Cmus june2013 by CRV Uitgeverij/CRV Publishers

ED ITION U .S. V O LU M E 5 NO 3 J UN E 2013

IN THIS ISSUE

H O U SIN G

Fastidious management key to successful compost-bedded pack EN ERG Y

Three producers share their experiences with solar energy REPRO D U C TIO N

Evaluation of new reproductive tools

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CO NTENTS

FEATURES

4 15 19 29 33

Cow talk CRV breeding information Barenbrug news Trouw Nutrition news Lely information FARM REPORTS

10 Crossbreeding helps Everett Williams 26 Conservation tillage with Dino Giacomazzi BREEDING

24 The influence of components MANAGEMENT

6 Compost-bedded pack 12 Monitoring rumination 16 Avoid heat stress

Everett Williams: “We have less death loss and a lower cull rate” 10

Amy Ryan Producers sharing their stories

elcome to the summer issue of CowManagement, which showcases producer success stories from around the world. We take a look at housing alternatives with a feature about compost-bedded pack barns. Pack barns are not for all, but are a viable option for dairy producers as a means to improve cow comfort and productivity. The trick to success with a pack is proper bedding management, facility design, and bedding availability. The article on page 6 discusses what’s been learned about this type of housing and includes a producer perspective. When it comes to environmental stewardship, Dino Giacomazzi of Hanford, Calif., is one of many standouts in our industry. Adopting a complete conservation tillage program allowed him to reduce inputs, increase yields and boost profitability all while improving the environment. His story is on page 26. Dairy operations tend to have a lot

of natural sun exposure and some producers are capturing that power to generate green energy for their operations. In a round table entitled “Milk the sun” on page 20 three dairy producers from around the U.S. share their experiences with using solar power generation as another revenue source. On the equipment side of business, rumination monitoring is another way you can manage herd health and productivity. Dairies with robotic milkers use rumination information not only to monitor the ration and digestion in the dairy herd, but also to reveal potential health issues and reduced production. A dairy in British Columbia, Canada shares its story on page 12. Along with all the features, you’ll find articles on new tools for reproduction and heat stress. Enjoy this issue and we hope it brings you information you find useful on a daily basis.

Energy Milking the sun

Feeding Feeding strategies

Reproduction New technologies

Solar is a good fit for dairy farms as it offers financial benefits.

An alternative to growing alfalfa is to include a cool season grass.

Reproductive efficiency can improve with accelerometers and chemical pregnancy tests.

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C O W

TA L K

Zoetis & Texas Tech partner in Salmonella research Zoetis Inc., formerly the animal health business unit of Pfizer has announced a gift of $100,000 for Salmonella research to Texas Tech University, College of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Department of Animal and Food Sciences. The research gift will help provide resources to better understand and describe the ecology of Salmonella in cattle populations and to discover and evaluate tools that might ultimately result in a safer food supply. Guy Loneragan, BVSc, PhD, epidemiologist and professor of food safety and public health at Texas Tech University, says that since the Zoetis gift is allocated to research and discovery in the area of Salmonella and not tied to a specific project or endowment, it has a lot of potential. Dr. Loneragan adds that

this research gift really reflects an ongoing and growing relationship between Zoetis and Texas Tech University that is built on success and trust. Michelle Haven, DVM, PhD, senior vice president, corporate development, alliances and solutions at Zoetis, said that

Grant to reduce dairy’s environmental hoofprint The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has awarded $19.5 million to support research, education and extension activities associated with climate solutions in agriculture aimed at the impacts of climate variability and change on dairy and beef cattle. This announcement is one part of the Department’s efforts to strengthen the rural economy. The University of Wisconsin (UW) in Madison, Wisc., received $9.9 million over five years to study the environmental impact of various dairy production systems and develop best management practices for producers to implement at the farm level. The

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project’s ultimate goal is to increase the resiliency of dairy production systems while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The University of Wisconsin is partnering in the project with the University of Arkansas, Cornell University, the University of Michigan, North Carolina A&T University, Pennsylvania State University and the University of Washington, along with four USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) laboratories, the U.S. Department of Energy and the industry-sponsored Innovation Center for U.S. Dairy. Source: www.usda.gov

research focused in the cattle industry at large will not only help provide important solutions in Salmonella research but also offer opportunities for education and training for graduate students at Texas Tech University. Source: www.zoetis.com

NDS announces 2013 award winners National Dairy Shrine (NDS) has announced the 2013 winners of the Guest of Honor, Pioneer, Distinguished Dairy Cattle Breeder, Graduate Dairy Production and Progressive Dairy Producer awards, honoring past, present and future dairy leaders that have contributed to strengthening the industry. • Guest of Honor: Dr. Robert Cropp, professor at UW-Madison • Distinguished Dairy Cattle breeder: Berneta Gable of New Enterprise, Penn. • Pioneers: William Bickert, DeWitt, Mich.; Clarence Olson, Madison, Wisc.; Maurice Keene, Auburn, Maine; Robert Heilman, Richmond, Vir.; and R. Peter Heffering, Port Perry, ON, Canada • Progressive Dairy Producers: Bill & Kelle Calvert, Cuba City, Wisc. (small herd division) and Dana Metzger, Rock Rapids, Iowa (large herd division). • Graduate Dairy Production Award: Ryan Clark, Tyrone, Penn. The annual NDS awards banquet will be held on September 11 during the 50th Anniversary All American Dairy Show. Source: www.dairyshrine.org

2013

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Newly formulated BRD vaccine available The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has approved use of newly formulated PULMO-GUARD® PH-M, a vaccine used in preventing bovine respiratory disease (BRD) caused by Mannheimia haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida that is marketed by AgriLabs®. Made with a low-reactive, water-soluble adjuvant, PULMOGUARD PH-M is easy on animals and offers exceptional effectiveness. Researchers conducted field studies on PULMO-GUARD PH-M, and found minimal swelling at the site of vaccination and no adverse reactions. About one-third of the calves studied were 30-day-old Holstein calves. Research in 2-month-old beef calves challenged with M. haemolytica showed those vaccinated with PULMOGUARD PH-M had 80 percent fewer

USDA conducts survey USDA’s National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS) contacted farmers and ranchers across the country to gather information about this season’s crop production, supplies of grain in storage, and livestock inventory. During the first two weeks of June, NASS gathered information about U.S. crops and livestock through several surveys focusing on agricultural acreage, crops produced and stored, and hog inventory. Producers either received a survey form to complete or were personally interviewed by a trained enumerator. The information collected in the June surveys is kept strictly confidential, as required by federal law. NASS will not publish any individual’s information. NASS is committed to preserving a relationship of mutual respect and trust with those who supply and use the information collected and provided. http://www.nass.usda.gov

lung lesions and lower mortality than non-vaccinated calves. PULMO-GUARD PH-M is packaged in convenient, ready-to-use, 10-dose and 50-dose packages. It offers improved syringeability and subcutaneous administration. PULMOGUARD PH-M includes a novel lowreaction, water-based adjuvant to provide safe, smooth protection, even in young calves. PULMO-GUARD PHM1 contains the unique Life III adjuvant system to enable single-dose protection. PULMO-GUARD brand vaccines are part of AgriLabs’ portfolio of proven vaccines available from its network of distribution partners. Source: agrilabs.com

Final COOL rule USDA issued a final rule to modify the labeling provisions for muscle cut commodities covered under the Country of Origin Labeling (COOL) program. The rule modifies the labeling provisions to require the origin designations to include information about where each production steps (i.e., born, raised, slaughtered) occurred and removes the allowance for commingling of muscle cuts. In June 2012, the Appellate Body of the World Trade Organization (WTO) affirmed an earlier WTO Panel decision finding that the U.S.’ COOL requirements for certain meat commodities discriminated against Canadian and Mexican livestock imports and were inconsistent with the WTO Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade. The U.S. had until May 23, 2013, to come into compliance with the WTO ruling.

Source: www.ams.usda.gov

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art icl e

Fastidious management key to success ful c

Packed fo r A compost-bedded pack (CBP) is one possible option for increasing cow comfort and productivity. However, success of dairy cattle in CBP housing is linked to management, design and bedding availability. by Amy Ryan

small percentage of dairy producers have discovered compost bedded packs (CBP) are a very viable housing alternative for lactating, dry and special needs cows. According to a presentation at this year’s Southern Dairy Conference in Georgia, Dr. Jeffrey Bewley with the University of Kentucky states CBP was introduced by Virginia dairy producers back in the late 1980s and is based on loose-housing with large, open rest areas. CBP can improve cow comfort, but requires intensive management of the compost process to keep bedding clean and dry. These facilities seem to work well in southern states due to shorter winters, longer summers, access to wood by-products, smaller dairy sizes, and lower initial investment in facilities. CBP barns are not completely confined to the southern U.S. In 2001, the first barn of this type was built in Sleepy Eye, Minn. by Porthaven Dairy (see sidebar). Dr. Marcia Endres, Associate Professor with the University of Minnesota was involved in the pioneer work on the Sleepy Eye barn and other CBP barns. “When the first barn went up here, we didn’t know much about them, but since then, surveys and comparisons in different areas have shed more light on their features, benefits and downfalls,” Endres says. “The most important elements to consider with these barns are pack and ventilation management, appropriate and adequate bedding amounts and stocking density.”

Benefits in terms of cow cleanliness and cow comfort Bewley’s colleague with the University of Kentucky, Joe Taraba, is a 36-year veteran in bioengineering. As an Extension Professor, his work has focused on air and water quality, waste management and facilities. He has worked closely with producers in his state on CBP barns and recently, was involved in an observational study that assessed key management concepts that can determine success or failure of the system. “When first approached by Jeff (Bewley) to assist with producer research and education in this area, my view of CBP barns was negative, but seeing some of them at work truly changed my mind,” says Taraba. “If managed properly they can offer benefits in cow cleanliness, cow comfort, waste handling and odor control.” Taraba adds there is less capital investment in facilities (about

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cess ful compost-bedded pack dairy barns

fo r comfort $8 per square foot); more flexibility for housing cows of different sizes and increased ability for cows to relax. In fact, he states that because of the aforementioned benefits, the number of CBP barns in Kentucky has grown from one in 2002 to 80 today. Endres has seen the same benefits in well managed barns in Minnesota and adds that cows showed less hock lesions and lameness as they were standing on softer packs and somatic cell count (SCC) was low in dairies that implemented good pack management techniques and good milking practices.

Bedding materials In a study comparing bedding sources, Endres and her team found that bedding sources with a lot of structure and absorption capacity work the best in the Midwest. “Our study found that producers need to use a material with smaller density size that can absorb moisture well in the winter and dry better in summer,” says Endres. “Namely, we found sawdust to be the best for this area as it starts at 9-10 percent moisture.” Woodchip fines with very small particle size mixed with sawdust at a two-thirds/one-third ratio may work well as long as initial moisture level stays around 20 percent. However, the cost of bedding is a limiting factor for many operations in the Midwest. “It is very expensive to bed these facilities, namely anywhere from $0.80 to $1.00 per head each day,” Endres says. “This cost coupled with difficulties finding bedding products makes it imperative to buy in bulk and to store bedding material when delivered.” Taraba states that planed wood shavings, mixed with sawdust are the best bedding source in Kentucky because it absorbs water more slowly than sawdust, but absorbs the same amount of water per pound of dry matter. He suggests that producers purchase by dry matter or biomass content as opposed to net weight.

Herd management

Pack management is a key to successfully utilizing a CBP barn

Endres and Taraba agree that pack management is a key to successfully utilizing a CBP barn. Specifically, stirring the pack at least twice daily to ensure proper aeration to maintain moisture levels and temperatures for optimum composting is crucial. “This particular system is all about pack management; making sure the temperature (6-8 inches below the surface) is between 110 and 140 degrees as this heat helps reduce moisture levels in the pack,” says Endres. “Use a thermometer to measure temperature. If it is too low, stir deeper in the pack to add more oxygen and add bedding, which will help promote microbial composting.” Taraba states that moisture and temperature are directly correlated and as moisture is too high, temperatures start to fall, minimizing composting ability. “It is important that producers learn how to judge moisture content of the pack and I encourage them to do a squeeze test just as they would with their silage,” he says. “If they grab a handful of the pack (6 inches down) and

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water can be squeezed from it, bedding must be added. If the material cannot form a ball, it is too dry.” Stocking density also affects pack management and Endres says that at least 100 square feet per animal keeps the pack dry and optimizes cow comfort. Overcrowding leads to higher moisture level and a dirtier, wetter pack. Vaccination for mastitis is a must in this system due to higher bacteria counts in the organic bedding material.

Design considerations When designing a CBP barn, Taraba cites the following. He says producers must consider the maximum population for the barn at any time of the year and have sufficient area per cow. Breed size

and production also impact barn size. The alley way and waterers need to be separated from the bed to allow for maximum intake and maintain moisture levels. Finally, east/west barn orientation reduces sunlight penetration and is best with Kentucky winds during the warm season. A sufficient ridge opening (3”/10 ft of width, minimum 12”) and a 12 foot sidewall opening is recommended for barns less than 40 feet wide, while a 14 foot opening height or higher is recommended for barns wider than 40 feet to optimize ventilation.

Have patience Overall, Endres concludes by saying producers need to learn the management tricks that will work best in their CBP

barns. “These types of facilities take a lot of expertise and their success varies depending on the situation and management,” she says. “Producers who take the time to learn from it and adjust management practices can have very comfortable, more productive cows.” Taraba concurs that excellent management is the overall key to success, but also feels the following keys from a design perspective impact CBP barn success. “Ensuring cows have enough space, having an open barn with good ventilation and using a bedding source that helps keep moisture levels (40-60%) in the pack are all important elements that maximize cow comfort and productivity in compost bedded pack barns.” l

Compost bedding pack barns – an ongoing learning experience In 2001, Tom and Mark Portner of Porthaven Dairy in Sleepy Eye, Minn. constructed the first compost-bedded pack (CBP) barn in the Midwest. “We were looking for an alternative to freestall housing for our 272 cow Brown Swiss herd, and my brother found an article about a dairy in Virginia that was successfully using a CBP barn,” says Tom. “It has been a big learning curve for us, especially the first four or five years, but with proper management our cow comfort and herd average have increased substantially while maintaining herd SCC.” In fact, Tom says that the increased cow comfort boosted their herd average from 20,000 to 23,000 in their first year when just a portion of their herd moved into this new housing type. This statistic was enough to encourage them to build another barn in 2005, so all

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their cattle could be on a CBP barn. Today they consistently have one of the highest herd averages in the county at 27,000 pounds. What has led to this increase in production? Tom feels that cows have the ability to eat more in a comfortable environment. Their dry matter intake increased so much that today they are feeding their barn of 90 cows a ration mixed for 120 cows. Since the cows are more comfortable and under less stress, they have less mastitis. Of course, he is quick to cite other management factors that impact cow comfort. “I’ve used many bedding sources over the years based on availability and through it all have found sawdust works the best for us. Having a good relationship with our bedding supplier is key,” he says. “Sixteen foot sidewalls are a must. Proper waterer

placement and keeping curtains open for proper ventilation is also important.” When asked what advice he’d offer to producers, he says it’s important to look at the packs in terms of keeping the cows clean. If they start to look dirty, add bedding because if packs get too wet, cows aren’t comfortable and production decreases. Also, vaccinating for mastitis is important due to increased level of bacteria. Overall, he says that with good management, this housing system has been financially viable for them. “While the cost of bedding may be high, our reduction in cull rate, increased cow comfort and production and difference in manure storage and handling have made it profitable for us.”

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H E R D

WDairy LLC The switch from Holsteins to cross breds helped Everett Williams to double the size of his herd.

R E P O RT

Madison

Number of cows: 1,400 Number of acres: 2,000 acres owned and rented Production: 23,167 lbs RHA, 3x milking Somatic Cell Count:173,000

Everett Williams

A crossbred cow in the sand bedding

Crossbreeding helps Williams to improve fertility

Better health, less hassle Crossbreeding with Holsteins, Jerseys and Swedish Red has helped fuel expansion for Georgia producer Everett Williams. He improved fertility, health issues and culling rates. by Becky Mills

fter being 100% Holstein since his father started the herd in 1958, crossbreeding was definitely a departure from the norm for Everett Williams. However, in December of ’04, he started breeding every heifer to a Jersey sire and followed with the cows in March of ’05. “We thought there would be more profit potential,” says the Madison, Georgia, dairyman. “Our Holsteins had gotten too big, we were pulling too many calves and we were spending too much on health problems. It was taking the fun out of dairying.” Now, all but 100 Holsteins in the 1,400 cow herd are the product of a three breed rotational cross with Holsteins, Jerseys and Swedish Red. “They are easier to breed back and they are vigorous” he says. While it’s hard to compare conception rates exactly, he estimates they are a third better. The last 12 months the conception rates on the 100

Holsteins were 26%, but he stresses the cattle are older. The conception rates on the Holstein x Jersey crosses were 38% while the conception rates on the Holstein x Jersey x Swedish Red crosses were 30%. However, he is using sexed semen, which typically has lower pregnancy rates, on the three way crosses.

Smaller summer drop in milk “We have less death loss, more longevity and a lower cull rate. Before our cull rate was in the high 20% range. Now it is 20%,” Williams says. And the calving interval has dropped from 14 months with Holsteins to 12.9 months with the crossbred herd. Culling rate is an important figure since it costs around $1,500 to raise a replacement heifer. Because of more calves and increased longevity, he has doubled the size of the herd in the last five years.

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H E R D

WDairy LLC The switch from Holsteins to cross breds helped Everett Williams to double the size of his herd.

R E P O RT

Madison

Number of cows: 1,400 Number of acres: 2,000 acres owned and rented Production: 23,167 lbs RHA, 3x milking Somatic Cell Count:173,000

Everett Williams

A crossbred cow in the sand bedding

Crossbreeding helps Williams to improve fertility

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A Holstein-Jersey-Swedish Red crossbred

1,400 cows are milked three times a day

Back from the parlor to the barn

“We have less lameness, less mastitis and less health problems,” Williams adds. “Feed conversion is better, one tenth of a point. It has gone from 1:1.4 to 1:1.5. There is less maintenance because they are smaller animals. The volume of milk has decreased but the product is more valuable because of the butter fat content.” The RHA on 3x milking is 23,167 lbs, down 2,000 lbs from their days of Holsteins. However, the butterfat content has increased from 3.8% to 4.2%. “They don’t drop as much in production in the summer but they don’t peak as high in the winter,” Williams says.

Wisconsin dairy scientist, agrees with his priorities. “Be sure the breeds you are using are numerically large enough to make good genetic progress and have active herd improvement programs. Stay away from novelty breeds.” In Williams’ case, Jerseys, the number two breed in the U.S., were a natural for the first cross. “We looked at what we needed in the Southeast as far as heat tolerance and they bring fertility and good feet.” Swedish Red got the nod for the third breed because, “We wanted a red breed. They are very fertile and they have very good temperaments. The HolsteinJersey crosses can get a little flighty but the Swedish Red calms them down. They also have the next highest milk production to Holsteins.” Even with the advantages of crossbreeding, Williams says there are drawbacks. “The bull calves are worthless. They are smaller and don’t bring as much. We’re looking at using a beef breed on the lower end of the cows. “We’ve also been disappointed in the persistence of lactation. We had bred our Holsteins to be very persistent and we thought the crossbreds would be even better because of hybrid vigor. But they aren’t.” The dairy producer says mating decisions take a bit longer, too. “We pick the very best bull we can. It has to be highly proven.” He says careful selection is crucial for the crossbreds. “Select for tight udders. Pick the best udder you can on the Jersey because a Jersey-Holstein crosses has a tendency to have large udders.” Still, Williams is not ready to go back to straight Holsteins. He states, “Dairying is a lot less hassle now.” l

Three way rotational cross

Crossbred calves at WDairy LLC

Steve Washburn, North Carolina State University extension dairy specialist, is not surprised with Williams’ positive experience with crossbreeding. “For 50 to 60 years we’ve selected for the production traits in Holsteins and, until the last several years, we’ve ignored the fitness traits. In many cases, production traits have slight to moderate negative correlations with fitness traits,” Washburn says. Heritability of the fitness traits, like reproduction, are low, around 4%, so the faster, more efficient way to improve fitness traits is with crossbreeding, not selection. In addition, Washburn agrees with Williams’ decision to go with a three way rotational cross rather than a two way cross. “With the first cross you get 100% of the hybrid vigor. But long term you only get two thirds of the hybrid vigor with a two way cross. With three breeds you get 83%.” Williams spent a great deal of time and thought choosing the breeds in his cross. Kent Weigel, University of

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H ea lth

Automatic measurement of rumination offers early detection of health problems

Monitoring changes in rumination Robotic dairies use rumination information not only to monitor the ration and digestion in the dairy herd but also, in combination with all other robot sensors, to reveal potential health issues and the reasons why a cow isn’t producing well. by Ben Smink The Mulder family, Abbotsford, BC, Canada

hen Allan and Dianne Mulder bought Gifford Acres Farm from Allan’s parents in 1993, they never imagined robots would someday milk

their herd, or notify them of cow health issues before cows become ill. But after raising three daughters on their Abbotsford, British Columbia, farm,

two robotic milkers and herd health monitoring arrived. “There are many reasons to opt for robotic milking,” says Katelyn, Allan

Rumination, heat control and cow identification systems offer dairy farmers a completely new way to monitor cow health

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and Dianne’s oldest daughter. “For us, dad wanted to slow down, and we decided to make it so running the farm would be a ‘one and a half man’ show.” In February 2011, Katelyn and her husband, Curtis Delange, moved home to take on farm duties and give Allan a chance to slow down and settle into semi-retirement. “It was in 2006 that we first heard about robotic milking,” says Katelyn. “We originally talked about robotics with the mindset of a 10 year plan once my husband and I moved home, however dad was talking to the banker one day who asked, ‘why not, just go for it?’” Together, Curtis and Allan toured robotic dairies in Ontario. After significant research and discussions with various people, including a neighbor who had recently transitioned to automation, the family opted for Lely’s Astronaut robotic milking system. Today, the robotic milkers offer Gifford Acres full control over their herd of 90 milking cows with the help of management tools within the robots and rumination monitoring.

Monitoring herd health Rumination activity is critical for every ruminating animal’s health. Modern technologies give Gifford Acres a completely new way to monitor and improve individual cow health, making herd management easier. Lely’s Qwes-

Pain relief and rumination A recent study found that pressure algometers and rumination loggers show promise as tools to detect mastitis and monitor recovery on farm. Fitzpatrick, C.E., and Ken E. Leslie

HR collars measure the rumination of cows together with their activity and offer Gifford Acres the earliest available information on potential cow health problems. “Rumination gives us the ability to catch metabolic disorders at a subclinical level, especially ketosis,” says Curtis. “Combining rumination with other sensors gives us the opportunity to determine whether a cow has an udder health or rumen health problem.” Thanks to improved health status, milk production, too, can increase. Changes in rumination are oftentimes the earliest sign a producer can obtain from cows to warn about potential problems. The earlier a potential health problem is recognized, the easier and cheaper the problem is likely to manage. “We’ve seen way more milk,” says Curtis. “There is also less stress on the cow’s udder and less stress throughout the entire herd.”

Figure 1: Among others, activity, heat probability and rumination, a clear decrease in rumination (blue line) is seen around heat

in Journal of Dairy Science Vol. 96 No. 5 (2013): Page 1, print: “The effect of meloxicam on pain sensitivity, rumination time and clinical signs in dairy cows with endotoxin-induced clinical mastitis.”

If a cow is sick and needs attention, monitoring rumination tells Gifford Acres if the proper course of action has been taken because rumination will increase prior to milk increasing again. “Along with activity, rumination gives us an upper hand when it comes to heat detection,” says Curtis. “We can pick up on silent heats with drops in rumination and no change in activity.”

Heat detection A recent German published article (Reith et al. 2012) investigated whether automatically measured rumination could be used to detect estrus/heat in dairy cattle. Five robot dairies with herd sizes ranging from 50-130 cows, equipped their cows with the Qwes-HR sensors to continuously record ruminating activity in 36 blocks of two hours. The duration of rumination on the day of heat (mean = 366 min/d) was significantly lower than the mean of three days before and three days after estrus, respectively (445 min/d). The average decrease in rumination was 17.8 percent (= 79 min) with a great variability between –79% and +16% among animals. Both the herd and parity noticed a decrease in rumination during heat. Among the herds analyzed, rumination decrease in estrus cows ranged between 14 percent (78 min/d) and 24 percent (94 min/d). In addition to the detection of heat, rumination is a good indication of the overall wellbeing of the cow. Any disease-related stress shows a decrease in rumination time and/or deviation in activity. The study concluded that the automatic measurement of rumination does help detect estrus/heat in dairy cows and is thus a useful tool to improve reproductive management. l

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CRV

B R EEDIN G

N E W S

CRV bulls offer more profit The April 2013 sire evaluations for CRV presented bulls with a basis for an efficient dairy breeding program. With an excellent line-up of Holstein and Jersey sires that showcase functional type, high combined fat and protein, and increasing milk production; their daughters are sure to be long-living, efficient, and profitable producers. CRV’s Jersey program continues to develop with several outstanding sires. Kindle (Zuma x Jas Bungy x Jace) is the No. 4 genomic bull for LCM$ at +717. He also is +621 NM$, and +7.0 PL. Just released, Royalty (Roy x Legal x Lirsk) promises high quality daughters with 240 JPI, Global star Chevrolet scores 2484 GTPI

+1431 M, and +146 combined fat and protein. Also new, Rawls (Valentino x Matinee) and Levy (Valentino x Maximum) excel in production with over +1350 M, +135 combined fat and protein, and +530 CM$. Newly released Holstein, December (Shamrock x O Man x Teamster), debuts at 2294 GTPI, +830 NM$, 155 lbs combined fat and protein, and a +7.3 PL. Havoc (Hunter x Colby x Potter) has quickly become the star child of CRV bull Hunter (MOM x Shottle x Goldwyn). Both offer over 100 lbs combined fat and protein, +680 NM$, and both improve rear udders. Ranger (Latroy x Shottle x Goldwyn) provides functional type with moderate production with

+3.01 PTAT, +2.69 UDC, +767 M, and +107 combined fat and protein. Darson (Grafeeti x Baxter x Mtoto) promises excellent udders that milk well with +1265 M, +3.19 FUA, +3.50 RUH, and +3.22 RUW. Three other new releases Safford, Krater, and Calvin all have over +100 lbs combined fat and protein with functional type scores. Returning to the line-up is global star Chevrolet (Freddie x Planet). With scores of 2345 lbs milk and +915 NM$ crossed with 2484 GTPI, and over +2.00 for PTAT, Chevrolet can offer breeders improvements in any area.

Kindle is the No. 4 genomic bull for LCM$

Du Plessis joins CRV in California

Schalk du Plessis

Schalk du Plessis, Visalia, Calif., has joined CRV as an area sales manager. Coming to the organization with more than 10

years of experience in the A.I. industry, Schalk has a strong working understanding of the dairy industry. “Schalk exhibits a strong enthusiasm and aggressiveness that matches the culture of CRV,” stated Brett Haines, vice president of CRV USA. “His strong sales experience, dedication to his customers, and dairy industry knowledge will ensure his success.” As an area sales manager, Schalk will be responsible for developing distributor networks, service support teams and reproductive management

support for dairy producers to continue improving how they operate. Working with field, office and his extensive network, Schalk will identify and recruit the tools and people needed to provide better solutions to dairy owners and herd managers. “I’m excited to be working for a company where I can grow my sales knowledge,” Schalk said. “CRV’s direction and focus on components, along with their interest in employee development, is what excited me about the company.”

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H e a l th

A sudden spike in temperatures can quickly cause problems for dairy cattle

How to manage heat stress Cattle can acclimate to changes in temperature over time, but the first few days of heat stress can be as hard on cows as an extended period of heat. Monitor the Temperature Humidity Index to estimate the effect of temperature and humidity. by Kate Jackson

s you are reading this, your cows have more than likely already experienced several days of heat stress. Heat stress occurs when the body’s heat load is greater than the capacity to lose heat. Heat stress felt by humans and animals is influenced by two major factors: temperature and humidity. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) designed the

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Temperature Humidity Index (THI) to estimate the effect of temperature and humidity on cattle. Most will recognize the human equivalent “Heat Index”. The equation for THI is air temperature – [0.55-(0.55 * percent relative humidity / 100)] * (air temperature – 58.8) Dairy cattle experience heat stress when the THI is above 72. Cattle can acclimate to changes in temperature

over time, but the first few days of heat stress can be as hard on cows as an extended period of heat. This is why we see the effects of even short-term periods of stress from heat and humidity in the northern states.

Improving water supply Heat stress typically results in a decrease of many important production parameters: dry matter intake (DMI) by 9% or greater, milk production (7-12 pounds per cow per day), body condition (0.25-0.5 BCS), conception rates (perhaps by as much as 50%). Heat stress also increases less desirable production parameters: delayed follicular development, smaller calves, increased bacterial mastitis and acidosis followed by laminitis in 6-8 weeks. What can be done to manage cows

2013

03-06-13 15:32

adequate water in the area the cows are turned into after milking is recommended. Feed management should also be adjusted. Cows will eat more feed when they are cooler, suggesting feeding early in the morning or after the sun has set and under shade. Feeding smaller meals more frequently may also encourage cows to eat. Dry feed is not palatable under the best of conditions but particularly not under heat stress. Water can be added to the TMR to decrease the dry matter to 45-55% and increase feed intake. This may help reduce sorting by the cows and separation in the mixer.

Kill molds on feed

Heat stress typically results in a decrease of many important production parameters

under heat stress? Improving water supply and quality is a good place to start. Cows need two linear feet of water space per head in the alleyway or two linear feet of water for every 10-15 cows that use that water trough in a group. The water flow should be at least 3-5 gallons per minute through the trough

and it should have 6-12 inches of water depth to help keep the water cool. Water troughs should be cleaned (scrubbed and disinfected) at least every week. Hot cows will drink more water if the water is cool and in the shade. Given 30-50% of the daily water intake is consumed within 1 hour of milking, providing

air temperature (F)

Table 1: The Temperature Humidity Index, based on air temperature and relative humidity heat stress

100 95 90 85 80 75 70

80.7 78.1 75.4 72.8 70.1 67.4 64.8

83.0 80.1 77.1 74.2 71.3 68.3 65.4

85.3 82.1 78.8 75.6 72.4 69.2 66.0

87.5 84.0 80.6 77.1 73.6 70.1 66.6

89.8 86.0 82.3 78.5 74.8 71.0 67.2

92.1 88.0 84.0 80.0 75.9 71.9 67.8

94.3 90.0 85.7 81.4 77.1 72.8 68.5

96.6 92.0 87.4 82.8 78.3 73.7 69.1

98.9 94.0 89.1 84.3 79.4 74.6 69.7

relative humidity (%)

Keeping feed fresh should be a priority. Donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t continue to push up old feed refusals and donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t try to feed the old feed to the dry cows. Check for secondary fermentation in the feed. If the feed in the bunk is hotter than ambient temperatures, it is probably molding. Mold growth in a feed is directly related to its moisture content and ambient temperatures, with moisture over 12% being the single most important factor. Dry calcium propionate and sodium propionate are poor mold inhibitors for use in TMRs because these compounds must be solubilized with the available moisture in the feed to become active. Once active, they can only kill mold by surface contact as these compounds do not volatize and move through the feed. Dry pure propionic acid is very effective at killing molds because it is very volatile, but it is difficult to handle due to respiratory irritation and its extremely corrosive nature. Dry ammoniated propionic acid is buffered to reduce corrosion and reduce respiratory irritation. It is very effective and kills molds on contact. Because of its slow volatilization rate, it will kill mold on feed over a longer period of time, thus extending the bunk life of the TMR. Cattle struggle to dissipate heat when the THI is 72 or greater. When cattle are under heat stress, they produce less milk at a greater cost. Managing your cowâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water supply and consumption along with small changes in your feed management will help your cows fight heat stress. l

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“Developing veloping Quality Heifers Heifers”

Would you like to make reservations for your advertisement in CowManagement, don’t hesitate and book now! Please contact our advertisement team:

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Lindsay Boelter Phone: 952-905-3204 E-mail: lindsay.boelter@bock-assoc.com CMUS04-cover.indd

C A L F H E A LT H

Automatic calf feeders offer more flexibility BREEDING

New technology shapes future of genetics FORAGE AND F EEDING SPECIA L

Focus on grazing, grasses and robotic feeding

31-08-12 16:46

‘The best choice for dairy producers’

AGRiPROM TOTAL COW COMFORT

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FORAGE NEWS

Cool season grasses for winter-killed alfalfa stands This past winter has produced significant stand losses in alfalfa fields throughout the upper Midwest. One solution is to drill modern grasses into these thinned stands. If a short-term solution is desired, then Green Spirit™ Italian Ryegrass blend is the ideal choice, while STF™-43 Soft-Leaf Fescue blend provides a perennial grass solution. Italian ryegrass provides excellent quality forage for up to two years, depending on climate and available moisture. Due to its quick regrowth, very early development in spring and prolonged growing period in the fall, this species usually has greater overall productivity than other cool

season grasses. When planted in the spring, Italian ryegrass will not go to seed in the first season. This growth habit results in high quality forage production without the low quality stems and seed heads during the first year. Recently, Italian ryegrass has been recognized as the perfect rotation crop for plow down or emergency feed. Crops that follow a stand of Italian ryegrass also show higher yields, compared to other green manure crops. Tetraploid varieties of Italian ryegrasses have higher fresh-yield, high moisture content, broader leaves and are often more disease resistant. Use Green Spirit, a perfect blend of diploid and tetraploid Italian ryegrasses, as a rotation crop for fall planting.

When planted in the spring, seed heads do not emerge during the first year. Green Spirit is a perfect high quality emergency feed. Green Spirit offers higher yields of higher quality forage for a lower seed cost (See table 1). Table 1: Short lived forage trial, 2011-2012, PA, fall sowing

DM yield tons/acre Green Spirit Trical 815 Triticale W1566 Wheat Aroostock Rye FS 950 Barley

cut 1

cut 2

cut 3

total

1,9 2,9 2,6 2,4 2,3

2,4

1,8

6,1 2,9 2,6 2,4 2,3

CP ADF NDF NDFD % of DM Green Spirit Trical 815 Triticale W1566 Wheat Aroostock Rye FS 950 Barley

16,8 16,9 16,5 16,3 15,5

28,5 28,4 26,7 32,3 27,3

49,1 48,2 46,3 53,7 47,1

53,0 50,1 44,3 47,1 48,5

Barenbrug USA appoints James Schneider as CEO Barenbrug USA has appointed James Schneider as the new CEO and president. Starting May 1st, Schneider will lead Barenbrug USA to further expand its market share in the U.S. and export markets. Current CEO John Thyssen comments, “James Schneider brings a great deal of experience and knowledge to Barenbrug USA. James has managed JB Instant Lawn and Nursery as a CEO for three years through one of the toughest times of that industry. James has a very strong financial background and combines that with a unique blend of experience in the professional turf business, the consumer product business as well

as dealing with grass seed growers, universities and other industry insiders.” Schneider grew up in rural Illinois and received his bachelor of science in finance and also completed commercial flight training. Schneider flew for SkyWest Airlines from 2000 to 2002. In 2002, Schneider made a career shift and started with JB Instant Lawn and Nursery. Schneider is excited to begin his career with Barenbrug USA. “It is an honor to lead a great team with great products! The seeds of success are evident and I look forward to being a catalyst that helps springboard off this foundation for future growth for all, from supply chain to the ultimate customer.”

James Schneider can be reached at: jschneider@barusa.com and 541-619-6306

For more information on BARENBRUG products and services contact customer services: Tel. 800.547.4101 BARENBRUG web address: www.barusa.com • BARENBRUG email address: info@barusa.com COW MAN AG E ME N T

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M A N A G E M E N T

A solar installation may cut operating costs

Milking the sun Dairy operations tend to have a lot of natural sun exposure. That means solar power generation is taking off as a revenue source on some dairies. Three producers share their experiences with solar as a long-term hedge against rising energy costs. by JoDee Satler

he same sun that helps animals and crops flourish can also help farmers boost their bottom line via reduced power costs and power company payments. Plus, farms’ wide-open spaces have ample room for solar panels that capture and generate energy. “Solar is a good fit for dairy farms, as it offers an additional form of financial income for the dairy, while also producing renewable energy,” says Cara Gillen, Clean Energy and Climate Change Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Pacific Southwest Region, San Francisco. “The production and use of renewable energy offsets the use of fossil fuel-based energy; therefore reducing greenhouse gas emissions and other harmful pollutants. Dairies are good candidates for renewable energy infrastructure, as they have high energy needs and consequently the produced electricity can be used directly on site.” Gillen adds that the main benefit to dairy farms that install solar systems on site is the offset of energy costs. “Due to the structure of financing, dairies can start to save money immediately after the solar system is installed, with no up-front costs. In addition, dairies with renewable energy systems are able to tout their environmental commitment and reduced carbon footprint.” We asked three dairy producers, Mike

Monteiro, Katrina Rainey and Mark Seibert, why they installed solar power and how it is helping their businesses. Why did you decide to add solar panels to your dairy operation? Mike Monteiro: “In 2008 and 2009, several investors called us about buying or renting some of our land for a solar power installation. We have land that lies within 0.5 mile of a Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) substation. Due to the size of our dairy herd, we

couldn’t part with any of our land. “During the 2009 economic downturn, we met with our banker to consider some options of getting through this challenging financial period. As our banker was leaving the meeting, I mentioned that a few investors had contacted us about a potential solar project and we were thinking about exploring solar power generation. He stopped in his tracks, because Rabobank just opened a green energy department. I did a lot of research and contacted SPG Solar, Petaluma, Calif. We toured one of their solar installations and then looked at some numbers. “Financially, the numbers looked good; so, I turned my research over to Rabobank. They agreed to finance the project and SPG Solar submitted the rebate application to California Solar Initiative (CSI). The rebate provides 15 cents for every kilowatt-hour of energy produced, which comes as a monthly payment for the first five years. Also, we received a 30% cash grant from the federal government. Basically, this was our down payment for the system. We had no out-of-pocket expenses.” Katrina Rainey: “First, it allows us to hedge against long-term rising utility

Solar panels efficiently capture solar energy to generate green energy

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Mike Monteiro Mike Monteiro, Lakeside Dairy, Hanford, Calif., milks 3,500 cows, raises 3,500 replacement heifers and farms 1,000 acres, growing alfalfa, wheat and corn silage.

costs. Second, it makes sense financially, as agencies provide rebates. And third, it reduces our greenhouse gas emissions and carbon footprint.” Mark Seibert: “We installed the system to take control of electricity costs. We process our milk and store dairy products on our farm, so we use more electricity than most small dairies. Our dairy is on a commercial meter and billed at a higher rate than our home. Thus, as usage and costs grew, we looked for alternatives to the conventional utility supply.” Please describe the size and scope of your solar installation. Monteiro: “We have 3,240 Suntech panels, 275 watts each, located on 4 acres. The single-axis tracker moves the panels with the sunlight to capture the most solar energy. Two Solaron inverters convert the solar DC power to AC current to run the dairy. The system

Katrina Rainey Katrina Rainey, Curtimade Dairy, Tulare, Calif., works with her father Ben Curti and sisters Tessa Hall and Courtney Curti. The century-old family farm has 3,000 milking cows and 3,000 heifers.

Mark Seibert Mark Seibert, Clear Springs Creamery of Clear Spring, Md., operates a pasture-based dairy operation. They process milk and other dairy foods, which are marketed locally.

feeds one meter located in the dairy barn and SPG Solar monitors energy production daily via the Internet. “Our only responsibilities are to keep the weeds down and clean the solar panels, which is done every three weeks. It costs about $500 each time we wash the panels. Water pipes were installed to ease the task of washing panels. SPG Solar maintains and monitors the system. They know if something’s not working properly. For example, they contacted us because the tracker/panels weren’t moving during the day. It turns out that we forgot to turn the tracker back on after we finished washing the panels.” Rainey: “Our system includes numerous panels, a ground-mounted solar tracking system and 719-kilowatt photovoltaic tracking array. We considered fixed panels, but we decided on a single-axis tracking system because we would generate 25% more energy.

Also, we didn’t need as many panels or land to generate the desired amount of energy if we used a tracking system. We wash the panels twice a month. Clean panels help maximize energy production. In the one-plus years we’ve had it, we’ve never had any issues.” Seibert: “The system is 21-kilowatt, ground-mounted photovoltaic. There are eight individual poles with 12 mounted panels on each pole, totaling 96 individual panels. Each pole has a tilting mechanism, which allows panel angle adjustment to orient the panels for optimal solar collection.” Where are the solar panels located? Monteiro: “We had a perfect spot for the panels, along the road and upwind from our dairy. This placement is extremely helpful in keeping the dairy’s dust away from the panels. A chain-link fence, topped with barbed wire, surrounds the system, for security and insurance purposes.” Rainey: “Our panels are located near the milking barn. This land was not cropped and wasn’t used a lot. We didn’t want to remove land from crop production to install the solar panels. Initially, we looked at areas near four electrical meters. We wanted the panels closest to high energy use areas. After crunching some numbers, we selected a site with easy access to two meters. The meters are located by the manure separator/calf area and milking barn. These operations run 24/7; other areas with meters use energy intermittently.” Seibert: “The panels are located in a pasture adjacent to the dairy and milk processing creamery.” What advice do you have for working out agreements with the power company? Monteiro: “SPG Solar took care of our agreement. Their extensive experience was helpful in attaining what’s most important to me – financial security. The system had to pay its way;

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M A N A G E M E N T

it had to make financial sense. They (SPG Solar) were really wonderful to work with, helping us secure the CSI rebate and connecting us with PG&E. The system should be completely paid for in seven years.” Rainey: “Do your homework. Several solar companies have popped up; you need to make sure your supplier is reputable. SPG Solar came in and left on time; all numbers were right on.” Seibert: “Our system installer handled all county permits and power company agreements and permits. Let a professional handle these aspects of a solar power-generating project.” How much energy are you generating? Monteiro: “Initially, the system was planned to generate 90% of the dairy’s energy needs. Immediately after we installed the system, we enhanced cow cooling by adding more fans and misters. This upped our power needs. Now, the solar power system produces about 75% of our energy needs. SPG Solar guaranteed us that our system would generate at least 1.7 million kilowatt hours (kWh) per year. If the system produces less than this level, SPG Solar owes us money. In the first year of operation, we produced a little more than 1.7 million kWh; in the second year, 1.8 million kWh.” Rainey: “The solar tracking system produces more than 1.42 million kWh yearly and powers 80-85% of Curtimade Dairy’s electricity needs. This equates to producing enough electricity to power 130 average American homes annually. In other terms, our system is expected to reduce greenhouse gases by 27,000 tons over the 25-year warranted life of the solar panels, which is equivalent to annually removing 192 passenger vehicle cars from roads.” Seibert: “The solar system provides

Reasons to consider solar energy • Reasonably priced equipment and installation. • 30% federal tax credit available until 2016. • 50% ﬁrst-year bonus depreciation allowances available until the end of 2013. • Local rebates and incentives available in many markets. • Immediate savings through lower electricity rates.

about 70% of our farm’s total electricity needs. The power’s retail value is about $700 per month.” What lessons have you learned? Monteiro: “Solar power energy generation is a very simple process; don’t be afraid of the unknown. The panels have a 25-year guarantee and the inverter has a 10-year guarantee.” Rainey: “Visit with others who have installed solar panels. The main reason we selected SPG Solar is because they guaranteed energy output from their systems. No one else made that guarantee. Our system is exceeding the energy production we were promised.” Seibert: “Solar energy is a great investment. It allows you to control electricity generation costs pretty far into the future. Our system should be functional for at least 25 years. We project a cash payback of less than five years, based on direct cost savings, renewable energy credit payment and depreciation tax savings. Initially, the system has a high installation cost; but if that can be managed, the return on investment will be worthwhile. I have also learned that the days we feel the most heat from the sun aren’t necessarily when the system generates the most electricity. The highest production I have seen was on a 40-degree (Fahrenheit) day with clear, crisp air.”

What benefits have you realized? Monteiro: “We achieved significant energy savings by installing this system. Our bank just finished a cost analysis and we’re $250,000 to the positive, after 2 years and 3 months of use.” Rainey: “The system has saved us $145,000 a year in electricity costs. We looked at leasing vs. a loan. We chose a loan so we could capture tax incentives, which paid for almost half of the system. We expect to have the system paid for in seven to 10 years. Within 60 days of receiving the incentives, we were producing electricity. “There’s lots of room for solar. PG&E wants it; California wants it; the U.S. wants it; everyone wants clean energy.” Seibert: “Our long-term goal is to be completely self-sufficient, meaning no imported energy, including electricity, fertilizer and feeds. We want the sun to fuel our farm, meaning photovoltaic for electricity and a pasture-based farming system that transfers solar energy from pastures into milk and, ultimately, our finished products. We retail products at farmers markets and customers have a positive view of our solar project and farming system. “Ultimately, the bottom-line benefit is tremendous short-term and longterm electricity cost savings. Based on the system’s success, so far, we expect to add additional panels to meet our remaining electricity needs.” l

The complete 21-kilowatt, tiltable solar array will function for at least 25 years

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COW MAN AG E ME N T

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B R E E D I N G

Dairy exports are the primary reason why the U.S. dairy industry has survived the way it has

Components: the key to the future Sometimes the solutions to the hardest problems are right there under our nose. With exports of dairy products expanding, it becomes possible for dairy producers to breed cows to match the market better and pocket the added value.

higher fat and protein content is worth more than a larger volume of milk with fewer solids. This creates an excellent opportunity for producers.” As you can see in table 1, even with a loss of 2,000 pounds of milk in her lactation, approximately 1% increase in

by Matthew Costello

ilk prices aren’t great. They maintain a high enough level for dairies to profit, but margins are extremely slim. With years like last year offering a nation-wide drought, or 2009 having major effects on the bottom line, the question becomes how has the dairy industry survived? One word: exports. Dairy exports are the primary reason why the U.S. dairy industry has survived the way it has. There’s only one problem with exporting milk, we can’t ship fluid milk across the ocean. This fact has led the individual components of milk to become worth more than the whole product. According to the USDA in 2012, 72% of total U.S. milk produced was processed into products such as cheese, yogurt, and whey powder. Of all the dairy

products produced, 13% was exported from the country. This number has drastically been increasing during the last few years due to changes in trade agreements and legislation. The USA now ranks fifth in world dairy exports; with milk solids exported valuing just over $3.3 billion.

Willing to pay for premium milk Dairy producers have the opportunity to increase revenue without breaking the bank. Dairy processors are much more willing to pay a premium for milk with high solids than they have ever been. Lee Kilmer, Iowa State University dairy science professor, reminds us, “Midwest pricing systems pay on pounds of fat and protein. Even on a per cow/per lactation basis less milk with a

Table 1: Value of increased component percentages

pounds of milk/ lactation

percent fat

percent protein

total fat & protein

price per cwt.

total value

3.5 4.5

2.9 3.5

1792 2080

$17.50 $17.50

$314 $365

28,000 26,000

Table 2: Heritability of production traits

breed

milk pounds

Holstein Jersey

fat pounds protein pounds

.30 .35

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.30 .35

fat percent protein percent .58 .53

.51 .53

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component levels can offer almost $50 per cow/per lactation. Kilmer also makes the point that a cow that isnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t stressed to have record setting lactations, will have improved reproductive performance and is less likely to be culled, ultimately earning the producer more money. According to studies completed at Penn State University and universities around the country, heritability of fat and protein percent is both over 50%, and heritability for fat and protein pounds are over 30%. Table 2 shows us that changing breeds to those with higher component percentages is not the only option. Producers can work with breeding specialists to design breeding and mating programs, making selections based on

component production and get the same end result. This reason is why bull studs, including CRV USA, have created breed leading component bull line-ups to offer producers simple methods to increase their profit margins.

Nutritional changes Along with selecting breeds or making breeding selections based on component production to make your milk more exportable, simple changes around the farm can make improvements. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Nutritional changes are the simplest and quickest methods to increase component production,â&#x20AC;? states Kilmer. Milk fat can be changed more rapidly than protein, but changes in both can be seen in 3 to 6 weeks. Consult a dairy nutritionist to

determine which feed stuffs will be most cost effective for your dairy. Management practices such as forage testing, tests of TMR particle size, tracking production records, and even body condition scoring can help maintain high component production levels. While the world changes and develops, high quality protein and energy sources will become increasingly in demand world wide. Products like whey, butterfat, and cheese will see increased export levels to meet this demand. Across the dairy industry, we must work together to supply a product that meets consumer demand either here in the U.S. or across the globe. With increased exports, both producers and consumers are happy. l

Dairy processors are much more willing to pay a premium for milk with high solids

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C R O P S

Leopold award winner strives to do more with less

Conservation tillage: develop a system Dino Giacomazzi is not compelled to farm the way his forefathers did. Adopting a complete conservation tillage program allowed him to reduce inputs, increase yields and boost profitability, all while improving the environment. by JoDee Sattler

ino Giacomazzi, Hanford, Calif., took the road less traveled to embark on his farming career. Yes, he grew up on a dairy farm established by his great grandfather in 1893 and studied dairy science at Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, but that’s when he took a detour. He spent nearly 14 years “in the city,” working in the music business and then software development and marketing. Then, in 2003, when his father’s health started failing, Dino returned home to the family’s farm, which includes 900 cows and 900 acres of cropland. “I didn’t like farming much,” he says. “Farming represented a distraction from our core business, milking cows. I wanted to farm a ‘simpler way’ and reduce the amount of time invested in growing crops.” Based on his business experience, Giacomazzi learned that when you start a new project, it is important to begin with the most current information and technology. Thus, Dino took a hard look at the current state of farming. Concurrently, Dino’s father applied for a Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) reduced tillage program grant. In order to comply with the grant’s terms, the Giacomazzis had to find ways to reduce the number of passes in crop fields to mitigate transient dust issues. This led to a study of different technologies and practices available for conservation tillage (CT).

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“One of the most important lessons I’ve learned in developing a CT program is that you must develop a system,” says Giacomazzi. If, for example, a farmer implements strip tilling (limiting the area of soil disturbance) without considering how to manage nutrients and weeds, it is unlikely the program will be successful. “Lack of planning usually leads to less than desirable outcomes. Spend time learning and effectively planning CT systems and you will be successful. All sizes of farms can successfully strip till.”

Yield increase the first year Like most early adopters, Giacomazzi experimented with ways of perfecting his cropping system, using different planting densities, varieties and equipment. Once he developed a system that worked, every new field that was transitioned to CT showed a yield increase the first year. Originally, he planned to compare conventional tillage with conservation tillage for five years.

“The early results said, ‘Don’t bother doing the comparison for five years. You’ll lose too much money on the conventionally tilled crops.’ All of my CT fields outperformed my conventional fields in yield and quality.” Giacomazzi’s conventional tillage program involved 11 soil moving passes a year, whereas his conservation tillage program involved one strip till (partial soil moving) and one disk till (complete soil moving). He achieved a net reduction of 9.5 soil moving passes a year – an 87% reduction in field passes! (Giacomazzi double crops wheat and corn.) Not content to confine successes to his own farm, Giacomazzi communicates the benefits of conservation tillage to others. His communication methods are both new and traditional, using social media channels and hosting demonstrations and field days on his farm to connect with those inside and outside of the agricultural community. “The Internet exists so others don’t have to make the mistakes I made,” says Giacomazzi. “I welcome others to use me as a resource. Learn from my mistakes and improve systems for the future and your farming operation.”

Meet 5 criteria Giacomazzi says a CT system must meet five criteria: economically stable, increase yield, improve soil quality, reduce inputs and decrease emissions. “Helping the environment must be

Table 1: Giacomazzi’s conservation tillage program

wheat to corn

corn to wheat

1. Strip till Pre-irrigate 2. Plant with on-seed and banded fertilizer 3. Spray herbicide 4. Spray miticide and herbicide

5. Spread composted manure 6. Disk 7. No-till drill 8. Herbicide spray by all-terrain vehicle

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profitable,” he says. “Plus, the CT system must be more profitable than the conventional system. This is called progress.” The earth has a finite carrying capacity (ability to provide food, with reports ranging from 2.5 to 15 billion people) and growing population. With the amount of productive land shrinking, Giacomazzi says the agricultural industry must strive to increase yields and nutrient density. “In my opinion, every farmer has an obligation to live by a ‘Hippocratic Oath’ of sorts: do more with less.”

The goal of improving soil quality hasn’t changed since 1893 for the Giacomazzis. However, Dino’s reason is a little different than his great grandfather’s. Dino’s forefather improved soil quality to feed his family; Dino’s goal for improved soil quality is future sustainability for his sons Miro and Gio. “Any component of the system must promote balance in biological entities, such as microbes, earthworms, minerals, nutrients, oxygen, water and organic matter,” he says. By reducing passes, a CT program reduces emissions – the primary

Dino Giacomazzi achieved a net reduction of 9.5 soil moving passes a year

environmental benefit. The CT system must reduce particulate matter (dust), volatile organic compounds (smog) and carbon (in the air). “As a farmer, I think it is a good idea to sequester carbon in the soil, because it’s good for the soil and plants.”

Receives conservation award In recognition of his industryleading farming practices, the Sand County Foundation presented the California Leopold Conservation Award to Dino Giacomazzi. The award, named in honor of world-renowned conservationist Aldo Leopold, recognizes private landowners for their extraordinary achievement in voluntary conservation of the land. “Dino has been working diligently as a good steward of the land,” says Hugo Calvillo, NRCS district conservationist in Hanford. “He was an early adopter of conservation tillage on his family’s dairy and he is generous in sharing his knowledge with other producers throughout the San Joaquin Valley.” “Dino Giacomazzi represents what it means to farm responsibly and sustainably, enhancing natural resources as part of his work,” says Brent Haglund, Sand County Foundation president. He participated in one of the first California conservation tillage projects, which enhances soil, water and, especially, air quality in an area that typically experiences high air pollution levels. “Additionally, he has committed himself to the production of not only quality dairy products but also quality soil, water and air. He is also representative of a new breed of producers who believe strongly in the powerful story of farming, choosing to promote agriculture and conservation through traditional and modern communication methods.” Giacomazzi summarizes his communications philosophy by stating, “To help build understanding and support that producing the food we need using fewer resources through responsible production, processing and distribution is the ethical choice that is right for people, animals and the planet.” l

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TROUW NUTRITION NEWS

Nutreco – Committed to sustainability In 2020, Nutreco will have significantly reduced our environmental footprint while contributing to feed a growing world population in a sustainable way. Nutreco is committed to sustainability and feeding the future by continuing to provide nutritional solutions enabling farmers and animals to perform to optimal levels. This is the heart of what Nutreco brings to its customers or why we do business. Sustainability is not a separate goal from our regular business;

it is a license to operate. We work to meet our customers’ needs and regional circumstances to add value for all customers. Nutreco is committed to investigate the needs and situations in different parts of the world by creating scenarios to translate sustainability in communications for nutritional solutions. Sustainability is adapted into every part of our business and in our employees’ lives.

To learn more, please visit: www.nutreco.com

Are you interested in a career in animal agriculture? By 2016 our employees will be actively committed to Nutreco’s contribution to Feeding the Future challenge of feeding nine billion people in 2050 in a sustainable way. Are you interested in making a difference? In order to remain a leader in our animal nutrition market, we require a variety of skill sets and abilities in many different functions. We are always looking for candidates who are committed to making a difference to help us meet the great challenge that is in our future! For more information, please e-mail: tnusamarketing@nutreco.com

Nutritional tip – Minimize stress after calving Calving is an incredibly stressful event in a cow’s life. The stress is caused by metabolic changes and a reduction in feed consumption. These changes can result in a loss of essential nutrients when the cow needs them the most. This could be in the form of energy, calcium, electrolytes, vitamins and/or

minerals. Trouw Nutrition has the drinkable drench to help bridge that metabolic gap. After the cow freshens, she needs a highly available energy source to recover. CowDrink™ ensures the cow will receive what she needs through drinkability.

To learn more about CowDrink, visit www.trouwnutritionusa.com

Ten tips for managing mycotoxins – Prevention is key! 1 Employ techniques that minimize damage to the crop during harvesting. 2 Test all incoming grains and supplemental feed ingredients, and reject delivers 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

of contaminated feedstuffs. Employ proper moisture control procedures for grain and feed storage. Use an effective mold inhibitor. Protect feed and ingredients from the elements. Keep feedstuffs fresh and turn over frequently, avoid filling feed bins to capacity. Avoid caking and bridging of feedstuffs in storage and handling systems. Clean storage, handling and transportation systems regularly. Reduce poultry and livestock “stressors,” such as temperature extremes, overcrowding, etc. Dietary modifications can help minimize mycotoxins’ harmful effects.

For more information on products and services of Trouw Nutrition International: Tel. 800.328.8942. www.trouwnutritionusa.com COW MAN AG E ME N T

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F E E D I N G

High quality modern grasses yield profits

Feeding strategies that stretch a dollar An alternative to growing pure alfalfa is to include an improved cool season grass at seeding. At similar maturities, cool season grasses are higher in Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility (NDFD) compared to alfalfa and can help manage ration costs. by Jim Paulson and Jim Linn, University of Minnesota

ne way to improve the feeding value of forage is to increase Neutral Detergent Fiber Digestibility (NDFD) by harvesting earlier and/or by changing species and varieties. As we harvest alfalfa earlier, we increase NDFD but at the same time decrease NDF, increase Crude Protein (CP), and increase the Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP) portion which creates challenges when feeding the forage. One alternative is to include an improved cool season grass in with the alfalfa at seeding. At similar maturities, cool season grasses are higher in NDFD compared to alfalfa. Grasses, although lower in CP, remain in the higher range when cut for dairy quality forage and provide decreased CP. And because grasses digest at a slower rate, they provide effective fiber for the diet. Grasses also can increase dry matter yield, increase ground cover, fill in the stand if the alfalfa diminishes and utilize nitrogen from the alfalfa and manure. Similar benefits of higher NDFD are found in silage specific corn varieties such as BMR. In the past, we have come to accept giving up dry matter yield to gain digestibility in alfalfa, and we can think of BMR corn silage in a similar way. NDFD in all corn silage varieties used to feed dairy cows needs greater emphasis. One way to do this is to look at both NDFD and milk per ton versus

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milk per acre. With all our forages, we will need to look at both digestible nutrients per ton and per acre. There are several ways to evaluate feed cost. Common measures of costs are $/cow/day, $/cwt milk and purchased feed cost/day or cwt milk. No single measure fully defines the cost of feeding lactating cows. It is best to use all available measures when making feed cost decisions. Income over feed cost (IOFC) is the best measure to evaluate feed costs. Daily feed cost measures that point to maximized IOFC are the best costs to use.

production. Corn is the best source of starch and should be about 20% of the total feed cost. Corn feeding amount and expenditure varies as by-products and corn silage can substitute for some corn. High corn silage rations (>50% of forage DM) will be lower in added corn than high haylage diets. • By-product feeds can substitute for grain, protein or forage in diets. Most by-products are a source of ﬁber and/or protein. Their availability and use is quite variable and it’s difficult to pinpoint a specific cost allocation. However, a 10 to 20% ration cost for by-product feeds in substitution for other feeds in the ration is a good target. • For good digestion and utilization of forage and grain, some rumen degradable protein like soybean meal is needed in the diet. • RDP sources should be 5 to 10% of the feed cost. For good milk production, some rumen undegradable protein (RUP) should be included in the diet also. These are generally higher cost

Direct feed expenses To achieve the most cost effective milk production, feed dollar expenditures should cover the basic required nutrients to meet health, reproduction and milk production demands. A guideline on feed expenditures to meet these basic requirements is below. • Forages should comprise about 5060% of the ration DM and are the largest single cost item at 40 to 45% of the total cost because of the quantity needed to meet fiber and other nutrient requirements for energy, protein and minerals. • Additional energy, usually from starch, is the next basic feed need. Cows need some starch for good milk

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feeds accounting for 15 to 20% of the total cost. • Minerals and vitamins should be 4 to 8% of the ration cost. • Fat is a high energy source that can substitute for other energy feeds and supplement low energy feedstuffs in the ration. Fat supplement costs should be 4 to 7% of the total ration cost. • Feed additives are a very broad category of feed supplements that often enhance feed utilization for milk production and/or animal health. Inclusion amount for most additives is low and individual cost effectiveness is usually better than a 2 to 1 return. The key to effective feed additive usage is matching the feed additive with herd needs and not using feed additives as a substitute for high quality feeds and a good nutrient balanced diet.

Variation in feed costs Ration costs are not the same on all dairy farms. Current feed cost per cwt of milk for Upper Midwest dairy

corn silage, lbs haylage, lbs corn, lbs protein supp., lbs min./vit., lbs fat, lbs $/day ration cost ration milk potential – lbs/day metabolizable energy metabolizable protein

high haylage

50:50 DM basis haylage:corn silage

high corn silage

high corn silage with fat

25 51 15.5 6.2 1.4

44 35 12.7 8.6 1.6

75 17 6.5 11.5 1.8

8.20

8.10

7.64

80 18 5.0 10.2 1.9 .5 7.95

96 85

95 94

92 93

95 93

Table 1: Variation in feed costs in diets ranging from high haylage to high corn silage

producers ranges between $9 and $11. Every dairy farm is different and many variables affect the final cost of the ration including: type of forages fed and whether home raised or purchased; the kind of grain and protein feeds being fed; what type and amount of by-product feeds included in the ration; milk production level of herd and body weight of cows. The four rations in table 1 illustrate

the variation in feed costs in diets ranging from high haylage to high corn silage. The fourth ration is a high silage ration with fat substituting as an energy source. All rations were formulated to support 85 lb of milk or more per day and for the same nutrient specifications of 17% CP (max), 28% NDF (min), 28% starch (max) and .79 Mcal/lb of NEL at 52 lb/day of DM. Feed amounts shown are as fed lb/cow. l Current feed cost per cwt of milk for Upper Midwest dairy producers ranges between $9 and $11

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L E LY I N F O

Lely Qwes health and reproduction monitoring The Lely Qwes-H and Lely Qwes-HR monitoring system identifies and measures cow activity. Additionally, the Qwes-HR measures the cow’s ruminating activity, which is an indication of the cow’s health. Activity measurement is based on an acceleration sensor instead of the commonly used mercury sensor, which are now prohibited in many countries. The system monitors a cow’s activity in blocks of two hours and provides very accurate information on the cow’s behavior. With the Lely Qwes-HR ruminationtime monitoring technology, producers can access indicators of individual animal health. A sudden reduction in rumination activity may

indicate that the cow has lost her appetite, eaten too much concentrate per pound of effective fiber, is in heat or is possibly ill. Continued loss of appetite may be an indicator of subclinical ketosis or acidosis. Monitoring technologies, such as the Lely Qwes, provide dairy producers with an early indication of potential health problems, thus enabling them to increase the forage level in the cow’s diet. Together with heat detection, the Lely Qwes-HR collar gives producers online information about each individual cow’s rumination, which serves as an indicator of the cow’s health and provides information for feeding and management.

The Lely Qwes-H and Lely Qwes-HR monitoring system identifies and measures cow activity

Celebrating June Dairy Month June Dairy Month, an annual tradition developed to celebrate the dairy industry and its many contributions to our society, originated in 1937. During its first two years, 1937 and 1938, it was called National Milk Month. The 1937 event, sponsored by chain stores, was given the theme “Keep Youthful – Drink Milk.” Originally supported by the National Dairy Council (NDC), June Dairy Month was established to help stabilize dairy demand during periods of peak production. For 76 years men, women and children have celebrated June Dairy Month. At Lely, we have been dedicated to dairymen for more than 65 years. From the opening of our North American headquarters in Pella, Iowa, we have dairy on our minds all year long. We firmly believe that great dairy management starts with family so this June, the Lely family encourages you and yours to participate in the celebration – from our family to yours, happy June Dairy Month!

Precision Dairy Conference and Expo Lely is a proud sponsor of the first U.S. Precision Dairy Conference and Expo in Rochester, Minn., June 26-27, 2013! Precision Dairy 2013 will include national and international speakers who are experts in the field, the latest research abstracts, and panels of producers who currently use automation.

On June 25, attend the optional tour of dairies which will feature precision dairy technologies. On the tour learn how Kiefland Holsteins use all of the technology provided by the Lely Astronaut to manage the herd. This includes rumination, daily activity, daily weights and milk conductivity. Visit http://precisiondairy.umn.edu/

For more information on LELY products and services, call 1-866-LELY USA. LELY web address: www.lely.com, LELY email address: usa@lely.com COW MAN AG E ME N T

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With feed CO$T$ continuing to rise, are you adding or taking away from your bottom line?

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R E P R O D U C T I O N

Reproductive efficiency can improve with accelerometers, resynchronization strategies and chemical pregnancy tests

Evaluating several new reproductive tools

In an ever changing dairy industry, getting cows bred is one of those steadfast goals that remain the same. The good news is there are now an abundance of new technologies to assist with better reproduction. Knowing how and when to best utilize these new technologies can boost reproductive performance. by Amy Ryan

aul Fricke, a professor of dairy science and extension specialist in dairy cattle reproduction at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, researches how to help dairy producers around the world improve reproduction. In the past couple of years, Fricke has focused on evaluating some of the new tools and systems available to the industry. More specifically, accelerometer systems, new strategies for re-

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synchronization of ovulation and new methods for non-pregnancy diagnosis that can help improve service rate and/or conception rate (CR) and in turn improve pregnancy rates.

Factors affecting fertility Fricke and his team looked at CR when evaluating these new tools. However, he reminds producers of the four factors that influence CR and to keep in mind

that while CR is important, pregnancy rate which combines CR and service rate offers an overall better picture of reproductive efficiency in a herd. “Timing of insemination (when a cow gets bred relative to onset of estrus or ovulation) is a big factor affecting CR,” says Fricke. “Estrus techniques such as A.I. efficiency, quality of semen in the tank and placement of semen in the reproductive tract are the second (set of) factor(s). In natural service herds, male fertility is a factor. The final factor is female fertility, which is influenced by things such as disease, body condition score, heat stress and cow comfort.” He cites good goals for CR as 35 percent for cows inseminated based on estrus, namely approximately 12 hours after the first standing event. When using synchronization protocols for first breeding, he says that CR could range anywhere from 45 to 50 percent because synchronization programs help improve

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CR by accounting for timing of breeding and female factors mentioned earlier.

open cows) can complete the Ovsynch protocol. Open cows with no CL 39 days after insemination (about 20% of open cows) should restart the Ovsynch protocol thereby receiving a GGPG protocol. Fricke emphasizes that when using this protocol, having a veterinarian who uses ultrasound is key to find the CL.

Accelerometers Accelerometer systems are increasing in popularity. These systems, which measure changes in three-dimensional motions with neck tags and readers, are a viable tool for detecting secondary signs of estrus. Fricke and his team worked with a 1,000-cow dairy utilizing accelerometers to assist with their reproductive management. In this study, they found the accelerometer system detected an increase in activity of about 70 percent of the cows. Of the remaining 30 percent, which were not caught in heat, 20 percent were not cycling and 10 percent had ovulated without showing any increased activity. “Timing of insemination based just on accelerometers (increased activity) is not quite perfect and indeed, we found that CR could actually go down five percentage points since 30 percent of cows can be missed,” says Fricke. “Based on these findings, I recommend combining accelerometers with a synchronization program. When using Ovsynch in this study on the remaining 30 percent not detected with the accelerometer program, CR averaged 35 percent.” He continues to say that there are some common misconceptions regarding accelerometers; namely that they catch all cows in heat and that timed A.I. programs can be eliminated. On the contrary, he has seen herds use timed A.I. for first breeding and use accelerometers to detect cows for second service with great success. The costs of an accelerometer system versus other heat detection methods are similar. When looking at the $72,500 average cost of an accelerometer system and amortizing this cost for a 1,000-cow dairy over eight years, the cost per cow per day is less than $.03, which is comparable with other methods. Cow environment such as whether or not cows have a place to move around, show activity and express heats is a factor producers must keep in mind with accelerometers. Other conditions such as heat stress may affect results as well. As far as future advancements, a rumination tag is now included in some

Chemical tests

Paul Fricke: “New reproductive tools require good management to work”

accelerometer systems. “Many producers really like the rumination portion of the system and I see it being a positive attribute,” says Fricke. “Developing a fully integrated system that includes parlor ID, cow ID and rumination together is important for the future.”

Timing of resynchronization In another recent project, Fricke and his team analyzed the effect of timing of initiation of resynch and presynchronization with GnRH on fertility of resynchronized inseminations of lactating dairy cows. In other words, it investigated if there would be a difference in CR if cows were resynchronized earlier after being detected open. In this study, done on a Wisconsin dairy, cows were resynchronized 32 days post insemination or 39 days after insemination and then a veterinarian conducted an ultrasound for pregnancy 7 days later at the time of the prostaglandin injection. A second set of treatments compared the effect of an additional treatment with GnRH 7 days before starting the Ovsynch protocol. Results showed no difference in CR between cows resynchronized 32 vs. 39 days after AI; however, cows that received an additional treatment with GnRH had about a 5% increase in CR. Based on these results, they formulated the following recommendation. All cows can be set up with a GnRH injection 32 days after AI. Based on the pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasound 39 days after AI, open cows with a CL (about 80% of

Blood testing for pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) also assists producers with their reproductive programs. Three companies offer the blood test, and they can be done 28 to 30 days post breeding. Cows must be at least 60 days postcalving so that residual PAG from the previous pregnancy are removed from circulation. A new milk PAG test is now available from IDEXX, however testing cannot be done until 35 days post breeding. This test, offered through DHIA centers, is marketed as a pregnancy-recheck test after a veterinarian conducts the initial pregnancy diagnosis. Fricke says these tests can be good tools to manage reproduction, but offers the following advice. “These techniques involve catching cows, making sure the cows are identified correctly and requires 36 to 48 hours to run,” he says. “With the IDEXX tests, there is also a higher possibility for pregnancy-recheck in the 60 to 80 day range and a higher false positive occurrence due to the fact that PAGs remain elevated in the milk even if pregnancy is lost.” Fricke and his team are undertaking a study now to compare PAGs in blood and milk to further explore differences among these tools.

Management ties it all together All in all, Fricke says that the success of any reproduction program is anchored in good management. “None of these tools are band-aids for poor management. Producers can incorporate them in multiple ways, but they all require good management to work,” he says. “It all comes back to the principles of getting semen in the cow at the right time and indentifying open cows to re-enroll them for breeding in a timely manner.” l

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C O N TA C T S

SHOWS AND EVENTS

Comfortable bedding Picture: Harrie van Leeuwen

C O N TA C T S Cow Management is published six times per

June 25-27: Precision Dairy Conference and Expo, Rochester, MN June 26-29: Annual Meetings of the American Jersey Cattle Association and National All-Jersey, Inc., Amarillo, Texas “SWISSCONSIN” National Brown Swiss Convention, Pewaukee, WI July 3-6: July 8-12: JAM 2013 (ADSA-ASAS annual meeting), Indianapolis, IN July 8-11: 2013 National Holstein Convention, Indianapolis, IN American Veterinary Medical Association Annual Convention, Chicago, IL July 19-23: Midwest Fall National Holstein Show, St. Paul, MN August 28: September 7-12: 50th Anniversary All-American Dairy Show, Harrisburg, PA September 9-12: 4th EAAP International Symposium on Energy and Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, Sacramento, CA September 15-20: National Association of County Agricultural Agents (NACAA) Annual Conference, Pittsburgh, PA September 19-21: American Association of Bovine Practitioners Annual Conference, Milwaukee, WI September 17-19: Minnesota Nutrition Conference, Mystic Lake Casino and Hotel in Prior Lake, MN September 23-26: 26th DISCOVER Conference “Dairy Feed Efficiency”, Northern Illinois University Conference Center in Naperville, IL October 1-5: World Dairy Expo, Madison, WI

year by CRV Publishing

Editorial team Chief editor Jaap van der Knaap Contributing writers Matthew Costello, Kate Jackson, Jim Linn, Becky Mills, Jim Paulson, Amy Ryan, JoDee Sattler, Ben Smink Editing, design and production CRV Publishing

Chief editor’s address P.O. Box 454, 6800 AL Arnhem The Netherlands Phone 0031 26 38 98 829 Fax 0031 26 38 98 839 E-mail veeteelt@crv4all.com

Subscriptions Cow Management is available free of charge to customers of CRV, 2324 American Lane, Madison, WI 53704. If you want to ask for a subscription or to cancel a subscription send an e-mail to info@crv4all.us

COMING UP

M i l k eq u ip m en t an d WDE p review September – In our September issue we will take a closer look at the developments in the world of milk equipment. Which new techniques are helping to improve the milk quality? We also have a preview of World Dairy Expo in October.

Advertisements Bock & Associates, Inc.: Tom Bock and Lindsay Boelter Phone 952-905-3210 E-mail tom.bock@bock-assoc.com

Illustrations/pictures Photographs by CRV Publishing Photography, Becky Mills (10, 11), Paolo Vescia (27) and Rick Mooney (25, 31).

Disclaimer CowManagement does not necessarily share the views expressed by contributors. No responsibility is accepted for the claims made by advertisers. No responsibility can be accepted by CRV Holding BV for the opinions expressed by contributors. Whilst every effort is made to obtain reliable and accurate information, liability cannot be accepted for errors. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording, or any information storage or retrieval system without the express prior written consent of the publisher. Printer Schumann Printers Inc.

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