The MonzART Park_preservation project of Monza Park

The MonzART Park a preservation project of the Royal Park of Monza Park

BOOKLET ARCHITECTURAL PRESERVATION STUDIO

MONZA ROYAL PARK PRESERVATION PLAN AND BUILDING REUSE A.Y. 2020 - 2021 Professors: Alberta Cazzani Tutors : arch. Anna Turrina

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Raffaella Brumana arch. Carlotta Maria Zerbi

GROUP 5 Giovanni Brunetti 967489 - Ziqi Cui 961896 - Nefeli Lykka 961294 - Naz Ozkaragoz 961370 - Hatice Busra Ucer 961917

INDEX History of Monza Park.........................................................................03 History Management of the Monza Park 20th Century The Main changes Monza Park Analysis..............................................................................09 Accessibility Historic Buldings Villas................................................................................................................13 Villa Reale Villa Mirabello Villa Mirabellino Farmhouses.................................................................................................16 Cascina Bastia Cascina Casalta Cascina Cattabrega Cascina Cernuschi Cascina Costa Alta Cascina Costa Bassa Cascina del Forno Cascina del Sole Cascina Fontana Cascina Frutteto Padiglione Cavriga Cascina San Fedele Mills...............................................................................................................28 Mulini Asciutti Mulino del Cantone Mulino San Giorgio Others............................................................................................................31 Fagianaia Reale The Gothic Tower Temple Photographic Survey.............................................................................35 Activities......................................................................................................38 Autodromo Nazionale di Monza Running Cycling Swimming Horse-back riding Golf Club Greenery.....................................................................................................46 The English Garden The Rose Garden The Green Giants

Road Network...........................................................................................50 Viale Cavriga Viale dei Carpini Viale Mirabello Viale dei Tigli Viale dei Liquidambar Viale Cesare Battisti e Cortile d’onore della Villa Reale Rondò dei Liriodendri Rondò delle Roveri Rondò degli Ippocastani Rondò della Stella Water Network.........................................................................................62 Labro River Artificial Lake Roggia Molinara and Roggia dei Mulini Asciutti Roggia della Pelucca Roggia del Principe The Users....................................................................................................69 Swot Analysis.............................................................................................71 Historical & Cultural Natural & Ecological Society activity Service facility Economy Water System Entrances Parking Lots Road System Masterplan of Project...........................................................................83 Rectification Process............................................................................90 Project...........................................................................................................94 The Gothic Tower, the sculpture and photography club of Monza Park The Uses The Atmosphere The Materials The Details Panels..........................................................................................................103 Brenna Map and Comparison Map Swot and Geometrical, Material, Decay Survey Masterplan and Project Picture Sources......................................................................................107 Bibliography.............................................................................................109

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HISTORY OF MONZA PARK

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History The Monza Park was established on 14 September 1805 by the will of the Emperor Napoleon with the aim of making it a model agricultural estate and a hunting reserve. Construction began in 1806, at the behest of Viceroy Eugene of Beauharnais, on the land north of the Villa and the Royal Gardens built by Maria Theresa of Austria as early as 1777.

From an epistolary document of her, her mother Giuseppina Bonaparte asked her son Eugenio to build a park larger than that of Versailles. The wish will be granted: in fact, while Versailles occupies an area of ​​250 hectares, the Monza Park will be 700 hectares.

The first evidence of the institution of the Monza Park is reported in the III Constitutional Statute of June 1805 in which there is talk of a considerable amount of Milanese lire, destined for the “construction of the two estates in Monza and the Ticino park”. In September of the same year an imperial decree was issued for the construction of the park in the Monza area, with the aim of making it a model agricultural and hunting estate.

In those years Luigi Canonica, originally born in Swiss, student of Piermarini, was a “National” architect of the French court and was thus entrusted with the design of the work, which he himself considered in a letter as an “extraordinary task”.

The new park extends towards the north, almost touching the first hills of Brianza. The land, about 5 sq km wide, was bought by the local owners, mainly the Church and noble families, such as the Durini and Gallarati

Scotti. The land was acquired in three stages, from 1805 to 1808, proceeding immediately after the construction of the surrounding wall, using, among other things, the remains of the medieval city walls.

Around 1808, the Monza Park thus became the largest enclosed park in Europe, with a 14 km long fence wall.

Inside the walls were included agricultural fields, roads, farmhouses, villas and pre-existing gardens and now all part of the complex, almost a compendium of the Lombard agricultural territory.

The significance of this operation was above all political: in fact the construction of a park like Versailles would have caused discontent among the local population, while the Monza Park, kept as an agricultural estate, with botanical greenhouses, gardens and orchards, was partially justified.

The Canonica models and modifies the existing structures, demolishes the “crumbling structure” farmhouses and instead preserves the important landscape complexes such as the Mirabello and Mirabellino villas, transforming and softening them with elements of neoclassical style in connection with that of the Royal Villa.

Three main areas were identified, corresponding to different natural environments: the area close to the Villa Reale, to the south, with a garden and open countryside; the northern area, certainly the most suitable for this purpose, was planted with woods, the so-called “Bosco Bello”, mainly functional for hunting; 04

the strip along the Lambro river, in a lower position than the villas and the central agricultural part, maintained with riparian vegetation from a humid area.

To connect the different areas of the park, Canonica created a main north-south axis, viale Mirabello and its continuation, viale del Gernetto, which leads to the “Rondò della Stella”, in the center of the “Bosco Bello”.

Across this avenue a network of secondary avenues distributes the routes throughout the Park.

The structuring of the vast agricultural and wooded territory with the adaptation and transformation of the farmhouses and the important architectures of existing villas within the Park territory, the construction and reorganization of wide straight tree-lined avenues, the modeling of the land and the ‘adaptation of the water system to the new needs of the Park, have created an unprecedented Park, still today, unique in its kind.

pic 1 - Plan by Luigi Canonica depicting the future park (around 1805).

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Management of the Monza park The period from 1807 to 1900 saw the succession of numerous users and managers of the Park, who, while exploiting the structure, kept it intact.

In May 1814 the Austrian troops returned to Monza and in 1814 Ranieri, named Viceroy, took possession of the Royal Villa and the Park. As a political action, in order to meet popular favor, the Park was open to the public, but only at set times, “every Sunday from the mid-touch to Ave Maria in the evening”.

In reality, from 1820 to 1860, the Habsburg administrative management was marked by the search for complete economic self-sufficiency and in any case maximum profitability, all improving and enriching the structure.

Inside the park there were real “companies”, including the “royal nurseries” which, in addition to serving the park, operated on their own and sold the plants to third parties. Agricultural products, including grapes and mulberry leaves for sericulture, were exploited and sold.

Even dry leaves and dead stumps (to be uprooted by the buyer) had a selling price. Finally, an aspect in itself was represented by the woods, which were excluded from any form of rent and strictly dependent on the Royal administration.

The administration organized the agricultural and hunting estate according to very precise and strict written procedures and regulations. The Park territory was divided into plots (colonies) and given to renters who paid the rent partly in money and partly in “nature”. There

was also a specific regulation for this relationship.

The penalties for violating the regulations were very high and were applied with “Habsburg” severity. It is reported the case, for example, of a poacher, caught in the act while capturing by means of a trap, a pheasant inside the park, which is imprisoned for ten days and, subsequently, immediately stripped of all his belongings and evicted from home and fields with the whole family.

A series of products were introduced into the Park for the purpose of agricultural experimentation. We know, for example, of lupine cultivation and olive oil production, with a press housed at the Mirabello.

In August 1858 the park was closed to the public again, in view of a radical transformation program for which the Austrians thought of reducing, following the example of the great German parks, the agricultural estate in a natural area with only meadows and woods, leaving free the animals.

The project vanished and in 1860 the park passed to the Savoy family who reopened it to the public in 1864.

King Umberto I of Savoy stayed for a long time in Monza, above all due to the proximity of a woman he loved, the Countess Litta, whose villa in Vedano was adjacent to the royal estate. Thanks to the sovereign, the park maintained its primitive splendor until 29 July 1900, when Umberto was killed right in front of the Royal Villa.

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20th century The son of Umberto I, Vittorio Emanuele III, did not like the Monza estate, perhaps because he recalled the death of his father and so he disinterested it, giving it, in 1919, to the National Combattenti Opera. The institution, trying to make an immediate profit and above all to meet the management costs, proposed design solutions including the racetrack, the racecourse and the golf course.

In 1920 the park was sold to a consortium formed by the Municipalities of Milan, Monza and the Humanitarian Society. In turn, the consortium granted large parts of the Park to third parties.

In the last decade, following some safety measures on the racetrack, the Lombardy Region, in collaboration with the interested Municipalities, the Parco della Valle del Lambro and the Superintendency of Monuments of Milan, has developed and financed a three-year program of extraordinary interventions for the redevelopment of the Park and the structures it contains, which includes, among other things, the rehabilitation of the woods, the restoration of historic villas and farmhouses, and the improvement of the use of the Park.

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THE MAIN CHANGES 1861 - Reopened to the public The Park and the Royal Gardens would have been open until 1 August 1857, when it was thought of the abolition of the agricultural colony established there, in favor of a resizing of the park itself, accompanied by a greater development of the lawn and woodland areas. After the Austrians fell, the project was never implemented, and with the unification of Italy in 1861 it was reopened to the public by the new owners, the sovereigns of the House of Savoy.

1922 - The Autodromo Nazionale di Monza In 1922 an area of 370 hectares has been guaranteed to SIAS (Society for the Increase of Motoring and Sport) in the north-western part of the park, for the construction of the Autodromo Nazionale di Monza, that was built in a record time of 110 days. This new the racetrack, known as the “Temple of Speed” makes the city known internationally.

pic 2 - The Autodromo Nazionale di Monza in 1922.

1922 - The Hippodrome Also in 1922 , SIRE (Society for the Encouragement of Equine Breeds) also obtained a concession of about 100 hectares for the construction of the Mirabello Hippodrome , completed in 1924 . It was built in a more central area of the park, located between Villa Mirabello - from which it took its name - and Villa Mirabellino. In 1976 the racecourse fell into disuse, and in 1990 a fire destroyed what was left of the wooden stands.

1928 - The Golf course In 1928 the golf course was built in an area of 90 hectares in the northeastern part of the park, next to the racetrack.

The first project, entrusted to the English architect Peter Gannon and former army major Cecil Blandford - considered at the time among the best golf designers - consisted of eighteen-hole course. Architect Piero Portaluppi built the club house, for which he adapted the old Fagianaia Reale. In 1958 the golf course was further expanded, with the creation of a twenty-seven-hole course and the construction of a new clubhouse by architect Luigi Vietti.

pic 3 - An old photo of the Hippodrome of Monza.

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MONZA PARK ANALYSIS

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ACCESSIBILITY

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Monza Park (Parco di Monza) is a large walled park in Monza, Lombardy, northern Italy. Extending over an area of 688 hectares (6.88 km2), it is also considered the largest walled park in Europe, and the fourth largest enclosed one after la Mandria of Venaria Reale (Italy), Richmond Park in London (England) and the Phoenix Park in Dublin (Ireland). The park was commissioned by Napoleon’s stepson Eugène de Beauharnais, during the French occupation of northern Italy, as external part of the garden of his royal palace (the Royal Villa of Monza); it was completed in 1808. The park is crossed in its southern sector by the Lambro river.

Monza Park Monza

Monza park - Milan How to reach the Park: - By car, parking at the proper paying car park, located on the right side of Viale Cavriga, entering from Porta Monza.

- By bus, lines Z201, Z208, Z221 passing in front of the station.

- By train, lines Milano/Monza, Como/Monza, Lecco/Monza, Lecco/ Molteno/Monza, Bergamo/Monza. From the station you can then take bus Z221 or have a 30 minutes walk.

Accessibilty Monza Municipality, in collaboration with Union of Commerce and 12 volunteers, 5 of them disabled, has started a campaign to conduct a census of the public places accessible for the disabled. About 90% of the business stores supervised is accessible, even if sometimes with the help of the staff. On the Municipality website you can find a map with all the public places supervised (about one hundred), underlined with a special icon which represents its grade of accessibility. If you click them, you can discover further information. It is also possible to confirm the accessibility through the app for Android (here) or through the Totem around the city of Monza (station, Municipality - IAT tourism information, autodromo, Villa Reale).

Milan Diagram of connection between Milan, Monza and Monza park

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HISTORICAL BUILDINGS

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Villa Reale Built by Giuseppe Piermarini between 1777 and 1780, when Lombardy was part of the Austrian Empire, for the Archduke Ferdinard of Austria. Following the establishment of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy, the building was used as a Royal Palace and became home to the Viceroy of Italy, Eugene de Beauharnais. With the fall of the First Empire (1815), Austria annexed the Italian territories to the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, Monza being included in the province of Milan.

In 1861, when the new Kingdom of Italy was established, the building became a palace of the Italian Royal House of Savoy. The Royal Villa was abandoned by the royal family in 1900, after the murder of King Umberto I as he returned from an event.The palace complex includes the Cappella Reale, or the “Royal Chapel”, the Cavallerizza (horse-shed), the Rotonda dell’Appiani, the Teatrino di Corte (“Small Court Theatre”) and the Orangerie. The rooms at the first floor include grand salons and halls, and the Royal apartments of King Humbert 1 of Italy and of Queen Margherita of Savoy. In front of the palace are the Royal gardens, designed by Piermarini as English landscape gardens.

The building hosts temporary exhibitions, but lacked a long-term resident or use until July 23, 2011, when the palace complex housed offices from 4 ministries (Economy and Finance, Reforms, Simplifications, and Tourism).

pic 4 - The Royal Villa of Monza in a watercolor engraving taken from a daguerreotype.

pic 5 - The Royal Villa of Monza nowadays.

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Villa Mirabello Villa Mirabello, an admirable example of architecture and seventeenth-century residence, was built towards the middle of the seventeenth century by the Durini family, who had bought the fiefdom of Monza in 1648.

The Durinis built a beautiful villa, with large halls for parties and receptions, called “Mirabello”. Its “U” -shaped structure open to the river landscape, with a court of honor, is of great importance from a structural point of view, because it marks the transition between the typology of the country palace closed within walls, typical of the ‘400 - 500, and the new concept of palace-villa open to a spectacular garden or park.

Restored and integrated in 1768, on the initiative of Cardinal Durini, who then lived there from that year, it became a “place of delights and a cenacle of writers”.

In the Mirabello there are frescoes and decorations of considerable value; even more remarkable are the wooden coffered ceilings, a true work of art.

pic 6 - A postcard from 1917 representing Villa Mirabello.

pic 7 - Villa Mirabello nowadays.

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Villa Mirabellino Built in 1776 by the by the architect Giulio Galliori to house the guests of his literary cenacle. The villa was also used for simple dinners on summer evenings, when the Cardinal loved to converse with friends. The Cardinal already owned a villa, Villa Mirabello, but he decided to build a smaller one, hence the name “Mirabellino” as an “annex”. The Villa stands on the slope facing the older Villa Mirabello.

The two buildings are connected to each other by an avenue of hornbeams. The architect Giulio Galliori built the new villa that mirrors the first, with the wings of the U in the opposite direction, on the model of the lower and upper Belvedere in Vienna.

In 1805 the two properties of the Durini counts, Villa Mirabello and Villa Mirabellino were expropriated by the French government, which had decided to equip the Royal Villa of Monza with a large park in the style of the Castle of Versailles.

The façade was originally equipped with a semicircular staircase that has now disappeared. You can still admire the slightly protruding pronaos, framed by two lateral pillars and two central Doric columns, which extends out onto a balcony terrace. The pronaos was originally a portico which was then closed. The cross vault remains, frescoed with floral and geometric motifs. On the head of the northern wing, a portal indicates the entrance to the noble Durini chapel which has now disappeared.

Between the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, Villa Mirabellino was the seat of a public boarding school

for children from families with health or socio-economic problems.

The two wings of the building had spaces reserved for females and males (dormitories, study areas, bathrooms, changing rooms, indoor recreational spaces) while other spaces were common to both sexes (refectory, classrooms, gardens). At the rear of the villa there was a very large grassy garden that sloped down towards a grove whose access was forbidden to children.

It was a truly commendable “charitable” institution.

After being a school, the building was used as a trade union center.

pic 8 - Villa Mirabellino nowadays.

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Cascina Bastia The entire complex is the result of the renovation of an older building, which took place between 1805 and 1825 on a design by the architect Luigi Canonica.

Currently it has a long longitudinal wing that develops parallel to Viale Cavriga, probably originally intended for a stable. In the front position, a second building, recently renovated, is intended for residential use, while a third closes the courtyard with rustic arches and sloping roof, now home to bike rental.

The farmhouse was completely renovated in the early decades of the nineteenth century by the architect Luigi Canonica who, between 1805 and 1825, experimented with architectural languages ​​of neoclassical and neo-Gothic taste or rural tradition on various buildings in the Park of Monza (including Cascina del Forno, Bastia farmhouse, Orchard farmhouse, San Fedele farmhouse, Dry Mills etc). Due to its privileged development along Viale Cavriga and the strategic position on the edge of the park and near the Royal Gardens, not far from the Royal Villa, it is believed that the Cascina could be a stable, a function of central importance for the agricultural-productive role, of hunting reserve and place of pleasure of the Royal complex.

The courtyard retains the rural charm of a rustic still dynamically active, a condition underlined by the neoclassical style wall faces, with a rustic portico that connects the two main buildings.

The rural complex is made up of three main buildings arranged to form a U. To the north, the body of the build-

ing has a rectangular plan, has a portico and has brick pillars on the southern front and masonry on the northern front. The west body of the courtyard, which houses the bicycle and rickshaw rental, is also made of red brick and wooden floors. The last body of the building, to the south, houses some private homes.

pic 9 - Cascina Bastia nowadays.

pic 10 - Cascina Bastia nowadays.

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Cascina Casalta Although the project is due to the architect Luigi Canonica, the Cascina was later completed by Giacomo Tazzini. The expansion project was instead curated by the court engineer Tarantola at the end of the nineteenth century, reworking and enhancing the late-neoclassical stylistic features that already distinguished it. The building develops around a rustic courtyard overlooked by stables and barns. It is currently intended for residential use.

The Cascina is made up of five buildings, four of which (corresponding to the premises of Cascina Casalta Nuova and annexed barns) arranged around a central courtyard, forming a U-shaped plan. The arched entrance, in the center of the facade, introduces the internal courtyard, enclosed by buildings used as stables and barns. The oldest part of the building was in fact designed to house the “massari” employed in the park.

All the buildings are made of solid brick masonry, with wooden or brick floors and pitched roofs with a tiled mantle. They also have a two-storey loggia supported by neoclassical columns in granite with an octagonal base. The current neoclassical style wall facings, which reproduce terracotta bricks, retain the original granite columns of the loggia.

pic 11 - Cascina Casalta nowadays.

pic 12 - Cascina Casalta nowadays.

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Cascina Cattabrega Cascina Cattabrega, built on the site where an older building had previously been demolished, retains its nineteenth-century appearance with eclectic vestments commissioned by the architect Tazzini. The main façade is rather lively: the central part of the façade is cuspidated and completed in a symmetrical way by double-height porticoes with wooden gallery; the rectangular windows are surmounted by brick arches, as well as flanked by four oculi placed symmetrically and in a column on the side of the facade.

The oldest drawings relating to the farmhouse include plans and elevations signed by Tazzini himself. Among these, the plans of 1829 and 1836 record the changes made on the oldest part of the complex, located at noon.

The project on the Cascina envisaged the layout on a square plan with two floors like most of the farmhouses in the park, with a stable and compartment for tools on the ground floor and rooms for residential use on the first floor. Characteristic element is the access to the stables, which takes place through the crossing of a large transversal corridor that connects the two porticoes of the building.

Today the farmhouse, intended for the breeding of horses, shows no significant changes compared to the latest drawings drawn up in 1884 by the engineer Tarantola, except for small details in the façade where the central window has been replaced by a rounded rounded arch, which forms a slight indentation with respect to the facade wire.

pic 13 - Cascina Cattabrega in 19th century.

pic 14 - Cascina Cattabrega nowadays.

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Cascina Cernuschi Accessible via a tree-lined avenue from Viale Mirabello, the building has a T-shaped plan, with the stables to the east and the farmhouse to the west (today the Carabinieri barracks on horseback), connected by two rustic side courtyards, in the largest of which find a drinking trough. The late-neoclassical facades are marked by windows characterized by frames and tympanums of different shapes, equipped with shelves and contours in relief on the gray plaster that imitates stone. During the numerous alterations, the decorative apparatus has remained almost unchanged, although the finishes have been updated according to the fashion of the early twentieth century, with the use of concrete and synthetic stones.

The farmhouse, now the seat of the Carabinieri on horseback, is made up of two bodies arranged in a T. The body to the west has brick perimeter walls, wooden floors with primary and secondary warping and roofing in brick tiles. The body to the east (a rustic porticoed building inside which the military quarters have been obtained) has brick walls and is covered with coppo tiles. The stables, rectangular in shape, have brick walls and prefabricated reinforced concrete floors. The roof, with 4 connected pitches, is in tiles.

Tazzini had already indicated some transformations to be carried out on the Cernuschi farmhouse. Among the changes made since the mid-nineteenth century we note the rotation of the entrance axis, the insertion of a tur-

ret and the extension of the arcades on three sides of the building. On the ground floor there were the stable, the small chicken coop and the large kitchen with fireplace, while the upper floor was intended for the bedrooms and the granary.

The pre-existing part is thus incorporated into the new building and surrounded on three sides by a large portico overlooked by the stables. The facades of the farmhouse are well designed, marked by numerous windows, with shelves and contours in relief that differ on the three floors. These have not undergone changes except, probably, in the finishes, adapted to keep up with the trend of decorative concrete and synthetic stones of the early twentieth century.

pic 15 - Cascina Cernuschi on a picture from 1908.

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Cascina Costa Alta The building, characterized by three buildings around a rustic courtyard, is located in the northern area of ​​the park, between a wooded area and a viewpoint that extends over a large grassy parterre. The project was developed by Giacomo Tazzini around 1824, when he took over the direction of the works in the Park after having worked alongside the Canonica for 8 years.

Cascina Costa Alta, designed by the architect Giacomo Tazzini at the beginning of the 1920s, in the guise of “Architect of the Royal Buildings”, has a facade with arched windows and a crowning tympanum that recalls the compositional typologies of stately villas, completed by lookout. Due to the beauty of the main facade and the elevated position, which offered a view of a pleasant panorama, it was portrayed in the etchings of the Lose couple in the collection dedicated to the Promenade dans le Parc Impérial et Royal et les Jardins de Monza.

The building, characterized by three buildings around a rustic courtyard, has a rectangular central body and symmetrical and square wings. The main front has a portico with six stone columns on the ground floor which leads through a central staircase to two rooms on each side, one of which is equipped with an oven. Under the portico an old stone well is visible on the right, while on the left side the structure has a masonry structure. Renovated in 2015 following the resolution of the municipal council, Cascina Costa Alta is now home to a youth hostel, with a multipurpose room on the first floor. It also hosts educational activities on the territory and the environment.

pic 16 - Cascina Costa Alta in 19th century.

pic 17 - Cascina Costa Alta nowadays.

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Cascina Costa Bassa The farmhouse, of clear neoclassical taste, built in 1824 according to the project developed by the architect Giacomo Tazzini, develops around a central squareshaped hall and is located in a wooded area north of the park near the Porta di Biassono. The building, once used as a resting place for horses, now houses a day center for the elderly.

Of clear neoclassical taste, the Cascina Costa Bassa, built in 1824 according to the project by the architect Giacomo Tazzini, has a compact plant with a central square-shaped hall, characterized by four columns, which leads to the two side rooms and the internal staircase leading to the upper floor. The main facade is characterized by a pronaos with four Doric columns (i.e. a colonnaded atrium in front of the central entrance of the building) surmounted by a triangular tympanum, while laterally it has a series of brick-decorated arches.

The building, which has the characteristics of a stable with a central horse, was once used as a resting place for horses during royal walks; for this reason it was known as the “Horse Hospital” and as such portrayed in the lithographs by Carlo Sanquirico dedicated to the main views of the I.R Villa di Monza, printed in Milan around 1830. The farmhouse currently houses a day center for the elderly.

pic 18 - Cascina Costa Bassa in 19th century.

pic 19 - Cascina Costa Bassa nowadays.

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Cascina del Forno Cascina del Forno, also Fornasetta, due to the presence of an ancient oven that no longer exists, was designed in 1780 as the residence of the Director of the Royal Gardens with adjoining storage rooms, porch and courtyard.

The facade has a large gray stone portal, surmounted by a tympanum and a succession of windows with an arched brick frame.

During the second half of the 19th century, the farmhouse underwent substantial changes, which however did not alter the quadrangular plan, affecting only the subdivision of the interior.

The building develops with a U-shaped plan, in an area of ​​approximately 653 square meters. The entrance is characterized by a large porch with two columns and access is through a driveway. On the ground and first floor there are the living quarters, including four bedrooms, wardrobe and open porch for the head gardener; two bedrooms, kitchen, corridor and porch for the gate guard; warehouse, seed and tool storage with room for the head gardener’s assistant. Some rooms were equipped with a fireplace, but no references have been found in documents or nineteenth-century drawings of the alleged ancient oven that gave the farmhouse its name.

The facades have ornaments generally used in villas of delight more than in rural complexes, or in rustic buildings. The wall faces are in fact of neoclassical inspiration, with an entrance portal with vague reminiscences

of the sixteenth century and a triangular pediment in gray stone.

Among the various uses, the farmhouse was for some time home to a company that raised guinea pigs. The information on the many transformations, which became necessary over time, for the adjustments mainly due to the modern hygienic needs of both farmers’ living and livestock breeding, were taken from the documents and drawings of the dedicated archive fund to the Royal Villa.

pic 20 - Cascina del Forno nowadays.

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Cascina del Sole Located in the center of the “Valle dei Sospiri”, in the south-west area of the Park, near the wall that delimits the Royal Gardens, the Cascina is part of the plan of modifications made by the architect Giacomo Tazzini to the Park of Monza. On the back of the building, built in the same years, it is still possible to admire an old well, while on the facade the Lombard symbol of the flamed sun has recently been reproduced. The square-shaped building with continuous perimeter walls in solid bricks, wooden floors and a wooden hipped roof, can be classified as eclectic also due to the presence of the particular spire in the main facade. The farmhouse is now used as a refreshment point, with an adjoining gazebo and play area nearby.

pic 21 - Cascina del Sole nowadays.

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Cascina Fontana Located in the center of the “Valle dei Sospiri”, in the south-west area of the Park, near the wall that delimits the Royal Gardens, the Cascina is part of the plan of modifications made by the architect Giacomo Tazzini to the Park of Monza. On the back of the building, built in the same years, it is still possible to admire an old well, while on the facade the Lombard symbol of the flamed sun has recently been reproduced. The square-shaped building with continuous perimeter walls in solid bricks, wooden floors and a wooden hipped roof, can be classified as eclectic also due to the presence of the particular spire in the main facade. The farmhouse is now used as a refreshment point, with an adjoining gazebo and play area nearby.

pic 22 - Cascina Fontana nowadays.

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Cascina Frutteto The name of the building refers to the specific cultivation that was carried out around it: the so-called mathematical orchard recorded in the various tables dedicated to the Royal Park of Monza from the middle of the first decade of the nineteenth century. Designed

by Luigi Canonica as a home for “two farm workers”, it was intended for two families, as can be seen from the distribution of the rooms, symmetrically arranged on the sides of the entrance hall. The typically Lombard structure features neoclassical wall faces and a lookout tower.

In general, the complex maintains the volumes and elevations unaltered, as the architect had conceived them.

Luigi Canonica, with a two-storey main building and an elevated central body with a turret with connected columns and an iron balustrade, flanked by two pairs of smaller buildings, placed laterally. The main facade has a large portico with arches delimited by square columns in river material that connects the main building to the side ones, while the north elevation is characterized by a double-height portal concluded by a round arch and a succession of windows of small size.

The internal distribution included a large entrance hall on the ground floor, with kitchen, oven, warehouse and cellar for the home of the first “farmer” on the left, and kitchen, warehouse, bedroom and cellar on the right, intended for the second family employed at the complex rustic-residential.

The side buildings housed the vaulted barn for the cows, separated from the one for the oxen, to which the pigsty and chicken coop were attached, while on the first floor two corridors led to the rooms and connected the granary and the second floor mats.

In order to accommodate the headquarters and the teaching rooms, the farmhouse has undergone a respectful restoration that has maintained the volumes and design of the original elevations, allowing for the necessary plant adaptations for the new functions.

Originally designed in the center of a circular space with a north-south orientation, the farmhouse had two threshing floors delimited by semicircular spaces dedicated to the vegetable garden, in turn surrounded by a circular row of trees, a road, a canal, another row that runs it interrupted at the eight avenues along which it continued forming a radial pattern and where the cultivation of fruit trees was foreseen.

pic 23 - Cascina Frutteto nowadays.

25

Padiglione Cavriga Located in a raised position with respect to Viale Cavriga, the pavilion was probably the annex of some stately villa.

The building with a central plan, with brick perimeter walls, was built in 1840 in neoclassical style to a design by the architect Giacomo Tazzini, who in those years oversaw renovations, additions and architectural additions to the buildings designed by the Canonica.

The north and south sides are arcaded and on the roof there is a lovely terrace characterized by the same balustrade as the colonnade. The main front is characterized by a large triangular pediment under which four Doric columns rise to support flanked by square pillars, arranged along the side elevations of the building. Today it is used as a restaurant and service rooms.

pic 24 - Padiglione Cavriga nowadays.

26

Cascina San Fedele Due to its prominent position and rich eclectic-style decorative apparatus, Cascina San Fedele is one of the most popular subjects in lithographic collections dedicated to city monuments, or in nineteenth-century almanacs. The main façade, enriched by mullioned windows with marble frames and twisted columns, was made using some finds from the Church of Santa Maria di Brera, closed to worship in 1808 at the behest of Napoleon and destined to become the first nucleus of the nascent Brera Art Gallery. The architect Luigi Canonica also took part in the demolition of the splendid fourteenth-century façade, the work of Giovanni di Balduccio da Pisa. As a member of the Ornato Commission, Canonica was able to use some sculptural fragments found on site in the Gothic Tower of Villa Tittoni Traversi in Desio and in the decorative elements of the Cascina San Fedele in the Royal Park, designed and built within the first decade of the 19th century. .

The interior rooms provided on the ground floor the kitchen with large oven, the well, the wash house and on the back the stables, the latrine and the chicken coops.

Upstairs are the bedrooms, the barn with the storage room and the connecting staircase, with a central turret with a viewpoint over the surrounding landscape.

Ideally opposed to the Neo-Gothic Tower, designed by the same architect in the Royal Gardens, the farmhouse is located at the beginning of a perspective telescope which was later extended to the portal built in the same

Neo-Gothic style.

The first interventions on the building are due to the architect Giacomo Tazzini, who took over from the Canonica as Inspector and Architect of the Crown Buildings. In 1858 Tazzini in fact took care of the adaptation of some farmhouses for the reception of hunters, interpreting the wishes and hunting interests of Maximilian of Austria, who in those years resided with his court at the Monza residence. With the most recent refurbishment, dictated by the need to provide new uses, the farmhouse has begun to host summer camps, educational activities and events.

pic 25 - Cascina San Fedele nowadays.

27

Mulini Asciutti Built in 1834 on a project by Giacomo Tazzini, the Molini Asciutti consist of two buildings with a rectangular plan connected by a portico. In addition to the ancient millstones, you can still find a small oven for baking bread and the small bridge positioned in a corner of the courtyard. Even today it is possible to admire the operation of the mill with its old gears, visit the rooms where the stone wheels used for the various grindings are kept and access the two millstones and the controls of the locks.

The Molini Asciutti, built in 1834 to a design by Giacomo Tazzini, have a system very similar to that of the Mulino del Cantone, with two buildings arranged symmetrically and connected by a third building containing on the ground floor a large porch that extends along the entire the cylinder head.

In this case, as in the Mulino di San Giorgio, however, Tazzini seems more attentive to functional needs than to compositional ones, with a substantial reduction in decorative elements, which are limited to the insertion of frames, string courses and plaster mirrors in the wall facing in brick.

The two parallel buildings, which enclose the main canal bed, recall the planimetric scheme of the main building, with a large arch in the center, surmounted by a gabled roof. The portico, placed transversely to the two blocks and covered by five arches, introduces the two millstones, the controls of the locks and the ground floor of each building. In a lateral and symmetrical position are the two large stables with barn, barn and shelter for tools, where environmental education and baking courses for children are currently held.

pic 26 - Mulini Asciutti nowadays.

28

Mulino del Cantone Restored several times, the mill is probably the only surviving find of the ancient defensive line to protect Monza, connected to the pre-existing structures of the nearby Villa Mirabello.

In fact, from the nineteenth-century drawings it can be deduced that the building designed by Tazzini was almost certainly an adaptation of a pre-existing building, which already contained the belvedere tower, intentionally left incomplete, according to the romantic taste of the “ruins”.

The architectural composition of the complex is dominated by the southern facade, which joins the two wings with a portico that hides the wheels of the millstones driven by the passage of the water channel. The classic entablature on coupled columns is surmounted by a pediment with a broken tympanum containing a window open only in the central element. The eclectic composition of the façade is completed by two circular windows with an exposed brick frame.

The lateral bodies, with arches, allow the passage of the Roggia al Lambro, creating an interesting gallery effect between the bodies of the building, in correspondence with the mill lock. The exposed brick turret (and not plastered as in the rest of the building) ending with Ghibelline merlons and equipped with a small window to complete the whole: positioned on the north side it constitutes an interesting medieval find (dated around the 12th century) conforming to the romantic taste of “ruins”.

Access to the property is currently limited and allowed with the prior authorization of the Villa Reale and Parco di Monza Consortium for study and research purposes.

pic 27 - Cantone Mill in a print by Sanquirico, from 1830.

pic 28 - Cantone Mill nowadays.

29

Mulino San Giorgio The Cascina owes its rural charm to the farming and agriculture that was practiced there and to the mills operated by the Lambro river. In fact, despite being partially restored, it still retains the original structure and the charm of the water mills which, when they were active, were operated by the derivation canal of the Lambro called Roggia Molinara. Il Molino is made up of two square-plan buildings with a central turret, separated from the Canal, with a large rustic access courtyard.

The Mill, the last of those designed by the architect Giacomo Tazzini by 1857, is undoubtedly the most elaborate and interesting. The complex, already present with a previous configuration from the seventeenth century, is reworked with two imposing symmetrical blocks connected by a walkway at the wheels of the millstones, The two buildings, respectively intended for residential and agricultural use, are separated by the Roggia Molinara, the driving force through which the mills were operated. The complex is completed by two barns, arranged symmetrically to the Mill and structured on two floors with brick arches.

The main façade is enriched by the architraved portico on the ground floor, while on the upper floor the double window is placed in correspondence with the central span and the tower above, which concludes the architectural composition of the facade.

The façades towards the canal instead have a succession of window openings, whose formal simplicity is also guaranteed by the use of traditional materials, such as brick, log, plaster.

The original structure of the complex, with a rustic taste and rural inspiration, included masonry pillars with bases in Lambro log and wooden floors, which were only later strengthened with metal supports.

pic 29 - San Giorgio Mill nowadays.

30

Fagianaia Reale The modest-sized building, which still retains its ancient noble appearance, stands near the Molini Asciutti and Cascina Casalta, and is characterized by a long treelined avenue extending from the main façade towards the vast grassy parterre that creates a splendid viewpoint over the surrounding wooded areas. The building develops in a two-storey central body with an open porch, and side wings characterized by a gable roof.

The building, built in 1838 according to the design of the architect Giacomo Tazzini and then affected by restoration work by the architect Piero Portaluppi, was originally intended for the breeding of pheasants for the court’s hunting amusements. Probably for this reason, as well as for the care of the wall hangings, he was portrayed

by Carlo Sanquirico, among the main views of the I.R Villa of Monza printed in Milan around 1830. The modest-sized building, which still retains its ancient noble appearance, stands near the Molini Asciutti and Cascina Casalta, and is characterized by a long tree-lined avenue extending from the main facade towards the vast grassy parterre, which creates a splendid viewpoint over the surrounding wooded areas. The building is structured according to a complex plan with a two-storey central body and an open porch, equipped with side wings with a gable roof. From the historical photos we learn that the buildings placed on the sides of the central building have been raised, with the formation of two open and symmetrical loggias and the formation of two balconies in correspondence with the side doors. The structure is made up of brick perimeter walls, wooden floors with primary and secondary warping and roof tiles. The building is currently used as a restaurant.

pic 30 - Fagianaia Reale in 19th Century.

pic 31 - Fagianaia Reale nowadays.

31

The Gothic Tower The building, of medieval inspiration, has a rectangular plan and develops in height on two floors, partially crowned by a battlements. The architectural layout is completed by a thirty meter high tower with an upper belvedere, also embattled. The decorative apparatus includes the coats of arms of Monza and the Sforza in the south elevation, a terracotta bas-relief with hunting scenes and a plaque with the coat of arms of the Habsburgs on the eastern side of the tower.

Conceived as one of the main furnishings of the Royal Gardens, the artifact was built by the architect Giacomo Tazzini, who succeeded Canonica in the role of architect of the Royal Buildings, as a “fake castle with attached tower” adhering to the Gothic Revival fashion.

Designed in the first quarter of the nineteenth century, the turret ideally contrasts with the Cascina San Fedele, thanks to the expedient of a perspective telescope that ideally continues up to the neo-Gothic portal of the Royal Park.

The building, which dominates the surrounding landscape on the top of a gentle natural slope, has a rectangular plan on two floors and a side portico, flanked by a crenellated tower. The perimeter walls are in brick and local stone, the log, traditionally used for Lombard architecture. The floors are wooden and have brick vaults in the basement and portico, while the roof is pitched in brick. The tower, thirty meters high, has a belvedere at the top that provides an excellent panoramic point

of the garden area, which was already arranged “in the English style” at the end of the eighteenth century, by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini.

Some iconographic sources highlight the strong suggestion that a building of this kind could create in the romantic atmosphere conferred by the landscaping of the Villa Gardens.

An etching entitled La Tour dans le jardin, designed by Federico Lose in 1826 for the Promenade dans le Parc Impérial et Royal et dans les Jardins de Monza collection, shows the turret finally completed and identical to what it looks like today. Since the artefact is not mentioned in the second edition of the treatise On the art of English gardens by Ercole Silva, printed in 1813, and the date of completion of the works does not appear in the first relief plan, signed by the architect Luigi Canonica. works can be placed in the twenties of the nineteenth century.

In fact Canonica, after having decided to preserve the pre-existing “vineyard” within the area of ​​the Royal Gardens, decided to enrich the shore of the upper lake with a new building, registered as a “casino of the Tuscan vineyard” in its “Tipo demonstrante il Parco joined to Caesarea R. Villa near Monza in the state to which it should be reduced “.

However, the idea was only completed in 1822, when his successor Giacomo Tazzini decided to exploit the building of the old Tuscan casino to create a “gothic” building 32

with a turret.

In a drawing of 1824, signed by Tazzini, the building is almost completed and equipped with a portico, a ground and upper room, and an adjacent circular tower with a spiral staircase, leading to a crenellated terrace. It is a real lookout tower built on the edge of the Royal Gardens, from which to enjoy the vast panorama of the adjacent hunting park.

From the date of completion of the works it seems that the neo-Gothic tower has not undergone any substantial changes, except for those undertaken for the technological adaptation of electricity, gas and plumbing made necessary for the new destinations of use as a refreshment point. The building has also recently undergone a general renovation of the facades.

pic 32 - Oil painting executed in 1888 by the Italian painter Pompeo Mariani preserved in the Civic Museums of Monza.

pic 33 - Gothic Tower nowadays.

33

Temple An important element of Giuseppe Piermarini’s project for the new area of ​​the garden annexed to the archducal villa, the artifact is probably the best-known piece of furniture of the landscape, typical of the English style revisited and updated in Italy. The neoclassical temple is also one of the focal points of the Royal Gardens, both as a decorative object portrayed in numerous nineteenth-century views, and as a viewpoint of the promenade which, through ascending and descending paths, runs alongside the lake. In fact, already in the original arrangement, the vegetation had been arranged with sensitivity and attention so that its image could be reflected in the lake water.

Of classical inspiration, the temple qualifies as an important element in the layout designed by architect Giuseppe Piermarini, between 1778 and 1783 according to the English landscape style. Circular in shape and with a rectangular pronaos, the small building is an ideal resting place thanks to its raised position on the hill, among the foliage of trees and shrubs. Its picturesque image, which is reflected on the still waters of the Pond, forms the centerpiece of one of the most appreciated landscape paintings and portraits of the Royal Gardens.

The Piermarinian arrangement is in fact documented since the early nineteenth century by many iconographic sources, engravings and descriptions, including the famous paintings by Martino Knoller, depicting the waterfall with a pond and the cave with nymphaeum, or

the engravings taken from the drawings of Gaetano Riboldi, published in 1801 in the treatise by Ercole Silva, Dell’arte de ‘Giardini Inglesi, with a view of the lake and the classical temple in the background (Plate XXXV). In fact, Count Silva had to provide Piermarini with more than a hint because even before publishing his work he had shared with Ferdinand of Habsburg part of the journey undertaken between 1783 and 1786 through France, Switzerland, Holland, England and Germany to visit the gardens of the “new style”, in order to import its fashion into Italy. Among the numerous testimonies of the enthusiasm aroused by the landscape garden, no less fascinating are the engravings by Federico Lose, published in the Promenade dans le Parc I.R. et les Jardins de Monza accompanying the almanac for the year 1827, or the views created by Carlo Sanquirico, both able to restore the beauty of a place where time has apparently ceased to flow.

Later the architect Luigi Canonica also became interested in the artifact, and on the occasion of the completion of the Royal Gardens he undertook to restore the original copper roof of the temple.

After various conservation interventions, the last of which involved the restoration of the nineteenth-century wall color, the temple is now going through a period of evident decay, the Villa Reale and Parco di Monza Consortium has started the procedures for its conservative pic 34 - Temple nowadays. recovery.

34

PHOTOGRAPHIC SURVEY

35

A photographic survey following the path we followed during the 8th of October.

12 10

11

9

8

7

6

5 4 3 2 1

36

Photos taken during the inspection on the 8th of October 2020 and provided to us by the Professors.

1

The Royal Villa

(image taken from the video-lesson recorded by the Professor Raffaella Brumana during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

(image taken from the video-lesson recorded by the Professor Raffaella Brumana during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

5 Gothic Tower

(image taken from the video-lesson recorded by the Professor Raffaella Brumana during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

Viale Cavriga

(image taken from the video-lesson recorded by the Professor Raffaella Brumana during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

(image taken from the shared OneDrive folder by the Architect Carlotta Zerbi on the 31st of October 2020)

(image taken from the video-lesson recorded by the Professor Raffaella Brumana during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

(photo taken by the student Giovanni Brunetti during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

Neogothic Walls

Cavriga Pavilion

(image taken from the video-lesson recorded by the Professor Raffaella Brumana during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

8 Cascina San Fedele

(photo taken by the student Giovanni Brunetti during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

11 Villa Mirabello

(imimage taken from the shared OneDrive folder by the Professor Alberta Cazzani on the 16th of November)

4

(image taken from the video-lesson recorded by the Professor Raffaella Brumana during the visit to Monza Park on the 8th of October 2020)

7

10 Lambro River

3

Artificial Lake

6

9 Cantone Mill

2

Cannocchiale Prospettico Perspective Telescope

12 Villa Mirabellino (from behind)

(imimage taken from the shared OneDrive folder by the Professor Alberta Cazzani on the 16th of November)

37

ACTIVITIES

38

Autodromo Nazionale di Monza Built in 1922, it is the world’s third purpose-built motor racing circuit after those of Brooklands and Indianapolis. The circuit’s biggest event is the Italian Grand Prix.

The site has three tracks – the 5.793-kilometre (3.600 mi) Grand Prix track, the 2.405-kilometre (1.494 mi) Junior track,and a 4.250-kilometre (2.641 mi) high speed oval track with steep bankings.

In addition to Formula One, the circuit previously hosted the 1000 km Monza, an endurance sports car race held as part of the World Sportscar Championship and the Le Mans Series. Monza also featured the unique Race of Two Worlds events, which attempted to run Formula One and USAC National Championship cars against each other. The racetrack also previously held rounds of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing (Italian motorcycle Grand Prix), WTCC, TCR International Series, Superbike World Championship, Formula Renault 3.5 Series and Auto GP. Monza currently hosts rounds of the Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup, International GT Open and Euroformula Open Championship, as well as various local championships such as the TCR Italian Series, Italian GT Championship, Porsche Carrera Cup Italia and Italian F4 Championship, as well as the Monza Rally Show.

Monza also hosts cycling and running events, most notably the Monza 12h Cycling Marathon and Monza 21 Half Marathon. The venue was also selected by Nike scientists for the Breaking2 event, where three runners attempted to break the 2 hour barrier for the marathon.

Eliud Kipchoge ran 2:00:25.

1840

1980

2018

1_ Cascina Costa Bassa 2_ Hostel Costa Alta 3_ Porta del Serraglio 4_ Monza Camping 5_ Pool of Monza 6_ Stores 7_ Bar 8_ Parking 9_ Museo Della Velocita

pic 35 - Diagram of the race track of Formula 1.

39

The first track was built from May to July 1922 by 3,500 workers, financed by the Milan Automobile Club – which created the Società Incremento Automobilismo e Sport (SIAS) (English: Motoring and Sport Encouragement Company) to run the track.[11] The initial form was a 3.4 square kilometres (1.31 sq mi) site with 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) of macadamised road – comprising a 4.5 kilometres (2.80 mi) loop track, and a 5.5 kilometres (3.42 mi) road track.[clarification needed] The track was officially opened on 3 September 1922, with the maiden race the second Italian Grand Prix held on 10 September 1922.

In 1928, the most serious Italian racing accident to date ended in the death of driver Emilio Materassi and 27 spectators at that year’s Italian Grand Prix. The accident led to further Grand Prix races confinement to the high-speed loop until 1932.

For these reasons the Italian Grand Prix wasn’t held again until 1931; in the meantime the 1930 Monza Grand Prix was held on the high speed ring only, while in 1930 Vincenzo Florio introduced the Florio Circuit. The 1933 Italian Grand Prix was held on the original complete layout but it was marred by the deaths of three drivers (Giuseppe Campari, Baconin Borzacchini and Stanislaw Czaykowski) in the supporting Monza Grand Prix held on the same day - which became known as the “Black Day of Monza” - over the shorter oval circuit and the Grand Prix layout was changed: in 1934 a short circuit with two lanes of the straight line joined by a hairpin, Curva Sud of the banking (with a double chicane) driven in the opposite direction than usual, the “Florio link” and the Curva Sud (with a small chicane). This configuration was considered too slow and in 1935 Florio Circuit was used again, this time with four temporary chicanes and another one permanent (along the Curva Sud of the banking).

In 1938 only the last one was used.

pic 36 - Manufacturers in «1st Cup Fiera di Milano» race held in 1925.

pic 37 - «1st Cup Fiera di Milano» race held in 1925.

40

There was major rebuilding in 1938–39, constructing new stands and entrances, resurfacing the track, removing the high speed ring and adding two new bends on the southern part of the circuit. The resulting layout gave a Grand Prix lap of 6.300 kilometres (3.91 mi), in use until 1954. The outbreak of World War II meant racing at the track was suspended until 1948 and parts of the circuit degraded due to the lack of maintenance and military use. Monza was renovated over a period of two months at the beginning of 1948 and a Grand Prix was held on 17 October 1948. From 1948 until now the circuit has undergone a few changes, mostly due to the increase of the speed of the vehicles. Chinaces were added, modifications were made for safety reasons, such as new kerbs, extended run-off areas and tyre-barriers. The infrastructure was also improved, with pits able to accommodate 46 cars, and an upgraded paddock and scrutineering facilities. These changes encouraged world championship motorcycling to return in 1981, but further safety work was undertaken through the 1980s. Also in the 1980s the podium, paddock and pits complex, stands, and camp site were either rebuilt or improved. In 1997 the stands were reworked to expand capacity to 51,000.[30] In 2000, the chicane on the main straight was altered, changing from a double left-right chicane to a single right-left chicane in an attempt to reduce the frequent accidents at the starts due to the conformation of the braking area, although it is still deemed unsafe in terms of motorcycle racing. The second chicane was also re-profiled.

In late 2016, work was planned on a new first bend, which would have bypassed the first chicane and the Curva Grande. However, plans for the track’s change were suspended due to the track being in the historic Monza Park.

Original circuit (1922–1933)

5th variation (1972–1973)

Florio circuit (1935–1937)

6th variation (1974–1975)

2nd variation (1950–1954)

7th variation (1976–1994)

3rd variation (Combined circuit)

4th variation (Road circuit)

(1955–1956, 1960–1961)

(1957–1959, 1962–1971)

8th variation (1995–1999)

9th variation (2000–present)

pic 38 - Diagram of the different stages of the race circuit.

41

Running For sports enthusiasts, the Park offers four different running routes to suit all needs, from beginners to professionals, each clearly marked with signs and different colored arrows. A wonderful chance to go for a run surrounded by nature and historical buildings in the largest enclosed park of Europe. In Monza park there are also real hiking trails, properly marked, including the only official half marathon route in Italy.

The Park also offers a permanent course with a predefined route and numbered checkpoints to use with the help of a compass of a compass and a detailed map, and of course, in the shortest possible time. We are talking about Orienteering, a sport to practice in nature.

The permanent path was created in collaboration with the Lombard Regional Committee of the Italian Orienteering Federation.

Brianza 1 – 41 km.

Training tour in Monza – 6.95 km.

Enjoy the outdoors – Italian Grand Prix– 3.53 km.

Along long – distance trails – 3.6 km.

Cycling Inside the park, at Cascina Bastia, there’s a bike rental service, open from the 1st of March, where you can rent bikes for adults and children, child bicycle seats, tandems and rickshaws.

pic 39 - Examples of different existing hiking routes in the park.

42

Swimming In Monza Park, in the immediate vicinity of the Autodrome road track, there is an outdoor Olympic swimming pool (50 meters), with a children’s pool. Open from June to the end of August (one week before the Formula 1 Grand Prix). This place, an oasis of blue surrounded by greenery, over the years has gradually strengthened its characteristic as a meeting and leisure point, for the citizens of Monza and Brianza. In this unique environment everyone can participate in sports in close contact with nature.

pic 40 - The swimming pool of Monza.

Horse-back riding The Equestrian Center of Monza is located in a space over 11.000 square meters big, inside the Park of Monza, next to Villa Mirabello. Horse-riding courses and equestrian events take place there. For 23 years the Center has also been hosting the equestrian re-educational courses of CER MONZA Onlus.

There are also other services and equipment: outdoor stables, trotting track, carrousel, 2 paddocks, 60 boxes, 2 saddleries, obstacle field.

pic 41 - Horse back riding lessons.

43

Golf Club The Golf Club Milano was founded in 1928 by the Senator Giuseppe Bevione. The planning of the course was committed to the designer Mr James Peter Gannon.

In 1958, the then-President Mr. Gianni Albertini promoted the construction of the current Club House – which is one of the best in Europe – and of the third route, increasing the course with 27 holes.

The three routes are inside the beautiful Park of the Villa Reale of Monza, which covers an area of almost 700 hectares and is one of the biggest and most ancient parks of Europe and certainly the biggest one completely surrounded by walls.

The first and the second routes are the classical track of the competition, the location of 6 Italian Open in the past and of innumerable national and international championships.

The third route is considered the most challenging one from a technical point of view, as it is the curviest with small green well protected by a number of bunkers.

pic 42 - The golf club.

pic 43 - The golf club.

44

Golf Course - How it passed from cultivated fields to golf course.

1840

1928

2018

45

GREENERY

46

The English Garden The Gardens of the Villa Reale, which cover about 40 hectares, surround the buildings of the house and are a priceless heritage in terms of landscape, history, architecture and monuments.

Designed by Piermarini, assisted by gardeners sent from Vienna at the behest of Maria Theresa of Austria, the Gardens were begun in 1778, and were the first in Italy to be designed in the “English style”, with alternating trees and lawns, and with grottos, lakes, decorative waterfalls, an artificial hill and a small Doric temple, which is mirrored in the waters of a lake.

The feature that has made the Gardens famous all over the world is the large variety of centuries-old trees: green giants including oaks, cypresses, horse chestnut trees and cedars of Lebanon, whose size and botanical peculiarities make them unparalleled.

pic 44 - Trees in front of Villa Reale. pic 47 - The landscape on the back of Villa Reale.

pic 45 - The wild trees behind Villa Reale.

pic 46 - The trees creating a perspective view towards Villa Reale.

Illustration of the Royal Gardens in Brenna map - personal archive.

47

The Rose Garden The Rose Garden of Villa Reale was designed by the architects Francesco Clerici and Vittorio Faglia in an area already occupied by one of the formal gardens adjacent to the Archduke’s residence. was planted in 1964 thanks to the industrialist Niso Fumagalli, president of the Associazione Italiana della Rosa, whose aim is to promote the love and passion for this flower. It has a pond and charming walks among the exemplars of the collections. It is also host to the International Rose Competition, which offers a special prize for the most fragrant rose. The layout offers different thematic sections according to the rose collections planted. Certain old varieties are located around the pond, while climbing roses are found along the railings and on the pergola. Most of the space is dedicated, in any case, to the roses taking part in the annual Competitions. These are attended by over four thousand varieties, created by rose growers from all over the world. The jury includes international technical experts, poets, artists and fashion or television personalities.

pic 48 - The Rose Garden.

pic 50 - The Rose Garden.

pic 49 - The Rose Garden.

Illustration of the Rose garden in Brenna map - personal archive.

48

The Green Giants The great variety of ancient trees made the Royal Gardens famous worldwide in its two hundred years of life. Here you can admire two oaks, belonging to the llist of monumental trees of Italy.

The two large trees have fixed their gaze on the facade of the Royal Villa for two centuries. A few steps away, in the lawn, you can find a magnificent ginkgo example, a true “living fossil”, whose origins are lost in time. It comes from China, where it forms sacred woods around temples.

Turning around you will cross the American Giant Sequia, with a reddish trunk. Whilst along the driveway, following the wall, the Cedars of Lebanon. Not one trunk but four raise towards the sky with a total circumference of 7 meters.

It’s a real “natural monument” for its record size that the eyes are unable to embrace in a single glance. There are also monumental beech trees of the Napoleonic era, unfortunately affected by fungal attacks and now compromised.

pic 51

pic 53

pic 52

49

ROAD NETWORK

50

Road Network - Comparison between road network in 1840 and Today.

11 8

4

10

9

3 5

Main Roads b4

2 b3

1 2 3 4 5 6

Viale delle Roveri e della Santa Viale di Vedano Viale dei Moroni o di S. Giorgio Viale delle Voci Viale del Serraglio Viale di Mirabello

8

7

6

Rondo 6

7 Rondo dei Castagni d’India 8 Rondo della Stella 9 Rondo dei Tulipiferi 10 Rondo del Cedro del Libano

9

1 b2

10

b1

7

b2 b3 b4

1840

5 4 2 1

3

Viale Mirabellino Viale Mirabello Viale Cavriga Viale Pineta Viale dei Mulini Asciutti Via Mulino del Cantone Viale Montagnetta Viale di Vedano Via per Bisassono Autodromo Nazionale di Monza

11 Variante del Rettifilo

Ponte delle Catene Ponte della Cavriga Ponte dei Bertoli Ponte Neoclassico

Secondary Roads Paths

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Bridges b1

Scale 1 : 30000

Preserved Roads

Road missing Path missing Roads after 1840 Paths after 1840 New Parking Lot

Today

Scale 1 : 30000

51

Viale Cavriga The important street inside the Park follows, since the original layout of the architect Canonica, a direction parallel to that of the perspective telescope of the Royal Gardens, that is the imaginary axis between Milan and Vienna, the capital of the then Habsburg Empire.

The avenue obliquely crosses the other main axis of the Park, Viale Mirabello. Along its path, Viale Cavriga approaches many points of interest in the Park, such as Viale dei Tigli, the Mathematical Orchard, the neoclassical Cavriga Pavilion, Cascina Bastia, the Lambro bend with the Cavriga Bridge, and the Rotonda dei Liriodendri. Flanked by a double row of oaks, the avenue was once called Viale dei Roveri, but, since in the 1930s these trees were replaced by plane trees, the name has been changed to that of the homonymous Ponte della Cavriga, perhaps from the Lombard term cavre (goats), animals that often grazed on the river bank.

pic 54 - Ancient photo of Viale Cavriga.

pic 55 - Viale Cavriga nowadays.

52

Viale dei Carpini between Mirabello e Mirabellino Created to scenographically connect the Mirabello and Mirabellino Villas, residences where the Durini family welcomed and entertained illustrious guests visiting Monza, Viale dei Carpini runs perpendicularly to Viale Mirabello and is bordered by two rows of ball-cut hornbeams. To fully enjoy the perspective view and not disturb the walk, it was only possible to travel inside on foot; two side avenues placed beyond the tree-lined rows were dedicated to wagons and carriages. In 1925, to make way for the construction of the Hippodrome, the avenue was demolished and the precious perspective telescope was destroyed. Recently the area has been redeveloped and the avenue restored thanks to the planting of new plants.

Since the first version of the Canonica project, great importance is given to the Mirabello and Mirabellino Villas, homes in which the Durini family hosted and entertained illustrious guests visiting Monza with cultured pastimes and worldly parties. To enhance the view of the Villas and scenographically emphasize their connection, an avenue was created bordered by two rows of hornbeam pruned into a ball. Already present in the early 19th century project tables, now preserved in the Vienna State Archives, the avenue, about 600 meters long and perpendicular to Viale Mirabello, was surrounded by lawns, but inside the visitor had the sensation to be “segregated from the nearby countryside” because the tall plants directed his sight and attention only to the villa he was moving towards. Furthermore, it was only possible to pass through the avenue on foot, as traffic was forbid-

den to carriages and wagons; to these were dedicated “two carriage roads for the convenience of the park’s settlers” placed on both sides of the main avenue, just beyond the rows of trees.

In 1925 the area between the two villas was completely turned upside down to make way for the construction of the Hippodrome: the Carpini avenue was demolished and the precious perspective telescope was destroyed.

In 1976 the Hippodrome was closed and in 1990 a fire destroyed what remained of the wooden stands. The area was recently redeveloped (2000) and the perspective view between the two villas was restored through the planting of two new rows of hornbeams, following the original project of the Canonica. Splendid in autumn when the hornbeams change the color of the leaves from green to bronze, the Viale di hornbeam can also be admired from the top of the Vedano Hill, a “pleasant point of view” with a wide panoramic view of the Park.

pic 56 - Viale dei Carpini nowadays.

53

Viale Mirabello Located in the heart of the park and just over a kilometer long along the north-south axis, Viale Mirabello is one of the main attractions for visiting the site’s architecture and landscape varieties. In fact, it connects the important Villa Mirabello to Cascina Casalta and, towards the south, leads to Cascina Cattabrega and Molino del Cantone near the beautiful bend of the Lambro river, until it reaches Cascina Cernuschi, located beyond Viale Cavriga. It is precisely along Viale Mirabello that the hippodrome structure was once located, where today the important avenue of hornbeams between the two historic residences of the Durini family has been restored: the Mirabello and Mirabellino Villas.

The avenue, already present in the original layout of the architect Luigi Canonica dated around 1808, crossed the central area of the ​​ park planted with lawn and embellished with rows of trees that lined the communication paths between the various plots and buildings. In the plans of the early nineteenth century and in the panel of 1814, its layout therefore imposes itself as a strong sign on the territory of the Park, connecting the Royal Villa and its gardens with the productive territories and the hunting forest, and giving particular prominence to the two villas of Mirabello and Mirabellino, also through the avenue of hornbeams that united them. The avenue, entirely tree-lined with rows of oaks, extended for about three kilometers entering the Bosco Bello, where it crossed other paths in a roundabout called Rondò della Stella, then continuing to the northern border of

the park. Since the 20s of the twentieth century, the avenue has undergone major changes following the construction of the Autodrome circuit, which decreed its interruption at the formula 1 track. Currently, through the underpass of the old parabolic, it is possible to walk a stretch inside the Autodrome itself, up to the Variante Ascari, and then continue along the ancient route in the form of a path, through the Rondò della Stella to the north exit of the Park. With the current configuration, however, the connotation of an important visual and road axis is lost. The avenue is flanked by two rows of oaks.

pic 57 - Viale Mirabello nowadays.

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Viale dei Tigli As already highlighted in the early nineteenth century tables by the architect Canonica, the Viale dei Tigli with its multiple rows of tall trees constitutes a visual curtain that separates the park from the streets of the city, hides it, and preserves its wonders. . The first stretch of the avenue in a northerly direction runs along the recently restored area of the Mathematical Orchard, with the Cascina Frutteto in the center. Following the boundary of the park, the avenue then bends sharply east towards Cascina Fontana, ending at the foot of the Vedano hill. The lime tree, an arboreal species traditionally used in tree-lined avenues to offer shade during the summer heat, inebriates with the scent of its flowers in June and July, and offers a feast for the eyes when its leaves turn a bright yellow in autumn.

pic 58 - Viale dei Tigli nowadays.

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Viale dei Liquidambar Absent in the first map of the Park, drawn up by the Canonica by 1808, the Avenue appears in subsequent representations. The avenue, leaving the Rotonda dei Liriodendri on Viale Cavriga, heads north along a wood, to then reach the bank of the Lambro river. The name refers to the double row of Liquidambar styraciflua (American styrax) that runs alongside it and which gives its best in autumn, when the leaves are spectacularly colored with rich shades from yellow to orange, red and crimson. intense.

pic 59 - Viale dei Liquidambar nowadays.

56

Viale Cesare Battisti e Cortile d’onore della Villa Reale The Vialone Reale, today Cesare Battisti, is the scenic tree-lined avenue designed by the architect Canonica to connect the city of Milan to the Royal Villa of Monza.

Bordered by rows of plane trees and divided by a parterre of lawn, the avenue, after passing large and sumptuous gates, gives access to the courtyard of honor of the Villa, and then continues along the path of the perspective telescope which, through the Ponte delle Catene and the Rondò degli Ippocastani, ideally connected Milan and Monza to Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empire. The Villa’s court of honor, once decorated with French-style parterres, now houses the Niso Fumagalli Rose Garden.

The Vialone Reale, today Viale Cesare Battisti, is the scenic and wide tree-lined avenue built by Napoleon and designed by the Canonica to connect the city of Milan to the Royal Villa of Monza, built on the site of the oldest route already set by Piermarini. The avenue started from the old Royal Station, crossed the Rondò dei Pini, and reached the courtyard of honor of the Villa. From here it ideally continued beyond the Royal residence, along the admirable perspective telescope which, through the large lawn behind the Villa, the Ponte delle Catene and the Rondò degli Ippocastani, ideally connected Milan, the Royal Villa of Monza, and the nearby Schönbrunn residence. in Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empire. It once consisted of two dirt tracks, bounded by rows of plane trees and divided by a large and spectacular parterre of lawn; today the avenue is open to vehicles, and the delimitation of the lawn

made with hedges considerably reduces its perspective effect. At the end of the avenue, sumptuous gates give access to the court of honor of the Villa, as described

by Ercole Silva in his “Treatise on the art of English gardens”: “enclosed by ‘superb golden gates and preceded by’ regular orange gardens of fruit blossoms, divided by vague gates, at the entrance to which there are two stable pavilions for the sentries on horseback and a building on each side for the royal guards, and for the Swiss guard “. [1] The courtyard in front of the Villa, enclosed by the side wings ending in the Chapel and the former horseman, originally housed a French garden consisting of geometric parterres, with a fountain with a large basin in the center, which still exists today. In the northern part of the courtyard of honor, bordered by the Serrone, the Niso Fumagalli Rose Garden can now be visited.

South of Viale Cesare Battisti and a short distance from the Villa Reale, Vittorio Emanuele III had the Expiatory Chapel built to commemorate the assassination of his father Umberto I.

pic 60 - Viale Cesare Battisti e Cortile d’onore della Villa Reale nowadays.

57

Rondò dei Liriodendri Also known as “Rondò dei Tulipiferi” or “Rondò del Cavriga”, the rotunda has been present since the first version of the Canonica’s project. Crossed from side to side by Viale Cavriga, the Rotonda dei Liriodendri serves as a junction point between this important route, now asphalted, and some side paths in dirt such as Viale dei Liquidambar (to the north), an avenue that leads to the Rondò degli Ippocastani ( to the south) and an avenue that connected the Lambro river with the park boundary, passing through the Rondò delle Roveri (from north-west to south-east). The name of the rotunda refers to the row of Liriodendri (or Tulip Trees) that surrounds it, and which offers a splendid scenery in autumn, when the leaves of these plants turn a bright yellow-orange color.

pic 61 - Rondò dei Liriodendri nowadays.

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Rondò delle Roveri The roundabout, absent in the first drawings of the Monza Park, appears in the maps starting from 1814, where originally there was a simple crossing of avenues.

It is a large circular lawn area from which ten dirt paths branch off in a regular radial pattern which, through a deciduous forest, connect it with other contiguous junctions such as the Rotonda dei Liriodendri and the Rondò degli Ippocastani, or lead to the borders of the Park.

The current name of Rotonda delle Roveri refers to the presence of oaks which, alternating with hornbeams according to the original design, decorate the outline; the previous name of Rotonda del Cedro derives from the presence of a majestic cedar of Lebanon that once stood at its center.

pic 62 - Rondò delle Roveri nowadays.

59

Rondò degli Ippocastani The Rondò degli Ippocastani, an ancient hunting rondo present since the earliest versions of the general redevelopment project of the Canonica, constitutes one of the crossing points of the system of perspective avenues in the south-east area of the Park. Although it is smaller than the Rotonda dei Liriodendri and the Rondò delle Roveri to which it is directly connected, it is certainly not of minor importance. In fact, the so-called Viale degli Ippocastani also converges in this junction, the route of which, continuing beyond the Ponte delle Catene, completes the long and admirable perspective telescope that ideally unites Milan, the Royal Villa of Monza, and Vienna, the capital of the Habsburg Empire.

The rotunda owes its name to the presence of isolated specimens and rows of horse chestnut trees which, with their dense foliage, cast a pleasant shadow on the paths in summer.

pic 63 - Rondò degli Ippocastani nowadays.

60

Rondò della Stella Scenic clearing created inside the Bosco Bello along the direction of Viale Mirabello, the Rondò della Stella allowed you to admire, standing in the center of it, a dozen perspective views facing some noble residences located beyond the northern borders of the Park or important architectures inside the park itself. Unfortunately, with the construction of the circuit of the racetrack in the 1920s, the perspective telescopes are irreparably compromised. Redeveloped in the 90s after many years of decay and neglect, the Rondò is now practicable, and the hornbeam and rows of oaks that characterized it in the past have been reconstituted.

In the nineteenth century, along Viale Mirabello from south to north, visitors to the park came to a magical place surrounded by woods, the Rondò della Stella.

From this clearing in the Bosco Bello, in fact, a dozen prospective avenues branched off like the rays of a star (hence the name), which visually connected important architectures both inside and outside the Park. With a single glance from the center of the Rondò you could see: to the north, beyond the boundaries of the Park, Villa Somaglia and Villa Maggi-Belvedere called “Il Gernetto” in Lesmo, and Villa Boffalora-Mellerio in Macherio; in addition, the Serraglio dei Cervi and Costa Bassa towards the north-east and north-west respectively; and again, towards the south-west Santa Maria alle Selve in Biassono, and towards the south-east the portico of the Cascina Monzina, nowadays disappeared.

With the construction of the racetrack in 1922 and its

subsequent variants, the Rondò della Stella found itself isolated within the perimeter of the car track. Although the roundabout is still reachable and the star-like arrangement of the avenues around it is recognizable, unfortunately most of the perspective views have been interrupted, mainly due to the construction of the elevated northern curve of the circuit. The views that in the nineteenth century ranged for more than 2km are now reduced to less than 200m. After years of neglect and use as a service and parking area during car events, in the 1990s the rondò area underwent redevelopment: the circular clay ring was restored from which what branches off. remains of the prospective avenues, the lawn in the central parterre has been re-seeded, and the peripheral hornbeam of the rondò (hence the new name of “Rondò dei Carpini”) and the rows of oaks along Viale Mirabello have been reconstituted.

pic 64 - Rondò della Stella nowadays.

61

WATER NETWORK

62

Water Network - Comparison between water network in 1840 and Today.

m4

b2 m2

m5

m1 m2 m1

m3 m4 m5 m3

1840

Scale 1 : 30000

Natural Water (Lambro River)

b3

Natural Water (Lambro River) Artificial Water (Lake)

Artificial Water (Lake)

Main Roggias

Channel without water

Roggia del Principe Roggia della Pelucca Roggia delle Grazie Roggia Galarana Roggia Molinara and Roggia dei Mulini Asciutti

Secondary Roggias

Channel with water

b1 b1 b2 b3

Today

Scale 1 : 30000

Roggia del Principe Roggia della Pelucca Roggia Molinara and Roggia dei Mulini Asciutti

Channel Hidden

63

Lambro River The Lambro river originates in the heart of the Lariano Triangle, from the mountains of the San Primo group just above the Ghisallo, near the Municipality of Magreglio, and flows throughout the Brianza area, crossing the Monza Park and merging further downstream into the Po. The special relationship with the river is evident from the first maps of the Monza Park. As evidence of the scenic but also practical interest in the river, on the Lambro, which flows through the Park for about three and a half kilometers, there are still bridges and locks built in past centuries. In fact, the whole complex water system of the Park is connected to the Lambro. Today, large wooded areas remain around the river in which the plane tree is widespread, of which monumental and very ancient specimens are also observed. There are also poplar, white willow, black alder, major ash and linden, which during the autumn season reflect their colored foliage in its waters.

From the first maps relating to the Monza Park it is clear that the relationship with the river would have been a focal point of the park’s design and life. In fact, it is possible to note how different solutions have followed over the years to modify the course of the river within the Park. In addition to small variations in the dimensions of the loops, the biggest difference between the plans proposed in 1808 and those, a little later, of 1814, concerns the area behind the Villa Mirabello. In the first, between the Villa Mirabello and the Rotonda dei Liriodendri, there is a landscaped lake of considerable proportions, complete with a green islet, on the banks of which you can see a building, probably the Mill of the Cantone. In

subsequent maps, the lake is no longer present and in its place a large bend in the river is shown, on which there are numerous locks, a configuration still visible today. As evidence of the landscape, but also practical interest for the river, on the Lambro, which flows through the park for about three and a half kilometers, there are still five nineteenth-century bridges, two large locks / traverses with cascades, and San Giorgio, just outside from the borders, a third lock, from which the Roggia Molinara departs. In fact, the whole complex water system of the Park is connected to the Lambro: it largely originates from the river and eventually returns the waters to it.

In the Canonica’s project, the areas around the river are intended for the creation of wooded strips. Today, along the banks of the river, the most widespread tree species is the plane tree, of which monumental and very ancient specimens are also observed. There are also poplar, white willow, black alder, major ash and linden, which during the autumn season reflect their colored foliage in its waters. In the undergrowth, black elderberry, European evonymus and wild garlic are frequent.

pic 65 - Lambro River nowadays.

64

Artificial Lake Perfectly integrated into the rich vegetation, the Pond of the Royal Gardens is a sinuous body of water on whose surface the foliage of majestic trees, a grotto with a statue of Neptune and a Neoclassical temple.

It is one of the most loved and portrayed places since the beginning of the nineteenth century. The arrangement promoted by the architect Piermarini, with the lake and the lateral waterfall, is in fact documented starting from the famous paintings by Martino Knoller, then in the engravings by Gaetano Riboldi, published together with the treatise by Ercole Silva, and in the subsequent prints taken from the etching by the Lose couple and Carlo Sanquirico.

Seemingly natural, the pond is actually a large artificial basin with a waterproof bottom, just over 2m deep at the maximum point, fed by the Roggia del Principe, an artificial canal created specifically to bring water to the gardens of the Villa without a natural spring. The lake has always hosted a varied aquatic flora and fauna, even exotic, which once could also be admired up close by renting a boat or pedal boat. Unfortunately, today the pond suffers from periodic eutrophic problems and ecological imbalances due to the presence of species in excessive quantities for such a small body of water.

pic 66 - Artificial Lake nowadays.

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Roggia Molinara and Roggia dei Mulini Asciutti The nineteenth-century cartographic sources show how the Park was destined, since its foundation, to agricultural production (with meadows, rye, maize and wheat crops), wooded areas, tree-lined avenues and plant architectures around the buildings or to support hunting entertainment. Consistent with the Park’s vocation to constitute a model agricultural company, an efficient and widespread irrigation system was developed which, by exploiting the waters of the Lambro river and the fountains present in the Park and around it, allowed the operation of the mills, the irrigation of fields and the sustenance of flora and fauna. Crossing the Park today you can still recognize the tracks of the canals created for this purpose such as the Roggia Molinara which from San Giorgio di Biassono reached the Mulini Crotti (or Mulini di San Giorgio) and then continued up to the Royal Fagianaia, where it was partly diverted into the Roggia della Pelucca, or that of Mulini Asciutti which ran east of the Lambro and, through the Bertoli lock, reached the mills of the same name. Other canals that have now disappeared were the Roggia Gallarana, the Roggia Ghiringhella and the Roggia dei Frati which irrigated the fields of the convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie.

The irrigation canals did not work continuously, but for specific periods, scheduled in days and hours for each canal and for each field to be irrigated.

pic 67 - Roggia Molinara e Roggia dei Mulini Asciutti nowadays.

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Roggia della Pelucca Around 1521, the landowner Girolamo Rabia was granted permission to withdraw water, to irrigate some of his farms south of Monza, from two fountains that are now located in the Park area, and more precisely behind the Royal Pheasant, near of the San Giorgio mills. The canal then crossed in the direction of the current Mulino del Cantone and continued towards the center of the city of Monza. Originally known as “Rabia” or “Rabina”, then “Roggia della Pelucca” from the name of a farmhouse where it ended, over time it has also been used to feed numerous laundries and then as a channel to drain the waste water from houses private and structures of the municipality of Monza. Between the 30s and 50s of the twentieth century for a series of causes including the construction of the golf course and the lowering of the water table in the northern Milan area, the fountains gradually stopped supplying water, only to become completely inactive at the late 1960s. Today, the water of the Roggia del Principe is conveyed to the canal, recently cleaned and consolidated, at the exit from the Pond of the Valley of Sighs.

pic 68 - Roggia della Pelucca nowadays.

67

Roggia del Principe The Roggia del Principe was created to bring water to the gardens of the Royal Villa, the only one in the Park’s water system not intended for irrigation of the fields. Its waters derived from the Lambro at the height of Sovico; after being deactivated in the 50s of the twentieth century, today it remains active only within the Royal Gardens, fed with groundwater from a well of Cascina Bastia. After having formed the Pond, the Waterfall and the mirror of water at the base of the Belvedere, it crosses the lawn behind the Villa and leaves the borders of the Royal Gardens, forming the Pond of the Valley of Sighs and ending in the Roggia della Pelucca.

A remarkable variety of animal and plant species have developed around this water course.

In a note dated 25 November 1779, the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria assigned funds to her son Ferdinando for the costs of extracting and conducting the water up to the Villa of Monza. The Roggia del Principe, also known as Sovico, was created to bring water to the gardens of the Villa Reale, which, although without springs, involved the construction of a pond with water features.

It is therefore the only one in the Park’s water system not intended for irrigation of the fields. Originally the canal began in Sovico, on the right bank of the Lambro, it ran parallel to the river in a north-south direction through the villages of Biassono and Vedano up to the Monza Park, which it crossed passing near the Mathematical Orchard. It was deactivated in the 50s of the twentieth century; today it is active only in the section of

the Royal Gardens, fed by groundwater through a well located in the large courtyard of Cascina Bastia.

After having formed the Laghetto dei Giardini, the waterfall and the mirror of water at the base of the Belvedere, the canal continues into the lawn behind the Villa, where it widens into a large cobbled-bottomed riverbed.

Its path then continues sinuously until it exits the borders of the Royal Gardens, where it feeds the Pond of the Valley of Sighs, and then joins the Roggia della Pelucca.

A remarkable variety of animal and plant species has developed around this stream, including the Lataste frog, the crested newt, the bivalve mollusk Unio elongatulus, and the Swamp Cypress with the characteristic pneumatophores through which the plant breathes.

pic 69 - Roggia del Principe nowadays.

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THE USERS

69

Diagram of the connection between the different users and activities.

Museum Visitors Architectural Visits

Rose Garden Visitors

Horse Back Riding

Golf Course Playres

Race Track Visitors

Walking / Hiking

Runners

Nature Visits Cyclists

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SWOT ANALYSIS

71

SWOT ANALYSIS

S W O T

SWOT analysis is a way to study Monza park. It as us to take into account in advance the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of a given project.This analysis is very important to fully understand the park.

Through SWOT analysis, we can know the advantages and disadvantages of the park in all aspects, which can provide help for our future decision-making.

We make SWOT analysis from nine aspects: Hisotray&Culture, Natural&Ecological, Social activity, Service facilit, Economic, Water System, Entrance, Parking Lot and Road System.

01

72

2

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21

HISTORICAL & CULTURAL

Historical Buildings Villa Real Villa Mirabello Villa Mirabellino Cascina Bastia Cascina Casalta Cascina Cattabrega Cascina Cernuschi Cascina Costa Alta Cascina Costa Bassa Cascina del Forno Cascina del Sole Cascina Fontana Cascina Frutteto Padiglione Cavriga Cascina San Fedele Mulini Asciutti Mulino del Cantone Mulino San Giorgio Fagianaia Tazzini Gothic Tower Temple

S

2.9 2.8

5 1 2 1 3 3

1

- Historical itinerary in the Royal Gardens to discover the beauties it contains, the result of the project conceived by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini between 1778 and 1783 that takes you to the lake, the Doric temple, the rocky jardin, the waterfalls, the cave of Polyphemus, the Gothic walls and the Gothic tower. 7

6

- Walking itinerary “DUE PASSI NELLA STORIA” which immerses you completely in

3

the history of the works, history of the architectures, history of the natural elements of the Monza Park 8 You can find it at: https://www.reggiadimonza.it/sites/default/files/content/risorse/allegati/1344/itin_due_passi_nella_storia.pdf

2.18 2.12

2.19

4

2.3

1

2.15 2.13 2.14

2.11

2.10

7

1 2

2.1

2.5

1

2.2

2.16

2.17 2.6

2

1 3

1 3

1 3

2.7

8 3

- Open to the public since 1861 - Important architects such as Luigi Canonica, Giacomo Tazzini and Luigi Piermanini for the architecture of the park. Important botanical expert such as Luigi Villoresi for the design of the park.

- 4th largest enclosed park in Europe 1 - Valuable Historical Buildings 2 - Presence of English Garden created by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini between 1778 and 1783 3 - Historical roads and water courses 4 - Villa reale and Villa Mirabello have been restored between 2008 and 2014 - Since 1922 it has housed the “Autodromo Nazionale di Monza”, one of the most important of the world 5 - Since 1928 it has housed the Golf course 6

1

3

4

W O T

- Abandoned and dilapidated buildings - Part of the Villa Reale hasn’t been restored yet 1 - Viale Cavriga is often crossed by cars and ambulances due to the proximity of the park to the hospital 2 - Many free green areas without a specific use 3 - The “Ippodromo” of Monza closed in 1976 4 - Restoration of dilapidated buildings with historical value to create points of interest to attract visitors 1 - Creation of large open spaces with specific public functions - Sponsor the importance of the Villa Reale to use it as the main attraction to drive tourists to visit the park 2 - A big part of the park is private space and occupied by the Autodromo of Monza 1 and the Golf Course 2 - Environmental and noise pollution of the areas adjacent to the Autodromo due to the racing cars’ noises 3 - The Golf Course has completely changed the layout of the wooded area of the park 2

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1

NATURAL & ECOLOGICAL

Historical and Valuable Trees 1.1 Acer campestre 1.2 Acer pseudoplatanus 1.3 Acer platanoides 1.4 Diospyros lotus 1.5 Celtis australis 1.6 Celtis occidentalis 1.7 Carpinus betulus 1.8 Prunus avium 1.9 Aesculus hippocastanum 1.10 Liriodendron 1.11 Platanus 1.12 Tilia

S

- Historical itinerary in the Royal Gardens to discover the beauties it contains, the result of the project conceived by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini between 1778 and 1783 that takes you to the lake, the Doric temple, the rocky jardin, the waterfalls, the cave of Polyphemus, the Gothic walls and the Gothic tower. 6

- Walking itinerary “DUE PASSI NELLA STORIA” which immerses you com-

1

2 1

pletely in the history of the works, history of the architectures, history of the natural elements of the Monza Park 7 You can find it at: https://www.reggiadimonza.it/sites/default/files/content/risorse/allegati/1344/itin_due_passi_nella_storia.pdf

2 1

1

1 1.7

1

1.12

1

1.8 1.9

1.5 1.3

3

1.4

5 3 1

1

1.10

1 1

1

1.2

6

7 3

2

1

W O T

- Many free green areas without specific function 1 - Redesigned woods due to the Golf Club 2 - No informations in the park about the monumental trees - Lack of originals cultivations - Some parts of the river banks are not safe for the public

4

2

- Important naturalistic and ecological value of the park - Positive effects on the population and on health - Habitat for many animals - Presence of historical monumental trees 1 - Presence of rose garden - Presence of English Garden 3 - Presence of working farms 4 - Presence of Agricultural School 5

1.1

3

- More indications about valuable architectures and natural elements - Create new paths to facilitate circulation in the park - Give specific functions to green spaces 1 - Inform park visitors on how to better respect the park’s environment - Make river banks safer 2 - The Agrucultural School can carry on the agricultural interest of the park 3

- Pollution of Lambro River 1 - Pollution and noise caused by “Autodromo nazionale”

2

74

Social activity of Monza Park

S

- It holds many activities every year.(I-Days Festival, F1 - Italian Grand Prix and etc.)

F1 - Italian Grand Prix Image from www.tripadvisor.com

I-Days Festival Image from www.tripadvisor.com

- There are all kinds of activities that attract different people.(indoor sports, outdoor sports, adventure games, workshops and etc.)

W O T

- Some outdoor entertainment facilities are out of date.

- Some projects have negative evaluation.(immature facilities, chaotic management. uncomfortable environment...)

- Limited opening hours.

- The park has the potential to develop other activities.(For example, there are many animals in the park. Maybe we can set up a zoo, protecting animals also gives people access to them.)

- Some abandoned buildings need to be good use to creat more attaction.

- Using river and lake to create more entertainment activies.(rowing, fishing and etc.)

- Auto racing can be dangerous.

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Service facility of Monza Park

S W O T

- multiple service facilities are available here.

- service facilities are basically concentrated at the entrance, which is very convenient.

- Lack of service facilities on the north and southeast of the park.

- some parts have too many toilets, but others lack toilets.

- Lack of infopoint.

- Add more facilities on certain part of Monza park.

- set up corresponding service facilities for special groups of people(the aged, the disabled, children and etc)

- Lack of first-aid station in Monza park.

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Economic of Monza Park

S

- It holds many activities every year to attract tourists.(I-Days Festival, F1 - Italian Grand Prix and etc.)

F1 - Italian Grand Prix Image from www.tripadvisor.com

I-Days Festival Image from www.tripadvisor.com

- There are many restaurants, entertainment and bars in the park that can bring lots of profits for Monza Park.

- To a certain extent, the park has driven the economy of the Monza.

W O T

- Need a lot of funds to maintain a huge park every year.(Restoration of historic buildings, Maintenance of infrastructure, Protection of park ecology and etc.)

- Set up market to stimulate people’s consumption(Lots of empty sapces, and they lack a shopping space in Monza park) - Add more activies to absorb more people coming and consuming in Monza park.

- Take historic buildings to good use and appeal more vistors.

- Affected by the epidemic situation, activities have been cancelled and many attractions are no longer open.

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Water System of Monza Park

S W

- Landscape value - Ecological value - Historical value(4 historical bridges) - Laghetto della Villa Reale has a high accessibity for vistors.

- Low accessibility to the bank of the river.(Lack of interaction with people)

Point A View in the map Image from Google Map

Point B View in the map Image from Google Map

- Lack of bridge.

- Lack of water system in north and west part of Monza park.

- Roggias are too tiny to use.

O T

- Using river and lake to create more entertainment activies.(rowing, fishing and etc.)

- Create more open space on both sides of the river so that people can reach the river.

- Add more artifcial lake in north and west part of the park.

- The river flood will affect the surrounding environment.

- The water system is threatened with pollution.

Lambro river is covered by bathing, March 27, 2019 Image from www.mbnews.it

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Entrance of Monza Park

S W O

- The entrance is evenly distributed (People can enter the park from all directions) - Some of the entrances are on urban roads (High accessibility of the park)

- Lack of entrance in certain place.

- Inconvenient for people who come by subway.

- Creat new entrance in northeast part of Monza Park - Landmark entrance( more attractive for people)

The Entrance Gateway to the Giardini Reali was built in 1850, in neo-Gothic style.

The materials almost certainly originated from Milan Cathedral.

Image from Google Map

T 79

Parking Lot of Monza Park

S W O

- Each parking lot has sufficient space.

- The parking lot is near the entrance to the park. It is very convenient.

- There is a lack of parking in the center of park.

- Parking lots are open and empty, they may have more meaningful potential.(add some plants, service facilities or relaxing space for people)

A parking lot in Monza Park.

Image from Google Map

- Add some parking space for people who use bicycle or other vehicles.

T

- The parking lot near the entrance is very convenient.But some of them destroy the integrity of the landscape to a certain extent.

Image from Google Map

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Road System of Monza Park

S

- A suitable density of road network.

- There are various landscapes on both sides of the road.

Beautiful scenery on both sides of the road.

Image from Google Map

- People are very satisfied with the bicycle track.

Tourist comments from www.tripadvisor.com

- Clear road classification(Three different road levels)

Different road systems: motorway, cycle path and tiny sidewalk.

Image from Google Map

- Near to the bus and subway line of the city.

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Road System of Monza Park

W

- The main road is narrow.(It was particularly crowded during the event)

Image from Google Map

- There is less road in certain part of the park( Low accessibility)

There is less road in the North park of the Monza park so that it could reduce the accessibility for people to visit this part.

Image from Google Map

O T

Comparing with the North part in Monza park, road stystem in Southwest of the park is denser.

It is convenient for tourists to explore the park better.

Image from Google Map

- Create some new paths so that people can explore the park more deeply.

- The main road has the possibility of widening.

- Creat roads for bus to bring people convenience.

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MASTERPLAN OF PROJECT

83

Set path for photography of people and their activities.

In the masterplan there are set certain stops in the path in order to capture the people of Monza park and their activities. Using the #PeopleofMonza each photographer can promote their work, keep an online archive of the ways people used the park throughout the years, as well as the variety of activities available in Monza park and attract even more people and economic funding. It is proposed to organise an annual photography competition and exhibit the best pictures taken in Villa Reale as a celebration of life in Monza park.

a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 a7 a8 a9, a12 a10, a11, a13 a14

admiring the natural elements of Monza and having a picnic playing in the wooden playground picking gardens using the archery playing tennis playing soccer - doing yoga learning in the traffic park racing in the formula 1 playing golf outdoor cultural events (i.e. outdoor cinema, market places etc.) activities on the riverside

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Set path for photography of the natural beauty of Monza Park.

In the masterplan there are set certain stops in the paths throughout the park in order to capture the natural beauty of the Monza park. Using the #MonzaNature each photographer can promote their work, keep an online archive of the beauty of the natural elements, the weather and seasons throughout the years, as well as the variety of landscapes, flowers and trees in Monza park and attract even more people and economic funding. It is proposed to organise an annual photography competition and exhibit the best pictures taken in Villa Reale as a celebration of the variety of colours and beauty in Monza park.

n1-n3 n4, n8 n5, n 13 n6 n7, n9 n10, n11 n12 n14 - n15

the English gardens woodland photography the Lambro river meadow photography the perspective view of the round-abouts nature near Molino Asciutto roggia Mulini Asciutti photography the fields near Cascina Frutteto

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Set path for photography of the historic buildings of Monza Park.

Since the Monza park is loaded with a variety of historic buildings, villas, mills, rural buildings etc. the idea of a photography competition to promote the architectural value of the park and to appeal to a different demographic arose.

In this path there are setted some indicative photography stops to some of the buildings of the park. Some are famous and prominent and some are more hidden and unknown. Using the #MonzaArchitecture each photographer can promote their work and we can keep an online archive of the situation in which are the buildings. An annual photography competition and exhibition in Villa Reale of the best pictures taken is proposed to be organised in celebration of the historical value of the buildings in Monza park. b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13

Cascina Cernusca Cascina Cattabrega Mulino del Cantone Villa Mirabello Cascina Casalta Cascina Fontana Villa Mirabellino Cascina Frutteto Cascina san Fedele Cascina Bastia The Gothic Tower Villa Reale Cascina del Sole

86

zoomed area 1

educational activities and activities in nature It is proposed for the Villa Reale to be preserved and work as an exbibition center, hosting also the exhibitions of the best pictures taken for the three annual photography competitions in Monza, regarding the people, the nature and the buildings. Villa Reale could also host exbibitions of the results of the sculpture workshops hosted in the Gothic Tower.

The area around the water element is especially significant since there are the giant trees that are very important for the natural environment of the park. We suggest there could be some picnic and camping areas where families and friends can sit on the grass and eat together, shaded by the big trees and get in touch with nature as well as promote the natural beauty of the park!

The parking lot is proposed to be preserved in the same location but cleaned up with clear indications and road maps for the park.

Cascina de Frutteto is proposed to remain as an agricultural school but it could become even more practical where students are responsible for a certain piece of the garden nearby. In addition, workshops can be held in the gardens where the students and proffessors can converse with the visitors and inform them about the natural beauty of Monza park, how to care for the plants etc. The agricultural school could also collaborate with the Therapeutic gardens where the citizens can find piece and quiet and get in touch with their inner selves.

The Gothic Tower is proposed to become the photography and sculpture studio of Monza park. The toretta alongside Villa Reale are the main cultural points of the Monza park and are in close contact with one another. Outside the gothic tower could take place some scuptural workshops where citizens can learn more about this art handson in the beautiful landscape of the park.

preserved functions

proposed new function regarding nature

preserved but enhanced function

proposed new educational activity

new proposed function

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zoomed area 2

cultural and sports activities

This area is meant to host most of the cultural and sports facilities of the park. Re-using the Cantone Mill as a sports center and it being the center and reference point of a lot of outdoors sports activities it is believed that the park will have a new crowd to appeal to.

The outdoor activities such as the volleyball and soccer fields are meant to be kept as natural as possible, in an effort not to pollute the environment with harmful artificial flooring, using the natural dirt and grass as a field in the first case and only a net in the grass seperating the teams in the later case. All the suggested uses are meant to promote and respect the natural beauty and using environmental friendly materials for the archery lessons, such as local wood, and most of all to be completely revirsable.

Only by bringing your own mat or towel you can part-take in a yoga lesson underneath the trees, converse and get to know different people whilst grounding yourself and being in touch with nature. The proposed wooden playground, is meant to be built in a workshop organised by the sculptural studio of Monza park promoting the necessary connection of man and nature and as a celebration of people of all ages getting together to built something for their community. Made by local wood it is meant to be set as an example as to how children can really play with raw materials and have fun in the nature without any artificial and harmful materials.

The outdoor local / flea markets are meant to promote local unions and local producers, giving them a chance to sell their products working towards a greener economy where local and second-hand products are valued more than the mass-produced ones.

proposed new functions preserved functions proposed new sports activity proposed new cultural activity

88

zoomed area 3

outdoor cultural events / race track / golf course

In this area of the park is already in use the formula 1 race track as well as the golf course. Those uses are proposed to be preserved since they already attract an important ammount of people annualy and bring a lot of profit to the park. It is suggested though, especially for the golf club to try and be more sustainable and kind towards the environment. Most of the concerns are focused on the ground water pollution caused by fertilizers and pesticides and the excessive ammount of water needed in order to keep certain types of grasses healthy.

By choosing a more low maintenance type of grass it will assist in the water management and the natural groundwater can be used without having to add in chemicals.

In addition, such as the use of solar golf carts, artificial lakes to collect rainwater for future irrigation and waste management practices are just some sustainable measures that could be implemented.

In the area inclosed by the race track where the noise pollution is already present it is proposed to take place summer music and food festivals. The constructions are meant to be made out of local wood and be temporary. There, people from all around the world can get to know the local cuisine of Italy and celebrate local artists of all genres.

preserved function preserved but enhanced function proposed new cultural activity

89

RECTIFICATION PROCESS

90

RECTIFICATION PROCESS The rectification process is illustrated on the following pages to avoid display problems.

91

RECTIFICATION PROCESS

92

RECTIFICATION PROCESS

93

PROJECT - THE GOTHIC TOWER the sculpture and photography club of Monza Park

94

THE SCULPTURE AND PHOTOGRAPHY CLUB OF MONZA PARK The Gothic Tower is proposed in our strategy to become the sculpture and photography club of Monza Park, in complete agreement with the new focus on the cultural aspect of the park. It is designed to host a sculpture studio both outdoors and indoors, a small shop where the artists can sell the sculptures and handmade homewear they just created, a photography studio, as well as a coffee shop / restaurant.

Our main design goal was to re-use this historic building with minor interventions. We want to accentuate the materials of the walls by leaving some of them untouched and in full display, such as the brickwall on the restaurant and on the photography studio. Were needed, wooden wall cladding is going to be used, as well as a wooden floor, in both cases clearly highlighting that those are materials added later on in the building and everything is reversible and the building can be completely restored to its original condition. Metal frames are going to be used in the windows, again clearly highlighting that those were added later on in the life of the building.

Small details such as interior plants and soft lighting are going to give a cosier atmosphere to this historic building that is going to be full of life and culture again.

The materials used for the interventions will be mostly local and built by local workforce, in an effort to minimize transportation and work towards a more sustainable and green architecture.

95

Reuse diagram of the Gothic tower.

The gothic tower is proposed in our strategy to become the sculpture and photography club of Monza Park, in complete agreement with the new focus on the cultural aspect of the park. It is designed to host a sculpture studio both outdoors and indoors, a small shop where the artists can sell the sculptures and handmade homewear they just created, a photography studio, as well as a coffee shop / restaurant.

preserved new addition demolished

0 1 2 Scale 1:200

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THE USES

pic 70 - Sculpture Studio.

pic 71 - Photography Studio.

pic 72 - Dark Room.

pic 73 - Handmade / Pottery Shop.

pic 74 - Restaurant / Coffee Shop.

97

THE ATMOSPHERE

pic 75 - The Bar.

pic 76 - Pottery shop / local artists.

pic 78 - Sculpture Studio / wooden tables / untouched brick wall.

pic 77 - Pottery studio.

pic 79 - Products from the sculptural studio displayed throughout the building.

pic 80 - Glass and metal elevator indicating it’s an addition to the building.

98

T H E M AT E R I A L S

pic 82 - Existing brick wall - preserved and being the focal point of the design.

pic 83 - Floating floor if the existing floor is in bad condition.

pic 81 - Painted wooden wall cladding / revirsable and covering electromechanical facilities.

pic 84 - Glass and metal windows indicating they are an addition.

99

T H E D E TA I L S

pic 86 - Fairy lights used in the restaurant to create a cosier environment.

pic 85 - Interior plants.

pic 87 - Furniture created by local artists.

pic 88 - Use of lighting in warm colours and where the cables cannot be hidden they are becoming part of the interior design.

100

SPACES INSIDE THE “NEW” GOTHIC TOWER GROUND FLOOR 4 2 1

3

5

1.

Info point

2.

Shop with Handmade goods

3.

Sculpture Studio

4.

Photography Studio

5.

Toilets

1ST FLOOR 7

6

6.

Restaurant/Coffee Shop

7.

Kitchen

8.

Toilets

8

101

10 9 11

BASEMENT FLOOR 9.

Sculpture Studio

10. Storage 11.

Toilets

102

PANELS

103

BRENNA MAP ANALYSIS AND COMPARISON MAP ANALYSIS

104

SWOT ANALYSIS AND GEMOETRIC, MATERIAL AND DECAY SURVEYS

Strategic analysis of the Monza Park: Strength Weakness Opportunity Threat

HISTORICAL & CULTURAL 2

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21

Historical Buildings Villa Real Villa Mirabello Villa Mirabellino Cascina Bastia Cascina Casalta Cascina Cattabrega Cascina Cernuschi Cascina Costa Alta Cascina Costa Bassa Cascina del Forno Cascina del Sole Cascina Fontana Cascina Frutteto Padiglione Cavriga Cascina San Fedele Mulini Asciutti Mulino del Cantone Mulino San Giorgio Fagianaia Tazzini Gothic Tower Temple

- Open to the public since 1861 - HISTORICAL Important architects as Luigi Canonica, Giacomo Tazzini and &such CULTURAL Luigi Piermanini for the architecture of the park. Important botanical - Open the public expert such as LuigitoVilloresi forsince the1861 design of the park.

- Importantpark architects such as1Luigi Canonica, Giacomo Tazzini and - 4th largest enclosed in Europe Luigi Piermanini for of the park. Important botanical - Valuable Historical Buildings the 2 architecture expert such as Luigi Villoresi for the design of the park.

- Presence of- English Garden created the architect Giuseppe Pier1 4th largest enclosed park inby Europe marini between 1778 and 1783 Buildings 3 2 - Valuable Historical - Historical roads and water courses - Presence of English Garden4 created by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini between 1778 and 1783 3 - Villa reale and Villa Mirabello have been restored between 2008 and 2014 - Historical roads and water courses 4 andthe Villa“Autodromo Mirabello have been restored betweenone 2008 - Since 1922 it- Villa has reale housed Nazionale di Monza”, and 2014 of the most important world 5 - Since 1922ofit the has housed the “Autodromo Nazionale di Monza”, one - Since 1928 itofhas housed the Golf course the most important of the world 6 5 - Historical itinerary in the Royal Gardens discover - Since 1928 it has housed the Golftocourse 6 the beauties it contains, the result of the project conceived by the architect Giuseppe itinerary the Royal Gardens discover the beauties it contains, - Historical1778 Piermarini between andin 1783 that takestoyou to the lake, the Doric the result of the project conceived by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini between 1778 temple, the rocky jardin, the waterfalls, the cave of Polyphemus, the and 1783 that takes you to the lake, the Doric temple, the rocky jardin, the waterfal7 Gothic walls ls, and tower. the the caveGothic of Polyphemus, the Gothic walls and the Gothic tower. 7 - Walking itinerary “DUE PASSI NELLA STORIA” which immerses you completely in- the history of “DUE the works, history of the architectures, hiWalking itinerary PASSI NELLA STORIA” which immerses you completely in the history of the works, of the architectures, thefind natural elements story of the natural elements ofhistory the Monza Park 8 history You of can it at: of the Monza Park 8 You can find it at: https://www.reggiadimonza.it/sites/dehttps://www.reggiadimonza.it/sites/default/files/content/risorse/allegafault/files/content/risorse/allegati/1344/itin_due_passi_nella_storia.pdf ti/1344/itin_due_passi_nella_storia.pdf

S

2.9 2.8

5 1 2 1 3 3

1

6 3 2.18

2.12

2.19

4

2.3

1

2.15 2.13 2.14

7

1 2

2.1

1

2.2

2.16

2.17 2.6

2

1 3

1 3 2.11

2.10

2.5

1 3

4

2.7

8 3

1

3

SOCIAL ACTIVITY

W O T

- The park has the potential to develop other activities.(For example, there are many animals in the park. Maybe we can set up a zoo, protecting animals also gives people access to them.)

- Some abandoned buildings need to be good use to creat more attaction.

- Using river and lake to create more entertainment activies. (rowing, fishing and etc.)

- Auto racing can be dangerous.

1

2 1

2 1

1 4

1

1.8 1.9

1 1.5 1.3

3

1.4

5 3 1

1

6

2

1.10

1 1

1

1.2

2

- Important naturalistic and ecological value of the park NATURAL & ECOLOGICAL - Positive effects on the population and on health - Habitat for many animals - Important naturalistic and ecological value of the park - Presence of historical monumental trees 1 and on health - Positive effects on the population - Habitat for many 2 animals - Presence of rose garden 3 monumental trees 1 - Presence of historical - Presence of English Garden - Presencefarms of rose4garden - Presence of working 3 - Presence of English 5 - Presence of Agricultural SchoolGarden - Presence of working farms 4 to di- Historical itinerary in the Royal Gardens - Presence of Agricultural Schoolof5the scover the beauties it contains, the result project conceived by the architect Giuseppe Pier- Historical itinerary in the Royal Gardens to discover the beauties it contains, marini between 1778 and 1783 that takes you to the the result of the project conceived by the architect Giuseppe Piermarini betwelake, the Doricentemple, jardin, water1778 andthe 1783rocky that takes you tothe the lake, the Doric temple, the rocky jardin, falls, the cave the of waterfalls, Polyphemus, the walls and walls and the Gothic tower. 6 the cave of Gothic Polyphemus, the Gothic the Gothic tower. 6 - Walking itinerary “DUE PASSI STORIA” - Walking itinerary “DUENELLA PASSI NELLA STORIA” which immerses you comwhich immerses youincompletely in the history ofthe the pletely the history of the works, history of architectures, history of the 7 the of the Monza Park of You can find it at: https://www.reggiaworks, history natural of theelements architectures, history dimonza.it/sites/default/files/content/risorse/allegati/1344/itin_due_passi_nelnatural elements of the Monza Park 7 You can la_storia.pdf find it at: https://www.reggiadimonza.it/sites/default/files/content/risorse/allegati/1344/itin_due_passi_nella_storia.pdf - Many free green areas without specific function 1 - Redesigned woods due to the Golf Club 2 - Many free green areas without specific function 1 - No informations in the park about the monumental trees - Redesigned woods to the Golf Club 2 - Lack ofdue originals cultivations - Some of the river banks are not safe for the public 3 - No informations in parts the park about the monumental trees - Lack of originals cultivations - Some parts of the river banks are not safe for the public 3

S

1.12

- Restoration of dilapidated buildings with historical value to create points of interest to attract visitors

- Some outdoor entertainment facilities are out of date.

- Some projects have negative evaluation.(immature facilities, chaotic management. uncomfortable environment...)

- Limited opening hours.

Historical and Valuable Trees Acer campestre Acer pseudoplatanus Acer platanoides Diospyros lotus Celtis australis Celtis occidentalis Carpinus betulus Prunus avium Aesculus hippocastanum Liriodendron Platanus Tilia

1.7

- Restoration- Creation of dilapidated with historical valuefunctions to create 1 of largebuildings open spaces with specific public points of interest to attract visitors of the Villa Reale to use it as the main - Sponsor the importance to drive tourists visit the public park 2functions 1 - Creation ofattraction large open spaces withtospecific - Sponsor the importance of the Villa Reale to use it as the main attraction to drive tourists to visit the park 2 - A big part of the park is private space and occupied by the Autodromo of Monza 1 and the Golf Course 2 - Environmental and noise pollution the areasby adjacent to the - A big part of the park is private space andofoccupied the Autodrothe racing mo of MonzaAutodromo GolftoCourse 2 cars’ noises 3 1 and the due - The Golf Course has completely changed the layout of the wooded - Environmental noise of the areas adjacent to the Auto2 areaand of the parkpollution dromo due to the racing cars’ noises 3 - The Golf Course has completely changed the layout of the wooded area of the park 2

SERVICE FACILITY

1

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.10 1.11 1.12

1

Abandoned and dilapidated - Abandoned- and dilapidated buildingsbuildings - PartReale of the Villa Reale hasn’t been restored yet 1 - Part of the Villa hasn’t been restored yet 1 ambulances - Viale Cavriga is often crossed by cars and due to the - Viale Cavriga is often crossed bythe cars and ambulances due to the proximity of the park to hospital 2 proximity of the park togreen the hospital - Many free areas without 2 a specific use 3 - The “Ippodromo” of Monza closeduse in 1976 - Many free green areas without a specific 3 4 - The “Ippodromo” of Monza closed in 1976 4

- It holds many activities every year.(I-Days Festival, F1 - Italian Grand Prix and etc.)

- There are all kinds of activities that attract different people.(indoor sports, outdoor sports, adventure games, workshops and etc.)

NATURAL & ECOLOGICAL

7 1

3

1.1

TORETTA NEOGOTICA (Neo-Gothic Tower) GEOMETRIC, MATERIAL AND DECAY SURVEY RECTIFICATION

GEOMETRIC SURVEY

West facade of Gothic Tower Scale: 1/50

West facade of Gothic Tower Scale: 1/50

1

2

3

W O T

1

2

- More indications about valuable architectures and natural elements

- Create new paths to facilitate circulation in the park - More indications - Giveabout specificvaluable functionsarchitectures to green spaces 1 and natural elements - Inform park visitors on how to better respect the park’s environment - Create new paths facilitate circulation in the 2 - Make to river banks safer park - The Agrucultural School can carry on the agricultural interest of the 3 - Give specificpark functions to green spaces 1 - Inform park visitors on how to better respect the park’s environment - Make river banks safer 2 - Pollution of Lambro River 1 - The Agrucultural School carry on by the“Autodromo agricul- nazionale” 2 - Pollution andcan noise caused tural interest of the park 3

3

- Pollution of Lambro River 1 - Pollution and noise caused by “Autodromo nazionale” 2

SCALE : 1/50 - multiple service facilities are available here.

- service facilities are basically concentrated at the entrance, which is very convenient.

ECONOMIC

- It holds many activities every year to attract tourists.(I-Days Festival, F1 - Italian Grand Prix and etc.)

- There are many restaurants, entertainment and bars in the park that can bring lots of profits for Monza Park.

- To a certain extent, the park has driven the economy of the Monza.

- Lack of service facilities on the north and southeast of the park.

- some parts have too many toilets, but others lack toilets.

- Lack of infopoint.

West facade of Gothic Tower Scale: 1/50 R1

- Lack of first-aid station in Monza park.

- Affected by the epidemic situation, activities have been cancelled and many attractions are no longer open.

BRICK MASONRY

STONE

Brick Masonry 1 - BM 1

Brick Masonry 1 - BM1

Brick Masonry 6 - BM 6

STONE

Brick Masonry 4 - BM4

Stone 2 - S2

These bricks have vibrant colours and altough mortars between the bricks are invisible, gaps between the bricks are noticeable. The arrangement of the bricks is regular. They look different from other bricks because they may be made in different periods and with different techniques.

Stone 4 - S4

S4

Metal Doors - M1

Wood 1 - W1

ENTRANCE

PARKING LOT

ROAD SYSTEM

OTHERS

D1

BM 5

W2

D1

OTHER Plastic - P1

Plastic cable exist in the mid-height of the facade.

Wood 2 - W2

WOOD Wood 1 - W1

Mortar - M1

WATER SYSTEM

Metal - D1 Two metal non-original doors are added in this facade.

Brick Masonry 7 -BM7

Rectangular bricks in size of 5.5x11x22 cm are used verticaly (piattabanda) above the metal doors and have a structural function to support them. It is an arc-like type of architectural element above an empty space, and redirectly decreases the heaviness of the wall.

WOOD

BM 7

BM 4

METAL

Brick Masonry 6 - BM6

Bricks were used in the sides and middle parts of the building and have an irBric regular appearance. The material can be defined as darkest color in the building. It is also possible to see mortars that is irregular between the bricks. The construction technique is completely different from other bricks and is related to workmanship. They are made of durable and high quality raw material and has a dark color due to high temperature of cooking.

METAL

BM 3 M1

Stone 4 - S4

The stone surrounding the building horizontally divides different types of bricks from each other.

Brick Masonry 5 - BM5

Stone 3 - S3

BM 6

Stone 3 - S3

Regular stone slabs are structural elements that are used on two sides of the facade to terminate the string of bricks . They are arranged in a vertical plane and have the same dimensions. The stones are in warm-grey colour and have a rough surface.

These bricks can be deened as the most irregular and damaged bricks in the building and seem to be in different planes. They might be undercooked and melted due to poor dough quality. They have a vibrant color and mortars can be easily seen.

Stone 1 - S1

BM 2

Basement in rustic stone blocks. Ceppo lombardo stone tile.

The material used in basement is a rustic type of stone block. It has a rough surface and partly damaged in many places. Uneven surface and degradation can be mostly seen in the basement (where Ceppo Lombardo is located). It can be recognised by the partial erosion of the stone, especially in the points most subject to atmospheric agents.

Brick Masonry 3 - BM3

Most of the bricks have dark red color and are covered with mortar that makes bricks invisible in some parts. The facade may have been plastered in a certain period and poured depending on the climatic and environmental factors.

Brick Masonry 7 - BM 7

M1

Stone 2 - S2

These bricks have lighter colours rather than the others and the mortar that has a light grey colour has been joined between the bricks.

Brick Masonry 5 - BM 5

P1

This type of stone is used for pavement. It has different dimensions and lay on top of each other.

Brick Masonry 2 - BM2

Brick Masonry 4 - BM 4

BM 1

Stone 1 - S1

Probably, BM1 is the most initially used material that is put into this Pr facade. This load-bearing masonry composed of bricks in size of 5.5 (h) x 11(w) cm covers almost all facade of the building and it is possible to see mortars between bricks. Bricks have a homogenous red color scheme and are used in upper parts of the building. It can be thought that BM1 is a well-conserved material type of original brick.

Brick Masonry 2 - BM 2 Brick Masonry 3 - BM 3

- Set up market to stimulate people’s consumption(Lots of empty sapces, and they lack a shopping space in Monza park) - Add more activies to absorb more people coming and consuming in Monza park.

- Take historic buildings to good use and appeal more vistors.

BRICK MASONRY

W1

- Need a lot of funds to maintain a huge park every year.(Restoration of historic buildings, Maintenance of infrastructure, Protection of park ecology and etc.)

- Add more facilities on certain part of Monza park.

- set up corresponding service facilities for special groups of people(the aged, the disabled, children and etc)

SCALE : 1/50

MATERIAL SURVEY

S3

Terracotta (Roof tile) R1

Wood is used as a structural material for the roof. The original horizantal timber beam and wooden rafter carries the roof.

Terracotta (Roof Tile) - R1 Plastic (Electric Cable) - P1

Terracotta tiles used to cover roof. Regular elements allow water to flow downwards.

Mortar - M1

Wood 2 - W2

Wood is fixed on bricks, next to the metal door.

S2

The mortar is added later on when the metal door is placed on the facade.

SCALE : 1/50

S1

DECAY SURVEY

BRICK MASONRY

West facade of Gothic Tower Scale: 1/50

STONE

BRICK MASONRY

Antropic transformation(BA)

Disintegration(BDI)

Lacuna(BL)

Descriprion: The brick masonry gradually degraded, and the bricks gradually loose and fall off.

Reason: The wall absorbed the rain which changed the chemical composition of mortar and bricks. The rain would freeze and melt later. So the bricks also have been severely degraded by thaw cycles.

Dripping(BDP)

Exfoliation(SE) Descriprion: the part of the stone surface gradually falls off.

Reason: stone is worn by wind or external force such as friction and impact..

Biological Patina(BBP)

Dripping(BDP)

Descriprion: a thin, greenish and homogeneous layer cover the stones.

Reason: These layers are mainly composed of microorganisms. It is usually caused by atmospheric agents that create an ideal condition. for the proliferation of organisms.

Descriprion: Some light colored and elongated shapes are left on the surface of the building.

Reason: It would be created by the water flow path. Water dripped to the brick wall from some overhang architecture elements.

Decolourization(BD) Disintegration(BDI)

Different degradation(SDD)

Presence Vegetation(BPV)

Descriprion: The stone in this position is corroded in different degrees, some of the materials that make up the Ceppo Lombardo stone are exposed gradually.

Reason: Positions like the corner and the basement are easier subjected to external effects. And the composition of the stone is different and complex. The damage degree of these components also varies with each other.

Descriprion: plant growth covers the building surface.

Reason: around the building gradually formed a suitable environment for plant growth. These plants grew along the walls and finally influenced the surface of the building.

Patch(BP) Biological Patina(BBP) Biological colonization(BBC) Presence Vegetation(BPV)

Antropic transformation(BA)

Biological colonization(SBC)

Descriprion: the integrity of the building surface is altered by elements added later.

Reason: artificially added pipes, wires, etc.

Descriprion: Some relatively thick and greenish layers cover the surface of the building.

Reason: some macro organisms or fungal plants grow on the surface of buildings through the chemical solution of the stone which left dampness after rain.

Decolourization(BD)

Presence Vegetation(SPV)

Descriprion: the surface color of building materials gradually faded.

Reason: the natural change of material composition leads to the change of surface color.

STONE Exfoliation(SE)

Biological Patina(BBP) Descriprion: a thin, greenish and homogeneous layer cover the bricks.

Reason: These layers are mainly composed of microorganisms. It is usually caused by atmospheric agents that create an ideal condition.

Different degradation(SDD) Biological Patina(SBP)

Descriprion: plant growth covers the building surface.

Reason: around the building gradually formed a suitable environment for plant growth. These plants grew along the walls and finally influenced the surface of the building.

WOOD Wood deterioration(WD)

Descriprion: breaking and rotting of wooden beams.

Reason: wood is corroded by wind, rain or worn by external force.

Lacuna(BL) Descriprion: The masonry layer between the connecting bricks disappeared.

Reason: mortar coating is more easily lost by abrasion than bricks.

Biological colonization(SBC)

Wood Lack(WL)

- Landscape value - Ecological value - Historical value(4 historical bridges) - Laghetto della Villa Reale has a high accessibity for vistors.

- The entrance is evenly distributed (People can enter the park from all directions) - Some of the entrances are on urban roads (High accessibility of the park)

- Low accessibility to the bank of the river.(Lack of interaction with people) - Lack of bridge.

- Lack of water system in north and west part of Monza park.

- Roggias are too tiny to use.

- Lack of entrance in certain place.

- Inconvenient for people who come by subway.

- Using river and lake to create more entertainment activies.(rowing, fishing and etc.)

- Create more open space on both sides of the river so that people can reach the river.

- Add more artifcial lake in north and west part of the park.

- Each parking lot has sufficient space.

- The parking lot is near the entrance to the park. It is very convenient.

- There is a lack of parking in the center of park.

- Creat new entrance in northeast part of Monza Park - Landmark entrance( more attractive for people)

- Parking lots are open and empty, they may have more meaningful potential.(add some plants, service facilities or relaxing space for people) - Add some parking space for people who use bicycle or other vehicles.

- The parking lot near the entrance is very convenient.But some of them destroy the integrity of the landscape to a certain extent.

Presence Vegetation(SPV)

- A suitable density of road network.

- There are various landscapes on both sides of the road.

- People are very satisfied with the bicycle track.

- Clear road classification(Three different road levels) - Near to the bus and subway line of the city.

Descriprion: Some relatively thick and greenish layers cover the surface of the building.

Reason: some macro organisms or fungal plants grow on the surface of buildings through the chemical solution of the bricks which left dampness after rain.

Wood deterioration(WD)

Patch(BP)

- There is less road in certain part of the park( Low accessibility)

METAL

- Create some new paths so that people can explore the park more deeply.

- The main road has the possibility of widening.

- Creat roads for bus to bring people convenience.

OTHERS

Deformation(MD)

Roof tiles lack(RL)

OTHERS Lack roof tiles(RL)

Descriprion: Some relatively new materials cover the building surface like patches.

Reason: Repair damaged or missing parts of building surface.

Wood Lack(WL)

- The main road is narrow.(It was particularly crowded during the event)

Descriprion: The two holes in the middle part of the facade were used to be some structural wood elements. Now they disappeared.

Reason: These wooden structures were removed later artificially.

Biological colonization(BBC)

WOOD

METAL

Descriprion: some of the roof tiles disappeared.

Reason: roof tiles may fall off due to loose connections

KEY PLAN

TOP VIEW

Deformation(MD) Descriprion: a corner of the sheet metal was deformed Reason: the metal plate is impacted by external force.

SCALE : 1/50

- The river flood will affect the surrounding environment.

- The water system is threatened with pollution.

Architectural Preservation Studio - A.Y. 2020-21

WORKSHOP TOPIC

prof. Alberta Cazzani, prof. Raffaella Brumana

MONZA ROYAL PARK PRESERVATION PLAN AND BUILDING REUSE

Tutors: arch. Carlotta Maria Zerbi, arch. Anna Turrina

GROUP 5 967489 Giovanni Brunetti - 961896 Ziqi Cui - 961294 Nefeli Lykka 961370 Naz Özkaragöz - 961917 Hatice Büşra Üçer

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The concept idea for the proposal of this masterplan was to emphasize on the cultural point of view of the Monza park, hence it’s called the MonzART project. By that we want to valorize the architectural and natural aspects of the park. By creating a photography club in the neo - Gothic Tower, in close connection with the exhibition center in Villa Realle with set paths for photography throughout the historic park of Monza it is believed that the variety of natural landscapes, architectural details and experiences will become apparent. In this way a greater more people with different socio-economic backgrounds will become interested in visiting the park of Monz

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Starting point of paths - the Gothic tower proposed stops in the path for landscape and nature photography proposed stops in the path for photography of buildings and sculptures proposed stops in the path for photography people and activities

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The English and the rose garden are of great importance for the character of the park and are proposed to be preserved. Uses such as picnic and camping areas in the english garden are meant to bring closer the people with nature without affecting the nature. This is why those uses are completely revirsable and are meant only to bring life to the park.

The rose garden can be part of the curriculum of the agricultural school as well as the new proposed picking and therapeutic gardens. Students can learn at first hand about the variety of flowers and trees in Monza and possibly organise events and workshops collaborating with the community in order to inform them about the treasures of Monza.

Most of the sports activities proposed are concentrated in the south - east part of the park, whereas the cultural ones are in the south-west. This ensures that the variety of uses doesn’t disturb one another and are all brought together and connected by the photography club in the neo-Gothic Tower and the proposed paths for photography. Those paths are meant to be a note of the multi-levels of complexity of the park and be an homage to the intertwine of natural, cultural and economical aspects of the Monza park.

In the north areas, which are the most polluted ones due to the formula 1 race track and the golf club some simple but very important changes are being proposed in order to minimize mainly the ground water pollution. More information can be found in the booklet attached.

proposed path connecting the three main buildings with cultural activities in the park

existing functions in buildings that are being preserved

areas that are important to be preserved as part of the historic designed park

proposed path for landscape and nature photography

new proposed functions in buildings

areas that are going to be preserved and enhanced

proposed path for photography of buildings and sculptures

areas that are going to be preserved but are in need of a more sustainable approach

proposed path for photography people and activities

educational activities activities regarding nature

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PICTURE SOURCES pic 01 pic 02 pic 03 pic 04 pic 05 pic 06 pic 07 pic 08 pic 09 pic 10 pic 11 pic 12 pic 13 pic 14 pic 15 pic 16 pic 17 pic 18 pic 19 pic 20 pic 21 pic 22 pic 23 pic 24 pic 25 pic 26 pic 27 pic 28 pic 29 pic 30 pic 31 pic 32 pic 33 pic 34

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pic 54 pic 55 pic 56 pic 57 pic 58 pic 59 pic 60 pic 61 pic 62 pic 63 pic 64

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pic 65 pic 66 pic 67 pic 68 pic 69

https://www.reggiadimonza.it/it/content/things-to-do/fiume-lambro https://www.reggiadimonza.it/it/content/things-to-do/laghetto https://www.reggiadimonza.it/it/content/things-to-do/roggia-molinara-e-roggia-dei-mulini-asciutti https://www.reggiadimonza.it/it/content/things-to-do/roggia-della-pelucca https://www.reggiadimonza.it/it/content/things-to-do/roggia-del-principe

pic 70 pic 71 pic 72 pic 73 pic 74 pic 75 pic 76 pic 77 pic 78 pic 79 pic 80 pic 81 pic 82, 83 pic 84 pic 85 pic 86, 87 pic 88

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Albright, Horace M. and Marian Albright Schenck Creating the National Park Service: The Missing Years. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999. 350 pp. A behind-the-scenes history shedding light on the early days of National Park Service history.

Farabee, Charles R. “Butch”, Jr. Death, Daring and Disaster: Search and Rescue in the National Parks. Boulder, CO: The Roberts Rinehart Publishing Group, 1999.

Kaufman, Polly W. National Parks and the Woman’s Voice: A History. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1996. 305 pp. The contributions of women to the National Park Service and the national park movement.

Mackintosh, Barry. The National Parks: Shaping the System. Washington, DC: National Park Service, 1991. 128 pp. The NPS bureau historian discusses significant developments and trends in the growth of the park system. Tables list all park additions chronologically through 1990.

Runte, Alfred. Trains of Discovery. Nitwot, CO: Roberts Rinehart Publishers, 1994.

Sax, Joseph L. Mountains Without Handrails: Reflections on the National Parks, Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press. 1980.

Foreign bibliography: https://www.ebooks4greeks.gr/sxhmata-topiou https://www.ebooks4greeks.gr/h-texnh-tou-topiou https://www.ebooks4greeks.gr/sxhmata-topiou-o-sxediasmos-tou-topiou-ws-eidikh-periptwsh-arxitektonikhs-didaktikhs https://www.ebooks4greeks.gr/domikh-fysikh-kai-arxes-perivallontikoy-sxediasmoy-ktiriwn

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