The urban heat island in subarctic climates:
Northern Sweden as a case study Twan Rovers Climate & Human Activity
Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
Introduction Literature review Methodology Results and discussion Conclusions
Introduction Urban heat island (UHI) Many urban and suburban areas experience elevated temperatures compared to their outlying rural surroundings. This difference in temperature is what constitutes an urban heat island.
(Erell et al. 2007, p. 68)
Introduction Factors affecting the UHI intensity • Building density
Trapping of solar energy
• Impervious surfaces
Less evaporation
• Vegetation
Less evapotranspiration
• Properties of urban materials
Thermal and optical
• Weather
Winds and cloud cover
• Geographic location
Local weather influences
• Heat released by human activity
Anthropogenic heat and CO₂
Introduction Relevance of studying UHI in cold climates • Existing research focuses on moderate and hot climates. – Deterioration of the living environment – Increase in energy consumption – Increase in mortality rates
• The UHI effect is not necessarily detrimental in cold climates. • Extensive research of the UHI phenomenon in cold climates is missing.
Introduction Two northern Swedish cities as case studies Do urban heat islands exist in the northern Swedish cities of Lule책 and Kiruna? And if so; how do their intensities relate to urban heat island intensities in other cities with a (sub)arctic climate?
Literature review The UHI in (sub)arctic climates Author(s)
Study area
Steinecke (1999)
Reykjavík, Iceland (64°08’N; 21°55’W) Barrow, Alaska (USA) (71°17’N; 156°46’W) Oulu, Finland (65°01’N; 25°28’E) Fairbanks, Alaska (USA) (64°50’N; 147°43’W)
Magee, Curtis & Wendler (1999) Hara & Autio (2006) Hinkel, Nelson, Klene & Bell (2003)
Measurement period November 1991 – September 1992 1 December 2001 – 31 March 2002 1996 – 1998 1949 – 1997
Findings
A weak UHI effect, which converts to a ‘cold island’ by day in summer. A strong UHI (on average 2.2 K) during winter. An UHI intensity during the winter period of 3.4 K. A mean growth of the UHI of 0.4 K annually (1.0 K during winter).
Methodology The temperature difference between two measurement locations: • One representing an urban condition (amateur meteorologists) • One representing a rural condition (SMHI) • Hourly temperature data
Methodology
1 January 2014 – 31 December 2014
Methodology
1 January 2009 – 31 December 2014
Methodology Definitions Winter: Spring: Summer: Autumn:
mean daily temperature < 0⁰C 0⁰C < mean daily temperature < 10⁰C mean daily temperature > 10⁰C 10⁰C > mean daily temperature > 0⁰C
Day: Night:
The time period from sunrise to sunset. The time period from sunset to sunrise.
Results
Discussion Luleå • A weak heat island effect during winter and a more substantial UHI during spring and summer nights (Steinecke, 1999). • The mean UHI intensity of Luleå during winter is weaker than that of Barrow, Alaska and Oulu, Finland.
Mean UHI intensity Luleå (K) Day Night
Spring
Summer
2.10 1.30
2.15 2.07
Autumn
Winter 0.89 0.69
Results
Discussion Kiruna • A weak UHI during winter and a weak UCI effect during summer days (Steinecke, 1999). • The UHI effects in Oulu, Barrow and Luleå are stronger than in Kiruna during winter. • UCI: the urban weather station is located near open water Mean UHI intensity Kiruna (K) Day Night
Spring
Summer
Autumn
Winter
0.00
-0.52
-0.74
0.51
-0.75
-0.54
-0.76
0.19
Conclusions Do urban heat islands exist in the northern Swedish cities of Luleå and Kiruna? And if so; how do their intensities relate to urban heat island intensities in other cities with a (sub)arctic climate?
• Both Kiruna and Luleå experience an UHI effect during winter, though not as substantial as other cities. • The statement that the UHI phenomenon is typically more observed at night (Erell et al., 2011, p. 70) has not been confirmed by this research.
Conclusions • This research has contributed to the knowledge of the UHI in a subarctic context. • The categorization of the temperature data has given insight in the UHI intensity in different seasons, both during day and night. Limitations
• Accuracy of temperature data. • A large part of the temperature data for Luleå had to be excluded.
• Wind speed and cloud cover have not been included.
References Erell, E., Pearlmutter, D., & Williamson, T. (2011). Urban Microclimate: Designing the Spaces Between Buildings. London (UK): Earthscan. Hara, Y., & Autio, J. (2006). Heat island intensity at high latitude city: An example from Oulu, Central Finland. Proceedings of 6th International Conference on Urban Climate. Gothenburg, Sweden. Hinkel, K., Nelson, F., Klene, A., & Bell, J. (2003). The urban heat island in winter at Barrow, Alaska. International Journal of Climatology, 23(15), 1889-1905. Magee, N., Curtis, J., & Wendler, G. (1999). The Urban Heat Island Effect at Fairbanks, Alaska. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 64(1-2), 39- 47. Steinecke, K. (1999). Urban climatological studies in the ReykjavĂk subarctic environment, Iceland. Atmospheric Environment, 33(24-25), 4157- 4162.
Thank you
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
Wind direction during a year.
Zaragoza is located in the Ebro river valley, between the Iberian system and the Pyrenees. This position creates a wind channel, that describes a Northeast-Southwest trajectory.
Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Average wind speed, km/h
Windy days: 86.5 % Average speed: 19 km/h Maximum speed: 100 km/h Calm, %
60 % of windy days over 12 km/h 43 % of windy days over 20 km/h 16 % of windy days over 30 km/h
Hernรกndez, 1990.
Julia Pร REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Urban canyon Increases wind speed. Lower thermal sensation. Increases discomfort.
Coso street, Zaragoza. bp.blogspot.com
Urban heat island Urban areas warmer than rural areas. Decreased by urban canyon. Moved by the wind.
Independence Avenue, Zaragoza. Heraldo de Aragón Julia PÉREZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Urban canyon effects on population Increases thermal radiation. Unbalanced pedestrians. People wind shielding in Zaragoza. Heraldo de Aragón
Pulled trees. Discomfort and danger can make people avoid affected areas, which can result in social and economic losses. How those consequences are affecting the city of Zaragoza?
Tree pulled by wind in Zaragoza. Heraldo de Aragón Julia PÉREZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Zaragoza map. orangesmile.com
Local conditions modify the effects of urban canyon. It is necessary to study each particular case in order to get solutions that are suppose to improve the exploitation of the urban soil, using it with the maximum efficiency.
Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Zaragoza city council.
Local Agenda 21 Zaragoza.
Main factors that cause or are caused by urban canyon and urban heat island phenomena: Wind direction
Traffic
Urban density
Elevations
Relative humidity
Reflectivity
Temperatures
Vegetation
Observatory of Geography and Regional Planning from the University of Zaragoza
Methodology Main circulation streets of the city are compared with the most commercial ones. 40 main circulation streets and 36 commercial streets have been chosen. Cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main commercial streets are also compared with chosen factors about urban canyon phenomenon. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Main circulation streets.
Several beltways with radial avenues. Streets direction are distributed equally.
Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
Commercial streets.
A third if the streets have perpendicular direction to the main wind direction, avoiding direct wind gust.
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Urban density Most of commercial and social streets are placed in densest areas of the city. Social active streets are rarely found in low urban density areas. High urban densities reduce wind impact. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Relative humidity Two-thirds of the streets are located in low humidity level areas, the nearest to the rivers. Urban heat island phenomenon produces low humidity levels. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Temperatures Commercial streets are found in higher number in warmer areas, which are the most dense. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Road traffic There is no correlation between road traffic and streets with highest amount of commerces and bars. Noiseless and safe streets without road traffic are more likely to have commercial activity. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Elevations Low elevation areas correspond to rivers banks, where more than a half of the studied streets are located. This fact is related with the origin of the city as a pre-roman town in the confluence of the main rivers in the 3rd century B.C. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Reflectivity The presence of narrow streets in the city center and in the oldest neighborhoods reduce the influence of the sun in two-thirds of the studied streets. This fact might increase the population comfort during summer season. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Vegetation The entirety amount of studied streets are located in low vegetation areas. Green areas in windy days are dangerous places because branches falls, making urban areas more likely to take in commerces and bars. Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Main traffic streets They are big avenues more likely to suffer urban canyon phenomenon. Despite the higher transit, therefore higher visibility, these streets have, they are not able to attract business, having a very low presence of them.
Traffic jam in Valencia Avenue, Zaragoza. Heraldo de Aragón Julia PÉREZ LOBERA
Traffic jam in Goya Avenue, Zaragoza. ABC
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Riverbanks and green areas These areas suppose the most important recreation spaces and nature approximation to the city. However, despite the irrefutable attractive these areas have, presence of commerces is almost non-existent since open spaces have a lack of wind obstacles.
Both: Empty properties in Echegaray Avenue, Zaragoza. Google street view Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
New urbanized areas The presence of open spaces due to the lower urban density and regularity of new urban planning boost wind and increase it speed when channels are generated. Thus, these neighborhoods suffer important services lack that force inhabitants moving to former and more consolidated areas of the city, looking for restaurants, shops or bars. This situation impede city creation. New urbanized area of Arco Sur, Zaragoza. geodruid.com
New urbanized area of Valdespartera, Zaragoza. tenzaragoza.es Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
References -Bärring, L., O. Mattsson, J., & Lindqvist, S. (1984). Canyon Geometry, street temperatures and urban heat island in Malmö, Sweden. Journal of Climatology, Vol. 5, 433-444. -Cuadrat Prats, J. M., de la Riva, J., López, F., & Martí, A. (1993). El medio ambiente en Zaragoza. Observaciones sobre la “isla de calor”. Anales de Geografía de la Universidad Complutense. Nº 13, 127-128. -Cuadrat Pras, J. M., Vicente-Serrano, S. M., & Saz Sánchez, M. A. (2005). Los efectos de la urbanización en el clima de Zaragoza (España): La isla de calor y sus factores condicionantes. Boletín de la A.G.E. Nº 40. -Gerhardt, H. J., & Kramer, C. (1991). Wind climate in city centres: Pedestrian comfort versus accumulation of pollutants. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 38. -Hang, J., Sandberg, M., & Li, Y. (2008). Effect of urban morphology on wind condition in idealized city models. Atmospheric Environment 43. -Hernández Navarro, M. L. (1990). Frecuencia e intensidad del viento en Zaragoza. GEOGRAPHICALIA, 2ª época, nº27. -Jeary, A. P. (1992). A full-scale study of the wind climate of an entire city. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 41-44. -Letchford, C. W., & Isaacs, L. T. (1992). Full scale measurement of wind speeds in an inner city. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 41-44. -Nunez, M., & Oke, T. R. (1976). Long-wave radiative flux divergence and nocturnal cooling of the urban atmosphere. Boundary-Layer Meteorology 10, 121-135. -Yamada, N., Hasegawa, Y., & Maruyama, S. (2009). Effect of Gas Radiation on Radiative Heat Transfer in Urban Street Canyon Model. Heat Transfer—Asian Research, 38 (7). Julia PÉREZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Thanks.
Julia PĂ&#x2030;REZ LOBERA
The influence of the urban canyons on the human activity in the city of Zaragoza.
Weather & Bicycling HOW DO WEATHER CONDITIONS AFFECT BICYCLE TRIPS? ICO BROEKHUIZEN
Contents 1.
Introduction
2.
Literature
3.
Methodology
4.
Results
5.
Discussion & conclusion
6.
Questions & comments
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1 Introduction [1] Sustainable and healthy transport How to increase bicycle use? How do weather conditions affect: ◦ Number of bicyclists ◦ Speed of bicyclists
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1 Introduction [2] Case study near Stockholm Quantify weather effects ◦ Insight in bicycle behaviour ◦ Spatial differences
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2 Literature Large volume on spatial variation Surveys:
◦ ⅓ – ½ less bicycling in cold conditions ◦ ⅔ willing to cycle at -20oC or colder1
1) Amiri, M., & Sadeghpour, F. (2013). Cycling characteristics in cities with cold weather. Sustainable Cities and Society, 14, 397–403. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2013.11.009
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2 Literature: weather effects Models: ◦ All: temperature, rain, sunlight ◦ Some: wind speed, humidity, lag effect of rain ◦ Females affected more1
1) Saneinejad, S., Roorda, M. J., & Kennedy, C. (2012). Modelling the impact of weather conditions on active transportation travel behaviour. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17(2), 129–137. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2011.09.005
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3 Methodology: data Meteorological data: SMHI Bicycle counts and speeds: Lidingรถ Municipality Daily bicycles towards Lidingรถ
Number of bicycles
2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2013-01-01 2013-02-20 2013-04-11 2013-05-31 2013-07-20 2013-09-08 2013-10-28 2013-12-17
Date
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3 Methodology: data Meteorological data: SMHI Bicycle counts and speeds: Lidingรถ Municipality Hourly bicycle volumes towards Lidingรถ 140
Detections
120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
Time of day (hour)
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3 Methodology Qualitative inspection of relationships: â&#x2014;Ś Influence of holidays and weekends
Multivariate linear regression model: â&#x2014;Ś Detections & average speed â&#x2014;Ś đ?&#x2018;&#x17E;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019;đ?&#x2018;&#x2019; = đ?&#x2018;? + đ?&#x2018;&#x17D; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; đ?&#x2018;&#x2021; + đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x192; đ?&#x2018;&#x192; + đ?&#x2018;&#x17D;đ?&#x2018;&#x2020; đ?&#x2018;&#x2020;
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4 Qualitative results: weekends
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4 Qualitative results: holidays
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4 Results: model Number of bicycles: Unit
Lidingรถ
Stockholm - 0.52
Lidingรถ (weekend) - 0.99
Stockholm (weekend) - 0.99
Constant
- 0.62
Temperature oC
+ 0.13
+ 0.13
+ 0.04
+ 0.04
Precipitation mm
- 0.04
- 0.04
- 0.01
- 0.02
Snow depth m
+ 0.5
+ 0.03
+ 0.14
- 0.05
0.76
0.75
0.75
Variance
0.76
No acceptable model for speed
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4 Results: weekdays
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4 Results: weekends
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5 Discussion & conclusions Number of bicycle trips ◦ Air temperature ◦ Precipitation ◦ Weekend, holidays
Bicycle speed
◦ Independent from weather ◦ Trip, gender, type of facility, individual factors1
1) El-Geneidy, A., Krizek, K. J., & Iacono, M. (2007). Predicting Bicycle Travel Speeds Along Different Facilities Using GPS Data: A Proof of Concept Model. 86th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington D.C., USA., 1–13.
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Questions & comments 2015-03-09
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Window orientation in houses and apartments according to Swedish vs Spanish climatology
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
In this presentation: - Passive systems vs new technologies - Aim of this research - Importance of this research - Methodology - Results - Discussion and conclusions
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Passive systems vs new technologies
Spanish traditional house. Small windows facing south. (source: www.wikipedia.org)
Swedish traditional house. Glass galleries facing south. (source: imgarcade.com) Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Passive systems vs new technologies
- Low solar factor: cooler houses in summer. - Low emissivity: warmer houses in winter.
Energy efficient glass. (source: www.windsorwindows.com) Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Aim of this research
Is the use of more efficient windows enough to forget traditional passive methods, which are specific for each climate?
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Importance of this research
- Comparative labour - Is there a globalization process? - Globalization as a way to save money during the design process.
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Methodology
- Part 1: Climate analysis - Part 2: Building analysis - Part 3: Climate-building comparison - Part 4: Energy efficient glass
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 1: Climate analysys
Temperature (ยบC) 30,0 25,0 20,0 15,0 10,0 5,0 0,0 -5,0 -10,0 -15,0
LULEร ZARAGOZA
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sรกnchez Lรณpez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 1: Climate analysis
Sunlight hours (H) 25 20 15 10
LULEÅ ZARAGOZA
5 0
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 2: Building analysis
Location of buildings - Luleรฅ (source: Google Earth)
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sรกnchez Lรณpez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 2: Building analysis
North
South
East
West
Faรงade analysis- Luleรฅ
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sรกnchez Lรณpez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 2: Building analysis
LULEÅ
N
S
E
W
1
0,0%
2,3%
12,2%
31,6%
2
0,0%
0,0%
12,4%
15,4%
3
8,0%
47,0%
25,0%
38,0%
4
10,0%
10,0%
12,0%
10,0%
5
10,0%
13,3%
7,9%
7,9%
6
6,0%
8,6%
7,0%
8,6%
Average
5,67%
13,53%
12,75%
18,58%
Percentage of glass in each façade (Luleå)
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 2: Building analysis
Location of buildings – Zaragoza (source: Google Earth)
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 2: Building analysis
North - east
South - west
Faรงade analysis- Zaragoza
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sรกnchez Lรณpez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 2: Building analysis
ZARAGOZA 1 2 3 4 5 6 AVERAGE
N 43,7% 63,6% 33,4% 20,5% 17,0% 26,5% 34,12%
S 0,0% 23,7% 68,0% 22,5% 87,5% 26,5% 38,03%
E 4,0% 23,6% 0,0% 20,5% 87,5% 26,5% 27,02%
W 34,6% 23,6% 0,0% 22,5% 87,5% 26,5% 32,45%
Percentage of glass in each faรงade (Zaragoza)
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sรกnchez Lรณpez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 3: Climate-building comparison
40,00% 35,00% 30,00% 25,00% LULEÅ
20,00%
ZARAGOZA
15,00% 10,00% 5,00% 0,00% N
S
E
W
Percentage of glass in each façade (Luleå - Zaragoza)
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 3: Climate-building comparison Periods of time: - Winter (November – April) - Summer ( May – October) Climate factors: - Temperature - Sunlight hours Orientations: - North and west - South and east Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 3: Climate-building comparison TEMPERATURE (ºC) LULEÅ ZARAGOZA
WINTER -5,8 9,6
SUMMER 9,9 21,4
Temperature – periods of time HOURS OF SUNLIGHT (H) LULEÅ ZARAGOZA
WINTER 8,3 5,6
SUMMER 16,7 9,2
Sunlight hours – periods of time
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 3: Climate-building comparison
ORIENTATION LULEÅ ZARAGOZA
S-E 13,1% 32,5%
N-W 12,1% 33,3%
Orientations– percentage of glass
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 3: Climate-building comparison
Temperature - Percentage of glass 25,0 Zaragoza
Temperature (ยบC)
20,0 15,0 10,0
Lulea
Zaragoza
Winter_SE
5,0
Winter_NW
0,0
Summer_SE
-5,0 -10,0 0,0%
Summer_NW
Lulea 10,0% 20,0% 30,0% Percentage of glass (%)
40,0%
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sรกnchez Lรณpez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 3: Climate-building comparison
Sunlight hours (H)
Sunlight hours - Percentage of glass 18,0 16,0 14,0 12,0 10,0 8,0 6,0 4,0 2,0 0,0 0,0%
Lulea
Zaragoza
Lulea
Zaragoza
Winter_SE Winter_NW Summer_SE Summer_NW
10,0% 20,0% 30,0% Percentage of glass (%)
40,0%
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Results. Part 4: Energy efficient glass Emissivity: - Insulating glass unit 4-20- (4…10) = 2,7 W/m2 · K - Insulating glass unit 4-20- (4…10) if one of the glasses has low emissivity = 1,4 W/m2 · K Solar factor: - Insulating glass unit 4-20- (4…10) = 0,78 - Insulating glass unit 4-20- (4…10) if one of the glasses has low solar factor = 0,52 Price: - Insulating glass unit 4-20- (4…10) = 35 €/m2 - Insulating glass unit 4-20- (4…10) if one of the glasses has low emissivity/ low solar factor = 65 €/m2 Regulations: - According to Swedish Technical Building Code, it is mandatory to use low emissivity glass in Windows of all now buildings. - According to Spanish Technical Building Code, it is not mandatory. Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
Discussion and conclusions Following passive criteria: - Spanish faรงades have a higher percentage of glass than swedish ones. Not following passive criteria: - Orientation of windows
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sรกnchez Lรณpez. Student of Architecture Degree
Discussion and conclusions WHY? In Sweden: - The use of energy efficient glass is mandatory - High economic level - Long time indoor during winter In Spain: - Economic bubble (2000-2008) - Compact cities Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
Limitations and future development LIMITATIONS: - Climate data are secondary. - Not enough buildings and houses have been analysed to make a theory. FUTURE DEVELOPMENT: - Analysing more buildings. - Analysing more cities in both countries to get a more general theory.
Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree
References -
Agurto L., Cabrerizo M.J., Del Amo A., Espinosa P., Roldán E., San Ginés D. (2012). Evaluación del funcionamiento de invernaderos integrados en viviendas V.P.O. y consideraciones de diseño basadas en la experiencia en el barrio de ValdesparteraZaragoza. CIES.
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Boada i Xairó S. (2013). Los límites del vidrio. Aproximación analítica a los límites de las prestaciones energético-lumínicas del vidrio. Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya.
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Esteban Sáiz J.L. (1986). The popular architecture base for a climatic architecture. Application to passive cooling. IETcc/CSIC.
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Fresco Contreras R. (2014). Analysis and comparison of energy saving measures through marginal abatement cost curves. 18th International Congress on Project Management and Engineering Alcañiz.
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García F., Hernández M.A., Turégano J.A. (2013). La inercia térmica de los edificios y su incidencia en las condiciones de confort como refuerzo de los aportes solares de carácter pasivo. Conarquitectura 65-80. Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
References -
Giménez Molina M.C. (2011). Alternativas para la mejora de la eficiencia energética de los acristalamientos: los vidrios dinámicos. Universidad politécnica de Madrid.
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Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara Sánchez López. Student of Architecture Degree
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Report: Scientific paper Climate and human activity - F7011B Sara S谩nchez L贸pez. Student of Architecture Degree