Bs2 report project 1 by Christopher Ng Man King

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC PROJECT 1: LIGHTING AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN

LECTURER:

Mr. SIVARAMAN KUPPUSAMMY

GROUP MEMBER:

CHRISTOPHER DAVID NG MAN KING NG SUEH YI CHAN KAH LEONG

SUBMISSION DATE:

0309552 0310700

1101P13356

CHONG WEE MING GARY

0302527

WONG KIEN HOU

0310587

CONTENT 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aims and Objectives 2.0 PRECEDENT STUDIES 2.1 Lighting Precedent Study 2.2 Acoustic Precedent Study 2.3 Conclusions 3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Methodology of lighting analysis 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.1.3

Description of Equipment Data Collection Method Lighting Analysis Calculation

3.2 Methodology of Acoustic Analysis 3.2.1 3.2.2 3.2.3

Description of Equipment Data Collection Method Acoustic Analysis Calculation

4.0 CASE STUDY 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5

Introduction Measured Drawings Existing Lighting sources Existing Acoustic sources Existing Materials on site

5.0 LIGHTING ANALYSIS 5.1 Lighting Data Record 5.1.1 5.1.2

Daytime Lux Readings Night time Lux Readings

5.2 Lux Contour Diagram 5.2.1 5.2.2

Daytime Lux Diagram Night time Lux Diagram

5.3 Analysis and Calculations 5.3.1 5.3.2 5.3.3 5.3.4 5.3.5 5.3.6

Zone 1: Outdoor Sitting Area Zone 2: Bakery Area Ground Floor Zone 3: Sitting Area Ground Floor Zone 4: Sitting Area First Floor Zone 5: Mezzanine View First Floor Zone 6: Open Bar/Kitchen First Floor

5.3.7

Zone 7: Staircase

6.0 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS 6.1 External Noise Sources 6.1.1 6.1.2 6.1.3

Site Context Vehicular Traffic Neighbourhood Analysis and Affected Area

6.2 Internal Noise Sources 6.2.1

Speakers 6.2.1.1 Speakers Specifications

6.2.2 6.2.3 6.2.4

Kitchen Bar Noise Equipment Activities

6.3 Acoustic Absorption 6.4 Case Study 6.4.1 6.4.2 6.4.3

Data Analysis Acoustic Ray and Contour Diagram Analysis and Calculations 6.4.3.1 6.4.3.2 6.4.3.3 6.4.3.4 6.4.3.5 6.4.3.6 6.4.3.7

6.4.4 7.0 CONCLUSION 8.0 BIBLIOGRAPHY 9.0 APPENDIX

Calculations

1.0

INTRODUCTION

The main purpose of this project is to provide a complete understanding of lighting and acoustic performance within a built context. The Project consist of two (2) main components, Research and Analysis component and Comparison component. The relationship being these two components is to target the difference in site context variation. As it is usually said in architectural language, “ none can be the same at different time and different place “. Introducing within the subject matter, the Malaysian Context, the project has been scheduled according to local facilities. The students are to research and analyze a commercial or leisure space or set of spaces within the same premises. The project mostly targets Art Galleries, Auditoriums and Fine Dining Restaurants as these set of spaces define well the utilization of various types of light sources and acoustic sources. This project has been scheduled in order to relate back to the human comfort basis, as previously in Building Science 1, Students were to analysis a certain context in order to draw out conclusions and complete understanding about building thermal performance and its reactions towards the users. This semester, in Building Science 2, in relationship to the previous Thermal Comfort Project, this project entitled “ Acoustic and Lighting Performance Evaluation and Design” also concerns the human comfort. As Architecture Students, it is primordial for them to have a complete understanding of built spaces in order to perform well in their design process.

Thus, the duration of the project counts in eight (8) weeks in total and the results out of this project, is to come out with a complete scheduled working report including Precedent Studies, Comparisons, Analysis, Research Documents and Calculations. From these components, a conclusion is to be drawn at the end of this report.

1.1 Aims and Objectives

The aims and objectives of this project comprises various components which has been aimed in order for Architecture Students to perform well in their design process with a complete understanding of lighting and acoustic performance, whichever it concerns the artificial components or the natural components affecting the built environment in particular. The following factors demonstrate the Aims and Objectives of the project and of its expected output at the end of the eight (8) weeks: -

1. To have knowledge of Lighting and acoustic requirements in relation to local regulations and standards. 2. To understand the various characteristics and distinctive behavior of light and sound at different time of the day.

3. To determine the type of intended lighting source and acoustic source to the induced within an allocated space. 4. To be able to critically report and analyze any type of space in terms of lighting and acoustic performance. 5. To be able to come out with remedies or solutions to issues in a particular space in terms of light and sound behavior. 6. To understand experience within a particular space as light and sound performance are the two (2) main media to make experience occur.

2.0

PRECEDENT STUDY

INTRODUCTION TO PRECEDENT STUDY Two case studies have been taken into consideration in order to achieve knowledge of the practicality of lighting and acoustic within a certain artificial context. Each Case Study is dedicated to Lighting and Acoustic individually. The Analysis to be carried on here is expected as having a solid set of information in order to compare the premises analyzed locally to those from other living context. Case Study 1: Lighting The First Case Study has for mission to bring out information about the type of lighting used in the selected premises as well as the behavior of the artificial lights towards the occupants and the space itself. Furthermore, the type of material used

will also be analyzed in order to evaluate and conclude reasons for the behavior of the Lightings. Case Study 2: Acoustic The Second Case Study will as well constitute in identifying the types of materials primarily in order to evaluate of the reflectance and absorption of noise within the premises. The materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; textures indicate the intention of the designer by putting it there in the certain context. The Sources of noise will also be identified together with the alternatives designed by the Interior Designer or Architect.

2.1

Lighting Precedent Study

Alaloum Board Game CafĂŠ / Triopton Architects

Fig 1. Alaloum Board Game Café. Triopton Architects

Alaloum Board Game Café is a concept café based on the intention to replicate the childhood experience towards the occupants of the space by keying in Board Games maps and Playful furniture. The intention of Triopton Architects is also indicated in this context as “trying to create an imaginary world.” The architects tried to put themselves into the skin of young children and thought like them to come out with the realized concept. The café is a 160sqm space in area. The café is located in Athens, Greece and has been designed by the design team of Triopton Architects consisting of Hysolli Edis, Sergios Eleftherios, Vourliotis Dimitrios. The Concept café project has been at term in 2013 and is nowadays in fulltime operation. Another Reflection of the Concept behind the idea of this Concept Café is to illustrate the divine time of the Greek Gods spending their times playing board games. In other terms it can be said that the idea of holistic or fantastic realm has been implemented into this design in order to realize the “Alice in Wonderland” of Triopton Architects.

WHY CHOOSE ALALOUM BOARD GAME CAFÉ AS EXAMPLE?

The space is basically a mixture of textures and colors both possessing the ability to reflect and absorb light, which creates the lighting effects required in order for the concept of the Café to be possibly made real. From Flooring to Ceiling the idea of the 3D perspective is achieved in the given context which the extruded furniture from the walls are highlighted by the use of artificial lights.

MATERIALS AND THEIR INDIVIDUAL PURPOSE

• White Brick Wall The White Brick wall as shown in the fig 1. has been settled at this location in order for the designers to display their funky portrait paintings. As it can be observed the lamps are not pointed towards the wall and are quite far apart of the surface. Two reasons can be concluded here in this case study:

Reason 1: In order to achieve such a degree of shadows and highlights at the same instant can only by made possible if the light source is far apart enough from the reflective medium. In any case, the white brick wall will still reflect the light produced by the Lamp.

Fig 2. Furniture and Wall Setup of the CafĂŠ.

Reason 2: The only reflective surface within the entity of the lamp is the inner surface of the shaft which projects the light beam into the predicted and predesigned direction by the shape of the shaft. The shape of the shaft design also determines the spread limitations of the light beam.

â&#x20AC;˘

Red Stair Case and Red Fencing Partition Wall

The entity of the two bodies connected to each other are made out of the same material which is steel painted out of Red Glossy Oil Paint. Since the

Café is a double storey Cubicle Space of 160 sqm, the staircase is attached to the White Brick Wall, once light is projected onto the surface of the fencing partition wall, the brick wall is turned red. This might seem to be basic reflection coincidence but this is all part of the artsy concept of the café in order to create the childish and playful atmosphere around the premises.

Fig 3. Double Volume Setup of the Café

•

Black False Ceiling

Fig 4. Double Volume Setup of the Café

The Mate Black Surface of the False Ceiling on ground floor absorbs the excess of light produced by the spot lights and the light reflected by the

flooring material in order to achieve of balance within dark and bright sight of vision. The Ceiling also absorbs of the light reflected by the gloss-varnished tables in order to prevent them from blinding the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; sight. The False Ceiling due to its Absorption quality produces the Dark Shadow strips projected on the White Brick Walls.

â&#x20AC;˘

Floor Finish

The Floor Tiling System covers the whole ground floor, which has a consequent reflection coefficient. The Lamps will project light beams downwards and the Flooring finish will reflects and let the False Ceiling to Absorb the excess of light in order to achieve balance.

Fig 5. Relationship between Flooring finish and False Ceiling Mate Finish

DAYLIGHTING VS. ARTIFICIAL LIGHT The Relationship between Daylight and Artificial light can clearly be identified in the given context as it can be immediately deduced that the Translucent Frameless Window Panels used as Panoramas have the only simple purpose of allowing view to outside. Daylight can of course penetrate the Space through the Window panels and only produces a warmth effect within the building which fuses together with the intensity of the artificial light produced in order to achieve a cozy indoor environment as demonstrated in Fig 6.

Fig 6. Window Panels at the far back of the Café

Fig 7. Ground Floor Plan of the Café

Fig 8. First Floor Plan of the CafĂŠ

SPATIAL CONFIGURATION OBSERVATION The premises are setup in a double storey configuration consisting of the core ground floor and the mezzanine floor. The Ground floor is segmented between indoor and outdoor spaces, which are thus separated by an elongated series of window panels in order to allow view from outside and also to allow a consequent amount of natural Light within the building.

2.2

Acoustic Precedent Study

Auditorium Hall, KaupĂžing Bank Headquarters By VST-Rafteikning Consulting Engineers Ltd

ABSTRACT

In the new Kaupbing Bank Headquarters was designed a newly Auditorium Hall with a maximum capacity of 178 persons. Carefully designed to exert optimum Acoustic performance which the according systems has been prominently designed by VST-Rafteikning Consulting Engineers Ltd.

BUILDING DESIGN OVERVIEW

The aim of the Auditorium Hallâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s design process was to create an ease of conduction lectures in the concerned perimeter at optimum performance without any sound reinforcement systems. The Special Quality of this Auditorium Design concerns the Speech legibility, which allows sufficiently high performance along the evenly distributed SPL from a single source from the stage throughout the audience area.

In order to achieve this type of optimum Acoustic Performance the walls of the hall were designed to be diffusive to avoid flutter echoes. A sound reflector was installed as being a double false ceiling with the purpose of increasing the Sound Pressure Level in the rear part of the audience area. Sound Absorption components were places in the circumference of the audience area in order to adjust the reverberation time from the sound incoming from a specific source located on stage.

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

Length, L = 16.6m

Width, W = 12m

Height, H = 6.1m

Volume, V = 913m

Seating Capacity, N = 178 pax.

Seating Area, Sa = 123 m

Sa/N = 0.7m

V/N = 5.1m

The appropriate reverberation time for an Auditorium Hall is T30(500) = 0.9s

DESIGN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

The Design Process of the Side Wall Design went in two (2) stages. In the early stage of the project development, the acousticians suggested that the sidewalls should be covered with reflectors that would be tilted in order to direct the sound waves, travelling from the stage, down towards the back of the audience area. The idea was developed for some times until the Architect requested another alternative to the current idea for aesthetic reasons in order to achieve the same intensity of performance.

In Phase 2, it has been suggested by the Design Team that the wall would be treated with diffusive surface instead of being covered with reflectors. For the Sake of this purpose MLS-diffusers were used although being bandwidth limited compared to other types of diffusers. The MLS- diffuser is only effective over an octave so the design frequency was set to 800 Hz with the effective frequency range 560 â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1120 Hz. The dimensions for each well is 10,75 cm deep and up to 21,5 cm wide. The MLS- diffuser described was used as a starting point for the architectural design of the final wall. The architect was given the freedom to play the MLS-sequence, i.e. shift it, reverse it etc. as long as the pattern within each period was maintained. The front side of the diffusers is made of 6 mm painted MDF.

ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

In the final Design Proposal the sound reflectors were moved to the ceiling where they will bounce the sound waves to the rear area of the audience and the side walls were armed with Acoustic diffusers in order to minimize the use of Sound Emission Sources in order to increase the function efficiency of the Space.

In the ceiling above the audience area is a reflector. It is 8,5 m wide, 2,3 m deep and rotated by 12째 along the transverse axis. It directs sound waves travelling from the stage towards the rear of the seating area. It was required by the acousticians that the seats in the audience area would have minimal difference in sound absorption whether they are occupied or 2 not. The seating area is 113 m and each seat is upholstered and covered with leather.

The Necessary sound absorbents are located in the ceiling. The absorbents are made of perforated gypsum board with 18% perforation. The boards contain a thin sound absorbing fabric glued on the backside. Behind the fabric is found 2

a cavity of more than 20cm deep. The area of sound absorption is 95 m , which is equivalent to 42% of the overall ceiling area.

RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS PROCESS BY THE ENGINEERS In order to achieve such precision and performance in the usability and comfort of the Auditorium hall, an engineering software called CATT-Acoustics was employed in this case in order to generate and predict the outcome of the materialsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; compositions and placements. The following program was used to estimate the influx magnitude of additional sound absorption necessary to attain an appropriate reverberation time of 0.9s. The sound absorption data for specific materials counts in Perforated Gypsum boards (1) and the

Audience Chairs Fabrics (2), which was based on information given by the relative manufacturer. The sound absorption data used for other surfaces were taken from common databases. The modeling of the side walls was done in a simplified way. Each panel displayed on the diffusive walls was not modeled as such but the whole wall was modeled as a single component with an incoming expected frequency dependent scattering manner adjusted to an appropriate level.

Four (4) receiver positions were established and evaluated at that time in order to settle a comparison with measurements.

The Sound Absorption Coefficients of the materials present in the design of the Auditorium hall has been tabulated below in order to evaluate the Absorbent and reflective qualities of the materials in comparison to the composition and positioning of the concerned matters. MATERIAL

125Hz

250Hz

500Hz

1kHz

2kHz

4kHz

0.2

0.65

0.85

0.48

0.66

0.8

0.88

0.82

0.7

S 6mm MDF 0.09 Boards

diffusers Leather fabric

0.49 for

audience seats

Gypsum

0.14

0.1

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.99

0.89

0.52

0.31

boards with

18%

perforation as reflectors Metal deck 0.73 (perforated channels, 75mm(3") batts)

for

the ceiling as absorders

CONCLUSION A reasonably adequate balance was found between the measured and predicted results. The agreement , though, varied thought the audience zone.

2.3 CONCLUSIONS LIGHTING PREDECENT STUDY The Analysis of the Lighting Precedent Study Speculating the Board Game CafĂŠ in Athens, Greece highlighted many important factors about artificial lighting in closed environment. Specifying the more important ones including the type of materials. It has been deduced in the precedent study that the types of materials counting in Absorbents and Reflectors as well as dimmers controlled the light intensity and outcome. The colour of the material plays an important role in the process as the hue and saturation of any specific colour defines the reflectance or absorption coefficient of the type of incoming light. This prominent example, through the use of mixed materials composition in between absorbents and reflectors placed opposite to each other and the light source placed at mid distance to each other defines the space as being an efficient example which utilizes the full potential of the light sources as well as create cozy surroundings comfortable for the occupants.

ACOUSTIC PRECEDENT STUDY The Precedent Study utilized in the context on this Acoustic Analysis is quite different from the Case Study we are confronted to in the course of this assignment. The Auditorium hall chosen is considered, as been an adequate example of Acoustic performing Space. The mixture of Sound Absorbents and Reflectors as well as the diffusers are well designed in the case of the context. With the use of simple materials, Optimum Efficiency is achieved in the

surrounding the space. One prominent factor about the space, which makes the design as being innovative, is that the space uses only one sound source, which is, incoming from the Stage Area only. Thus, the design process of the space, teaches about how to achieve optimum efficiency and optimum reverberation time though the use of basic materials. What makes the design innovation is not only the employment of the materials selected but as well as the positioning

and

angles

the

materials.

The

position

and

connection/relationship between the different types of materials is important in order to achieve optimum performance. In order to achieve all that, the behavior of the sound travel paths are also to be analysis, which has been carefully executed by the Engineers and Architect.

3.0

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1

Light Analysis Methodology

3.1.1 Description of Equipments a.

A Lux Meter was used for conducting this research. A Lux Meter is a hand held device measuring the illumination level in the unit of Lux on a specific point in a space. A Lux Meter is a device for measuring brightness or more specifically the intensity of the brightness that a human eye experiences. The Lux is a unit of the illuminance measurement. The illuminance provided by a light source, on a surface perpendicular to the direction to the source, is a measure of the strength of that source as perceived from that location across a one square meter surface. The light taken by the meter would then be

converted into electrical current and by that the device is able to calculate the Lux value of light.

Camera The camera is used to capture the materials, spaces, lighting condition of the place and also to capture the lighting appliances.

Measuring tape

Used to measure the dimensions of the space and height of the position of lux meter.

Display

13mm (0.5”) LCD 3 ½ digits, Max indication 1999

Measurement

0-50,000 Lux, 3 ranges

Sensor

The exclusive photo diode & color correction filter

Zero adjustment

Built in external 0 adjustment VR on front panel

Over input display

Indication of “1”

Operating Temp

0-50

Operating Humidity

Less than 80% RH

Power Supply

006P. DC 9V battery

Power Current

Approx. 2mA

Weight

160g

Dimension

Main instrument 180mmx73mmx23mm

Sensor Probe 82mmx55mmx7mm Standard Accessories

Sensor Probe x 1 Carrying case CA-04 x 1 Instruction Manual x 1

Features -Separate Light Sensor allows user to measure the light at an optimum position.

-LSI circuit provides high reliability and durability. -LCD display allows clear read-out even at high ambient light level. -Sensor used the exclusive photo diode and color correction filter, spectrum meet C.I.E. photopic. -Sensor COS correction factor meet standard. -High accuracy in measuring. -Wide measurement, 3 ranges: 2000 Lux, 20000 Lux and 50000 Lux. -Build in the external zero adjust VR on front panel.

Range (Lux)

Resolution (Lux)

Accuracy

0-1999

± ( 5% + 2 d)

2000-19990

± ( 5% + 2 d)

20000-50000

100

± ( 5% + 2 d)

Note: Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856k temperature. The above accuracy value is specified after finish the zero adjustment procedures.

3.1.2 DATA COLLECTION METHOD

The location and types of all the lighting in Tous Les Jous was first being documented in photos and recordings and measurements of the specific location. After the measurement of Tous Les Jous was done the floor plan was produced and finalized with the gridlines of 1.5m by 1.5m. The measurement by the Lux Meter was taken on the intersection points of the gridlines. They were taken respectively with sitting or standing position according to what that specific point is functioned as. The readings were taken once in the daytime for the natural sun lighting and the other time in the night with the artificial lightings. The Lux meter was switched on to the appropriate range and the light sensor was held at 1m height for sitting reading and 1.5m height for standing reading. The Lux amount is then showed on the display screen. The reading was then taken twice ensuring consistency. After that, the steps are repeated throughout all the intersection points of the gridlines.

Data Constrain

No special skill is required to operate the lux meter. It is fairly easy to obtain readings using the device provided. However, there will be several constraints on site that might affect the readings.

Incomplete definition

Different height levels of the placement of the devices will affect the readings, different readings will be collected as each individual who is operating the devices are of different heights. Also, the operator might unintentionally cast shadows onto the light sensor affecting the actual readings.

Instrument drift Lux meter readings fluctuates all the time when measuring therefore readings are only recorded when the display screen shows a rather constant reading. Taking measurements before any reading is stable will result in a measurement that might be generally too low or too high.

Environmental factors Weather is one of the factors that could affect the readings of the lux meter. Higher lux meter readings will be obtained on a rather sunny day compared to cloudy or rainy days.

Standard References Referring to MS 1525, the factors could affect the readings of the lux meter. Higher lux meter readings will be obtained on a rather sunny day compared to other weather conditions. Working Area

Illuminance (Lux)

Maximum Lighting Power (W/M2)

Restaurants

200

Offices

300-400

Classrooms/ Lecture

300-500

200

Theatres Auditoriums/ Concert

Halls Hotel/ Motel/ Guest

150

100

200-750

100

Rooms Lobbies/ Atriums/ Concourse Supermarket/ Department/ Store/ Shops Store/ Warehouse/ Corridors/ Toilets Carparks

Reflectance value of material Reflectance is the amount of light which reflects off an object. This quantity of light can be measured and it is crucial to understand that the amount of light reflected off off objects in a room adds to the

overall illumination and must be taken into account when determining the footcandle requirement for the space. The color of an object also decides the amount of reflectance occurred. Colors

Materials

White 70-80%

Plaster- white 80%

Light cream 70-80%

White porcelain 65-75%

Light yellow 55-65%

Glazed white tile 60-75%

Light green 45-50%

Limestone 35-70%

Pink 45-50%

Marble 30-70%

Sky blue 40-45%

Sandstone 20-40%

Light gray 40-45%

Concrete 15-40%

Beige 25-35%

Granite 20-25%

Brick red 10-20%

Carbon 2-10%

3.1.2

LIGHTNING ANALYSIS CALCULATION

Daylight Factor Calculation Example DF=E internal/E external x 100% E internal= Illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoor working plane E external= direct sunlight 32000 Lux

For example, taken E internal= 540 Lux Hence DF= E internal/ E external x 100% = 540/320000 x 100% = 1.68% Lumen Method Calculation Example Height of luminaire= 3m Height of work plane= 1m Area= 59m2

Step 1 Find the reflectance (%) for ceiling, wall, window and floor in the overall space based on the reflectance table. Reflectance Ceiling (Raw concrete with

Wall (Raw concrete with

Floor (Timber flooring-

paint- beige)

paint- medium grey

medium brown)

35%

25%

35%

Step 2 Find room index For example, Length of space=2.5m, Width=2m, Height from work plane to luminaire=2.5m Room index=LxW/(L+W)xH =2.5x2/(2.5+2)x2.5 =0.45 Step 3

Step 4 Calculation of illuminance required and number of light required: Illuminance level required:

Illuminance level required E=nxNxFxUFxMF/A Number of light required N=ExA/FxUFxMF

3.2

Methodology of Acoustics Analysis

3.2.1

Description of Experiment:

Fig ???. Labelled Diagram of a Sound Meter

3.2.2

Data Collection Method:

The plan diagram of Tous les Jours was first made and a layout of the speaker placements were made after the gridlines of 2mx2m were applied to the plans. The daily human activities at certain times (12am-2pm and 8pm-10pm) were also taking into consideration to identify where the prime source of noise is located. The sound meter is then used to measure the sound levels of the whole restaurant by placing it at specific spots according to the intersection of the gridlines.

3.2.3

Data Constraints:

Incomplete Definition

There is a difficulty in placing the sound meter at a specific constant height from the ground level, thus affecting the reading. The height is dependent on variables such as whether the sound meter is placed on a table or the height of the operator if held in the hand. Besides that, the direction of the mic may also affect the readings recorded. Finally, recording multiple readings and calculating the mean reading would yield more accurate results.

Failure to account for a factor

Variations in recorded readings may be due to inappropriate operating hours, where assumable peak or non-peak hours are changed by unforeseeable and unchangeable circumstances. For instance, an employee who is supposed to be working the floor is missing or doing something else during the data recording. Environmental factors Varying environmental factors during the day will contribute to an increased reading of the sound meter. For example, days that have especially loud traffic noise or rainy days will increase the dB value recorded. Standard References

4.0 CASE STUDY 4.1 INTRODUCTION TOUS LES JOURS, a French-Asian based bakery firstly originated from Korea has firstly established in the City of Kuala Lumpur in 2012. The Bakery is located in the WOLO building located about the stretch in Jalan Bukit Bintang in the incoming direction of Kuala Lumpur Pavilion Shopping Mall.

ORIGINS TOUS LES JOURS is a French-Asian Bakery serving a unique selection of bakery goods and beverages made with the highest quality ingredients in province of Korea. Beginning with its launch in the United States in 2004, It has established a reputable bakery café system in the united States, building on a brand image that is respected in Asian American communities and is expanding into other mainstream markets. Beginning of 2008, the Branded bakery firstly settled in the town of Bangsar which is located in the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur. Thus, through its spreading reputation being a well-known bakery for its quality and tasty products, the main concept bakery café facility was relocated in the city of Kuala Lumpur along Jalan Bukit Bintang. The Café being relocated in a refurbished colonial stone-bricked building in Kuala Lumpur, which has been innovatively designed, provides a telling Conceptual Cozy Environment which suits the bakery Concept perfectly.

WHY WAS TOUS LES JOURS CHOSEN AS THE CASE STUDY? Few reason were involved in the choice for TOUS LES JOURS, which includes:

•

The Material variations present in the Café

•

The Types of Lighting used in the facility

•

The Acoustic Performance and Management

•

The Relationship between Concept and Practicality

•

The Relationship between Daylight and Artificial Lights

•

The Type of Environment of the place

The Above reasons or criteria are the ones, which makes the Site Selection a suitable example for this exercise. Thus, the Analysis part of this assignment has been conducted there for duration of 3 days including, Preliminary Analysis, Morning Time Analysis and Night Time Analysis.

4.2 MEASURED DRAWINGS

A set of Measured Drawings of the Bakery has been provided in order to conduct the upcoming Analysis and Calculations, which will be shown in this Report in the following pages.

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

4.3 EXISTING LIGHTING SOURCES INTRODUCTION Lighting is the deliberate use of light energy to illuminate and achieve aesthetic effect. It includes the use of both artificial light source and natural lighting. Proper lighting can enhance task performance, improve the surrounding look of the area. The properties of light can determine the suitability of light usage in a particular space which can be affected by Lumen Output, Color Temperature and Color Rendering Index. Thus, this project allows us to test and analyze different types of light source and have a better understanding of different light usage to cater to different rooms or spaces.

TYPE OF BULB

SPECIFICATION

READING (LUX) TOP OF YOUR PYRAMID

Compact fluorescent lamp

Philip Master 18W

1865

Philip Genie Stick Energy Saving bulb 14W (75W)

1431 2800

Philips 18W (100W) Energy Saving , Warm White , 8000 hours

LED lamp

Phillips 9.5W E27 CAP 2700K Warm Light 600 Lumen 631m/W

2950

Halogen Eco Classic

Philips Eco Classic 70W (100W) Dimmable, Energy saving 2000 hours

2250

Incandescent

THL Tubular Lamp (E12)(15W) 240CV

159

Fluorescent

Be1st 8W, 2700K Daylight 10000 hours

863

Halogen Flood

Osram Haloper 75W/230V, 2900K 2000 hours

22800

4.3 EXISTING ACOUSTIC SOURCES

INTRODUCTION Acoustic properties as known as sound Is an element in any space with movement or activity. It includes the properties of natural sound and human inflicted sound. Acoustics can affect the quality and comfort of space, it can also alter and provide variety of user experience in different spaces. The properties of sound can determine the spacial typology, function and approach towards different activity. Thus, this project allows us to test and analyze different types of acoustic source and have a better understanding of different acoustic properties cater to different rooms or spaces.

SOURCE

PROPERTIES

IMPACT

Speakers, Woofers , Amplifiers

Music

Soothing environment

Kitchen appliances

Cooking noises, blending noise, washing noise, cleaning noise

Not very noticeable when covered by people talking

Cooking

Coffee machine

Cleaning and washing

People indoor

Verbal communication

Noisy

Walking

Blocked by glass walls, not noticeably affected

Light and heavy traffic , hon noises

Noisy

People outdoor

Vehicular traffic

4.5 EXISTING BUIDLING MATERIALS I. Sound Absorption Coefficient of the Building Materials present on Site CATEGORY

MATERIAL

COLOR

SURFACE TEXTURE

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 500Hz

2000Hz

4000Hz

CEILING

GYPSUM PLASTER BOARD

BEIGE

MATTE

0.02

0.05

WHITE

ROUGH

0.02

RAW CONCRETE FINISH

PEWTER GREY

ROUGH

0.04

0.08

0.1

CERAMIC TILES

LIGHT SKY BLUE

GLOSSY

0.01

0.02

RED BRICKS SKIN FINISHED

BROWNISH ORANGE

ROUGH

0.03

0.05

0.07

COLOR

SURFACE TEXTURE

WALL SYSTEM CEMENT PLASTERED BRICK WALL SYSTEM

CATEGORY

MATERIAL

ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT 500H z

2000H z

4000Hz

BLACK CLOUD TINTED GLASS

DARK TRANSLUCEN T

SMOOTH AND GLOSSY

0.04

0.02

TIMBER BROWN

ROUGH

0.07

0.06

0.07

GLOSSY BROWN

SMOOTH AND GLOSSY

0.42

0.43

0.48

SMALL WOODEN CHAIRS

OAK BROWN

GLOSSY

0.08

MARBLE COUNTERTOP S

GLOSSY WHITE

SMOOTH AND GLOSSY

0.01

0.02

WOODEN TABLES

REDDISH BROWN

ROUGH

0.08

TIMBER PARQUET FLOORING

LEATHER SOFA

II. ABSORPTION COEFFICIENTS OF COMMON BUILDING MATERIALS AND FINISHES

5.1.1 Day Time Lux Readings

5.1.2 Night Time Lux Readings The following Readings has been taken on Ground Floor Level during Night Time between. The following readings happens during the events between 8.00pm to 10.00pm. GROUND FLOOR READINGS

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 b1 b1 b2 b2 b3 b3 b4 b4 c1 b5 c2 c1 c3 c2 c4 c3 c5 c4 d1 c5 d2 d3 d3 d4 d4 d5 e1 e3 e2 e4 e3 e5 e4 e6 f1 f2 f3 f4 f5 f6 g1 g2 g3 g4 g5 g6

1 130 93 131 80 143 92 1 139 116 135 137 190 200 178 115 158 73 144 50 138 107 69 110 42 87 45 21 50 213 45 21 87 12 43 87 171 37 160 25 199 56 39 31 48 43 36 36 24 25 29 23 15 5

LUX READING 2 3 AVE 128 132 130 95 96 95 132 140 134 62 59 67 151 154 149 LUX READING 72 52 72 2 3 AVE 197 156 164 123 124 121 103 107 115 144 143 141 195 191 192 188 204 197 176 177 177 116 108 113 174 149 160 80 78 77 107 158 136 71 46 56 141 135 138 133 117 119 64 70 68 96 104 103 46 47 45 85 83 85 43 44 47 22 19 21 51 48 50 200 259 224 50 48 143 22 21 21 86 85 86 10 11 12 42 40 42 74 79 80 170 168 170 43 35 38 173 170 168 24 24 24 200 195 198 54 53 54 42 37 39 29 27 29 46 54 49 47 48 46 40 38 48 33 37 35 21 27 24 29 23 26 35 30 31 27 22 24 14 12 14 4 5 5

FIRST FLOOR READINGS

5.3.2 Zone 1: Sitting Area

Outdoor

Location Dimension Area Height of Ceiling Height of Luminaries Height of Work Level Vertical distance from work place to luminaries Standard Illuminance Reflection Factor

Room Index

ZONE 1 - Outdoor Seating Area, Ground floor L1= 13.15m, L2= 12m, W=3.35m 3350x0.5x(13150+12000)= 42127 = 42.13 sqm 7m LED Candle = 5m Track Lighting = 2.5m 0.7m LED Candle: 4.3m Track Lighting: 2.3m 100lx Ceiling: Plaster (beige) - 0.7 Wall: Raw brick with no finishes(red orange) - 0.3 Floor: Timber Parquet Flooring(brown) - 0.2 LED Candle LED Tracklight Room Index Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W)xH =13.15 x 3.35/(13.15+3.35) x 2.3 = 13.15 x 3.35 /(13.15+3.35)x4.3 =1.16 =0.62

Utilization Factor (based on given utilization factor table), UF

0.27, 27%

0.52, 52%

Maintenance Factor, MF Type of Light

0.8

Power, W = 2.7 W Luminous Flux, lm = 250 lm Limunious Efficiency, lm/W = 92.59 Lm/W

Power, W = 5 W Luminous Flux, lm = 300 lm Limunious Efficiency, lm/W = 60 Lm/W

Illuminance Level required, E

According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux

N= 156 E = N(F x UF x MF)/A = 156(250 x 0.27 x 0.8)/42.13 = 199.95 = 200Lux

N=5 E = N(F x UF x MF) / A = 5 (300 x 0.52 x 0.8)/42.13 = 14.8 lux

Total Illuminance Level = 200+14.8 = 214.8 Lux

Number of Light Required, N

5.3.2 Zone Area

According to MS1525, Zone 1 has exceeded the requirements of 200lux by 14.8, Hence, it does not require further installation of illuminance. ---

2: Bakery Ground Floor

Location Dimension Area Height of Ceiling Height of Luminaries Height of Work Level Vertical distance from work place to luminaries Standard Illuminance Reflection Factor

Room Index

Utilization Factor (based on given utilization factor table), UF Maintenance Factor, MF Type of Light

Illuminance Level required, E

ZONE 2 - Bakery Area, Ground Floor L = 6.3m, W= 8m 6.3 x 8= 50.4sqm 2.5 LED Downlight = 2.5m Track Lighting = 2.5m 0.8m LED Downlight: 1.7m Track Lighting: 1.7m 100 lx Ceiling: Plaster (beige) - 0.7 Wall: Concrete Wall (Plastered white) - 0.5 Floor: Timber Parquet Flooring(brown) - 0.2 LED Downlight LED Tracklight Room Index Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W) x H = (LxW)/(L+W) x H = (6.3 x 8) / (6.3 +8) x 2.5 = (6.3 x 8) / (6.3 +8) x 2.5 = 50.4 / 35.75 = 50.4 / 35.75 = 1.4 = 1.4 0.57, 57%

0.57, 57%

0.8

Power, W = 9 W Luminous Flux, lm = 790 lm Luminious Efficiency, lm/W = 88 Lm/W According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux

Power, W = 5 W Luminous Flux, lm = 300 lm Luminious Efficiency, lm/W = 60 Lm/W According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux

N= 27 E = N(F x UF x MF)/A = 27 (790 x 0.57 x 0.8) / 50.4 = 193 lux

N=6 E = N(F x UF x MF) / A = 6 (300 x 0.57 x 0.8) / 50.4 = 16.3 lux

Total Illuminance Level = 193 + 16.3= 209.3 Lux

Number of Light Required, N

According to MS1525, Zone 2 has exceeded the requirements of 200lux by 9.3, Hence, it does not require further installation of illuminance. ---

5.3.3 Zone 3: Area Ground

Seating Floor

Location Dimension Area Height of Ceiling Height of Luminaries

ZONE 3 - Seating Area, Ground Floor L= 5m, W= 4.2m 5 x 4.2 = 21sqm 2.5 LED Downlight = 2.5m

Height of Work Level Vertical distance from work place to luminaries Standard Illuminance Reflection Factor

0.7m LED Downlight = 1.8m

Room Index

Utilization Factor (based on given utilization factor table), UF

100lx Ceiling: Plaster (beige) - 0.7 Wall: Raw brick with no finishes(red orange) - 0.3 Floor: Timber Parquet Flooring(brown) - 0.2 LED Candle Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W)xH = (5 x 4.2)/(5 + 4.2) x 1.8 = 21/16.56 = 1.3 0.53, 53%

Maintenance Factor, MF Type of Light

0.8 Power, W = 9 W Luminous Flux, lm = 790 lm Lumunious Efficiency, lm/W = 88Lm/W

Illuminance Level required, E

According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux N= 14 E = N(F x UF x MF)/A = 14(790 x 0.53 x 0.8)/21 = 223.3 Lux Total Illuminance Level = 223.3Lux

Number of Light Required, N

According to MS1525, Zone 3 has exceeded the requirements of 200lux by 23.3Lux, Hence, it does not require further installation of illuminance. ---

5.3.4 Zone 4: Seating Area First Floor

Location Dimension Area Height of Ceiling

ZONE 4 - Seating Area, 1st-Floor L= 5m, W= 4.2m 5 x 4.2 = 21sqm 2.5

Height of Luminaries Height of Work Level Vertical distance from work place to luminaries Standard Illuminance Reflection Factor

Room Index

Utilization Factor (based on given utilization factor table), UF Maintenance Factor, MF

LED Downlight = 2.5m Compact Fluorescent= 1.2m 0.7m LED Downlight: 1.8m Compact Fluorescent=0.5m 100 lx Ceiling: Plaster (beige) - 0.7 Wall: Raw brick with no finishes(red orange) - 0.3 Floor: Timber Parquet Flooring(brown) - 0.2 LED Downlight Compact Fluorescent Room Index Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W) x H = (LxW)/(L+W) x H = (5 x 4.2)/(5 + 4.2) x 1.8 = (5 x 4.2)/(5 + 4.2) x 1.2 = 21/16.56 = 21/11.04 = 1.3 = 1.9 0.52, 52% 0.61, 61%

0.8

Power, W = 9 W Luminous Flux, lm = 790 lm Limunious Efficiency, lm/W = 88Lm/W According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux

Power, W = 30 W Luminous Flux, lm = 2000 lm Limunious Efficiency, lm/W = 66Lm/W According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux

N= 20 E = N(F x UF x MF)/A = 20 (790 x 0.52 x 0.8) / 21 = 312

N=3 E = N(F x UF x MF) / A = 3 (2000 x 0.61 x 0.8) / 21 = 139 lux

Type of Light

Illuminance Level required, E

Total Illuminance Level = 312 +139 = 451 Lux

Number of Light Required, N

According to MS1525, Zone 2 has exceeded the requirements of 200lux by 251, Hence, it requires a reduce in numbers of illuminance. E= 200 N = (E x A)/(F x UF x MF) = (200 x 21)/ 790 x 0.52 x 0.8 = 4200/328.64 = 12.7 = 13 illuminance 20-13=7

Zone 4 does not require any number of illuminance of compact fluorescent lamps.

Thus, Zone 4 should reduce its illuminance number of LED Downlights by 7.

5.3.5 Zone 5: Mezzanine View First Floor Floor

Location Dimension Area Height of Ceiling Height of Luminaries Height of Work Level Vertical distance from work place to

ZONE 5 - Mezzanine View, 1st Floor L= 11m, W = 4m 11 x 4 = 44sqm 2.5m LED Downlight = 2.5m Track Lighting = 2.4m 0.7m LED Downlight = 1.8m Track Lighting = 1.7m

luminaries Standard Illuminance Reflection Factor

Room Index

Utilization Factor (based on given utilization factor table), UF Maintenance Factor, MF

100lx Ceiling: Plaster (beige) - 0.7 Wall: Concrete Wall (Plastered white) - 0.5 Floor: Timber Parquet Flooring(brown) - 0.2 LED Downlight LED Tracklight Room Index Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W)xH = (LxW)/(L+W)xH = 11 x 4/ (11 +4) x 1.8 =11 x 4/ (11 + 4) x 1.7 =1.6 = 1.7 0.58, 58%

0.58, 58%

0.8

Type of Light

Illuminance Level required, E

Power, W = 5 W Luminous Flux, lm = 300 lm Luminious Efficiency, lm/W = 60 Lm/W

Power, W = 9 W Luminous Flux, lm = 790 lm Luminious Efficiency, lm/W = 88 Lm/W According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux

According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux

N= 10 E = N(F x UF x MF)/A = 10 (790 x 0.58 x 0.8) / 44 = 83 lux

N = 16 E = N(F x UF x MF) / A = 16(300 x 0.58 x 0.8)/44 = 50 lux

Total Illuminance Level = 83 + 50 = 133lux

Number of Light Required, N

According to MS1525, Zone 1 has lacked the requirements of 200lux by 67 lux, Hence, it requires further installation of illuminance. E= 200 - 50 = 150 -N = (E x A)/(F x UF x MF) = (150 x 44)/(790 x 0.58x 0.8) = 18 illuminance 18 - 10 = 8 illuminance Thus Zone 1 should install 8 more illuminance of LED downlights to fullfill the requirements of 200 lux

5.3.6 Zone 6: Open Bar First Floor

Location Dimension Area Height of Ceiling Height of Luminaries Height of Work Level Vertical distance from work place to luminaries Standard Illuminance Reflection Factor

ZONE 6, Open Bar, 1st Floor L= 7.5m, W = 2.1m 7.5 x 2.1 = 15.75sqm 2.5m LED Downlight = 2.5m 0.8m LED Downlight = 1.7m 100lx Ceiling: Plaster (beige) - 0.7 Wall: Concrete Wall (Plastered white) - 0.5 Floor: Timber Parquet Flooring(brown) - 0.2 LED Downlight

Room Index

Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W)xH = (7.5 x 2.1) / (7.5 + 2.1) x 1.7 = 0.1

Utilization Factor (based on given utilization factor table), UF Maintenance Factor, MF

0.5, 50%

0.8

Type of Light

Illuminance Level required, E

Power, W = 9 W Luminous Flux, lm = 790 lm Luminious Efficiency, lm/W = 88 Lm/W According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 200 lux N= 8 E = N(F x UF x MF)/A = 8 (790 x 0.5 x 0.8) / 15.75 = 160 lux Total Illuminance Level = 160lux

Number of Light Required, N

According to MS1525, Zone 1 has lacked the requirements of 200lux by 40 lux, Hence, it requires further installation of illuminance. E= 200 -N = (E x A)/(F x UF x MF) = (200 x 15.75) / (790 x 0.5 x 0.8) = 10 illuminance Thus Zone 1 should install 2 more illuminance of LED downlights to fullfill the requirements of 200 lux

5.3.7 Zone 7: Staircase

Location Dimension Area Height of Ceiling Height of Luminaries Height of Work Level Vertical distance from work place to luminaries Standard Illuminance Reflection Factor

Room Index

ZONE 7, Staircase L= 4.2m, W = 3.6m 4.2 x 3.6 = 15.12sqm 7m LED Downlight = 2.5m, 5m Track Lighting = 2.5m 0.7m LED Downlight = 1.8m, 4.3m Track Lighting = 1.8m 100lx Ceiling: Plaster (beige) - 0.7 Wall: Raw brick with no finishes(red orange) - 0.3 Floor: Timber Parquet Flooring(brown) - 0.2 LED Downlight LED Tracklight Room Index Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W)xH = (LxW)/(L+W)xH = 4.2 x 3.6/ (4.2 + 3.6) x 2.5 =4.2 x 3.6/ (4.2 + 3.6) x 2.5 =0.8 = 0.8 Room Index = (LxW)/(L+W)xH

= 4.2 x 3.6/ (4.2 + 3.6) x 5 =0.4

Utilization Factor (based on given utilization factor table), UF Maintenance Factor, MF

0.42, 42% 0.2, 20% 0.8

Type of Light

Illuminance Level required, E

0.42, 42%

0.8

Power, W = 5 W Luminous Flux, lm = 300 lm Luminious Efficiency, lm/W = 60 Lm/W

Power, W = 9 W Luminous Flux, lm = 790 lm Luminious Efficiency, lm/W = 88 Lm/W According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 100 lux

According to CIBSE Code for Lighting, this area requires: 100 lux

N= 10 E = N(F x UF x MF)/A = 10 (790 x 0.2x 0.8) / 15.12 = 83 lux

N=5 E = N(F x UF x MF) / A = 5(300 x 0.42 x 0.8)/15.12 = 33 lux

Total Illuminance Level = 83 + 33 = 116 lux

Number of Light Required, N

According to MS1525, Zone 1 has exceeded and satisfied the requirements of 100 lux by 16 lux, Hence, it does not requires further installation of illuminance. ---

6.4 CASE STUDY

6.4.3 ANALYSIS & CALCULATIONS 6.4.3.1 ZONE 1: OUTDOOR SITTING AREA

Figure 6.4.3.1: Plan of Zone 1 12pm – 2pm Coordinate A-B B-C C-D D-E E-F F-G G-H

5-6 71 69 70 72 68 69 70

8pm – 10pm 6-7 70 70 71 69 70 70

5-6 71 69 71 70 73 72 70

Table 6.4.3.1: Acoustic readings of Zone 1.

6-7 74 70 72 71 68 70

The sound source for zone 1 is a little higher than the other zones as it is nearer to the entrance and walls. The streets outside are heavy in congestion which contribute to the noise. i) Reverberation Time, RT Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

Wall

Glass

Transparent

93.5

(500 Hz) 0.04

Sa 3.74

Wall

Brick

Orange

57.05

0.03

1.71

Floor

Concrete

Grey

0.04

1.68

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.84

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.8

Furniture

Chairs Leather

Brown

0.42

0.84

Human

Sofa -

15 people

0.42

10.71

(1.7 m²) Total

20.32

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 294 / 20.32 = 2.31s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 1 in 500Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 2.31s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level. Building Element

Material

Colour

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

(2000 Hz)

Wall

Glass

Transparent

93.5

0.02

1.87

Wall

Brick

Orange

57.05

0.05

2.85

Floor

Concrete

Grey

0.08

3.36

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.84

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.8

Furniture

Chairs Leather

Brown

0.43

0.86

Human

Sofa -

15 people

0.5

12.75

Total

23.33

(1.7 mÂ˛) Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 294 / 23.33 = 2.02s

WOLO Tous Les Joursâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; reverberation time for Zone 1 in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 2.02s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level.

ii) Sound Pressure Level, SPL The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) at Zone 1 is shown in the table below:

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref ) where Iref = 1x1012

Location

Zone 1 Sitting Area

Area

42 m2

Height of ceiling

Time

12pm – 2pm

8pm - 10pm

Highest sound level

meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

72 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

74 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IH = 1.58 x 10 -5

IH = 2.5 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

68 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IL = 6.3 x 10 -6

meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the lowest reading, IL

Total intensities, I

I = 1.58 x 10 -5 + 6.3 x 10 -6 = 2.21 x 10 -5

Sound Pressure

I = 2.5 x 10 -5 + 6.3 x 10 -6 = 3.13 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

SPL = 10 log10 x (2.21 x 10 -5 ÷

SPL = 10 log10 x (3.13 x 10 -5 ÷

Level, SPL 1 x 10-12) = 73.4dB

1 x 10-12) = 75dB

At zone 1, the average sound pressure level during 12pm-2pm and 8pm10pm are 73.4dB and 75dB respectively. The range of noise level at zone 1 is under a comforting level. Conversations between customers can be exchanged easily.

6.4.3.2 ZONE 2: BAKERY AREA

Figure 6.4.3.2: Plan of Zone 2 12pm – 2pm Coordinate 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5

D-E 63 65 68 70

8pm – 10pm

E-F 64 65 66 71

D-E 69 69 70 73

E-F 65 67 68 71

Table 6.4.3.2: Acoustic readings of Zone 2. The sound source for zone 2 is not as high as zone 1 as it is located further from the walls and is the central area where customers look for bread and pastries and also the place for purchase. i) Reverberation Time, RT Building

Material

Colour

Element Wall

Concrete

White

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

(500 Hz) 0.04

Sa 0.4

Wall

Brick

Orange

22.5

0.03

0.68

Floor

Concrete

Grey

50.4

0.04

2.02

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

50.4

0.02

1.01

Furniture

Marble

White

0.01

0.15

Human

countertops -

15 people

0.42

10.71

(1.7 m²) Total

14.97

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 126 / 14.97 = 1.35s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 2 in 500Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 1.35s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level by a slight amount.

Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption, Sa 0.8

Wall

Concrete

White

(2000 Hz) 0.08

Wall

Brick

Orange

22.5

0.05

1.13

Floor

Concrete

Grey

50.4

0.08

4.03

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

50.4

0.02

1.01

Furniture

Marble

White

0.02

0.30

countertops

Human

15 people

0.5

12.75

Total

20.02

(1.7 m²) Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 126 / 20.02 = 1.0s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 2 in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient in 2000Hz is 1.0s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time fits in the standard comfort level. ii) Sound Pressure Level, SPL The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) at Zone 1 is shown in the table below: SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref ) where Iref = 1x1012

Location

Zone 2 Bakery Area

Area

50.4 m2

Height of ceiling

2.5 m

Time

12pm – 2pm

8pm - 10pm

Highest sound level

meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

71 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

73 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IH = 1.26 x 10 -5

IH = 2 x 10 -5

meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

63 = 10 log10 x IH รท 1 x 10-12

65 = 10 log10 x IH รท 1 x 10-12

IL = 2 x 10 -6

IL = 3.2 x 10 -6

lowest reading, IL

Total intensities, I

I = 1.26 x 10 -5 + 2 x 10 -6 = 1.46 x 10 -5

Sound Pressure

I = 2 x 10 -5 + 3.2 x 10 -6 = 2.32 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

SPL = 10 log10 x (1.46 x 10 -5 รท

SPL = 10 log10 x (2.32 x 10 -5 รท

Level, SPL 1 x 10-12) = 71.6dB

1 x 10-12) = 73.7dB

At zone 2, the average sound pressure level during 12pm-2pm and 8pm10pm are 71.6dB and 73.7dB respectively. The range of noise level at zone 2 is under a comforting level. Conversations between customers can be exchanged easily.

6.4.3.3 ZONE 3: SEATING AREA

Figure 6.4.3.3: Plan of Zone 3 12pm – 2pm Coordinate A-B B-C C-D

1-2 68 69 66

8pm – 10pm 2-3 71 70 67

1-2 77 70 66

2-3 66 66 66

Table 6.4.3.3: Acoustic readings of Zone 3. The sound source for zone 3 is high towards the walls and decreases with intensity when moving further into the building. i) Reverberation Time, RT Building

Material

Colour

Element Wall

Glass

Transparent

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

(500 Hz) 0.04

Sa 0.72

Wall

Brick

Orange

0.03

0.3

Floor

Wooden

Brown

0.07

1.47

Ceiling

parquet Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.42

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.48

Furniture

tables Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.4

Furniture

chairs Leather

White

0.42

1.26

Human

sofas -

10 people

0.42

7.14

(1.7 m²) Total

12.19

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 52.5 / 12.19 = 0.69s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 3 in 500Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 0.69s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time is lower than the comfort level.

Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

Wall

Glass

Transparent

(2000 Hz) 0.02

Sa 0.36

Wall

Brick

Orange

0.05

0.5

Floor

Wooden

Brown

0.06

1.26

Ceiling

parquet Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.42

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.48

Furniture

tables Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.4

Furniture

chairs Leather

White

0.43

1.29

Human

sofas -

10 people

0.5

8.5

(1.7 m²) Total

13.21

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 52.5 / 13.21 = 0.64s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 3 in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient in 2000Hz is 0.64s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time is lower than the comfort level.

ii) Sound Pressure Level, SPL The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) at Zone 1 is shown in the table below: SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref ) where Iref = 1x1012

Location

Zone 3 Seating Area

Area

21 m2

Height of ceiling

2.5 m

Time

12pm – 2pm

8pm - 10pm

Highest sound level

meter reading (dB)

Lowest sound level

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

71 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

77 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IH = 1.26 x 10 -5

IH = 5 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

66 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IL = 4 x 10 -6

meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the lowest reading, IL

Total intensities, I

I = 1.26 x 10 -5 + 4 x 10 -6 = 1.66 x 10 -5

Sound Pressure

I = 5 x 10 -5 + 4 x 10 -6 = 5.4 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

SPL = 10 log10 x (1.66 x 10 -5 ÷

SPL = 10 log10 x (5.4 x 10 -5 ÷

Level, SPL 1 x 10-12) = 72.2dB

1 x 10-12) = 77.3dB

At zone 3, the average sound pressure level during 12pm-2pm and 8pm10pm are 72.2dB and 77.3dB respectively. The range of noise level at zone 3 is at a comforting level. The sound level at 8pm-10pm is close to being noisy. Conversations between customers can be exchanged easily.

6.4.3.4 ZONE 4: FIRST FLOOR SEATING AREA

Figure 6.4.3.4:

Plan

of Zone

4 12pm – 2pm

Coordinate A-B B-C

1-2 72 77

8pm – 10pm 2-3 80 76

1-2 72 73

2-3 74 72

Table 6.4.3.4: Acoustic readings of Zone 4. The decibel reading is high at A-B, 2-3 during the day as there is a radio speaker located at the corner. There’s also a high concentration of customers sitting in this area despite the area being small.

i) Reverberation Time, RT Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption, Sa 0.42 0.75

Wall

Glass

Transparent

10.5

(500 Hz) 0.04

Wall

Brick

Orange

0.03

Floor

Concrete

Grey

0.04

0.84

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.42

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.48

Furniture

tables Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.96

Human

chairs -

15 people

0.42

10.71

(1.7 m²) Total

14.58

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 52.5 / 14.58 = 0.58s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 4 in 500Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 0.58s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time is lower than the comfort level.

Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption, Sa 0.21

Wall

Glass

Transparent

10.5

(2000 Hz) 0.02

Wall

Brick

Orange

0.05

1.25

Floor

Concrete

Grey

0.08

1.68

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.42

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.48

tables

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.96

Human

chairs -

15 people

0.5

12.75

Total

17.75

(1.7 m²) Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 52.5 / 17.75 = 0.47s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 4 in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient in 2000Hz is 0.47s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time is lower than the comfort level. ii) Sound Pressure Level, SPL The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) at Zone 1 is shown in the table below: SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref ) where Iref = 1x1012 Location

Zone 4 First Floor Seating Area

Area

21 m2

Height of ceiling

2.5 m

Time

12pm – 2pm

8pm - 10pm

Highest sound level

meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

80 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

74 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IH = 1 x 10 -4

IH = 2.5 x 10 -5

meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

72 = 10 log10 x IH รท 1 x 10-12

IL = 1.58 x 10 -5

lowest reading, IL

Total intensities, I

I = 1 x 10 -4 + 1.58 x 10 -5 = 1.16 x 10 -4

Sound Pressure

I = 2.5 x 10 -5 + 1.58 x 10 -5 = 4.1 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

SPL = 10 log10 x (1.16 x 10 -4 รท

SPL = 10 log10 x (4.1 x 10 -5 รท

Level, SPL 1 x 10-12) = 80.6dB

1 x 10-12) =76.1dB

At zone 4, the average sound pressure level during 12pm-2pm and 8pm10pm are 80.6dB and 76.1dB respectively. The range of noise level at zone 4 is noisy during the day but at a comfortable level during the night. 6.4.3.5 ZONE 5: FIRST FLOOR MEZZANINE VIEW

Figure 6.4.3.5: Plan of Zone 5

12pm – 2pm Coordinate 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5

C-D 72 74 71 70

8pm – 10pm

D-E 75 74 72 70

C-D 72 71 72 71

D-E 72 73 70 72

Table 6.4.3.5: Acoustic readings of Zone 5. The human density in this area isn’t as high as other zones despite being quite a large space. This may be due to the huge size of tables as most of the customers come in 1-4 groups of people. i) Reverberation Time, RT Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

Wall

Brick

Orange

31.2

(500 Hz) 0.03

Sa 0.94

Floor

Concrete

Grey

0.04

1.76

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.88

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.40

Furniture

tables Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.80

Human

chairs -

10 people

0.42

7.14

Total

11.92

(1.7 m²) Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 110 / 11.92 = 1.48s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 5 in 500Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 1.48s. According to the standard of reverberation time

the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level.

Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

Wall

Brick

Orange

31.2

(2000 Hz) 0.05

Sa 1.56

Floor

Concrete

Grey

0.08

3.52

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

0.02

0.88

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.40

Furniture

tables Wooden

Brown

0.08

0.80

Human

chairs -

10 people

0.5

8.5

(1.7 m²) Total

15.66

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 110 / 15.66 = 1.12s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 5 in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient in 2000Hz is 1.12s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time is within the comfort level. ii) Sound Pressure Level, SPL The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) at Zone 1 is shown in the table below:

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref ) where Iref = 1x1012 Location

Zone 5 First Floor Mezzanine View

Area

44 m2

Height of ceiling

2.5 m

Time

12pm – 2pm

8pm - 10pm

Highest sound level

meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

75 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

73 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IH = 3.16 x 10 -5

IH = 2 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

70 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IL = 1 x 10 -5

meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the lowest reading, IL

Total intensities, I

I = 3.16 x 10 -5 + 7.94 x 10 -6 = 3.95 x 10 -5

Sound Pressure

I = 2 x 10 -5 + 1 x 10 -5 = 3 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

SPL = 10 log10 x (3.95 x 10 -5 ÷

SPL = 10 log10 x (3 x 10 -5 ÷

Level, SPL 1 x 10-12) = 76dB

1 x 10-12) =74.8dB

At zone 5, the average sound pressure level during 12pm-2pm and 8pm10pm are 76dB and 74.8dB respectively. The range of noise level at zone 5 is at a comfortable level for exchanging conversations.

6.4.3.6 ZONE 6: FIRST FLOOR OPEN BAR

Figure 6.4.3.6: Plan

Zone 6

Coordinate 1-2 2-3 3-4

12pm – 2pm

8pm – 10pm

E-F 75 74 72

E-F 72 73 70

Table 6.4.3.6: Acoustic readings of Zone 6. The open bar on the first floor is only occupied by a few of the staff and no entry is allowed to the public. Therefore, the noise level there is not as high as the other zones.

Reverberation Time, RT

Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

Wall

Brick

Orange

5.25

(500 Hz) 0.03

Sa 0.16

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

15.75

0.02

0.32

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

7.0

0.08

0.56

Furniture

table Wooden

Brown

5.0

0.08

0.40

Human

chairs -

3 people

0.42

2.14

Total

3.58

(1.7 m²) Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 39.4 / 3.58 = 1.76s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 6 in 500Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 1.76s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level.

Building Element

Material

Colour

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

(2000 Hz)

Wall

Brick

Orange

5.25

0.05

0.26

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

15.75

0.02

0.32

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

7.0

0.08

0.56

Furniture

table Wooden

Brown

5.0

0.08

0.40

Human

chairs -

3 people

0.5

2.55

Total

4.09

(1.7 m²) Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 110 / 4.09 = 4.3s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 6 in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient in 2000Hz is 4.3s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level. ii) Sound Pressure Level, SPL The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) at Zone 6 is shown in the table below: SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref ) where Iref = 1x1012

Location

Zone 6 First Floor Open Bar

Area

15.75 m2

Height of ceiling

2.5 m

Time

12pm – 2pm

8pm - 10pm

Highest sound level

meter reading (dB)

Lowest sound level

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

75 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

73 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IH = 3.16 x 10 -5

IH = 2 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

67 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

68 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IL = 5 x 10 -6

IL = 6.3 x 10 -6

meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the lowest reading, IL

Total intensities, I

I = 3.16 x 10 -5 + 5 x 10 -6 = 3.16 x 10 -5

Sound Pressure

I = 2 x 10 -5 + 6.3 x 10 -6 = 2.63 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

SPL = 10 log10 x (3.16 x 10 -5 ÷

SPL = 10 log10 x (2.63 x 10 -5 ÷

Level, SPL 1 x 10-12) = 75 dB

1 x 10-12) = 74.2 dB

At zone 6, the average sound pressure level during 12pm-2pm and 8pm10pm are 75 dB and 74.2 dB respectively. The range of noise level at zone 6 is at a comfortable level for exchanging conversations.

6.4.3.7 ZONE 7: STAIRCASE Figure 6.4.3.7: Plan of Zone 7

12pm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 2pm Coordinate 3-4 4-5

A-B 67 68

B-C 70 69

8pm â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 10pm A-B 68 69

B-C 68 70

Table 6.4.3.7: Acoustic readings of Zone 7. Noise level is lower as subject is halfway up the stairs, midway on the landing as the midpoint is furthest from the noise from ground level and the noise from first floor mezzanine level. Prime source of noise on the staircase itself is from the visitors taking photographs.

ii)

Reverberation Time, RT

Building

Material

Colour

Element

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption, Sa 0.32

Wall

Brick

Orange

10.5

(500 Hz) 0.03

Wall

Glass

Transparent

16.2

0.04

0.65

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

15.1

0.02

0.30

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

4.0

0.08

0.32

Furniture

tables Wooden

Brown

10.0

0.08

0.80

Furniture

chairs Leather

Brown

2.0

0.42

0.84

Human

Sofa -

10 people

0.42

7.14

(1.7 m²) Total

10.37

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 106 / 10.37 = 1.6s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 7 in 500Hz of absorption coefficient in 500Hz is 1.6s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level.

Building

Material

Colour

Element Wall

Brick

Orange

Area, A

Absorption

Sound

(m²)

Coefficient

Absorption,

10.5

(2000 Hz) 0.05

Sa 0.53

Wall

Glass

Transparent

16.2

0.02

0.32

Ceiling

Plaster

Beige

15.1

0.02

0.30

Furniture

Wooden

Brown

4.0

0.08

0.32

Furniture

tables Wooden

Brown

10.0

0.08

0.80

Furniture

chairs Leather

Brown

2.0

0.43

0.86

Human

Sofa -

10 people

0.5

8.5

(1.7 m²) Total

11.63

Absorption(A): RT = 0.16 x V / A = 0.16 x 110 / 11.63 = 1.51s WOLO Tous Les Jours’ reverberation time for Zone 7 in 2000Hz of absorption coefficient in 2000Hz is 1.51s. According to the standard of reverberation time the standard comfort reverberation is between 0.8s - 1.3s. The reverberation time exceeds the comfort level. ii) Sound Pressure Level, SPL The sound pressure level is the average sound level at a space. The sound pressure level (SPL) at Zone 7 is shown in the table below: SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref ) where Iref = 1x1012

Location

Zone 7 Staircase

Area

15.12 m2

Height of ceiling

7.0 m

Time

12pm – 2pm

8pm - 10pm

Highest sound level

meter reading (dB) Lowest sound level

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

70 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IH = 1 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

67 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

68 = 10 log10 x IH ÷ 1 x 10-12

IL = 5 x 10 -6

IL = 6.3 x 10 -6

meter reading (dB) Intensity for the highest reading, IH

Intensity for the lowest reading, IL

Total intensities, I

I = 1 x 10 -5 + 5 x 10 -6 = 1.5 x 10 -5

Sound Pressure

I = 1 x 10 -5 + 6.3 x 10 -6 = 1.63 x 10 -5

SPL = 10 log10 (I / Iref )

SPL = 10 log10 x (1.5 x 10 -5 ÷

SPL = 10 log10 x (1.63 x 10 -5 ÷

Level, SPL 1 x 10-12) = 71.7dB

1 x 10-12) =72dB

At zone 7, the average sound pressure level during 12pm-2pm and 8pm10pm are 71.7dB and 72dB respectively. The range of noise level at zone 7 is at a comfortable level for exchanging conversations.

REFERENCE Christensen, C. L, Koutsouris, G., & Rindel, J. H. (2013, June 9). The ISO 3382 parameters: Can we stimulate them? Can we measure them? Toronto, Canada. Malaysia, D. o. (2007). Code of Practice on Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-residential Buildings (First Revision). Selangor: Department of Standards Malaysia.