefore it allows a quick design to produce a prototype. It is also mentioned that with digital technology, it allows design to have a complexity and uniqueness and did not significanlty. To fabricate the design, it is also common to use subtractive fabrication like laser cut and additive fabrication like 3D printing which means less labour intensive. As it is also very important to represent the design itself in an orthographic projections, with digital technology it will be easier as people just have to take the section by cutting through the 3D objects.

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Reading applied to design Referencing from the lectures and readings, what is the implication of digital fabrication on your design ?

With digital fabrication it allows an in depth apperance on how the design looks like with an accuracy between drawings and 3D models. With those in depth appearance, it enable us review our design without actually fabricate the physical model which saves us a lot of time as our model is built from an individual triangle. After we are satisfied with our design, then we laser cut it and assemble it. Without digital fabrication, to built our object will require a lot of time as we need to measure all triangles one by one and cut it, then assemble which may occurs some errors during the process of measuring and cutting. With digital fabrication, it allow us to skip the measuring and cutting process and just directly to the assembling process.

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3.3 Design Development Since M1

M1 Design

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M2 Design

M3 Design

3.4 Prototype Development To fit the person’s body properly without sliding off easily, we decide to add more panels to the back part of the head and body.

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One questions that were given to us during M2 presentation is that how are we going to make our design different with others’ design as there are several group are doing the same concept with us.

Then, we are brainstorming about what to add to make our design different with others, and come up with an idea to incorporate colours to the opening. The colour is added by having a transparent coloured sheets. The colour that we choose is blue and red. With the colour we choose, we are able to explain our concept deeper as it is related to the emotion that we wanted to show in our design.

ADD COLOURS BUT RANDOM

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3.2 Prototype: Photographs + diagrams of refinement of physical prototype focusing on how design was optimised for FABRICATION

Initially, we stick the colour sheet in random manner, but then, we try to use the colour to express the emotional aspect from the personal space concept that we have, which results a gradual transition from blue to red. The thinking behind this arrangement corresponding to our personal space concept where friends having a fight and meet again in the future and have to work with each other. The blue represent calmness, and red represent warmth. The purple colour is the transition colour from both colors. The blue colour to calm down the anger in the head, and the red part to warm up the heart to .

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Prototype Development - Material Testing

1mm Mountboard

Black Optix Card 300 GSM

Ivory Card 290 GSM

During the fabrication of the prototype for M3, we wanted to experimenting with thicker material as it might creates a sturider model. However, we found that the material are tearing when the tabs is folded, even though we already put etching in it, which results a rather messy models. With these material the model become more rigid, however it makes people harder to wear it and prone to tearing the model as it does not gives flexibility.

As we experimenting with colours, we are curious with the colour contrast to black, However, we found out that when the glue oozing out from the tab, it very visible compare to using a white materials. This results a messier model compare to white, and we also prefer the contrast between white and the colours compare to black and the colours as with white, the colour is more popped-out.

At the end of module 2, we already use ivory card. We liked it. However, we still wanted to give others material a try as well, with a hope it might improve our prototype quality. But once we tried the possible materials, we did not like the outcome and decide still using ivory card.

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In order to have the colour stand out more, we decide to make the opening bigger towards brain and heart. As it is described previously, it corresponding with the symbolic meaning towards the concept that we have.

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3.5 Final Design Model

PLAN OF RHINO MODEL ON BODY

ISOMETRIC OF RHINO MODEL ON BODY

ELEVATION OF RHINO MODEL ON BODY

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3.6 Fabrication Sequence

1. Panels are laser cut

2. Adding label to the tabs

3. Fold tabs

4. Join tabs according to labels

5. Cutting the edges of the tab when it is necessary to fit better

6. Making sure all tabs with similar label are joined

7. Cutting the extra tabs

8. Adding color sheets to the opening

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3.7 Assembly Drawing

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Without Colour Panels

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3.9 M3 Reflection

As in our final M2 design, we ended up did not use panelling tools to create the design. So in M3, we wanted to use panelling tools to create our design, however, as our panelling tools is very basic and we are using triangles which somehow harder to use compares to square or rectangle, the outcome of the design using panelling tools did not match with our expectation, as we wanted a more angular design but we cannot create holes and when we create holes, the design is more curvy rather than angular. The triangles generated by panelling tools is made using mathematical sequence and it creates some sort of regularity to the design. Therefore, rather than using panelling tools, we decide to do the design manually. Our design might be successfull using panelling tools if we are working with a smoother and curvier design and to make the design interesting by having it made in double panel and fabricate it with different material. By the end of this module, I learn more about panelling tools compare to M2 as I only make things that works easily instead of thinking how panelling tools works step by step.

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4.0 REFELCTION

Over the course of this subject, my knowledge regarding digital design and its application exceed to what I expected to learn in such brief time. This subject made me more familiar to rhino, doing layout in Indesign and laser cut which I never used before. By doing this subject, it helps me a lot to produce model for other subjects as I can apply the skill I have learned. Some difficulties I found earlier in this subject is to follow the rhino tutorials, however it is getting better with more practices which helps a lot by the end of the subject. Another difficulty I experienced is rushing with time as it takes time to design the rhino model, then to have the design laser cut and recording and layout all the progress we made in Indesign file.

We have to wait each progress in order to proceed to next one and ended up rushing. But thankfully we are able to finish everything on time. This is thanks to my team, as we are able to work together and work progressively, even though earlier of this subject my team cohesiveness is not very good, however we gradually know each other better and able to work together better. This taught me a lot about team work, as doing architecture, there will be more group work in the future and I could not choose who my team mates, therefore the skill to work with each other will be very important and this subject reminds me about that.

Another thing I found interesting is as usually I made a model manually I found that I adjust my 2D drawing according to my 3D physical model as it sometimes what I drawn is different to what I made in physical model. As it is discussed in Lisa Iwamoto’s Digital fabrication: architectural and material techniques with digital fabrication technology, the way of thinking and doing, design, fabrication and prototype are being blurred. So, it allows us to have quick design to produce a prototype. It also allows us to design a complex model by using paper with a simple panel and fold method which I still found fascinating even though during the course of this subject I have used it multiple times. Then, the assembling process is also become much simpler as it allows us to skip the measuring and cutting process and just directly to the assembling process. Even though we made mistake during the assembling process which results in the model become upside down with the tabs being revealed. This is because we just joining the tabs according to the label without referring to the model. Initially we though we laser cut it in the wrong direction, but it turned out to be the direction of the way we stick the tabs together.

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5.0 APPENDIX

5.1 Credit

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5.2 Bibliography Will, D. (2013). 3D Printing. Retrieved on 1 June 2017 http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/q-how-hard-can-3d-printing-really-be-a-quite-hard-8761809.html Flachware. halsschmuck detail. Retrived on 27 March 2017 from http://www.flachware.de/juditpschibl/ Griffiths, A. Metallic polygonal roof tops La Madeleine library by Tank Architectes. Retrieved on 27 March 2017 from https://www.dezeen.com/2014/12/14/metallic-polygonal-roof-stainless-steel-lamadeleine-media-library-tank-architectes-france/ Heath, A., Heath, D., & Jensen, A. (2000). 300 years of industrial design : function, form, technique, 1700-2000 / Adrian Heath, Ditte Heath, Aage Lund Jensen.

New York : Watson Guptill.

Iwamoto, L. 2009. Digital fabrications: architectural and material techniques. New York : Princeton Architectural Press.

Kolarevic, B. 2003, Architecture in the Digital Age - Design and Manufacturing /Branko Kolarevic.

Spon Press, London.

Linden, D. (2012). Laser Cutting. Retrieved on 1 June 2017 from https://laughingsquid.com/laser-cutting-city-street-maps/ Polygon in Archictecure. Retrived on 27 March 2017 from http://www.flachware.de/judit-pschiblg/ Scheurer, F. and Stehling, H. _2011_: Lost in Parameter Space? IAD: Architectural Design, Wiley, 81 _4_, July, pp. 70-79 Sommer, R. 1969. Personal space : the behavioral basis of design / Robert Sommer. Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall.

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