Regenerating peripheral territories by danieleverga

Regenerating peripheral territories A proposal of diffused hospitality to valorize the landscape and reactivate local economies

Polytechnic University of Milan School of Architecture Urban Planning Construction Engineering MSc Urban Planning and Policy Design a.y. 2019-2020 Master thesis of: Mazza Francesca_903779 Verga Daniele_903627 supervisor: Prof. Andrea Arcidiacono co-advisor: Silvia Restelli

Abstract

ITA

La sponda occidentale del Lario Comasco,

riattivando le economie locali della valle

e la reciprocità tra lago e montagna, dalla

Quest’ultima, declinata in base alle risorse e

sottoposta a intensi processi e dinamiche che

il principale strumento per la valorizzazione

L’interazione tra i fenomeni di abbandono delle

delle pratiche storiche sulla base delle quali

spopolamento delle aree montane verso i

urbanizzazione e polarizzazione delle attività

modelli, nonché luoghi, fortemente legati

turistici, ha contribuito a trasformare i territori

insediativo

una profonda rottura tra lago e montagna.

Agriturismo diffuso, Baggio Monte diffuso,

del paesaggio e del territorio dell’Alto Lario,

Glamping. Questi rappresentano le aree

e socio economiche trattate si concentrano

gli obiettivi e gli indirizzi strategici si declinano

opportunità di sviluppo, mostrando una forte

territorio.

storicamente seconda

riconosciuta

metà

del

per

Novecento

l’equilibrio è

stata

attraverso lo sviluppo dell’ospitalità diffusa. alle peculiarità dei luoghi, si configura come

hanno intaccato tale relazione.

dei caratteri paesaggistici, dell’identità e

pratiche agro-silvo-pastorali, il conseguente

sviluppare nuove economie locali.

comuni lacustri, soggetti a un’ incessante

territorio prende forma attraverso cinque

commerciali e dei servizi e a crescenti flussi

montani in aree marginali e isolate, creando

sono collocati: Livo Borgo diffuso, Argesio

Tale cesura emerge nella struttura fisica

Alpe Inghirina Rifugio diffuso, Gravedona

contesto in cui le dinamiche demografiche

centrali della proposta progettuale nelle quali

maggiormente sia in forma di criticità che di

in azioni operative di trasformazione del

interazione tra processi e forme spaziali.

All’interno dell’Alto Lario, la valle di Livo costituisce un’area dove sviluppare una

proposta strategica il cui obiettivo principale è ridefinire la storica integrazione tra lago e montagna, valorizzando il paesaggio e

diversificarsi

contesto

dell’ospitalità

ambientale,

diffusa

sul

paesaggistico,

infrastrutturale

nel

quale

ENG The design area of the Western side of

strategic proposal, whose main goal is to

built on the reciprocity between lake and

lake and mountain, valorizing the landscape

the Twentieth Century has been exposed to

the development of the diffused hospitality.

this relation.

the resources and the specific features of

Lario, historically known for the balance

redefine the historical integration between

mountain territories, since the second half of

and reactivating local economies, through

processes and dynamics that have damaged

This last one is the main tool that, through

The interaction between the phenomena of

the places, aims at valorizing the landscape

practices,

depopulation

practices on which new local economies

municipalities, the growing urbanization of the

the diffused hospitality on the territory is

of commercial activities and services and

to the environmental, landscape, settlements

the mountain areas in peripheral and isolated

are located: Livo Borgo diffuso, Argesio

the lake and the mountain. This gap emerges

Alpe Inghirina Rifugio diffuso, Gravedona

and the territory of Alto Lario, a context in

areas of the design proposal in which the

dynamics are more concentrated both in

into specific actions of spatial transformation.

abandonment of agricultural and pastoral

character, the identity and the historical

of the mountain areas towards the lake

could be developed. The diversification of

valley floor with the consequent polarization

shaped through five models strongly related

increasing touristic flows, has transformed

and infrastructural system in which they

territories, generating a deep break between

agriturismo diffuso, Baggio Monte diffuso,

in the physical structure of the landscape

Glamping. These ones emerge as the central

which the demographic and socio-economic

goals and strategical guidelines are translated

the

following

the form of critical issues and development

opportunities, showing the strong interaction between processes and spatial forms.

Into the territory of Alto Lario, the Valley of Livo emerges as the area in which defining the

Index

1.1.The Western side of Lario Comasco

1.2.The reasons of the selection: four emerging images of Lario Comasco

1.3.The Western side of Lario Comasco in planning

THE SELECTION OF THE DESIGN CONTEXT

DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 2.1. Index of municipalities and areas of interest

2.2. Resident population and demographic classes: a reality of small municipalities

2.3. Demographic variation: a recurring depopulation

2.4. Migration rate: from mountains towards valley floors

2.5. Elderly index and population structure: an accelerated aging

2.6. Variation of the urbanized surface: the strong urbanization of lake municipalities

2.7. Agricultural sector dynamics: the abandonment of agriculture

102 2.8. Local units and economic sectors: the collapse of economic activities in the mountain municipalities 114 2.9. Tourism sector dynamics: lake over tourism 127 3.0 Alto Lario: the emerging context TERRITORIAL ANALYSIS OF ALTO LARIO

144 3.1. The physical and morphological asset

150 3.2. The three landscapes of Alto Lario: a morphological approach 154 3.3. The environmental and agricultural system 165 3.4. The settlements system 176 3.5. The infrastructural system 184 3.6. Strengths and Weaknesses: two emerging valleys 189 3.7. Transversal landscapes of Albano and Livo Valley: a thematic approach VALLEY OF LIVO: A PROPOSAL OF DIFFUSED HOSPITALITY TO VALORIZE THE LANDSCAPE AND REACTIVATE LOCAL ECONOMIES

207 4.1. The definition of the strategic proposal

209 4.2. The proposed model of diffused hospitality

214 4.3. Five landscapes of Livo Valley 224 4.4. Landscape of waterfronts 230 4.5. Landscape of terraces 236 4.6. Landscape of ancient plantations 242 4.7. Landscape of woods 248 4.8. Landscape of alpine pastures 254 4.9. The definition of a touristic out seasonal model FIVE MODELS OF DIFFUSED HOSPITALITY

258 5.1. The definition of three design proposals 262 5.2. Livo Borgo Diffuso 278 5.3. Argesio Agriturismo Diffuso 290 5.4. Baggio Monte Diffuso

6 7

299 APPENDIX OF CASE STUDIES 327 REFERENCES

The selection of the design context

5 6 7

1.1

The Western side of Lario Comasco

The Western side of Lario Comasco is located

Moreover the last suggests the role of the area

Region within the administrative boundaries

dynamics

in the North Western part of the Lombardy

also in terms of economic and productive

of Como Province.

Western side of Lario comasco is strongly

From the geographical point of view it borders

and milanese region.

through the municipality of Cernobbio and

network

develops along the Occidental side of Como

commuting and touristic flows.

up to the border with Switzerland, including

Going deeper to the design area, it can be

municipalities.

three main systems of environment and

Western side of Lario comasco can be located

settlements and built up areas.

strip of Lombardy lakes and the North-South

From the morphological point of view the

territory

metropolitan

by mountain territory which represents more

While the area of prealpine lakes identifies

A complex system of mountain valleys shapes

and landscape features for each of the 5

prealpine water streams system that origins

the variety and the heterogeneity of such

Como lake. The presence of water streams

and

urban

development:

the

linked to the metropolitan system of Brianza

to the Southern part with Como urban area,

This is visible from the dense infrastructural

to the Northern part with Sondrio Province It

highroads, as well as from the evaluation of

lake, expanding in the Western part all the way

public

transportations

and

part of the Ceresio lake and its surrounding

analyzed through the decomposition of the

Framing the area at the regional scale, the

agricultural areas, mobility and infrastructures,

at the intersection point among the prealpine oriented transect developed from the alpine

Western side of Lario is mainly characterized

system.

than the half of the whole surface.

towards

the

plain

homogeneous morphological, environmental

the entire area, associated to a rich alpine and

lakes included, the vertical transect stresses

on the mountain peaks and flows into the

elements in a quite limited territory.

have generated, in the valley floors, conoids

and plain surfaces where most of the main

Southern part, influencing the distribution and

The mountain areas are characterized by

For this reason, the Southern portion of Lario

presence of wooded areas which cover the

historically based on the presence of ancient

This is interchanged by the scattered presence

luxury hotels, while the Northern and Western

valley floors towards upper areas with different

environmentally based tourism, characterized

The most diffused typology is the permanent

activities.

every altitude.

The mountain territory is characterized by

urbanized areas are developed.

the attractiveness of the context.

a high degree of naturality reflected by the

is strongly characterized by an elite tourism,

70% of the whole surface (DUSAF, 2018).

villas and gardens, residential goods, and

of agricultural spaces which develop from the

part are popular for a naturalistic and

distributions and functions.

by the spread of campings and sports

field which is presented in all the territory at The

strong

natural

character

scattered

the

ancient

rural

settlements

and

environmental system is reflected by the

buildings that in some cases have been

bonds concerning the Regional Ecological

Most of them have been converted in seasonal

areas and environmental and landscape

the traditional architectural character, while

complex and articulated set of rules and

completely transformed.

Network definition, the presence of protected

vacation houses, with the consequent loss of

restrictions.

a smallest, but quite significative part has

This normative framework is fundamental not

abandonment and degradation.

of the natural value of the area, but also to

this unique heritage are important issues in

From this point of view main urban centers are

Lario.

a high degree of artificialisation is visible

From the infrastructural point of view, the

The presence of cultural and architectural

which represents the axis of connection from

area, even if more concentrated in the

Northern part bordering to Colico center.

been subjected to a diffuse phenomenon of

only for the conservation and the preservation

The abandonment and the transformation of

prevent the recent trend of urbanization.

the planning overview of the Western side of

located in the valley floor municipalities, where associated to its strong touristic vocation.

area is mainly centered on the Regina street

heritage is spread and diffused in the whole

the Southern part of Como urban area to the

huge

An hardly connected edge stresses the

towards the Western part , linking the Ceresio

as well as lack of services and facilities, in

This area, in contrast with the Eastern

in the National Strategy for Inner Areas (SNAI).

problematic lack of public infrastructures and

A mosaic of landscapes. This image aims to

gap among the Como metropolitan area

landscape in a such small area if compared to

This

street,

which

collects

daily

marginality of this area in terms of accessibility

commuting and touristic flows, develops

relation to the recent involvement of the area

basin with the Occidental shore of Lario.

side of Como lake, is characterized by a

address the relevance and the diversity of the

transportations, which generates an important

other ones in the same region.

and the Northern system of Valtellina inside Sondrio Province. The

complexity,

the

variety

and

In between alpine and valley floor territories is expressing the historical duality both in

the

heterogeneity of the area emerge across this

terms of integration and disconnection among

synthetic description.

lake and mountains.

To further develop these topics, already

A multi-faced engine of touristic flows

These four images have a double role.

is rooted historically in the area and it can

selection of the area, around which is possible

valuable source of economic profit and an

highlights the relevance of tourism which

mentioned, a set of images have been defined.

Firstly, they identify the main reason of

be considered both a pressure as well as a

to recall contemporary issues and dynamics

opportunity of further development.

At the same time the images reflect four topics

These images reflect in a wider way the

appearing in all the parts of the research,

as well as the main topics and challenges that

opportunities and lastly as goals and actions

address.

of recent interest in planning practice.

which represent the key features of the area,

identity of the Western Side of Lario Comasco

both as tool of analysis, as issues and

regional and provincial planning are trying to

for its strategical development.

After a deeper understanding of the four images, with their features and dynamics, the

They can be summarized as follows:

following chapters will try to understand how

territorial planning is facing these phenomena

concerning the formulation of guidelines, rules and restrictions.

The localization of the design context

Legend

Agricultural and Environmental system Wooded areas

Infrastructural system Highways

Mountain natural vegetated areas

Main urban roads

Agricultural areas

Railways

Hydrography

Train stations

Settlements system

Airports

Built up

Figure 1 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Environmental and agricultural system

Legend

Natural elements

Upper natural pastures High/medium dense wood Rock environment with bushes

Agricultural elements

Permanent pastures and fields Cultivated fields

Geo-morphological elements Alluvium conoid Lakes Main water tributaries Small hydrographic system

Figure 2 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Environmental and landscape bonds

Legend

Regional ecological netwwork Elements of level I

Elements of level II Regional corridors with high “antropizaton” Protected areas

Regional parks PLIS (Parco Locale di Interesse Sovracomunale) SIC (Siti di Interesse Comunitario) Natural reserves

Protected areas CH Environmental and landscape restrictions Ambito di salvaguardia laghi Insubrici (PPR art 19.4) Ambiti elevata naturalità di montagna (PPR art 17) Unesco areas (PPR art 23)

Figure 3 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Infrastructural system

Legend

Fast infrastructural system Highways

Regional/provincial roads Local roads Slow infrastructural system

Strade agrosilvopastorali (rural streets) Pedestrian paths

Public transport system Railways

Train stations (gold) Train stations (silver) Ferry boar line Ferry stations National border ITA-CH

Figure 4 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Settlements system

Legend

Rural elements

Alpine pastures (alpeggi) Alpine cottages (malghe) Rural goods

Historical-cultural elements Religious goods

Residential goods Value architectures Touristic elements Alpine huts/shelters Campsites Hotels Historical settlements (NAF) Built up

Figure 5 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

1.2

The reasons of the selection:

four emerging images of Lario Comasco hanno cominciato a subire un progressivo

A. An hardly connected edge: the context of internal and marginal areas

spopolamento. Le persone hanno iniziato a

The first image proposed presents the Larian

opportunità di lavoro e di vita più praticabili

internal and low accessible place, isolated

identificabili come tali sia da un punto di vista

of view. This description is related to the topic

sia da un punto di vista culturale, in quanto

belongs as one of the territories included

ha cambiato radicalmente le esigenze delle

(SNAI).

it/). The concept of marginal area describes

Marginal areas in Italy

terms of accessibility (to primary services),

da centri minori, spesso piccolissimi. Le

and mobility (public railways transportations).

peculiare conformazione orografica territoriale

involved it should be explained the definition

corso del tempo, complesse dinamiche di

classification. A first group of municipalities

dei casi, di centri lontani dalle aree urbane,

those municipalities that offer a complete

largo delle pianure: luoghi che un tempo,

technical and professional institute), a hospital

agricoltura, erano floridi e popolati, ma che

Accettazione) headquarters of first level (first

migrare, orientandosi verso le città ricercando

territory as an hard connected edge, an

e comode. Si parla quindi di terre lontane,

under the infrastructural and the services point

geografico, in quanto distanti dai centri urbani,

of marginal areas, to which the Larian territory

“allontanate” da un’evoluzione sociale che

into the National Strategy for the Inner Areas

persone”

(http://attivaree.fondazionecariplo.

the most peripheral Italian municipalities, in

“Il 60% del territorio italiano è rappresentato

education (primary and secondary schools)

ragioni sono principalmente dovute alla

To better understand the places that are

ma anche alla storia, che ha determinato, nel

of the municipalities that belong to this

insediamento. Si tratta, per la maggior parte

are all the ones defined as “poles”, including

incastonati tra i rilievi montani o spalmati al

secondary

quando si viveva quasi esclusivamente di

with DEA (Dipartimento di Emergenza e

con l’inversione della congiuntura economica,

aid services, resuscitation, diagnostic-

school

system

(high

school,

therapeutic

interventions

social

general

consequences:

the

collapse

orthopedics

economic activities such as agriculture,

laboratory services of chemical-clinical and

units, craftsmanships, followed by a growth

and transfusion) and a silver train station (train

fires, hydrogeological instability, floods and

day; medium/small stations and stops, with

“Cosa ci può essere di interno in un paese

urban metro).

nave ben ancorata all’Europa? La risposta

municipalities it is possible to define the so

delle varietà e delle differenze. La sua storia

ones defined as peripheral urban areas and

nel quale la geografia e il paesaggio si

pole. All municipalities that are more than 20

e culturali, in cui le diverse componenti

of “internal/marginal” areas, divided into:

tra di loro, dove gli squilibri regionali sono

“peripheral”: 40 minutes far from the pole;

(Marchetti, Panuzzi, Pazzagli, 2017).

The processes and the dynamics that during

areas emerges for those areas within which is

to the formation of these areas appear to be

peripherality and conditions of infrastructural

to the opportunities that started to be created

as a wealth of cultural, landscape, ecosystem

areas: since 1951, with a growth in the Italian

sempre molti belli grazie all’opera della

mountains have lost about 900 thousand

modificazioni che l’uomo vi ha portato nel

significant economic, environmental and

The internal areas could be described as the

medicine,

general

surgery,

and traumatology, cardiology with UTIC,

livestock farming, small local commercial

microbiological analysis, diagnostic imaging

of environmental risks in these area, including

stops with at least 2.500 average visitors/

landslides. A central question emerges here:

consistent or high frequency in the case of

lungo e stretto, proteso sul mare come una

Starting from the identification of the first pole

è che c’è molto in realtà…. l’Italia è il paese

called “belt” municipalities, including those

ci appare come un processo ininterrotto

located at less than 20 minutes away from the

rispecchiano nei caratteri sociali, economici

minutes far from the pole fall into the category

territoriali hanno necessariamente dialogato

“intermediate”: 20 minutes far from the pole;

più il frutto degli uomini che della natura”

“ultra-peripheral:” 75 minutes far from the pole.

Therefore, a structured definition of the internal

the years have characterized and contributed

possible to find both different levels of spatial

a natural and ineluctable phenomenon, due

and socio-economic disadvantage, as well

by the raising of urban and metropolitan

and human capital resources. “Sono territori

population of about 12 million people, the

natura e alle impercettibili, lente ma continue

people. This is a phenomenon with strong and

tempo” (Marchetti, Panuzzi, Pazzagli, 2017).

result of what is defined a “paese che è

le comunità, fondate su valori di corretta

alluvione demografica” (Marchetti, Panuzzi,

ambizioni di riduzione delle diseguaglianze

transformed Italy into another country, not

2018).

above all because of the transformations in

caratterizza come un processo che muove sia

economic sectors: from agriculture-industry-

sia dal basso verso l’alto, perché è importante

And in this constant and lasting mutation

lavorano in queste Aree, e il contributo che

secondari sono state le vittime sacrificali dello

medio lungo termine” (Lezzi, 2018).

Pazzagli, 2017). In the last years a central

a national policy of local involvement that

National Strategy for Internal Areas (SNAI). The

diversity of Italian country, seeking to improve

set of researches, strategies, projects and

economic opportunities where they are the

areas, defined as “luoghi cruciali di presidio

the goal of fighting demographic hemorrhage

perché molto di quanto accade in tali territori

far from the primary and advanced essential

trascurate” (Lezzi, 2018).

the land area, 52% of municipalities and 22%

Aree Interne agisce per stimolare la capacità

The Strategy is structured on a Place-Based

rappresentanze, di immaginare e realizzare

that the impact of EU investments is very

di lavoro e di ricchezza, e modalità di

deduces that the success of the interventions

scivolato a valle causato dalla imponente

competizione

Pazzagli, 2017) that from 1950 to 1980

e di cruciale sostenibilità ambientale” (Lezzi,

only from a demographic point of view, but

“Il metodo di lavoro sperimentato nelle Aree si

land use and the overturning of the various

dall’alto verso il basso, per stimolare novità e

services

services-industries-agriculture.

la conoscenza delle persone che vivono e

“la montagna, la collina interna, i fondovalle

possono dare a trovare soluzioni sostenibili a

sviluppo economico” (Marchetti, Panuzzi,

The National Strategy for Internal Areas is

and influencing role has been played by the

works to promote the protection, wealth and

SNAI could be considered the most important

the quality of services to citizens and their

partnerships that work on the topic of marginal

weakest, while at the same time setting itself

umano della tenuta del territorio italiano tutto,

in a portion of the national territory, those areas

ha ripercussioni sistemiche, troppo spesso

service poles, which corresponds to 60% of

“In tali luoghi la Strategia Nazionale per le

of the population.

delle

approach, which starts from the observation

nuove economie, e quindi nuove opportunità

differentiated on a territorial scale, and

realizzazione di servizi di cittadinanza per

is conditioned by the characteristics of the

persone,

delle

comunità

nel

mercato

insieme

alle

context. The approach aims to propose a

areas are identified as areas of permanent

under-utilization of resources and to avoid

the creation of the National Strategy of Internal

through external interventions and through

within the climate change scenarios defined

long-term strategy addressing the persistent

structural handicap, laid the foundations for

lasting social exclusion in specific places

Areas, which places these critical areas also

multi-level governance.

by the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on

The 72 selected areas in 2017 are composed

Conference on Climate Change, 21st annual

inhabitants (http://attivaree.fondazionecariplo.

Nations Convention on Climate Change) and

kilometers; each area, on average, has 29,400

Climate Change) for Italy, where the policy for

Climate Change) related to the COP21 (Paris

by 1,077 municipalities for a total of 2,072,718

session of the peer conference of the United

it) and they include a territory of 51,366 square

the CMCC (Euro-Mediterranean Centre for

inhabitants and 15 municipalities. Of the

interneal areas has a long tradition .

peripheral and ultra-peripheral (SNAI, 2014).

The first regulation which attempts to associate

strongly embedded within this framework,

and to promote innovative contents in terms

for mountains “Riordinamento e riforma della

lo sviluppo della montagna”, followed by

montani” (RDL 3267/23) at the beginning of

locali” (Legge 1102/71), within which were

and that at the national level “Provvedimenti

Montane), as an intermediate level between

that had the merit, despite not being able to

Always in the law “Nuove disposizioni per le

to recognize for the first time in the legislation

creation of the National Mountain Fund and

from a functionalist point of view.

to the management of the forest heritage,

rapporti sociali con le zone montane” and the

incentives for plurality and diversification of the

1,077 municipalities, 57.7% are classified as Marginal mountain areas appear to be

mountain areas with integrated development

into a vision that in Italy saw the first policies

of planning is the law “Nuove norme per

legislazione in materia di boschi e di terreni

Law 142/90 “Ordinamento delle autonomie

the 20th century in the form of forest policies

created the Mountain Communities (Comunità

in favore dei territori montani”, (L.R.991/52)

Provinces, Municipalities and the Regions.

grasp the real problems of mountain areas,

zone montane” (Legge 97/94) there was the

that mountain areas should be considered

the delegation to the Mountain Communities

The article 44 of the Constitution “Stabilire equi

the provisions on the integrity of the farm,

Lisbon Treaty of 2007, in which mountain

farm, the possibility of part-time employment

The classification of 72 Italian municipalities (2017) classified as marginal areas, according to accessibility, education, mobility

Figure 6 Source: https://www.artribune.com/static-index.html

by farms.

differences at regional level (ISTAT, 2016).

It should also be underlined that, starting from

d’Aosta and the territories from the province

started to be weaker, till their subsequent

but significant growth, that is mainly the result

Some areas and regions, such as Valle

the 2000’s, the role of Mountain Communities

of Cuneo to Val Camonica showed a small

abolition, followed by a transfer of functions to

of good practices adopted by the different

the respective municipalities and provinces.

associations.

Over the specific policies for mountain areas,

These statements are supported by the

(1958), the birth of the PAC (Politica Agricola

demonstrate that Today in the mountain areas

(1968), have contributed to the rural exodus

value, that correspond to the 16,3 % of the

of uncompetitive farms in mountain areas,

tn.it/).

di montagna e di talune zone svantaggiate”

quindi come un fenomeno spontaneo o

territorial differences in European agriculture,

specifici aspetti economici e sociali” (Maino,

slope, altitude, soil fertility and depopulation.

positivi di sviluppo si sono avuti lì dove i territori

highlighted the need to define a new regional

di pianura, dove sono stati mantenuti i servizi

into account the fundamental issue of linking

In questo contesto emerge l’importanza della

urban areas.

montagna. Il forte senso di appartenenza, il

Changing trends

di attivazione pro-attiva per superare i

stabilization of the mountain population at

delle comunità di montagna sono alla base

the creation of the European Communities

emerging trends of new job opportunities, that

Comune) and the subsequent Mansholt Plan

are produced 235 billions of euros of added

and a progressive and constant abandonment

richness produced in Italy (https://www.tsm.

despite the fact that Directive “sull’Agricoltura

“Questa stabilizzazione non appare più

(Direttiva 75/268/EEC) recognized the major

neo-romantico, ma strutturale e fondato su

and identified weaker area on the basis of

Omizzolo,

Only recently (2016) the European Parliament

montani sono più forti nel rapporto con le aree

policy able to highlight the necessity to take

alla popolazione e le infrastrutture territoriali.

mountain regions to surrounding areas and

qualità del capitale sociale dei territori di

Streifeneder,

2016).

“Processi

sistema di relazioni fra le persone, la capacità

From 2004 to 2014, ISTAT datas show

problemi e molte altre caratteristiche proprie

national level, although with significant

degli esempi virtuosi di sviluppo, il valore

aggiunto che ha permesso ad alcune realtà

of the tourism appears to be the ability

negativa di territorio marginale” (Maino,

accommodation but to take into consideration

montane

svincolarsi

not to limit itself to the mere aspects of

dall’accezione

the integration of all the resources that

Omizzolo, Streifender, 2016). Four

main

distinguish the rural/mountain world, with the

considerations

show

aim of fostering an all-round appreciation of

the

opportunities that the internal areas are able

the values that the territory is able to offer.

First of all, the emerging phenomenon called

develop a description and a presentation

tourism, which considers the cultural and

valid touristic supply throught the definition of

to offer in a a long term consideration.

This appears to be the only possibility to

Soft Tourism: it is a “softer” approach to

of the territory and to activate a strong and

natural resources

specific thematic paths.

supporting

as central elements,

model

resource-based

tourism. This is a continuation of the tourist

The involvement of the entire local community

last century oriented towards sustainability

areas, which can be implemented through

uncontaminated environments, authenticity

support for youth cooperatives and a greater

needs of the local population. It is a

Secondly,

ecotourism, geotourism, community tourism,

wood, soil, become fundamental elements

tourism. These expressions of tourism start

n order to define a future scenario in which

can’t be consider as a physical platform in

production of sustainable energy thank to due

should be consider as an active component

and photovoltaic energy.

changes and the developments.

Therefore the development of policies of

A fundamental component of this dimension

centrality of natural capital, since, moreor less

supplies originating from the 1980s of the

becomes a central and basic factor in these

objectives, able to respond to questions of

an active recovery of the local population,

of experiences, taking into account the

awareness of the potential of the territory.

tourism that is often declined in the form of

mountain territory such as water, wind,

rural tourism, green tourism, agro-cultural

to the concretization of the green economic,

from the consideration that the territory

there will be the possibility to upgrade the

which freely design touristic elements, but it

hydroelectric energy, wind energy, biomass

of the touristic systems that takes part to the

the

resources

the

Italian

internal areas must take into account the

entire

agenti atmosferici estremi” (De Toni, Marchetti,

l’approvvigionamento idrico, del quale le aree

The CMCC in fact defines “possibili scenari

approvvigionamento e purificazione delle

centigradi per secolo, un aumento delle

e di regolazione dei deflussi idrici i cui

contestuale diminuzione in quelle calde. Tutto

precedentemente descritto e ad un’inefficiente

dei periodi aridi […]. “Questi cambiamenti

riversano a valle recando danni ad abitanti

quota” (Marchetti, Panuzzi, Pazzagli, 2017).

Tognetti, 2017).

sono il laboratorio che anticipa dinamiche

Environment and Development (WCED) in

anni in termini di sviluppo sostenibile e di

sustainability

decliniamo un nuovo modello di progetto

consciously,

benefits

the

national population. “Ne è un esempio

Sallustio, Tognetti, 2017).

interne non contribuiscono solo funzione di

di aumento della temperatura di 3,2 gradi

acque, ma anche a quella di regimazione

precipitazioni nelle stagioni fredde e una

effetti negativi, dovuti anche all’abbandono

questo è unito a un conseguente allungamento

pianificazione

incidono fortemente sugli ecosistemi d’alta

e prodizioni” (De Toni, Marchetti, Sallustio,

Finally, it is clear that today “le montagne

As defined by the World Commission on

che interesseranno l’intero Paese fra pochi

the Brundtland Report (1987), environmental

sperimentazione delle modalità con le quali

social and economic sustainability; as a

sociale e economico” (Marchetti, Panuzzi,

an important laboratory of agriculture and

Those are called “terre dell’osso” (Marchetti,

associated with an efficient management

percentage of the Italian heritage: here it’s

produce biomass from woody materials and

culture,

Thirdly, “le aree interne, e più specificatamente

Constitution, which stresses that among the

intese quali sentinelle del climate change,

be the protection of the landscape and the

delle temperature causa dello scioglimento

Starting from the idea of territory as a common

permafrost, e della ricorrenza e gravità di

“un mondo, anzi un grande territorio costellato

gestione

must

territoriale,

integrated

with

consequence, marginal areas appear as

Pazzagli, 2017).

silviculture

are

Panuzzi, Pazzagli, 2017) involve a huge

of water resources or where it is possible to

possible to identify a mix of environment,

agricultural residues (straw, pruning).

underlined

i territori montani, possono essere infatti

fundamental tasks of the Republic there must

essendo estremamente sensibili all’aumento

historical and artistic heritage of the nation.

dei ghiacciai e della destabilizzazione del

good, the internal areas therefore appear as

where

typical

products

production by

and

Article

landscape, of

the

Italian

di piccoli mondi aperti al mondo, territori rurali

delle aree interne signfica alzare il volume

artigiane e artistiche, depositi di storia e

i riflettori su quanto avviene - anche in modo

ancora spente del tutto” (Marchetti, Panuzzi,

su uno sviluppo locale sostenibile come

Into these areas it is also possible to trace

senso le aree più “marginali” diventano un

representation,

Municipality

attivaree.fondazionecariplo.it).Real examples

tradition, “che dal medioevo giunge fino alla

be identified in the recent actions developed

Carlo Cattaneo che considerava i comuni, e

consideration that the rural areas and villages

la spina dorsale della nazione” (Marchetti,

opportunities to reactivate local economies.

ricchi di tradizioni e di risorse agro-ambientali,

rispetto ai bisogni di questi territori e accendere

virtù civiche sedimentatesi nel tempo e non

spontaneo - in queste aree. Significa puntare

Pazzagli, 2017).

motore di rilancio per tutto il paese. In questo

the primary level of democracy and political

luogo di sperimentazione innovativa” (http://

is the central element of the Italian civic

of recent interest towards marginal areas can

Costituzione repubblicana, passando per

by the project ATTIVAREE. It starts from the

soprattutto i piccoli comuni ben funzionanti,

scattered throughout Italy offer today huge

Panuzzi, Pazzagli, 2017).

The main goal of the project, which is based

ATTIVAREE - Fondazione Cariplo

into three main phases (Call for ideas ended

have been developed for and into the marginal

at the beginning of 2017, Implementation

investments and funds. In the last decades in

through a process that promotes social,

grown: “sono territori ricchi di risorse culturali,

be implemented by participatory processes,

e di esperienze la cui centralità produttiva

sector, by the support of interdisciplinary

il posto alla subalternità verso i centri urbani.

between internal and urban areas.At the end

l’imporsi di modelli culturali alternativi e più

Oltrepò Pavese and the Brescia valleys of

di accesso ai servizi. Intervenire a supporto

in the area of Oltrepò Pavese is based on the

where

the

on a total budget of 10 million euros, divided

In the last years many projects and strategies

June 30, 2016, Strategic Co-design concluded

areas, supported by national and European

by 2020) is the regeneration of the territory

fact a strong interest towards there ares has

economic and cultural growth, which can

naturali, sociali, di capitale umano di idee

by the enhancement of the role and of third

degli anni del primo dopoguerra ha lasciato

approaches, by the creation of interactions

Hanno subito un progressivo abbandono per

June 2016, two internal areas were selected:

recentemente per una difficoltà crescente

Trompia and Sabbia. The first project, located

biodiversity as the key element to activate the

and Valle Sabbia) overcoming infrastructural

and repopulation, considering the topic of

terms of services for businesses and citizens,

and intercultural sense. The project aims to

the enhancement of cultural and environmental

of economic and social well-being, the

supply.I t includes 25 municipalities, 39134

accessibility, the dissemination of knowledge

surface area, managed by the Valle Trompia

the

a series of cooperatives and consortia. It

competitiveness, connection, development

and structural deficit of the two valleys in

biodiversity also under a social, cultural

through the promotions of youth employment,

revitalize the territory by creating conditions

resources and the strengthen of the tourist

reactivation

its

inhabitants and 600.40 square kilometers of

and the promotion of business around

and Valle Sabbia Mountain Community and

agricultural biodiversity and the improvement

is based on four main drivers (Valli Smart,

It is based on an important network structured

transversal actions (Un ponte verso la cittĂ )

natural

enhancement

capital

and

environmental

and

of living conditions in the area.

Valli Solidali, Valli Collaborative, Valli Viventi)

around 19 partners (Fondazione Cariplo,

and 16 specific actions.

University of Genoa, UniversitĂ Cattolica

A third interesting project is the case of the

municipalities and associations). It is divided

project, promoted by EURAC in 2016 (Maino,

forest heritage, development of research and

strategic plan, starting from the observation

production and business creation, reception

different interests and positive trends have

2 transversal actions (communication and

possibilities

actions, involving 12.047 inhabitants, 323

The project is located into the Seren Valley,

period 2017-2019.

part of the province of Belluno. Its position

The second project, Valli Resilienti, aims to

the Dolomites, and far from the main roads,

University of Pavia, University of Milan, foundations,

Valle di Seren del Grappa. The research-

into four main thematic areas (land and

Omizzolo, Streifeneder, 2016) defines a

education on biodiversity, local agricultural

that, during the last decades, new and

of residential and social integration) and

been observed in the Alps, which open the

promotion, governance), with 25 strategic

and social to come back to the mountain.

square kilometers of land for the two-year

a mid-mountain area located in the Southern

del

Sacro

Cuore,

private

economics,

demographic

outside the tourist flows that have affected has led to a strong shrinkage and population

relaunch the Brescia mountains (Val Trompia

abandonment of local economic practices,

Sueglio,

Taceno,

Tremenico,

Vendrogno

and cultural heritage.

a resident population of 39,059 inhabitants

followed by the decline of the architectural

and Vestreno). These municipalities, with

The

and

(SNAI, 2017), are extended over an area of

Regional Development and Land Management

by a strong difference in altimetry, moving

forests, pastoralism and breeding; sustainable

few kilometers. They are small municipalities

crafts, industry, productive activities; land

and 30% less than 300), characterized by a

position of this area has helped to preserve

over 65 years old).

environmental value. The potentialities of the

In particular, in the municipalities that belong to

community has been captured by the arrival

and Val Rezzo, Porlezzese, Val dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Intelvi and

created a great cultural and collective vibe

the phenomena that shaped the physical,

valley by the local community itself.

in the last 50 years could be identified as the

Marginal areas in the Lake of Como

the abandonment of agricultural activities, the

there are also 32 municipalities located int

small commercial activities .

These are: Cremia, Domaso, Dongo, Dosso

roots, anchored in the last century and

and Uniti, Livo, Montemezzo, Musso, Peglio,

dynamics: the economic boom of the post-

Vercana, Bellano, Casargo, Colico, Cortenova,

sector on the shores of the lake both in urban

Margno,

of the building sector and the appearance of

strategic

proposal,

developed

supported by the EURACâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Institute for

450 square kilometers and are characterized

is structured in five priority themes: agriculture,

from 200 to 2,000 meters above sea level in a

tourism;

architecture;

(almost 70% have less than 1,000 inhabitants

parcelling. At the same time, the marginal

population over 65 (24.5% of the population is

culture,

traditions,

an almost uncontaminated valley with high

places and the particular liveliness of the local

the areas of Alto Lario comasco, Val Cavargna

of a new mountaineer. His presence has

Basso Lario comasco, the dynamics and

and a radical change in the perception of the

economic and social aspect of the territory strong depopulation, the population ageing,

Included in the geography of the internal areas

soil consumption and urbanization, the loss of

the Alto Lario (Western shore of Como Lake).

These phenomena have deep and strong

del Liro, Garzeno, Gera Lario, Gravedona

consolidated through a series of related

Pianello del Lario, Sorico, Stazzona, Trezzone,

war period, the expansion of the tourism

Grandola, Dervio, Dorio, EsinoLario, Introzzo,

and economic terms, the consequent growth

Pagnona,

Parlasco,

Premana,

The classification of the areas according to SNAI indicators Legend

Infrastructural system Highways Regional roads Local roads Railways SNAI indicators

Pole municipalities <20 minutes (by roads) 20-40 minutes (by roads) 40-75 minutes (by roads) >75 minutes (by roads) National border ITA-CH

Figure 7 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

second houses, followed by the realization of

Lombardy region to be subjected to a positive

These could be definitely considered the

context could be underlined the increase in

territories into marginal areas, in which

of honey, in the cultivation of grapevine.

The lake is slotted into a territory with fluvial

raising, which are detached from the more

and the hard accessibility slowed down the

Basso Lario, oriented towards new targets:

The development of the railways on the

of alpine shelters, agriturismi and cultural/

of cities such as Como, Lecco, Colico in the

activities such as hiking, trekking, sailing,

large services and production centers.

change in the agricultural sector. In this

drivers responsible to the mutation of these

the cultivation of olive trees, in the production

physical elements played an important role.

At the same time new forms of tourism are

and glacial origins, in which the verticality

traditional mass tourism that involves the

infrastructural growth.

a tourism of movement, linked to the use

Eastern shore and the urban development

gastronomic experiences, related to sports

extremities of the lake, followed by the scarse

canoeing, mountain-biking.

system, healthcare system) have defined the

All the thematics previously described make

But within this overall negative picture, it

the dynamics and the processes that, during

as already pointed out: in the Alto Lario

territory, bringing it to be considered as a

agricultural sector from 2010 to 2016, the

dynamics and to the processes what emerges

Como shows a positive trend especially in the

privilegiataâ&#x20AC;?

of Como. The number of companies that

the Larian territory that necessarily needs to

to an increase in the number of employees

variety of landscapes, object of the second

presence of public services (educational actual marginality of the area.

possible to reflect on the elements that define

is possible to find some positive trends,

the time, shaped and characterized the Larian

area, following a period of recession in the

marginal area. But looking deeper to these

report Coldiretti and Chamber of Commerce of

is the definition of the so called â&#x20AC;&#x153;marginalitĂ

last year (2017-2018) for the entire Province

Pandakovic, Testa, 1996): a definition of

economically has grown also corresponds

reflect on two elements: the centrality and the

in the sector by 1% (Coldiretti and Camera di

image proposed: the mosaic of landscape.

Commercio Como, 2016).

The Province of Como, together with the one

of Lecco and Varese, is the only one in the

(Dal

Sasso,

Montagna,

image it is necessary to analyze the role of the

B. A mosaic of landscapes: the centrality and variety of landscape

landscape in the area at two different levels:

As introduced in the previous chapter, the

is required that fits with the peculiarities and

stress the diversity, the heterogeneity and

overview on the structure of Larian landscape

the result of the combination and integration

piece that composes the whole mosaic of

human signs.

definition of landscape provided highlights a

that the Western side of Lario, and more in

the result of the human action and intervention

scale, the complex variety which distinguishes

deeper explanation of this concept is vital

areas, the prealpine strips of lake, till the plain

landscape structure, in which the traces of

and huge productive agricultural surfaces are

the essence and identity of the place. The

The idea of variety of the Larian landscape

the stratification of the landscape over the time

mosaic interpreted as a set of small different

acted on it as a result of a contrasted lifestyle

unitary framework. Applied to the landscape,

image that is strongly linked to the previous:

of diverse ways of combination between the

and mountain.

leads to the articulated combination of

A definition of landscape

an harmonious and integrated context.

territory (Dal Sasso, Montagna, Pandakovic,

To completely understand the features of this

importance of the topic of landscape.

first a definition of the meaning of landscape

image of the mosaic of landscapes aims to

the issues of the context. At the same time an

the articulation of the Western side of Lario as

is necessary to well understand each single

of morphological and natural elements with

the Western side of Lario.In particular the

This aspect is supported by the consideration

specific shade of meaning: the landscape is

general the Como Province, reflects at a micro

on the natural environment over the time. The

Lombardy region, which crosses the alpine

for the complete understanding of the Larian

metropolitan context, in which urbanization

these actions are still visible and represent

combined.

comparison among the historical signs and

(Pandakovic, 2000) fits with the image of

with the recent changes and transformations

pieces that together generate a valuable

paradigm, leads to the second important

the mosaic is considered as the coexistence

the integration and disconnection among lake

environment and human structures, which

The â&#x20AC;&#x153;marginalitĂ privilegiataâ&#x20AC;? of the Larian

different landscapes, which together identify

Testa, 1996) is strictly connected to the

Satellite top view

a An oxymoron that alludes to the marginality of

of landscape, that finds a synthesis in

shows the relation between dynamics, factors

“Paesaggio

territory.

dalle popolazioni, il cui carattere deriva

Defining landscape is a complex question

loro interrelazioni” (Convenzione Europea

disciplines

interrelation, integration and reciprocity is re-

the internal territories but that at the same time

the European Convention of Landscape:

and pre-existences that elevate the Larian

parte di territorio, così come percepita

designa

una

determinata

dall’azione di fattori naturali e/o umani e dalle

on which different contributes from different

Del Paesaggio, 2000). The concept of

economics, urbanism and architecture are

considered into the Codice dei beni culturali

A complexity that finds a simplification in the

131 (Salvaguardia dei valori del paesaggio),

the landscape retraces the shapes of “grafico

territorio i cui caratteri distintivi derivano dalla

clearly highlights the variety of elements and

interrelazioni” (D. lgs 42/2004).

such

geography,

history,

trying to deal with.

del paesaggio ex D. Lgs. 42/2004 all’articolo

model proposed by Gianni Beltrame, in which

in which the landscape is defined as “parti di

a livelli sovrapposti”. This schematization

c reciproche natura, dalla storia umana e dalle

factors that defines

These definitions, originated from the recent

the landscape and at

the same allowing to carry on a description

national and European trends and from the

From the idea of the graphic, a certain

built up on the contributes made by experts

emerges . For this reason, a simplification

“territorialization” of the landscape. In this

is provided:

landscape as interaction

linked to the element of space, territory,

anthropization for civil goals; landscape as

e sistematicamente imprime al paesaggio

These three definitions make possibile to order

diventa frutto del plasmare e dell’agire

a different categorization, without considering

lo trasforma secondo le proprie esigenze,

The first one traces the world-known definition

concetto di paesaggio quindi è

starting from different contributes.

conservative approach on the landscape, are

complexity in the definition of the landscape

that for long time have addressed the topic

through three possible definitions of landscape

way the landscape starts to be considered

between humans and nature; landscape as

shape, that “l’uomo, (…) coscientemente

process of “giving meaning” to the territory.

naturale”(Sereni, 1961). “L’ambiente naturale

the various contributes of authors according to

dell’uomo, che in qualità di homo faber,

a time and theme centered perspective.

costruendo e dando vita al paesaggio. Il

Figure 8 Source: https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/

d’

c’

Territorial landscape sections

a’ b’

a’

b’

c’

Figure 9 Source: personal elaboration

d’

propriamente antropico, ma come suggerisce

dell’abitare, insediamenti, maglie urbane.

coscientemente e sistematicamente e la

riconoscere da sempre nel paesaggio, il

a questa rispettosa azione assumendo i

all’interno di questo” (Turri, 1974).

decisamente circolare. Il paesaggio diventa

testimonial and sacral value of the landscape,

con criteri di necessità, equilibrio e saggezza”

about their feelings, to define their existence

The constant interaction between human

Those behaviors are clearly visible from the

forwards the balance and the reciprocity,

the natural world such as in the creation of

stratified in the time and its evolution.

of agricultural fields, till the construction of

landscape starting from the previous definition

Speaking about “fini civili” requires another

which the process of anthropization takes

community sense of these actions that

to analyse the main goals and needs that

are the expression of the society and of

goals, according to Goethe can be defined as

common goals, meaning civil. The human

“Insito nella definizione di paesaggio è

of a society that share needs, values, ideals

antropizzazione e

artificializzazione della

Even if the common idea tends to describe

da quell’insieme di norme, regole, necessità

landscape, it should be underlined that this

contraddistinguono in un dato periodo storico.

inside a collective framework that defines a

Sereni mai antropocentrico: l’uomo agisce

Oltre lo scopo pratico e vitale, si può

natura risponde adattandosi e offrendosi

tentativo dell’uomo di trovare conferma di se

connotati di un rapporto e di un’economia

And in this sense the “fine civile” defines the

quindi struttura logica, oggettiva e stratificata

that reflects the aim of humans to communicate

(Dal Sasso, Pandakovic, 2009).

on Earth and to act on natural environment.

and natural actions is never casual, but looks

ancient prehistoric human interventions on

giving origin to a logic and complex structure

clearing spaces, the shape and the geometry

To understand deeper the meaning of

whole cities, villages and tissues.

it is necessary to define the modalities through

important assumption: the collective and

place in the natural environment.It means

leads to the definition of landscape: humans

led humans to create the landscape. These

the community that operates according to

“fini civili”.

action is the coordinated result of the actions

il tentativo dell’uomo nella sua azione di

and rules.

natura, di imprimere una forma che deriva

man as an individual able to act on the

action, in its most complex forms, is always

esigenze

sopravvivenza

che

specific society in a specific period of time.

Tali esigenze danno vita a spazialità, forme

This last consideration underlines an other and

it is necessary to consider also the cultural

the static crystallization of a specific society

The recognition of the cultural and mental value

definition of the landscape during the 1800s.

understand it because it places the observer,

evolution generated by the succession of

landscape in a relation of reciprocity with it:

traditions. This underlines firstly the dynamism

e osservatore coesistono e si influenzano

evolution. At the same time this evolution can

trasformazione interiore dell’osservatore ed

traces and footprints that different societies

appunto il paesaggio” (Moretti, 2015).

This reminds to the idea that landscape can

becomes structural.

Andrè Corboz in 1985. The palimpsest recalls

con la scoperta sensoriale immediata, ma

cancelling,

subtracting.

di cogliere i valori culturali costituenti per

physical structure made by several levels that

attribuiscono loro il significato e ne delineano

integrations and relation. But the image of the

This identity of the landscape, its genius loci

read, interpreted and understood. As well the

way that people who have shaped it did in the

also a cultural and mental object, since it has

These three dimensions used to described

societies interpreted and described it during

representation and selection of the countless

Beyond the objective aspects analyzed till

possible to extrapolate the pillars on which

necessary clarification: the landscape is not

meaning that humans give to it.

in a specific period of time, as emerges in the

of the landscape is vital to better and really

Differently, it is the result of a continuous

the expert, the one who studies or looks at the

different

and

“il paesaggio è un unicum in cui osservato

of the landscape, as an object in continuous

in un’evoluzione continua (…), dove la

be analyzed in the articulated stratification of

esteriore della scena convergono nel definire

have created in different periods of time.

In this perspective the tool of the perception

be defined as a palimpsest, according to

“Percepire non si identifica unicamente

the image of a manuscript, on which writing,

è una decodificazione totale che consente

A metaphor to define the landscape as a

come sono vissuti dalle popolazioni che

acquires sense and balance through their

l’identità” (Moretti, 2015).

manuscript is related to the necessity to be

must be recognized by experts in the same

landscape is not only a physical structure but

past.

been shaped according to how humans and

and to define the landscape are a synthetic

the time.

contributes in this discipline, but that make

now in the different definition of the landscape,

this notion emerged: the landscape appears

societies,

cultures,

overlapping

and

values

as a logic, balanced structure that arises from

Brennero verso Roma e oltre, si è reso conto

and the society that live it.

renda questa porzione del globo un campione

and common aims, evolve over the time

paesaggio alpino si apre la grande valle

of the palimpsest-landscape.

poi il territorio dei grandi laghi pedemontani,

the landscape depends on the cultural and

agricola e vitivinicola, quindi l’Appennino sul

to it during the time, defining the perception

sud le colline della Toscana il cui paesaggio

fundamental tool of its investigation and

toscani il Lazio si presenta con ambienti del

the exchange between natural environment

come l’alternarsi rapido di paesaggi diversi

These actions, that come from civil, collective

unico di vivacità e mutazioni. Dal clima e dal

stratifying in the dynamic and complex shape

dell’Adige, tutta vigneti e meleti, si lambisce

The interpretation and the knowledge of

poi la Franciacorta con la sua peculiarità

mental value that the different societies give

fronte nord, boscoso ed aspro, e volgendo a

as the decodification of this last one, as the

è inconfondibile e glorioso; passati i confini

knowledge.

tutto differenti, in cui il latifondo ha lasciato

The exclusivity of Lario landscape

tutto differenti, in cui il latifondo ha lasciato

is a complex process that should be able

oltre Roma, la lussureggiante Campania, i

actors of that landscape who have shaped its

panorami della Sicilia. Tutto questo in poco

The interpretation of the Italian landscape

globo, nella stessa distanza non vi è che un

that characterize the variety of its historical

(Pandakovic, 2000).

Paese”.

observed at a micro scale, in the context of

complete synthesis in the contribute of Darko

the Province of Como that, differently from

through a journey from the Southern to the

diversification and exclusivity that the Italian

“Chi ha avuto l’occasione di scendere dal

The Larian context proposes a variety of

toscani il Lazio si presenta con ambienti del

Analyzing the landscape in a specific context

tracce caratteristiche. E, se proseguissimo

to identify itself in the values of the different

boschi e le coste della Calabria, gli assolati

identity, essence and structure.

più di 1200 chilometri. In altri luoghi del

shows the same complexity and diversification

unico costante indifferenziato paesaggio”

evolution, recalling the popular image of “Bel

The variety of the Italian landscape could be

The exclusivity of the Italian landscape finds a

the Larian territory and more in general in

Pandakovic, who proposes a description

other provinces of Lombardy, presents that

Northern part of Italy.

Landscape offers at the national level.

landscape that changes from the North to

and balance.

Alps and Prealps passing through the mite

articulated on the Regional Landscape Plan:

the Brianza area.

bipartito del lago, racchiude in sé paesaggi

province is mainly led by the presence of the

regione. In certo senso l’anima del paesaggio

centuries the logic of human actions, starting

scaturita nell’Ottocento su queste sponde, tra

olive trees, till the construction of settlements,

turismo da “bell’époque”. Ma l’apprezzamento

The centrality of the Lario is due also to its

naturale di acque e terra, attraversa a ritroso

corrispondenza della spaccatura longitudinale

Giusti e arriva probabilmente a Plinio il

padana, dove la sinuosità e la rigogliosità

Il lago è un efficace moderatore del clima e ciò

irsute cime alpine. La stessa etimologia di

estremamente diversificato per specie e

roccia” (Muti, 2015).

dei parchi alle colture tipiche della regione

the relation between the lake and the alpine

del lago, così addentro nelle Prealpi, ha poi

peculiarity of this territory, on which different

d’acqua sia per via di terra e, di conseguenza,

agricultural practices are stratified.

un territorio oggi molto ridimensionato rispetto

the verticality of the mountains and the

quali la pesca, il commercio e poi il turismo,

such an articulated landscape, that is moving

vita tradizionalmente legate alla selvicoltura e

the South of the provincial territory: from the

The description of Larian landscape is well

environments of the lake till the wide plain in

“la regione lariana, marcata dal lungo solco

The exclusivity of the territory in Como

fra i più celebrati, descritti e raffigurati della

lake of Como (Lario) that have influenced for

lombardo, l’idea stessa di paesaggio è

from the cultivation of fruit trees, wine yards,

un affiato romantico e un primo accenno di

and mountain agricultural spaces.

estetico di questi luoghi, sintesi della forma

geographical position: “questo si origina in

i secoli, passa per Stendhal, Manzoni, Porta,

che congiunge l’arco alpino alla pianura

Giovane, primo estimatore del Lario. (...)

delle Prealpi introduce gradualmente alle

favorisce l’abito vegetale delle sue sponde,

Lario rimanda al concetto di via scavata nella

per combinazioni: dalle essenze esotiche

Obviously from a morphological point of view

mediterranea, quali olivo e vite. La giacitura

and prealpine mountain system is a unique

facilitato i transiti verso i valichi alpini, sia per via

habits of living, economic dynamics and

la stessa influenza civile e religiosa di Como su

Moreover this proximity, this contrast between

alla sua estensione originaria. Infine attività

horizontality of the water surfaces

sono servite ai lariani per integrare forme di

defines

all’agricoltura di montagna” (PPR, 2001).

following the rhythms of reciprocity, exchange

The deterritorialization of Lario landscape

intruso, che riconduce tutto a sé, demolitore

the Larian context highlights the intense role

Tale fenomeno che si potrebbe definire come

and articulated natural context. While the

e del senso di appartenenza al luogo, della

the ancient traces of the landscape that are

messi in moto dai meccanismi economici e

deals with its transformation in quite recent

di paesaggi sempre più disancorati dalle

period.

This abstraction process from the reality and

The definition of the landscape applied to

degli ordini” (Turri , 1974).

that humans have played on such a complex

una progressiva perdita dell’identità locale

common image of Lario is always referred to

cosiddetta atopia, è da attribuibile ai processi

still visible today, less frequently the literature

globali che hanno condotto alla produzione

years, starting from the begin of the industrial

determinanti locali (Turri, 2000).

The

not

local dimension produces a gradual flattening

environmental structure of the territory, but

evolution. In other words it can be defined

relation between humans and nature. The

meaning “definitive o temporanee cessazioni

involving larger spaces, from regional, to

200).

These dynamics has brought humans to

human actions and the natural environment,

with nature (Turri, 1974).

transformations and to the tendency to the

relation among humans and the environment:

conservative approach on landscape.

in maniera sempre più rapida , assumendo

addressed by a set of rules, laws, guidelines,

sempre più esteso affrancamento rispetto ai

characterized all decisional powers at the

come un essere che, pur figlio della Terra al

provincial and local).

alla natura, simile cioè a un elemento estraneo,

landscape and of the natural balance among

processes

industrialization

only changed the economic, social and

of the historical and cultural dynamism and

also have overturned the local and logical

as a trend towards the “deterritorialization”,

industrial society got a new character,

del rapporto tra società e ambiente” (Turri,

national and continental ones.

By consequences, the disequilibrium between

consider the industrial society free from bonds

associated to the acceleration of human

This process have led to reconsider the

global dimension, have generated a strong

“le opere umane si sono moltiplicate ed estese

The recent attention to the landscape is

forme di autoritaria evidenza, per effetto di un

and prescription that in the last years have

legami naturali, tanto da farci apparire l’uomo

different levels (European, national, regional,

pari delle altre specie animali, si contrappone

The global emergency of the disruption of

human intervention and the surrounding

larger, similar to the small villas of the

of Larian landscape. Beside the balanced

sulle rive del lago sono aggredite da un

agricultural practices, the diversification of

perché prossime alla Svizzera di Valsolda

of settlements, the villas and architectural

provincia” (Pandakovic, 2000).

to put in danger the consolidated character

All these dynamics contributes to the Larian

la tradizionale produzione della terra ma

images:

occupazione selvaggia” (Pandakovic, 2000).

subjected to a huge process of artificialization

caused by the urban residential expansion,

disruptive impact on the environment and the

to the construction of second houses.

2. the marginality of the mountain municipalities

environment picturesque

metropolitan hinterland: “le zone pianeggianti

is reflected by the evolution landscape,

shaped

disordine

innaturale,

aree

appetibili

costituiscono le periferie più squallide della

vegetational asset, the vertical morphology heritage, the urbanization process has started of the area: “lo spazio non è più risorsa per

deterritorialization generating two contrasted

diventa territorio di una rapina edilizia e di

1. the lake as an attractive element, although

The assault to the Larian landscape is mainly

and lost of original characters with a strong

started between the 70s and the 80s, oriented

landscape

This

strong

in which the deterritorialization consists in the

point of view an increase in the risk, due to the

to the abandonment and the decline of

from an urban point of view the increase of the

These two contrasting images are the result of

the relation among occupied and effective

the whole process of deterritorialization.

A second consideration, oriented towards the

among mountain territories and lake valley

style of construction, object in many cases of a

guided the human action toward the creation

place in terms of constructions techniques,

leads to the second main image of the Western

Residential blocks are getting larger and

considered in between lake and mountain.

phenomenon

produces

environmental impacts: from an hydrological

lost of identity and local dimension associated

growth of constructions in fragile ecosystems;

mountain economy and landscape.

urban density, related primary services and

recent trends and transformations linked with

used spaces.

As previously described, the relationship

impact on landscape, is strictly related to the

floors was one of the main elements which has

creation of spaces totally abstracted from the

of the landscape. This final consideration

styles and materials.

side of Lario Comasco which is a context

C. In between alpine and valley floors

also it determines the morphology of the rural

mountains

the higher altitudes, as well as the distribution

As previously described, the relationship

related silvicultural and agricultural activities.

floors was one of the main elements which has

the movement of the livestock from the valley

of the landscape. This final consideration

settlements, called “monti” or “maggenghi”

side of Lario Comasco which is a context

the summer period the

In between alpine and valley floors territories:

“alpeggi”.

As already previously defined, the historical

at the early autumn, the livestock was brought

the mountains has defined the shape and the

colder seasons.

strong and well visible footprint.

and practices that define the shapes of

and the Larian peaks arises from the ancient

are considered and recognized also in the

pastoral and commercial activities. These

alpina va considerata nella sua interezza,

and flows from the valley floors to the upper

e il pascolo in quota, per una ragione

landscape

alpeggio senza azienda di fondovalle o

integration among this two realities was in

dell’anno a quote più basse” (Piano Regionale

only the seasonal changes in the movement

The movement of livestock was strictly related

settlement on the lake, on “mezza costa” and at

territories: the integration among lake and

of agricultural spaces and the organization of

among mountain territories and lake valley

In particular the transhumance was based on

guided the human action toward the creation

floor settlements towards the “mezza costa”

leads to the second main image of the Western

during the spring season. Later, during

considered in between lake and mountain.

in the upper part, towards the “alpe”, in the

the integration among lake and mountains

At the end of the season of the transhumance,

relations of reciprocity between the lake and

back to the valley floors to spend winter and

structure of the Larian landscape, leaving a

The importance of this circular activities

The strong connection between the valley floor

the landscape and territory of this area,

practices related to agricultural, silvicultural,

“Alpeggi” Regional Plan: “l’attività zootecnica

ones required the continuous movement

come un sistema integrato tra il fondovalle

areas, influencing the physical structure of the

apparentemente banale: non può esistere

The main practice that has ensured the

comunque ubicata per la maggior parte

particular the transhumance. This defines not

degli Alpeggi, 2004).

of the livestock according to the altitude, but

to the creation and use of agricultural surfaces

livestock was led

The distribution of natural system and settlements at different altitudes

Figure 10 Source: http://www.studiopandakovic.it/index.html

at different altitudes: the fields around the

entire territory and have been replaced by

were used only for the production of hay

touristic sector.

behind chestnut groves, open to the pasture

characterized by an increased marginality,

grass and to be fertilized.

floor identifies an opposite trend: expansion,

used as pastures at the beginning and at the

and internationalization.

summer period were used to produce hay one

of the last image of the Lario based on the

The alpine pastures in the “alpeggi” were

topic is various since it crosses different

circularly in the area, spending few time in

seen both in its impact on the environment,

of the grass.

and pressure. At the same time it can be

fodder gets lower parallel to the progressive

mountain municipalities, where the first ones

it: this made possible the higher quality of

touristic image of Como Lake. Lastly the

elements. Also the use and the functions of

the development of the area considering the

pastures.

the creation of a sustainable vision and future

village (both on the lake at “mezza costa”)

a lake centered economy mainly based on

during the winter period, as also the fields

While the mountain area nowadays is strongly

only in the autumn season to use the available

degradation and abandonment, the valley

The fields of the “maggenghi” were instead

tourism and internationalization.

end of the transhumance period, while in the

This last consideration leads to the explanation

or two times per season.

relevance of tourism. The reflection on this

used only as pastures: the livestock moved

perspectives. In fact the tourism could be

every zone, in order to avoid the destruction

generating

Going at higher altitudes the production of

read again in its contrast among lake and

qualitative increase of the herbs that compose

are completely excluded from the the popular

the milk, with a huge number of nourishing

idea of tourism as the main tool to trigger

the settlements were based on the role of

opportunities and the potentials that brings in

The changes in the Larian landscape, as

for the area.

explained in the previous section, has modified

the solid relation of circularity between lake and mountain providing a clear cut among

valley floors and upper areas. The economy

of the area that was based on the presence of activities and practices that involved the

urbanization,

artificialization

Example of the landscape stratification according to the different elevations

m 900-1600 Upper settlements scattered seasonal settlements pastures broadleaved mixed woods conifer woods rock environment and shrubs

m 400-900 Mezza costa settlements smaller urban settlements broadleaved mixed woods chestnut groves fields m 200-400 Lake settlements main urban centers fields olive groves, wine yards

Figure 11 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

and 16,9 minions of arrivals (+ 3,1%).

D. A multifaced engine of touristic flows: the relevance of tourism

According to the Strategic Plan for the

The last image proposed the consideration

in the 2013 by the Ministry of Regional

touristic flows. This description underlines

fundamental and irreplaceable factor for the

related to the topic of the tourism that, during

GDP, the 10% of the employment, and trends

economic element of the lake.

term (Piano Strategico per lo Sviluppo del

lake is strictly interconnected, since the time

The Strategic Plan is based on a timeline

has started to physically, economically and

long term that provides 61 actions, divided

For this reason the tourism is presented

governance of the sector overcoming the

acceptations of engine are presented here,

central role to the National Agency of Tourism

and the dynamics that belong to this

coherent with the demand of international and

Development of the Tourism in Italy, made

of the Alto Lario as a multi-faced engine of

Affairs, Tourism and Sport, the tourism is a

the complexity and the multidimensionality

national economy: it represents the 9% of the

the time, has become the most important

demonstrate that it will increase in the long

The relation between the tourism and the

Turismo in Italia, 2013).

when this phenomenon has appeared and

development divided into short, medium,

socially change the landscape.

according to the main issues: rethink the

as a multi-faced engine: three different

current fragmentation of actors; give a

extremely useful to understand the complexity

(ENIT); provide a modern tourist supply,

phenomenon.

national tourists; enhance the structures to

Tourism in Italy

with the international competitors; upgrade the

and the impact of tourism in Italy, and to

to boost the accessibility; develop the

Italy is the fifth country in the world and the

tourism; attract internationals investors.

arrivals behind France, USA, Spain and China

Turismo in Italia, 2013) show again that in

tourism has strongly increased: 403 millions

destinations defined as poles, among which

international levels, creating competitiveness

Datas are useful to understand the dimension

public transportationss and the infrastructures

underline the importance of this phenomenon.

competences in all the different sectors of the

third in Europe according to international

Datas (Piano Strategico per lo Sviluppo del

(https://www.unwto.org/). During the 2016 the

the Italian territory there are 150 touristic

of presences (+ 2,6 % compared to 2015)

it is possibile to identify the so called â&#x20AC;&#x153;global

magnets” (mostly arts towns) such as Rome,

materia di turismo e attrattività del territorio

such as Lago di Garda and Alto Adige and

in Italy the most important actors responsible

datas also underlined that the 22,2% of

provinces, the Metropolitan City of Milan (Art.

municipalities (that offer the 28% of the total

based on the articles 4 and 5 of the Regional

the rural areas, where in the 2017 the growth,

della Lombardia” (LR 30/2008) aims to valorize

The importance of the tourism is also underlined

the attractiveness of the Lombardy region

in which the culture, and more precisely the

private and public stakeholders in order to

as the most important element to boost the

accessible tourism for people with disabilities

of touristic destinations: the national territory

between hotels and extra hotel structures

to valorize and expand the value of these

is strong important, because it shows two

of two indicators (landscape and cultural

the Art. 74, 75 underlines the interventions and

has identified 611 local systems and 5 main

many projects and strategies are based on.

del patrimonio”, l’imprenditorialità culturale”, “il

Lombardy

(Piano Strategico per il Turismo, 2017-2022).

mountain and rural areas, where it is possible

importance

economies.

Venice, Milan, Florence, the “best sellers”

lombardo” (L.R. 27/2015) shows, regions are

a huge numbers of smaller places. The same

of the tourism (Art. 5), that collaborates with the

the touristic presences is localized in small

6) and the municipalities (Art. 7). This Law,

beds), and this trend is particularly growing in

Law 30 agosto 2008, n.1 “Statuto d’autonomia

according to Airbnb, was around the 75%.

and preserve the territory, the economy and

in the Strategic Plan for Tourism 2017-2022,

and to define tools and partnerships with

cultural and attractive vocation is identified

reach common goals (Art. 3) and to promote

touristic supply, in order to expand the variety

(Art. 4). It also presents the classification

is in fact rich of resources and materials able

(Art. 18), that in the case of the Larian territory

places. Through a deep analysis and use

different typologies of touristic flows and, in

heritage, cultural/productive tissue), the Plan

the goals of the sustainable tourism, on which

clusters: “la grande bellezza”, “la potenzialità

At the regional scale the territory of the

volano del turismo”, “la perifericità culturale”.

diversified and with a huge percentage of

Considerations and understanding of the

to identified settlements, cities and local

economy came also from the bureaucracy

For that reason it is also important to mention

1 ottobre 2015, n.27 “Politiche regionali in

Law 8 luglio 2015, n.19 “Riforma del sistema

tourism

for

the

national

region

appears

extremely

other two legislative references: the Regional

and from the legislation. As the Regional Law

delle autonomie della Regione e disposizioni

and Lario Orientale (Piano Sviluppo Locale

territori montani in attuazione della legge

Valsassina, Valvarrone e Lario Orientale,

European Regulation n.1305/2013 of “sul

international territory of value, thanks to the

Fondo europee agricolo per lo sviluppo rurale

landscapes and natural elements, able to be

n. 1698/2005 del Consiglio” (ER 1305/2013).

targets. Datas (Piano Sviluppo Locale territorio

threats and critical issues that these kind

Valvarrone e Lario Orientale, 2014) shows

the public transport system (Art. 4) and the

beds) distributed in 37 municipalities and 50

The second one, the European Regulation,

alpine huts and 112 B&B mainly distributed

PAC, aims to valorize and preserve the rural

Mandello del Lario (20), Gravedona (19), that

vision of sustainable development.

the lake in this category.

Tourism in Lombardy region and in the Alto

Como lake appears, more than the others,

After the most general consideration of the

often called, presents unique features and

national scale, the image proposed aims

environmental point of view, that make it to be

phenomenon which historically has defined

In order to understand how the dynamics of

The area of the Lake of Como, as also

whole area it is necessary to analyze the

Development of the upper part of the Lake

of the Lario.

per il riconoscimento della specificità dei

territorio dell’Alto lago di Como, Ceresio,

7 aprile 2014, n. 56” (L.R. 19/2015) and the

2014) is identified as a regional, national and

sostegno allo sviluppo rurale da parte del

presence of the Lario and the huge variety of

(FEASR) e che abroga il regolamento (CE)

attractive for different typologies of touristic

The first one defines and regulates some

dell’Alto lago di Como, Ceresio, Valsassina,

of territories have to deal with, related to

the there are 101 hotel structures (4.500

promotion of the mountain territory (Art. 7).

campings, 65 rent houses, 25 farmhouses, 40

according to the European policies and the

among the municipalities of Domaso (29),

economies and to consider them in a larger

are the three most attractive municipalities in Among the territories included in the Plan, the

Lario

as the most important one. The Lario, as it is

tourism related to its strategic role at the

opportunities from a historical, cultural and

to underlines how the tourism is a complex

considered an international destination.

the identity and the image of the Lario.

touristic movements are characterizing the

underlined

the

Plan

for

the

origin and the evolution of the touristic image

Local

An interesting contribute is provided by

of Como, Ceresio, Valsassina, Valvarrone

The distribution of the main touristic structures

Gravedona

Bellagio

Legend Villas Greenway Campsites Sailing schools Hotels

Como

Figure 12 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Giuseppe Muti, a researcher and geographer

Movement has defined a new image of the

within the Lario region.

live and especially represent the Lario region.

which provide a recomposition of the complex

by the romantic spirit started to stop and to visit

over the time: the classic image of the

places and suggestive landscapes. This

travelers, the crystallized image of the lake

image of the lake that can be summed up in

image.

rural spirits.

associated to the development of the elite

the time started to be more and more

encompasses different periods: the first and

some examples of mountain tourism started

the importante influence of heritage of Plinio

Swiss Alps, influencing also the landscape

Sforza period, the Renaissance (considered

limited to summer seasons, because it was

romantic period.

viewpoints and thermal baths. These are the

vacation image that can be associated to the

the famous “grand tour”, in which the central

is identified by the author as a form of proto-

considered as natural resource and a spirit of

During this time the villa has been the main

In this period the Lario, thanks to its strong

that period most of the current famous

become the favorite subject for painting,

important turning point come at the end of the

diffusion of several forms of representations

who analyzed the transformation of the tourism

lake that was based on a new way to conceive,

He proposes different images of the area

Educated and cosmopolitan travelers guided

framework in which the tourism has developed

the places of the lake, searching for authentic

aristocratic vacation, the image of romantic

brought to the creation of a common romantic

shores, and finally the crisis of the traditional

the combination between the noble and the

The first recreational use of the lake can be

In parallel to the lake tourism, that during

touristic vocation that, according to the Muti,

consolidated, from the second half of the 1700

classic period which can be associated to

to appear, in particular on the Austrian and

il Vecchio and Plinio il Giovane, the followed

of the lake. This phenomenon was firstly

the most important one) and lastly the

mostly characterized by the use of panoramic

Muti explained also that the definition of the

elements that brought to the consolidation to

architectural prototype of the “villa lariana”

element was a relation with the territory,

tourism.

initiation to the aristocratic class.

form of elite tourism in the area, and during

natural and environmental value started to

villas were built on the shore of the lake. An

literature, poetry which has led to the strong

18 century, when the spread of the Romantic

that have elevated the area at the international

scene.

based on elite villas and luxury hotels started

needed at the same time the development

new dynamics.

to make the Lario accessible: new car streets,

based on extra-hotel facilities, campsites and

navigation and the railway systems allowed

the shifting from the typical elite tourist, who

lake and the urban area (particularly Milan)

19 century, to the middle urban tourist who is

different places. These elements created the

city, looking for less chaotic and more natural

But the growth of the tourism on the lake

to be challenged by new form of tourism and

and the improvement of the transport system,

First of all the definition of a new supply mainly

the introduction of the steam engine for the

houses for rent. This can be attributed also to

to reduce the physical distances between the

was the main actor of the elite vacation in the

as well as improving the connection between

attracted by the possibility yo escape from the

condition for the increase of the number of

places.

of hotels and the uprising of the villas, that

The dynamics that have been described have

developing a new idea of hospitality: the villa

the tourism had in the past and is still having

space whereas the hotel emerged as a

and most incisive element could be recognize

An important topic needs to be considered at

caused by the construction and spread of the

of the touristic dynamics that for decades

residential expansion of the lake municipalities

increase of the urbanization, which affected

administrations identified the construction of

a specific touristic destination with beaches,

biggest opportunity of rapid and fast profit.

recreational demand. These processes led

brought to the creation of situations in which

which can be defined as the crisis of the

55% of the total presences in Italy. Nowadays

War World the romantic image of the Lario,

considered and linked to a myopic touristic

tourists and consequently the construction

dominated the touristic supply for decades,

traced the impact and the transformations that

was conceived as a close and protected

on the lake. Among these one of the strongest

cosmopolitan place of relations and sociality.

in the urbanization and soil consumption

this point, in relation to the strong development

second houses, that took place parallel to the

characterized the landscape of the lake: the

in the 60s. Till the half of the 70s many local

the shore of the lake. The lakefront became

second house and vacation houses as the

terraces, restaurants, oriented to the new

This, as the data from Uniocamere shows, has

to the final phase of the tourism development

the weight of private dwellings reached the

traditional touristic model. After the Second

the phenomenon of second houses is always

model: most of the houses are underused

in the past and at the same time an element

creating short and concentrated peaks of

drastically change the nature and the identity

At the same time the irrationality in the urban

The factors are often related to the necessity

historical patterns of settlement, and the over

strong

attracted external investors affected also the

irreversibility.

Another important trace of the crisis of the

that should be considered, such as the

is due to the transformation of the luxury

by the use of natural resources (flora, fauna,

close and self independent, full of activities,

to urban construction; the degradation of

popularity from outside, but totally isolated

of tradition of local communities, followed by

The crisis of the Larian image is certainly

seasonal variation of the resident population;

elite demand and by the increase of the

supply not equally distributed; an increase in

contemporary problems of traffic congestion

waters.

distances and stress, but also impoverish the

typologies of tourism started to appear and

or used only for few months during the year,

of transformation of the territory, able to

congestions during summer periods.

of a place, and its traditions.

development destroyed and altered the

to construct hard infrastructures and develop

estimation of infrastructures and services that

ares, brought to situation of environmental

the real estate market.

This open a series of some problematics

traditional tourism and of its consequences

degradation of natural environment caused

hotels which have became touristic enclaves,

water, soil); the unregulated activities related

facilities and services, symbols of luxury and

cultural elements and the consequent loss

from the surrounding landscape.

the abandonment of local activities; a strong

caused by the regression of the traditional

a strong change in the water and electric

new typologies of tourists, as well as by the

the garbage production, pollution and wasted

and flows that not only increases relative

As already underlined, in the last years new

the natural places of the lake.

get stronger: active tourism, rural tourism,

Threats and opportunities of tourism

social tourism.

territory as the Lake of Como, as a multi-faced

a strong attention to the territory. The rural

and urban growth of a large territory as it was

the others, and the most affecting the lake

transformations

that,

fragile

educative tourism, environmental tourism,

The tourism emerges, in such a complex

The common feature of those listed here is

phenomenon: an engine for the economic

tourism appears to be the strongest among

context. It is a new form of tourism based on

and conservation of heritage; incentive to

relations.

This theoretical framework is reflected into the

territory that the regeneration of the underused

the number of customer services in the

rural houses, bed and breakfasts, alpine huts,

Management

albergo diffuso.

creation and diffusion of the Albergo Diffuso

to develop a form of Sustainable Tourism,

supply; enhance the slow mobility through the

activities of food, restoration, sports, social

sustain rural population and local companies.

It s under this new way of looking at the

spaces through four main actions: enhance

heritage system has raised up, reconsidering

rural structures; development of Destination

hostel, eco-museums and the concept of

management of the territory); support the

These are concepts that belong to the attempt

as first and strongest modality of touristic

defined by the UNWTO as the â&#x20AC;&#x153;tourism hat

diffusion of cycle and pedestrian paths.

economic, social and environmental impacts,

What

the environment, and host communitiesâ&#x20AC;?

as an engine, that could be understood under

Researches demonstrate that an increasing

The first consideration is the tourism as the

above all) are interested in these new trends

caused the urbanization of the lake shore,

something more in order to help the local

constructions, hotels, car streets, parking.

heritage.

economic and spatial growth for the lake

takes full account of its current and future

finally

Company

emerges,

(integrated

previously

addressing the needs of visitors, the industry,

described, is the consideration of the tourism

(https://www.unwto.org/).

positive and negative considerations.

flows of tourists (German, Danish and Belgian

engine that, in the course of the years, have

and, most important, are willing to pay

through different elements: second houses

communities and the conservation of natural

A series of dynamics that brought a strong

The

Strategic

municipalities but that at the same time

to these consideration. It defines some main

and green areas and to the alteration of the

to achieve this goal: help the development

The second consideration is still negative,

that brought and enhance the fragmentation

National

Plan

the

Development in Italy (2013) is strong related

responsible to the fragmentation of agricultural

themes that should be considered in order

historical and cultural landscape.

of activities related to farmhouses; incentives

and describes the tourism as the engine

infrastructures; incentives to the regeneration

between the lake and the mountain. This led to

the

development

local

touristic

the break of the historical integration between

and the method through which is possible to

Alto Lario territory, that for centuries were

resource for a marginal areas such as the Alto

the different landscapes that compose the

consider the tourism as a strong and efficient

based on a series of dynamics and flows

Lario.

(commerce,

agriculture,

livestock,

living

conditions) that were structure specifically on

the fundamental relation, able to optimize the use of the local resources. The consequences of these caesura are identifiable in the strong

development of the lake territories and in the strong impoverishment of the mountain ones.

Finally the third consideration has a positive

acceptation. In this last case the tourism is

considered as the engine to propose new opportunities for a touristic development. This needs to reflect on the proposal of a touristic model that, contrary to what has been done in

the past, should have the main goal to valorize

the territory and its resources and at the same time should try to activate local economies.

Contemporary touristic trends that could be recognize in the Alto Lario and more in

general in the entire Italian territory describe an emerging typologies of tourist, interested in

the sustainable valorization and development of the territory, in the cultural, historical elements and features that characterize one of the most beautiful Italian landscape.

The new touristic trends previously presented

under the name of Soft Tourism are examples of the opportunities to reflect on the approach

1.3

The Western side of Lario Comasco in planning

The description of the four images that

adeguati

consentire

l’attuazione

dei

Lario Comasco can be also analyzed through

consumo di suolo e più in generale, lo

forms: first of all through the attempt to identify

progetti capaci di integrare i temi attinenti al

morphological

landscape

e agli insediamenti” (L.R. 31/2014). The

emergencies. Secondly, the definition of

intermediate scale between Provinces or

the topics described above as a basis to

the implementation of policies, criteria, and

Therefore it is fundamental to understand how

of land use imposed by the Law 31/2014.

planning in all its levels.

of the characteristics and the structure of

Lombardy Regional Plan (PTR)

administrative criterion, recognizes a more

Lario Comasco as a spatially recognizable

on the recognition of “sistemi di pregio e

“Disposizoni per la riduzione del consumo

delle tutele, le caratteristiche qualitative dei

degradato”. It established the principle of

sistema infrastrutturale, le polarità indicate dai

as “articolazioni territoriali espressione di

della superficie urbanizzata e urbanizzabile,

geografici, storico culturali omogenei,

31/2014). This further differentiation is

support the choice of the Western side of

contenuti della politica di riduzione del

the current planning practice in two main

sviluppo

homogeneous areas according to physical-

paesaggio, all’ambiente, alle infrastrutture

dynamics, socio-economic processes and

goal of creating ATO is to identify areas of

guidelines

Metropolitan Cities and Municipalities for

and

characteristics,

prescriptions

recognizes

politiche

l’attuazione

guide interventions and actions in the area.

guidelines specifically for

the reduction

these four themes are declined in territorial

What is interesting is the reinterpretation the regional territory that, in addition to the

As previously introduced, the definition of

specific diversification of the territory based

area is defined by the Regional Law 31/2014

valore

di suolo e per la riqualificazione del suolo

suoli, l’evoluzione del processo insediativo, il

homogeneous

indicated

PTCP, al sistema delle relazioni, l’estensione

ambiti relazionali, caratteri socio economici,

l’incidenza delle aree da rigenerare”. (L.R.

territorial

areas

paesistico-ambientale,

sistema

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ambiti Territoriali Omogeneiâ&#x20AC;? of the Lombardy Regional Plan

Figure 13 Source: Piano Territoriale Regionale (https://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/)

fundamental if applied to the Como Province.

spatial boundaries like the previous ones.

of two Homogeneous Territorial Areas (ATO),

morfologiche, sia per le nozioni storico-

areas of Lario Comasco and Comasco and

un lato, attraverso un esame più minuto del

of the provincial territory which reflects the

delle sue relazioni, dall’altro attraverso la

of its territory. On the one hand, the Como

attraverso la costruzione figurativa e letteraria

sized settlements scattered among conoids,

corrente. Gli ambiti geografici nascono con

presence of the lake which is the main actor

differenziati dove si riscontrano situazioni

above all in the tourist vocation of its places.

di tutela corrispondenti con le diverse realtà

In fact this is characterized by the presence

“Essi si distinguono sia per le componenti

plus an interprovincial one. The provincial

culturali che li qualificano: si delineano, da

Canturino represent a clear demarcation

territorio, delle sue forme, della sua struttura,

recognition of the diversity and complexity

percezione che ne hanno i suoi abitanti o

lake, is characterized by small and medium-

che è servita a introdurli nel linguaggio d‟uso

valleys and mountain areas, marked by the

l’intento di riconoscere ambiti spazialmente

in the climatic and vegetation habit and

paesistiche peculiari per determinare indirizzi

On the other hand, Comasco and Canturino

territoriali” (PPR, 2001).

metropolitan system to which is connected

In this framework the Lario Comasco is

production relationships. The contrast and

natural, agricultural, urban , historical-cultural,

must be taken into account in the definition of

is therefore a significative element in the

can be defined as an offshoot of the Milanese and

described in detail in all its features (physical,

duality of the Como Province is clear and it

perceptive). The central role of the landscape

policies, guidelines, and prescriptions.

geographical area of Lario Comasco and in

The Regional Landscape Plan

integration between lake and mountain: “Il

is taken up in the current Regional Landscape

inclinato‟ unidirezionale, come quello che

Comasco and Canturino are identifiable

versante, ha composto un paesaggio per così

geografici di paesaggio), which however do

altrove. In pratica quello che si ritrova in un

thanks

economic,

employment

particular in the historical construction of the

At the same time, the definition of the two areas

dipanarsi dell‟attività umana su un “piano

Plan in which the Lario Comasco and the

corre dalla sponda del lago alla cima del suo

as Geographical Landscape Areas (Ambiti

dire molto più compresso e strutturato che

not respond to a precise delineation of

fondovalle, qui, nel solco del Lario, lo

“Ambiti Geografici e Unità tipologiche di paesaggio” of the Regional Landscape Plan

Figure 14 Source: Piano Paesaggistico Regionale (https://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/)

ritroviamo letteralmente aggrappato fra la

Rilievi del Lario Intelvese, Rilievi del Lario

loro contorno di coltivi terrazzati o “roncati‟, la

area is characterized by a strong complexity

ovvero il “monte‟, la seconda fascia boschiva

geographical areas, requiring a more detailed

l‟alpeggio.” (PPR, 2001).

“Variante” of the Regional Landscape Plan

sponde e la montagna, vale a dire gli abitati, il

Occidentale. Therefore it emerges that the

prima fascia boschiva castanile, il maggengo

and variety of landscapes compared to other

subdivision. Another important aspect of the

transizione

fra

ceduo

aghifoglie,

concerns the strengthening of the role of

The variante of the Regional Landscape

guidance of the AGPs for local scale planning

The redefinition of the geographical areas has

sheet form containing objectives, strategies,

Regional Landscape Plan in 2017. AGP are

building an articulated framework aimed to

areas “che presentano caratteri naturali e

Schede portano a sistema elementi descrittivi

in coerenza con le geografie amministrative e

di pianificazione e programmazione territoriale

31/2014” (PPR Variante, 2014). These arise

ed elementi strutturali di paesaggio (caratteri

territory which, in addition to considering

agrari, antropici storico culturali), condizioni di

on the evaluation of hydrographic and

(Paesaggi di Lombardia, Obiettivi di qualità del

socio-economic systems and it introduces

locale, Indicazioni per l’attuazione della RVR

and naturalistic characteristics.

a condizione di pressione e a situazioni

and indicators derives the redefinition of the

Variante, 2014).

Comasco area is further subdivided into three

the three AGP are described and treated in

Plan

practices. For each area, the Plan defines a

been carried out within the “Variante” of the

project guidelines, critical issues and potential,

described as those geographically defined

support Provinces and Municipalities. “Le

storici prevalentemente omogenei, individuati

di inquadramento (progetti avviati, strumenti

di pianificazione territoriale di cui alla L.R. n.

vigenti, vincoli e tutele), quadro conoscitivo

from a more detailed survey of the regional

idro-geomorfologici, ambientali ecosistemici,

the

focuses

contesto, valori e criticità e, infine, la disciplina

geological systems, settlement dynamics and

PPR per l’AGP, Indirizzi per la pianificazione

innovative parameters such as ecosystem

e per la riqualificazione dei contesti sottoposti

From the introduction of the new parameters

potenziali di degrado alla scala locale)” (PPR

perimeters of the AGP. In particular the Lario

At this purpose it is required to analyze how

areas: Valli del Lario Occidentale,

this new framework of guidelines in order to

administrative

geographies,

“Ambiti Geografici di Paesaggio” of the Regional Landscape Plan Variant

Figure 15 Source: Piano Paesaggistico Regionale (https://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/)

understand the main problems, emergencies

Rilievi del Lario Intelvese

intends to address.

di paesaggio caratterizzato da insediamenti

Valli del Lario Occidentale

Variante, 2014). In the Intelvese valley

caratterizzato da insediamenti rivieraschi con

environmental and naturalistic system both

di elevata naturalità nelle valli del Lario

areas and the abandonment of agricultural

A careful analysis based on the description

and continuity of wooded areas, producing

morphological, ecosystem and environmental,

functions. The effect of this process is the

characteristics leads to the definition of the

the increase in hydrogeological instability.

context.

Rilievi del Lario Occidentale

pressure due to the expansion of the tourism

caratterizzato da insediamenti rivieraschi in

that

valli del Dosso, Albano e Cavargna” (PPR

The following AGP is identified as “Ambito

and strengths that large-scale planning

vallivi nei rilievi del Lario intelvese”. (PPR

This is defined as “ambito di paesaggio

system, the most critical issues affect the

presenza di ville e giardini storici in contesto

as regards the expansion of the built up

occidentale” (PPR Variante, 2014).

ones. These phenomena affect the integrity

the

iconographic,

historical-cultural

and

fragmentation and reduction of ecological

agricultural

interruption of ecological corridors, but also

hydrographic

and

values, pressures and critical issues of the

Defined

What emerges significantly is the settlement

the

coastal

“ambito

paesaggio

contesto di elevata naturalità e nei rilievi delle

sector and the growing tourist demand involves

municipalities.

Variante, 2014), this area presents several

This is reflected also by an increase in

land consumption that occurs through the

problems and weaknesses, if compared to

to the lake shores and the major historical

areas are marked by an overall demographic

Another

the

choices towards new locations, favoring

due to the lack of profitability of agricultural

redevelopment of the existing housing stock

technological improvements in agricultural

Another important problem is the lack of

construction of new residential areas close

the previous ones. In particular, the mountain

centers.

decline that has influenced the settlement

emergency

concerns

abandonment of crops and rural settlements

emigration

activities in mountain areas as well as the

which is in a general state of abandonment.

practices.

coordination between urban, territorial and

flows

and

discouraging

the

“Caratteri, rischi, attenzioni”, exerpt of “Schede Ambiti Geografici di Paesaggio”

Figure 16 Source: Piano Paesaggistico Regionale (https://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/)

landscape planning which has increasingly

Based on the specific characters and risk

territory. This has affected the values of the

framework of guidelines for provincial and

environmental heritage.

it is possible to identify a series of key goals

also in this AGP the progressive expansion of

1.Guarantee

one of the most critical phenomena: the

the territory covered by woods.

also represent the most widespread active

the lake shores, preventing the welding of

changed the polycentric organization of the

factors of each AGP, the Plan defines a

remarkable historical-cultural and landscape-

local planning. In particular, in the three areas

As in the other areas previously described,

which can be summarized as follows:

the forests in the agricultural areas represents

safeguarding the water system and above all

abandoned areas in the agricultural sector

2.Promote coherence in interventions over

degradation factor for these areas.

inhabited centers and preserving

hydrogeological

safety,

“Disciplina”, exerpt of “Schede Ambiti Geografici di Paesaggio”

Figure 17 Source: Piano Paesaggistico Regionale (https://www.regione.lombardia.it/wps/portal/istituzionale/)

undeveloped spaces.

planning, the four phenomena previously

especially of rural settlements in mountain

identified in the current planning issues, not

4.Address the problem of degradation and

the place or as emergencies and potential,

landscape recomposition of the places and

definition of design and planning proposals.

3.Preservation of ancient settlements and

described can be

areas.

only in the form of physical characteristics of

abandonment of the landscape, promoting a

but above all as ideas and principles for the

the enhancement of the historical and cultural identity of the place landscape recomposition

of the places and the enhancement of the historical and cultural identity of the place.

To conclude it is clear that in the large-scale

directly and indirectly

Demographic and socio-economic analysis

5 6 7

2.1

Index of municipalities and areas of interest

The demographical and socio-economical

Moreover the socio-economic analysis further

developed with the aim to both identifying

3.The last area “Rilievi del Lario occidentale”,

the same time to focusing on a more limited

municipalities of Val Cavargna (B) and

are concentrated. For a better understanding

Although these two areas are characterized

the Western side of Lario territory has been

features as well as socio-economic trends,

the classification of AGP provided by the

their respective relation with the valley floor.

Occidentale, Rilievi del Lario Intelvese, Rilievi

the strong dependence among the mountain

areas have been cut further more in sub-

as well as the mountain municipalities of Val

mountain municipalities, in order to stress and

Socio-economical

three areas are divided as followed:

referred to each single municipality, analyzing

characterized by two sub-units: mountain

same time, the average among values of the

municipalities of Porlezzese (E)

Area has allowed the definition of a synthetic

been considered in two different parts: lake

or potential context within all. Alto Lario

municipalities of Alto Lario (A). The separation

emerged as the area in which there is an

located in the valley floor, is due to the different

as well as opportunities for a further positive

analysis of the Western side of Lario has been

uphold their specific separated trends.

dynamics, processes and phenomena and at

has been divided in two sub-units: mountain

area in which critical issues and opportunities

mountain municipalities of Alto Lario (C).

of statistical trends in the spatial dimension,

by similar physical and geomorphological

divided in homogeneous areas, following

the need to separate them aims to underline

Regional Landscape Plan: (Valli del Lario

At this purpose the following analysis shows

del Lario Occidentale). Moreover these three

municipalities with the lake ones of Alto Lario,

units with the main aim to separate lake and

Cavargna with Porlezzese basin.

to analyze their relationship. Specifically the

investigated through municipal level datas,

1. “Rilievi del Lario Intelvese” area is

specifically trends and processes. At the

municipalities of Valle d’Intelvi (A), and lake

different municipalities belonging to each

2. “Valli del Lario Occidentale” area has

indicator useful to identify the most critical

municipalities of Basso Lario (D) and the lake

(both lake and mountain municipalities) has

among these two areas, despite they are both

highest concentration of issues, critical trends

morphological andgeographical character.

development.

dynamics

has

been

A. Lake municipalities of Alto Lario 1. Gera Lario 2. Domaso 3(a). Gravedona* 4. Dongo 5. Musso 6. Pianello 7.Cremia 8.San Siro

Definition of the five areas of the Western side of Lario

B. Mountain municipalities of Alto Lario 9. Sorico 10. Montemezzo 11. Trezzone 12. Vercana 13. Livo 14. Peglio

15. Dosso del Liro 3(b). Consiglio di Rumo* 3(c). Germasino 16. Stazzona 17. Garzeno

C. mountain municipalities of Val Cavargna 18. Cusino 19. San Bartolomeo V.C 20. San Nazzaro V.C 21. Cavargna 22. Val Rezzo

D. Lake municipalities of Basso Lario 23. Plesio 24. Grandola ed Uniti 25. Menaggio 26. Griante 27. Tremezzina 28. Sala Comacina 29. Colonno

30. Argegno 31. Brienno 32. Laglio 33. Carate Urio 34. Moltrasio 35.Cernobbio

E. Lake municipalities of Porlezzese 36. Benelario 37. Carlazzo 38. Corrido 39. Porlezza 40. Valsolda

* For clearer understanfing of the sub-areas the municipalities of Gravedona ed Uniti has been considered in the previous municipalities (Consiglio di Rumo, Gravedona, Germasino), before the administrative fusion in 2011. 51 municipalities is the real number of the municipalities considered

F. Mountain municipalities of Valle d’Intelvi 41. Claino con Osteno 42. Laino 43. Centro Valle d’ Intelvi 44. Alta Valle d’Intelvi 45. Blessagno 46. Ponna

47. Dizzasco 48. Pigra 49. Schignano 50. Cerano d’Intelvi 51. Campione di Italia

Figure 1 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia, AGP

2.2

Resident population and demographic classes: a reality of small municipalities

An immediate reading of the context is

especially

over

conoids

and

valley

size of the 51 municipalities of the Western

all characterized by a lower number of

of inhabitants highlight that the area is

the number of 1000. Although this important

municipalities where generally the resident

Western side of Como Lake, it represents

Municipalities characterized by a population

regional and above all national level. At this

the 51 municipalities taken into consideration,

provided by ANCI (Associazione Nazionale

asset in the territory. The second most incisive

consolidated characterization of the Italian

where the resident population is between

composed by more than the 50% of small

the 22% of the whole area.Only 6 out of 51

in Lombardy, Piemonte, Trentino Alto Adige,

3000 and 5000 inhabitants. A very low value

80% of the municipalities do not exceed 5000

six municipalities are the result of recent

Although the strong asset of the Italian context

preexisting municipalities. It is clear that the

recorded a spread trend for the creation of

to the morphology and the physical features

the municipal territory, especially for small

inhabitants is located in the valley floors,

are: â&#x20AC;&#x153;Convenzione, Unione e Fusione

provided by the survey on the demographic

planes, while mountain municipalities are

side of Lario. Datas divided by categories

inhabitants which generally does not exceed

characterized by the presence of small

aspect is highlighted in the context of the

population does not exceed 5000 inhabitants.

a widespread situation both at provincial,

below 1000 inhabitants represent the 63% of

regard, the Atlas of Small Municipalities

identifying the most widespread demographic

Comuni Italiani) in 2019 highlights this

situation is characterized by the municipalities

context:

1000 and 3000 inhabitants, representing

municipalities (<5000 inhabitants). Especially

municipalities record a population between

Abruzzo, Molise, Calabria and Sardegna over

if associated with the fact that two of the

inhabitants.

administrative merge processes between the

characterized by small realities, ANCI has

distribution of the population is strictly related

associated forms for the management of

of the territory: the highest concentration of

municipalities. The most common typologies

13 Italian regions over 20 are

order to reduce the costs of local municipalities.

autonomie locali” and further developed until

municipalities has risen in the last decades

to “Testo unico delle leggi sull’ordinamento

well as guidelines and prescriptions provided

agosto 2000 n.267” defines a new institutional

The

of services and functions. Actually this kind

especially

5314 municipalities (http://www.anci.it/). The

(“Fusione” or “Unione”) due to the economic

defines the creation of a new local body, that

This trend is supported by statistical data

is demanded for the implementation and

Statistica): in Italy the number of municipalities

from single local bodies. The number of

are 304. At the same time in Lombardy

to 500 cases in the last 10 years. Finally the

the last decades, recording 53 abolished

one, since it defines a completely new

Western Side of Lario as well has experienced

municipalities.

years (ISTAT, 2019).

maintain the autonomy of each municipal local

constitution

and the covenant with other municipalities,

in order to achieve “efficacia, efficienza,

authority in favor of a new collective one.

for the administration itself.

amministrativa” introduced with the Law

giugno 1990, n. 142 “Ordinamento delle

In particular in Italy the creation of merged

now. The first tool (“Convenzione”) according

thanks to a system of economic incentives as

degli enti locali” signed with the “D.Lgs. 18

by the different laws at different levels.

form that enable the associate management

municipalities shows that local authorities,

of agreement in Italy has been adopted by

inhabitants)

second tool is named “Unione di Comuni” and

and financial problems they are dealing with.

in addition to the ones of each municipality

provided by ISTAT (Istituto Nazionale di

development of some functions transferred

abolished in favor of merging processes

unified municipalities in Italy have risen up

region the trend has slightly increased in

“Fusione dei comuni” is the most challenging

municipalities from 2013. In this framework the

local body, replacing the ones of the single

the loss of 10 municipalities in the last eight

While the tool of the “Convenzione” tends to

The

body enhancing and allowing the cooperation

reorganize

the “Fusione” completely removes the single

trasparenza e convenienza (Legge 142/1990)

In general, these forms of associationism have been always pushed by the European Union and consequently by each single nation in

increasing the

number

tend

general

smallest to

desired new

functions

merged

ones

(<5000

privilege

scenario

models and

this

aimed

tool

the to

competences

Resident population and demographic classes per municipality Population under 1000 inhabitants

municipalities

63%

of total 0-1000

Population between 1000 and 3000 inhabitants

*The merging process of Gravedona e Uniti municipality , estabilished in 2011, has determined the union of two mountain municipalities (Consiglio di Rumo and Germasino) and and the lake center of Gravedona. Although the most recent data is referred to the unified administration, it should be take into account that the trends of the first two municipalities are similar to the surrounding mountain context, as well Gravedona is in line with lake municipalities statistics.

municipalities

22%

of total 1000-3000

Population between 3000 and 5000 inhabitants

municipalities

12%

of total 3000-5000

Population over 5000 inhabitants

Population between 3000 and 5000 inh.

Population between1000 and 3000 inh.

municipalities

Population under 1000 inh

51 Number of municipalities

of total

64.352 Total number of residents

>5000 70 * Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia

Figure 2 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

Resident population and demographic classes in the Province of Como

municipalities >5000

municipalities 3000-5000

77%

small municipalities <5000 inh.

23%

municipalities

medium-large municipalites >5000 inh.

1000-3000

municipalities

The Province of Como is also a reality

<1000

characterized by the prevalence of municipalities with a population

lower than 5000 inhabitants. In particular the administrative entities under 1000 inhabitants and between

1000 and 3000 represent the highest number.

32 of the 41 municipalities under

1000 inhabitants are concentrated in the Western side of Como Lake.

Figure 3-4 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

Resident population and demographic classes in the Lombardy Region

473

municipalities >5000

265

municipalities 3000-5000

69%

small municipalities <5000 inh.

475

municipalities

31%

medium-large municipalites

1000-3000

>5000 inh.

303

municipalities <1000

Lombardy region is characterized by a larger number of small municipalities.

In particular municipalities from 1000

to 3000 inhabitants represent the most widespread asset in the region.

Lombardy is at the second place, after Piemonte, in the Italian ranking for number of small municipalities.

Figure 5-6 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

Resident population and demographic classes in Italy

2414

municipalities >5000

1133

municipalities 3000-5000

70%

2521

municipalities

30%

small municipalities

medium-large municipalites

<5000 inh.

1000-3000

>5000 inh.

1846

municipalities <1000

National the

statistics

vocation

confirm

country

demographically characterized by small administrative realities: also in

Italy small municipalities reach 69% of the total.

Figure 7-8 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

2.3

Demographic variation:

a recurring depopulation

The analysis of demographic variation based

two ones represent a negative variation of the

1951 to 2018. An overview of the population

sharp decline (>-10%) and the latter a light

to take into account the complexity and the

led by municipalities which record values from

be relevant since the half of the XX century.

population is associated at values higher than

demographic character of the area took

the ANCI research mentioned in the previous

of people left the mountain municipalities in

identify three phases to show the demographic

trend, which reached its peak across this

municipalities with variations lower than

years until now. Moreover according to the

1,77% and counter-exodus ones over 1,77%.

of population decrease recorded a maximum

decade, from 2011 to 2017.

(1951-1961). So, considering only the last

phases, has identified two phases of decline,

would have offered a partial and incomplete

more relevant.

As shown in the following map it emerges a

municipalities over 51 have experienced until

characterized each context with different

are in the long term stationary and only eight

The map highlights different classes: the first

emerges from the statistical datas is that the

on ten-year censuses was carried out from

population, where the first is associated to a

flows and dynamics in the long term allows

decrease (-10%- 0%). A stationary situation is

articulation of phenomena that have started to

0% to 1,77% and lastly the increase of the

In fact the most important changing in the

1,77%. This last value has been taken from

place from 1950 to 1960, when huge flows

chapter (http://www.anci.it/). In particular they

favor of valley floors and urban areas. This

trend of Italian small municipalities: exodus

decade, continues to evolve in the following

-1,77%, stationary municipalities from 0% to

data analysis, municipalities with higher rate

This analysis has been made only for one

value of variation along the first decade

The following analysis, in addition to ANCI

decade or a limited range of time in this case

highlighting where the phenomenon has been

understanding of the phenomena.

The result of the data analysis shows that 36

general trend of population decrease which

now a process of population decline. Twelve

degrees of intensity and few exceptions.

have recorded a positive variation. What

process of depopulation is strongly related to

activities.

which have recorded the highest rate of

the global production and in general the

than 1000 inhabitants. Another evidence

- the recent shift towards a new economical

the context: the mountain municipalities has

- the widespread opinion that the mountain

decrease, if compared to other municipalities

economy.

inhabitants but located in the valley floor. This

activity on the Western side of Lario has been

process of depopulation in the mountain areas.

intensive production was no more sustainable

phenomenon in a relationship of cause-effect

boosted the high productivity, exploitation and

are causes and consequences. In other words

really far from the reality of small mountain

can change or happens simultaneously.

was the unique source for inhabitants, the

to highlights several factors involved in the

to fall down. The abandonment of agricultural

Western side of Lario. The first is concerning

of rural structures and buildings related to that

which was the main economic source of

At the same time another factor is associated

associated to important shifting in the global

Lugano, Milano) and in a small dimension

- the industrialization process which has

Gravedona ed Uniti), both in terms of job

the maximization of productivity.

services. At this purpose the loss of services

the number of inhabitants: the municipalities

- the shift from the local production towards

decrease are the ones with a population lower

globalization of the economy and the market.

is concerning the geographical features of

paradigm based on tertiary activities.

recorded the highest value of population

economy was loser in relation to the urban

characterized

In this general context also the agricultural

opens wider issues and factors related to the

affected by these changes. A local and non

These factors are strongly interrelated with the

and feasible within a general framework that

in which is complex to clearly distinguish what

exchange as well as new economic activities

the order and the succession of these factors

municipalities. In a situation in which agriculture

In a â&#x20AC;&#x153;atemporalâ&#x20AC;? perspective it is possible

economy of these municipalities has started

shrinking process of mountain territory of the

activities has led to the physical abandonment

the abandonment of agricultural activities

practices.

these municipalities. This process can be

to the centralization of urban areas (Como,

economic structure:

by the centers of the valley floors (Porlezza,

favored intensive agricultural practices and

opportunities than in terms of facilities and

- the following automation of agricultural

and economic activities such as commercial

the

same

range

ones is strongly related to the depopulation

This brief explanation highlights the complexity of

and the multi-faced characterization of the

This

among general factors and specific features

cause and effect of depopulation. An effect

The recognition of the depopulation process

municipalities,

and

years of national importance. This is strongly

the same time the disappearing of the last

explained: “in the last years small municipalities

choose to remain to leave as well.

the last 6 years small municipalities have

factor which is accessibility, not only in terms

compared to the disappearing of a city with

facilities, but also in terms of time. These areas

The recognition of this trend for small

where in most of the case public transportation

the national level through the approval of

For people who decided to stay in these areas,

e la valorizzazione dei piccoli comuni,

urban areas is really common.

e il recupero dei centri storici dei medesimi

amenities is one of the most important factor

advocates “il riconoscimento della specificità

process of mountain municipalities, affecting

minori, spesso fragili ma con territori più ampi.

as datas are showing. In these cases a soft

effettuare investimenti mirati e rilanciare lo

been recorded due mainly to the lack of

lo spopolamento. Inoltre mira a sostenere lo

Musso, Colonno, Laglio).

favorire la residenza in questi comuni,

process.

The

increasing

marginality

mountain context has led economic activities

depopulation process and its combination

phenomenon can be considered both as a

of the place.

since while people started to leave mountain

of small municipalities has became in the last

services had a lower catchment area. At

well-liked by ANCI contribute as already

economic activities has forced the ones who

continue to lost population. In particular in

This consideration leads to an other important

lost 74.000 inhabitants at the national level,

of access to basic and primary services and

the dimension of Pavia”. (http://www.anci.it/).

are characterized by a strong marginality

municipalities

does not exist or is really inefficient.

the Law 158/2017 “Misure per il sostegno

daily commuting toward the valley floors and

nonché disposizioni per la riqualificazione

Accessibility to primary services and basic

comuni”.

which has caused not only the depopulation

dei Comuni di dimensioni demografiche

small centers located along the lake shore,

L’obiettivo è mantenere e attuare servizi,

decrease of population over the time has

sviluppo locale, fondamentali per affrontare

services and facilities (Cremia, Pianello,

sviluppo sostenibile, l’equilibrio demografico,

“move”

towards

valley

commercial

floors.

activities

This

has

law

been

addressed

according

ANCI

proteggere e valorizzare il patrimonio naturale,

- they must be located in areas marked by

(Legge 158/2017).

urban centers;

architettonicoâ&#x20AC;?

hard communication and distance from large

One of the most interesting aspect of this

- municipalities included in the peripheral

for the structural, economic and social

the development of the internal areas (SNAI)

aim to finance investments for the protection

national park, a regional park or a protected

the mitigation of hydrogeological risk, the

The contents of this law are significative in

centers, the safety of road infrastructures

the mountain municipalities involved in the

economic and social development and the

by the law. The general idea is that small

The Fund, established with an endowment

municipalities are in a critical conditions,

euros for each of the years from 2018 to

order to invert and counteract the negative

rurale,

storico-culturale

law is the constitution of a national Fund

areas, as identified in the national strategy for

development of small municipalities that

of the country, included in the perimeter of a

of the environment and cultural heritage,

area.

regeneration and redevelopment of historic

the selected context also because most of

and schools, as well as the promotion of

area are meeting the requirements requested

establishment of new production activities.

municipalities

of 10 million euros for 2017 and 15 million

requiring economic and financial sources in

2023, was increased by 10 million euros

trends and all their effects.

per year, starting from the year 2018, for a total amount of 160 million euros. In order to benefit from the financial resources of the fund, small municipalities must meet specific requirement such as:

- they must be located in areas affected by hydrogeological instability;

-they must be characterized by marked economic backwardness;

- there must be a significant decrease in the resident population

- they must be characterized by inadequacy of essential social services;

and

specifically

mountain

Demographic variation per municipality Sharp decline

municipalities

Soft decline

municipalities

Stationary

municipalities

Growth

municipalities

<1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 >5000

<1000 *The merging process of Gravedona e Uniti municipality , estabilished in 2011, has determined the union of two mountain municipalities (Consiglio di Rumo and Germasino) and and the lake center of Gravedona. Although the most recent data is referred to the unified administration, it should be take into account that the trends of the first two municipalities are similar to the surrounding mountain context, as well Gravedona is in line with lake municipalities statistics.

1000-3000 3000-5000 >5000 <1000 1000-3000 3000-5000

Sharp decline (<-10%)

>5000

Soft decline (-10- 0%) Stationary (0-1,77%)

<1000

Growth (>1,77%) 1000-3000

1,77 Average national demographic change (ANCI, Atlante Piccoli Comuni 2019)

3000-5000 >5000

Figure 9 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www.istat.it/)

The identification of the four main contexts of depopulation

1.Mountain municipalities of Alto Lario The majority of the municipalities belonging to the mountain territory

of Alto Lario is recording a sharp decline that reachs in most of the cases the medium value of -20%.

2. Val Cavargna and Val Rezzo The area of Val Cavargna is quite similar to Alto Lario mountain territory. In this case the depopulation process is higher for three

municipalities which record the most negative value of the whole context.

Municipalities in a soft decline 3. Lake municipalities of Alto Lario Municipalities located along the lake shore have experienced a

lighter process of depopulation, but quite negative as well. The medium variation of this area is about the -10%.

4. Lake municipalities of Basso Lario The same situation characterizes the lake municipalities of Basso

Lario, in which the population variation value is no more than the -8%. Figure 10 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www.istat.it/)

The identification of the four main contexts of growth

5. Lake municipalities of Porlezzese Porlezzase

represents

the

context

characterized

strongest demographic growth in the whole

the

area., reaching

a medium value of variation between the 5 and the 10%.

6. Lake municipalitis of Alto lario Although less marked and more constant over time in comparison to the area of Porlezzese, the lake municipalities of Alto Lario show a quite

evident increase of population over the time, ranging from 1% to 5%.

7. Mountain municipalities of Valle dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Intelvi In this case the growth is associated to the two major municipalities: Centro Valle dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Intelvi and Alta Valle dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Intelvi, which are the result of

a merging process and they represent a rare exception in the whole context. In fact they are characterized by a positive trend which in some case reach also the 10%

Figure 11 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www.istat.it/)

The demographic variation of mountain municipalities of Alto Lario: one of the most negative trend of depopulation

1. Dosso del Liro 2

1951

8 7

1961

493 578

1971

395 499

300 453

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

233 395

219 354

208 315

190 275

171 252

493 -14%

2. Livo

2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800

#"!! #!!! "*!!

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

395 395

354 354

315 315

275 275

252 252

493 -14%

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

2159 578

1974 499

1718 453

1479 395

1258 354

1029 315

853 275

739 252

493 -14%

")!! "(!!

4. Peglio

"'!! "&!! "%!! "$!! "#!!

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

305 578

259 499

241 453

207 395

167 354

197 315

185 275

191 252

493 -14%

""!! "!!!

*!! )!!

5. Trezzone

(!! '!!

400

%!!

1971

453 453

##!!

600 200

1961

499 499

3. Garzeno

#$!!

2200

1951

579 578

&!!

2 8 1

$!! #!! "!! ! !

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2018 "

(

)

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

193 499

155 453

179 395

183 354

202 315

237 275

231 252

493 -14%

6. Stazzona *

Analysing trends of Alto Lario, it emerges that the most shrinking municipalities are: Garzeno (-17%), Livo (-17%) and Dosso del Liro (-14%). In these cases the variation of number of inhabitans is always negative and decreasing

without any relevant recovery. It is therefore a costant and long term process. By contrast all other municipalities are however characterized by less intense

decrease due to the presence of positive variations and population increase phases.

Figure 12-13 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www.istat.it/)

1951

226 578

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

649 578

665 499

654 453

633 395

657 354

675 315

634 275

598 252

493 -14%

7. Sorico 1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

1344 578

1340 499

1283 453

1209 395

1193 354

1204 315

1234 275

1263 252

493 -14%

8. Montemezzo 1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

361 578

228 499

317 453

302 395

324 354

287 315

261 275

224 252

493 -14%

The demographic variation of lake municipalities of Alto Lario: one of the most positive trend of growth

3* 1

1. Dongo

'%!!

3600 3400 3200 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0

'$!!

'#!!

'"!!

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

2795 578

3411 499

3544 453

3482 395

3405 354

3468 315

3489 275

3356 252

493 -14%

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

1360 395

1400 354

1440 315

1440 275

1480 252

493 -14%

2. Domaso

'!!!

"%!!

1951

"$!!

950 578

"#!!

""!!

1961

1050 499

1250 453

3. Gravedona (*data available before merging process)

"!!!

&%!!

&$!!

&#!!

&"!!

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

%VAR. MEDIA

2431 578

2631 499

2690 453

2710 395

2705 354

2700 315

2800 275

252

493 -14%

4. Gerlario

&!!!

%!!

$!!

#!!

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

2018

773 578

854 499

919 453

943 395

926 354

882 315

1016 275

1037 252

"!!

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011 2018 &

(

)

Soft trends of population increase have been recorded in the lake municipalities of Alto Lario, in contrast with the respective mountains municipalities. In comparison to the Porlezzese, here the value does not exceed the +5% of population growth. In other words it is a slow but quite constant growth as shown in the chart.

Figure 14-15 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www.istat.it/)

%VAR. MEDIA

493 -14%

2.4

Migration rate:

from mountains towards valley floors

The migration rate and the natural growth

such migrations.

reasons of the depopulation process. The

The following map shows a similar result

the whole area, without any exception, where

municipalities

the number of births, in line with the regional

characterized by a negative migration rate,

(ISTAT, 2018).

located in to the valley floor, have recorded

By contrast, the data on the migration rate are

with negative values of migration are also the

with the variation of population. As visible in

This is also due to the presence of a negative

by depopulation has been also characterized

whole process. At the same time, the other

rate are analyzed in order to understand the natural growth rate shows a negative trend for

to the previous chapter: the mountains

the number of deaths considerably exceeds

municipalities located on the lake shore are

(-2,3%) and national phenomenon (-3,2%)

whereas 24 municipalities over 51, mainly

and

some

the

small

a positive variation. The 16 municipalities

more meaningful, showing a clear connection

ones with the highest values of depopulation.

the following map, most of the area affected

natural growth rate which intensifies the

by strong emigration processes.

24 municipalities, although characterized by

Although

this

phenomenon

negative natural growth rates, are balanced is

by a constant immigration which justifies their

relevant

especially between the 60s and 70s, the

demographic growth.

between 1981 and 2018. This limitation is due

If sources of datas show the quantitative

following analysis shows only the trend to the unavailability of datas before the 1981.

amount of migrations over a certain range of

Though

the

related to the directions of migration flows. In

the shorter range of time describes effectively

how people have moved from the mountains

the

partial

overview

time, they miss more qualitative informations

phenomenon, it has been observed that also

this context it is relevant to know where and

the process, highlighting the presence of

municipalities toward other contexts.

ISTAT database related to the migration

As with the observation of demographic

the migrations inside the national boundaries

those processes that have created areas

most of population flows were concentrated

areas of attraction (lake municipalities). These

10% represents international movements.

previous chapter, can be traced back to a

The limitation caused by the unavailability

areas have been able to offer, in terms of

growth rates offers only a distinction among

variation, here too it is necessary to recognize

and outside. In particular datas shows that

of departure (mountain municipalities) and

whitin the national borders, and about only the

flows of people, as already mentioned in the series of attractions that the lake and urban

of datas (the migration destination data is

services, employment and accessibility.

Registry) has been avoided using a more

The growth in car use, a dominant element in

developed in this phase for the inhabitants

of public transport (absence of a railway

migration rate reaches the most negative

well as the presence of a multiplicity of urban

Cavargna. The aim of the survey is to trace

infrastructural and mobility nodes along the

during

from

the West, metropolitan area of Milan South,

characterization of the migration process: if

are to be considered the factors that have

the productive and urban areas of Brianza,

population towards the valley floor.

Lario valley floors, specifically in those

to explain and to stress the so called process

To sum up, it can be noticed that the most

to prove it through datas. But as well, this is

is the local dimension and in particular the

migrations whitin these areas.

floors.

sources make complex to trave in a complete

collected only by each municipality Civil empirical approach. A brief survey has been

an area characterized by a scarce presence

of three mountain municipalities in which the

system along the Western side of the lake), as

values: Livo, Garzeno, San Nazzaro Val

services and the centrality of some areas as

approximately the people migration flows

main communication routes (Switzerland to

the questionnaire is the strong internal

Valtellina and Switzerland to the North-East)

some people left mountain territory towards

influenced the continuous movement of the

the majority of inhabitants moved only toward

To conclude the main aim of this chapter is

contexts with positive migration rates.

from the mountains towards valley floors and

interesting aspect of these migration flows

not the only process that have characterized

movement from the mountain to the lake valley

The lack and unavailability of complete

the

years.

What

emerges

way all the movement and flows that have characterized the previous forty years. It

should be taken into account, in addition to the movement mentioned before, the presence of external migrations, in the provincial and

regional territory and also outside regional or national borders. These are also relevant

issues and questions which can offer several

starting points for a wider and deeper reflection of the topic.

Migration rate per municipality

Negative migration rate

municipalities

<1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 >5000

Stationary migration rate

municipalities

<1000 1000-3000 3000-5000 >5000

Positive migration rate

municipalities

<1000 1000-3000 Negative migration rate (-20%-0%)

3000-5000

Stationary migration rate (0%-2%)

>5000

Positive migration rate (2%-20%)

Figure 16 Source: Re-elaboration data Istat_Biblioteca Centrale ISTAT MILANO

The identification of the two main contexts of migration

1. Mountain municipalities of Alto lario One of the context with strongest negative migration flows in the considered period is Alto Lario mountain territory which, as the previous chapter shows, is also

the one characterized by strongest demographic decrease. In this case not all municipalities are

involved in these process: some of them, though characterized by a general population decrease,

have a stationary or positive migration rates (Peglio, Sorico, Consiglio di Rumo)

2. Mountain municipalities of Val Cavargna The context of Val Cavargna and Val Rezzo follows

the trend of the mountain municipalities of Alto Lario. In this case, all the municipalities are involved in a general emigration process over the time, identyfing this context as the most affected one in western shore of Lario.

Figure 17 Source: Re-elaboration data Istat_Biblioteca Centrale ISTAT MILANO

The identification of the four main contexts of attraction

1. Lake municipalities of Alto Lario The Lake municipalities of Alto Lario are a highly attractive basin

on the Western shore of the Lario and after the Porlezzese area records the highest values in the whole context

2. Lake municipalities of Porlezzese The most relevant immigrations in the area are certainly those

that characterize the Porlezzese basin, which have represented the most attractive context.

3. Lake municipalities of Basso Lario Quite

meaningful

datas

characterize

the

lake

shore

municipalities of Basso Lario. In particular positive trends are recorded only by the Northern part of the context, whereas the Southern municipalities are characterized by stationary and in some cases negative values.

4. Mountains municipalities of Valle dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Intelvi Positive values of migration rate are recorded by municipalities of Valle Intelvi. As already explained in the previous chapter

this is the only mountain context which experiences a counter trend with positive values both in the population variation and in the migration rate

Figure 18 Source: Re-elaboration data Istat_Biblioteca Centrale ISTAT MILANO

The migration rate of mountain municipalities of Alto Lario: one of the most relevant migration

1. Garzeno

-50

1991

2001

2011

2018

2001

2011

2018

2001

2011

2018

2. Montemezzo

-50

Inside of Alto Lario mountain context the municipality

with the most negative trend is Garzeno. This, in

1991

fact represents the most affected municipality by the phenomenon of depopulation. On the contrary,

the others selected municipalities of Dosso del Liro

and Montemezzo show more evident oscillations

3. Dosso del Liro

with quite relevant peaks of positive variations. 0

-50

Figure 19 Source: Re-elaboration data Istat_Biblioteca Centrale ISTAT MILANO

1991

The migration rate of lake municipalities of Alto Lario: one of the most relevant attraction

1. Domaso 40

-40

1991

2001

2011

2018

1991

2001

2011

2018

2001

2011

2018

2. Dongo 40

-40

For the valley floor, the counter-trend of the

phenomenon emerges significantly: immigration

3. Geralario

in this context is more evident in the municipalities

of Domaso and Dongo, which represent the most attractive municipalities of the context

-40

1991

Figure 20 Source: Re-elaboration data Istat_Biblioteca Centrale ISTAT MILANO

2.5

Elderly index and population structure: an accelerated aging

The data related to the elderly index highlights

mountain territory. At this purpose the contexts

Italian context: the aging of the population.

affected ones. At the opposite side lower

in which the elderly index is 173,1. A similar

of valley floor, especially Porlezzese area and

Como Province where it reaches respectively

What emerges is that the aging process is

values exceed 100, meaning that the number

depopulation and migration processes. At the

than younger.

the previous chapters are the ones with lower

are identified: in the first one the indicator

Therefore this process depends not only on

regional and provincial average, with rare

affects the Italian background, but in these

A second category that represents the majority

and

Finally, a more critical category in which the

least to lake valley floors where accessibility,

In other words 37 over 51 municipalities

commercial activities are much easier. This

further the national average.

the number of households with children in

several important assumptions: first of all

centers) is further higher than in the mountain

recorded in the smallest municipalities of the

Therefore mountain municipalities are

a recurrent demographic process in the

of Alto Lario and Val Cavargna are the most

Statistics depict a negative national trend

values are registered by some municipalities

value is recorded in Lombardy region and in

the Northern part of Basso Lario.

the 165,5 and 169,3 (http://dati.istat.it/). All

marked in such municipalities involved also in

of elderly people (over 65) is slightly higher

same time the areas of attraction identified in

In the selected context three different ranges

elderly index.

does not exceed 200, in line with the national,

a general changes of people lifestyles which

exceptions in which it is even lower.

case it is accentuated by the depopulation

of municipalities is between 200 and 300.

households tends to move to urban areas or at

elderly index exceeds 300.

connectivity, access to facilities, services and

presents an elderly index which exceeds

is shown also by the data provided in which

The definition of these three ranges highlights

valley floor municipalities (the main important

highest values of the elderly index are

municipalities.

migration

processes:

younger

and

vulnerable contexts in which the demographic

incorporates several related issues such the

instead of younger and households. Moreover

elderly people, the lack of active population,

the development of these areas. According

perspective of possible future development

structure is mainly composed by elderly people

need to ensure accessibility and facilities to

the demographic forecasts further worsen

which must be taken into consideration in a

to ISTAT survey: “Il futuro demografico nel

and reactivation of the area.

Paese. Previsioni della popolazione residente

al 2065”, the number of births won’t be able to balance the increasing number of deaths and

the average population age will change from 44 years old in the 2019 to 50 in the 2065”.

At the same time, in the selected area, according to some Municipal Plan (Livo PGT, Peglio PGT), the increase of elderly people won’t be balance by an adequate generational replacement, due to the increasing trend of

younger to move away from mountain and small municipalities.

This emergency have been recognized and

addressed at the local level by the application for the SNAI in which the area is defined as

“sistema locale che al suo interno registra significativi squilibri ed elementi di fragilità, con Valli isolate, in cui il processo di spopolamento

e invecchiamento è incessante”. (Strategia d’Area, 2018)

In the long term the increasing aging and continuous

depopulation

mountain

municipalities will affect these vulnerable territories irreversibly.

The aging process is not only an emergency from the demographic point of view, but it

Elderly index per municipality Elderly index higher than 300 9 municipalities

18%

of total

300-400

Elderly index between 200 and 300

municipalities

55%

of total

300-400

Elderly index between 100 and 200

Elderly index higher than 300

Elderly index between 200 and 300

municipalities Elderly index between 100 and 200

27% of total

165,8 Elderly index province of Como

162,2 Elderly index of Lombardy

300-400

168,8 Elderly index of Italy

Figure 21 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

The identification of the two main contexts of aging

1. Mountain municipalities of Alto Lario Datas on the municipalites of Alto Lario show an heterogeneous overview. The most spread situation is represented

by four municipalities in which the elderly index is between 300 and 400. It is not a case that these ones are also

characterized by strong depopulation

and migration processes as shown in the previous chapters.

2. Mountain municipalities of Val Cavargna Also in this case it emerges that the

elderly index is strongly higher than

the regional and the national average, similarly to the context of Alto Lario.

Again it can be noticed that the three municipalities of Val Cavargna are

affected by high values of decreasing population.

Figure 22 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

Population structure of the main aging contexts

Livo

Montemezzo

67%

26%

67%

26%

0-14

14-65

65+

0-14

14-65

65+

Dosso del Liro

Garzeno

10%

62%

28%

59%

33%

0-14

14-65

65+

0-14

14-65

65+

Cavargna

0-14 years old

61%

San Nazzaro

31%

14-65 years old 65+ years old 8%

63%

29%

66%

26%

0-14

14-65

65+

0-14

14-65

65+

Cusino

Where the old-age index is larger and therefore higher

than 300, it can be seen that the age classes of the 9 municipalities considered are very similar, since all of them are characterized by a large gap between younger (-14 years old) and elderly people (over 65) who tends to strongly predominate over the previous ones.

Figure 23-24 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

59%

32%

0-14

14-65

65+

1. Garzeno

Population structure of Alto Lario mountain municipalities

100+ 95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4

2. Livo

100+

95-99 90-94 85-89 80-84 75-79 70-74 65-69

60-64 55-59

50-54

45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14

The age pyramid shows clearly and specifically the gap

5-9

among young and elderly people. Through this statistic

representation it is possible to read in detail (for all

0-4

3. Dosso del Liro

age groups) the demographic structure of the single municipality.

+100 95-99

In all the cases it is possible to notice how the base of the

90-94

pyramid is significantly smaller than the other age classes,

85-89 80-84

in particular, if compared to the over 65. However, in all

75-79 70-74

cases emerges that the age group corresponding to 55-

65-69

59 years old represents the largest number of resident

60-64 54-59 50-54

inhabitants.

45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24

Figure 25 Source: re-elaboration data from TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

15-19

10-14 5-9 0-4 20

2.6

Variaton of the urbanized surface

the strong urbanization of lake municipalities

has

(Porlezzese, lake municipalities of Alto Lario,

the development of lake municipalities not only

ones identified as centers of attraction where

urban expansion. The increase of the resident

where the demand of vacation is higher. On

the two main factors which have led to the

contexts (Alto Lario mountain municipalities,

The following map shows the variation of

variations in the artificial surface.

base of DUSAF database of 1954 and 2018.

to a qualitative survey of the urbanization

representing the variation of the urban surface

factors and especially the relation of this

following analysis: between 100 and 70 ha,

landscape and the environment.

ha, between 10 and 1 ha.

associated to the growth of artificial surface is

among lake and mountain municipalities: in

case”). “Il Lario è storicamente caratterizzato

artificial surfaces over the time, whereas

luogo di vacanza ad essere conosciuto”

significative variations.

The peak of the construction of vacation

previous phenomena is clear and obvious:

intense urban expansion during ‘60s and ‘70s.

of increase in the artificial surfaces

urbanization continued to grow. This increase

Another

important

process

which

characterized the Western Side of the Lario is

Northern part of Basso Lario) are also the

in terms of demographic growth, but also of

most of the population is concentrated and

population and the high touristic demand are

the other side depopulation and migration

growing artificialization of lake shores.

Val Cavargna) are represented also by lower

artificial surface over the last 65 years on the

This quantitative overview must be associated

categories,

process, understanding which are the main

over the time, have been identified in the

increasing artificialization of the shore with the

between 70 and 40 ha, between 40 and 10

At this purpose one of the main phenomenon

This classification highlights the contrast

the construction of vacation homes (“seconde

particular the first have almost doubled their

dalla presenza di seconde case. È il primo

the mountain territory has recorded less

(Muti, 2015).

Also in this case the connection with the

homes is related to the general phase of

municipalities characterized by a higher rate

But also between ‘80s and ‘90 the pace of

particular

four

main

houses totally ignores the features and the

a peculiar aspect which distinguish the urban

residential complexes that are completely

and Milanese hinterland (Muti, 2015). In

ad interventi peggiorativi. Lentamente ma

decrease of population in the last 40 years,

si infittiscono nuove case, ognuno con il criterio

Lario municipalities in particular in the context

con la logica strutturale con cui si è formato

The intense residential expansion typically

fuori scala rispetto ai nuclei residenziali storici

homes has generated several effects on the

lariani” (Pandakovic, 2000)

of lake shore which have excluded any other

vacation homes can be associated to the

development (Muti, 2015). This process have

identical residential units which tend to occupy

organization making the area a strategic point

with the only purpose to attract economical

Other important effects can be found in the

This process which is increasing along the

which are strongly related to the absence of

and the ecosystemic balance of such territory,

In particular the continuous construction of

treats for the touristic desirability of these

touristic demand, has treated such a fragile

and features that historically distinguished the

building

construction

not

always

associated to the growth of population: this is

specific character of the place, producing

development of Lario from the area of Brianza

out of the landscape: “[...] assistiamo solo

particular datas show that though the evident

inesorabilmente fuori dai perimetri dell’abitato

a proliferation of new housing is visible along

dell’interventino privato che nulla condivide

of Alto Lario (Muti, 2015).

il paesaggio. [...] Interventi completamente

represented by the construction of vacation

che costituiscono il metro degli insediamenti

area: first of all the progressive privatization

At this purpose, an increasing amount of

opportunities for other forms of touristic

image of the Brianza row houses: a set of

favored important financial and real estate

the most suggestive and evocative places

from the financial point of view.

investments and profits.

spheres,

lake shores, affects not only the environment

a coherent and effective territorial planning.

but at the same time it becomes a potential

new homes and buildings due to the high

places due to the lost of the traditional qualities

and vulnerable ecosystem. In particular this

whole context of Lario.

environmental

and

landscape

effect can be evaluated in terms of coherence

of new constructions with the features of the

surrounding environment. The point is that in most of the cases the realization of new

The variation of urbanized surface per municipality Variation of urbanized surface between 100 and 70 ha

municipalities

22%

of total

Variation of urbanized surface between 70 and 40 ha

municipalities

of total

Variation of urbanized surface between 40 and 10 ha

19 municipalities

37% of total Variation of urbanized surface between 70 and 100 ha

Variation of urbanized surface between 10 and 1 ha

Variation of urbanized surface between 70 and 40 ha

Variation of urbanized surface between 40

and 10 ha Variation of urbanized surface between 10

municipalities

and 1 ha

33% of total 99

Figure 26 Source: re-elaboration data from DUSAF 2015, Uso del suolo 1954

The identification of the four main contexts of urbanization

1. Lake municipalities of Alto Lario Alto Lario lake municipalities are the most urbanized contexts whitin the Western shore. In the majority of the

municipalities, the urban surface has doubled over the time. 2. Lake municipalities of Porlezzese Porlezzese

area

follows

the

rankings the trend of Alto Lario, even

if the urbanization process is more

concentrated in a limited part of the territory (Porlezza and Carlazzo).

3. Lake municipalities of Basso Lario Tremezzina area, a quite emerging context whithin the area of Basso Lario

records high values of urbanization,

though lower if compared to the Porlezzese

basin

municipalities.

and

Alto

Lario

4. Mountain municipalities of Valle di Intelvi The mountain area of Valle dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Intelvi also

this

case

represents

the

countertendency in the whole area. It

represents

the

only

mountain

context to experience a quite huge

urbanization process, comparable to Figure 27 Source: re-elaboration data from DUSAF 2015, Uso del suolo 1954

lake municipalities. 100

The variation of the urbanized surface of the Alto Lario: one of the most urbanized areas

1. Gravedona 200ha

62ha

3900ha

5,5%

Urbanized

Territorial

% of

surface

urbanization

110ha

32ha

705ha

16%

Urbanized

Territorial surface

urbanization

90ha

20ha

628ha

14%

Urbanized

Territorial

% of

surface

urbanization

surface 2015 surface 1954 2. Dongo 4 1

surface 2015 surface 1954

% of

3. Domaso

surface 2015 surface 1954 4. Sorico Among all areas with higher values of urban surface

117ha

20ha

2445ha

Geralario, Sorico and Gravedona are characterized by the

Urbanized

Territorial

% of

surface

urbanization

120ha

17ha

730ha

15%

Urbanized

Territorial

increase, Alto Lario is at the top of the ranking. Specifically

surface 2015 surface 1954

strongest increase in the artificial surfaces, even if they are

characterized by a low percentage of urbanized total surface.

5. Geralario

surface 2015 surface 1954

Figure 28 Source: re-elaboration data from DUSAF 2015, Uso del suolo 1954, ISPRA

101

surface

% of

urbanization

2.7

Agricultural sector dynamics:

the abandonment of agriculture

The

survey

the

agricultural

sector

particular

homogeneous

situation

shows that the Western side of the Lario is

can be highlighted: the general decrease

This characterization at the local level reflects

municipalities the loss rises more than the half

only the 4% of Lombardy agricultural firms are

from the following map, a marked countertrend

By contrast, until the begin of nineteenth

the abandonment of agricultural surfaces has

the most common activities of Lario area,

show a light increase in the total amount of

to the poverty of soils, the high slope and

In order to prove this result, which can be

agriculture hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t defined a real agrarian

precision of DUSAF of 1954, datas provided

agrosilvo pastoraleâ&#x20AC;? which was not able to

analyzed. Even if datas are available only from

survival at the local dimension.

shown in the map.

characterized by a weak agricultural vocation.

of agricultural surface. In the majority of

the one of the provincial context for which

of the original surfaces. On the other hand,

located inside Como Province.

emerges whitin the context of Alto Lario. Here

century, agricultural activity was one of

been less incisive and in some cases datas

especially for the mountain territory. But due

surface.

the scarce availability of lands, this kind of

affected by some limitations due to the

system, but only a part inside a â&#x20AC;&#x153;sistema

by Agriculture Census (2010) have been

guarantee a high income while the necessary

1981 to 2010 they confirm the trend already

The

In particular a recent increase in the

general

loss

and

abandonment

of agricultural practices in favor of the

agricultural surface has characterized the

effects also on the Lario, promoting a diffuse

This datas could be explained thanks to a

surfaces.

livestok farms. It must be highlighted that the

terms the loss of agricultural surfaces between

firms of small dimensions and characterized

industrialization process, has manifested its

municipalities of Dosso del Liro and Peglio.

degradation and changes on the agricultural

significative presence of agricultural and

The following analysis shows in quantitative

majority of farms in the area are family-run

1954 and 2018 provided by DUSAF database.

by local production.

102

The survey on agricultural farm highlights

number of farms than the medium provincial

mentioned, differs from the general trend

of the scarce importance of agricultural

This is true both for a more marked

municipalities of Basso Lario. The Provincial

recovery of wine yards, olive groves, and

whole area, especially by Alto Lario. Only 7

greater number of livestock.

particular

than

the

50%

municipalities is characterized by a lower

that Alto Lario municipalities, as previously

average.

which characterizes the whole area.

further

demonstration

activity which is mainly represented by the

diversification of crops including the recent

average is exceeded only by the 35% of the

other fruit trees and at the same time for a

municipalities represent the highest number

of farms, even if this data is not so reliable due to the fact that all these municipalities are the result of merging processes.

Another important information is given by the

data provided by the typology of cultivation and surfaces related to the agricultural farms

It emerges that most of them are characterized by a mixed activity of cultivation and breeding,

in which permanent fields and pastures are

the most spread and diffused typologies. The map shows in terms of number the

predominance of this typology, highlighting some important differences between lake and mountain municipalities. While mountain ones are characterized by an homogeneous

presence of permanent fields and pastures

(60%) the lake shore presents a more heterogeneous and diversified asset with an increasing presence of other cultures.

The same situation is visible for rearing, whose dynamics are investigated according to the amount and typology of livestock.

103

The variation of agricultural surface per municipality

Variation of agricultural surface higher than 50%

municipalities

Variation of agricultural surface between 50% and 0%

16 municipalities

Variation of agricultural surface hi-

Variation of agricultural surface between 0% and -50%

gher than 50%

Variation

agricultural

surface

Variation

agricultural

surface

between 50% and 0%

municipalities

between 0% and -50%

104

Figure 29 Source: re-elaboration data from DUSAF 2015, Uso del suolo 1954

The variation of agricultural surface of Alto Lario municipalities:

1. Dosso del Liro

the less affected context

1982

1991

2001

2011

1982

1991

2001

2011

1982

1991

2001

2011

1982

1991

2001

2011

2. Sorico 4

2 3

3. Geralario

The historical series 1982-2010 of ISTAT agricultural Census shows the evolution of agricultural surfaces in the municipalities with less negative trends. Thoungh Gera Lario is characterized by a

quite linear and constant recovery

4. Peglio

since 1982, Sorico, Peglio and Dosso del Liro show alternate

presence of increasing and decreasing peaks. But all four municipalities are characterized by a sharp recovery in the last decade from 2001 to 2011

Figure 30 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

105

Number of farms per municipality Municipalities with less than 16 farms

26 municipalities

51% of total agricoltural ha 1660

Municipalities with number of farms between 16 and 36

17 municipalities

35% of total agricoltural ha 7174

Municipalities with more than 36 farms Number of farms lower than 16

Number of farms between 16 and 36

municipalities Number of farms higher than 36

14%

919 Total number of farms 12.014 Agricultural surface used by farms (ha) 0,66 Index of use of agricultural fields

of total agricoltural ha 3180 106

Figure 31 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

Number of farms in the Province of Como, in the Lombardy Region and in Italy

Province of Como Number of farms

2480

Average of farms

per municipalities

Total agricultural surfaces (ha)

23.659

Index of used of

agricultural fields

0,72

The province of Como, similarly to the Western side of Lario, is characterized by a weak characterization in the agricultural sector: the number of farms in this area represents only 4% of the farms in Lombardy and 2% of the corresponding agricultural surface.

Lombardy Region

Number of farms

54.333

Average of farms

per municipalities

Total agricultural surfaces (ha)

977.000

Index of used of

agricultural fields

0,79

As the comparison with the provincial data shows, the regional data are much higher. This is due to

the presence of the Southern provinces that balance the lack of agricultural activity in the Northern part.

Italy Number of farms

1.616.046

Average of farms

per municipalities

200

Total agricultural surfaces (ha)

12 856 047

Index of used of

agricultural fields

0,77

3.3% of Italian farms are located in Lombardy. The 7.6% of agricultural surfaces at national level Figure 32 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

is located in Lombardy.

107

Typology of agricultural surface of farms per municipality

Surface of permanent fields higher than 50%

Surface of permanent fields lower than 50%

Surface of permanent fields higher than 50% Surface of permanent fields lower than 50%

108

Figure 33 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

Typology of agricultural surface of farms on the Western side of Lario, in the Province of Como and in Lombardy Region

Western side of Lario Seminatives

Agrarian

Orchards

woods

Permanent fields

15%

42%

forests linked

Arboriculture

to farms 31%

The prevailing type of cultivation is represented by permanent fields that represent 43% of the

Province of Como. The woods connected to farms also define the 42% of the provincial quantity. Differently, the production of arable crops is scarce if comparred to the provincial level.

Province of Como Seminatives

15%

Agrarian

Orchards

woods

10%

Permanent fields

12%

36%

forests linked

Arboriculture

to farms 26%

The arable crops, which are prevalent in the Southern part of the province, are more widespread

at provincial level. The highest percentages correspond to permanent fields and woods related to farms.

Lombardy Region Seminatives

35%

Agrarian

Orchards

woods

15%

Permanent fields

22%

forests linked

Arboriculture

to farms 2%

17%

At regional level arable crops are the predominant type of cultivation in the provinces and

Figure 34 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

municipalities of the Po Valley. In fact, only 2% of the arable land can be attributed to farms in the 109

Province of Como.

Typology of agricultural surface of farms in Alto Lario municipalities: a more diversified agricultural activity

Mountain Municipalities of Alto Lario The most common typology of agricultural surfaces (referring to the

farm centre) is permanent fields and pastures and fodder crops.

The highest percentage of these types is located in mountain municipalities and it is strongly related to the past agricultural

practices. Livo 0%

Seminatives

<1%

83%

17%

Agrarian

Permanent

forests

woods

fields

3,8%

63%

Seminatives

Agrarian

Permanent

Sorico

woods

fields

Lake Municipalities of Alto Lario

linked

to farms 31% forests linked

to farms

The lake municipalities are more diversified and heterogeneous: Though the mountain areas is heavily characterized by permanent

fields and pastures, some of them together with lake agricultural surfaces are cultivated by wineyards, olive groves, fruit trees (cherry trees, plum trees) Domaso <1%

43%

38%

23%

Seminatives

Agrarian

Permanent

forests

Figure 35 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

linked

woods

fields

<1%

42%

45%

Seminatives

Agrarian

Permanent

forests

Dongo

110

woods

fields

to farms

linked

to farms

Number and typology of livestock per municipality Number of livestock higher than 1000

8 municipalities

17% of total

Number of livestock between 500 and 1000 *The merging process of Gravedona e Uniti municipality , estabilished in 2011, has determined the union of two mountain municipalities (Consiglio di Rumo and Germasino) and and the lake center of Gravedona. Although the most recent data is referred to the unified administration, it should be take into account that the trends of the first two municipalities are similar to the surrounding mountain context, as well Gravedona is in line with lake municipalities statistics.

municipalities

6% of total

Number of livestock between 100 and 500

municipalities

35%

Number of livestock higher than 1000

of total

Number of livestock between 500 and 1000

Number of livestock between 0 and 100

Number of livestock between 100 and 500 Number of livestock between 0 and 100

municipalities

20.703 Total number of livestock

42%

of total

Horses Cattle Goats Poultry Sheep

Figure 36 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

111

Number and typology of livestock on the Western side of Lario, in the Province of Como and in Lombardy Region

Western side of Lario livestock total

number

20.703

Cattle

Sheep

Goat

Polutry

Horses

Pig

3505

5609

7251

3039

903

396

17%

27%

35%

15%

The datas once again confirm the low agricultural activity in the area. In fact, only 15% of the cattle in the Province of Como is located in the Western shore of the Lario. This is certainly due to the

concentration of larger farms in the Southern part of the Province. The most widespread typology is the one of goats, which are particularly concentrated in mountain areas.

Province of Como livestock total

number

134.950

Cattle

Sheep

Goat

Polutry

Horses

18.697

7387

9566

94.505

3864

931

14%

70%

Pig

Differently, the prevalent typology in the province of Como is the one of poultry of which only 3% is concentrated in the area. Differently, 75% of the goats in the Como area can be attributed to the farms present in the municipalities on the Western shore of the Lario.

Lombardy Region livestock total

Cattle

Sheep

Goat

Polutry

32.950.457

1.484.911

105.759

57.705

26.512.923

30.196

4.758.963

77%

12%

number

Horses

Pig

Only 1% of the number of livestock in Lombardy is located in the Province of Como, underlining the

poor agricultural vocation of the provincial territory compared to the other provinces. However, in this Figure 37 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

case too, poultry farming prevails with 77%. 112

Number and typology of livestock in Alto Lario municipalities: the historical print of breeding farms

Sorico livestock total number

Cattle

Sheep

Goat

Polutry

Horses

Pig

146

308

570

Cattle

Sheep

Goat

Polutry

Horses

Pig

665

796

1113

livestock total number 1511

livestock total number

Livo

Dosso del Liro

Cattle

Sheep

Goat

Polutry

Horses

Pig

1159

529

102

1885

livestock total number

Cattle

Sheep

Goat

Polutry

Horses

Pig

102

145

772

1058

As it can be seen from the values expressed by

the livestock, the mountain municipalities of the

Alto Lario define as much as 42% of the number of livestock in the whole area. This high concentration includes mostly sheep and goat livestock.

Figure 38 Source: re-elaboration data from Censimento Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

Garzeno

113

2.8

Local units and economic sectors: the collapse of economic activities in the mountain municipalities

This chapter deals with the survey on the

represented

such

municipalities

Lario, referring to the quantity of local business

lower than 40. Only the 20% of the area is

by ISTAT database of 2016. These can be

120 units, a small number if considered that

giuridico-economica

merging processes.

economic activities whitin the Western side of

which the number of local business units is

units (“Unità locali di impresa”) provided

characterized by the presence of more than

defined as “Luogo fisico nel quale un’unità

4 out of 11 municipalities are the result of

pubblica e istituzione non profit) esercita una

The highest number of local business units

strumenti/glossario).

more than 1000 inhabitants.

the context of Lario is not so relevant when

survey on the structure and the typologies of

economic system: only the 9% of provincial

is mainly based on the construction sector

side of Lario. By contrast the Southern part

(31%), although with a minimal impact on the

concentration of economic activities due to

activity, which is strongly characterized by

other important urban centers which are

Also in this case a clear spatial distribution

production than in tertiary activities (Erba,

number of tertiary activities is located along

in the first map where a general overview on

and hotel activities is recorded in mountain

is provided. In particular the most common

This contrast between mountain municipalities

(impresa,

istituzione

o più attività https://www.istat.it/it/metodi-e-

is concentrated in those municipalities with

The first part of the analysis shows that

Another important information is given by the

compared to the provincial and regional

local business units. The secondary activity

local business units is located in the Western

(65%) followed by the manufacture sector

of Como province leads the primacy for the

provincial economy. The same is for the tertiary

the presence of the Como urban area and

the commercial sector and the hotel sector.

economically developed both in the industrial

of the activities can be identified: the highest

Mariano Comense, Cantù). This is also visible

the lake shore, while a scarcity of commercial

the number of local business units in the area

municipalities.

situation (40%of the whole area) is

with less than 1000 inhabitants and the main

114

lake centers is due to an intense process of

Carlazzo and Porlezza.

ones. Datas provided by historical series

concerning commercial and service ones

general loss of commercial activities in the

municipalities of the Western side of Lario.

the different contexts.

activities in small municipalities has been

Western side of Lario have been affected by

political levels. A recent support for small

the 1981 and 2016. By contrast only 8

2019, n.158, â&#x20AC;&#x153;Conversione in legge, con

increase. The most relevant data is provided

2019, n. 34, recante misure urgenti di crescita

affected by a loss higher than the 50%.

situazioni di crisiâ&#x20AC;?.

disappearance of small specialized shops

is concerning the crisis of economic activities

as both a cause-effect of the depopulation

purpose part of the law is dedicated to provide

chapter of the statistical analysis. This

encourage the reopening or expansion of

municipalities of Alto Lario and in particular

the revitalization of the local economy of small

An opposite trend is visible mostly in some

The concessions are available for individuals

Porlezzese. Here a different process has

supply

been

leisure time, in the retail trade, including the

large non-specialized shops, particularly in

This is the same for the expansion of existing

collapse of commercial activities in the first

The

of ISTAT, highlight, at the begin of 1980, a

is one of the most critical issue for mountain

whole area, with some differentiation among

The issue of the collapse of commercial

In particular 46 out of 51 municipalities of the

addressed at different administrative and

a decrease of commercial activities between

municipalities is given by the Law 28 June

municipalities (16%) have experienced a light

modificazioni, del decreto-legge 30 aprile

by such 42% municipalities which have been

economica e per la risoluzione di specifiche

This process can be explained as the

One of the many issues addressed by the law

and local stores typical of small municipalities,

whitin Italian small municipalities. At this

process, as already explained in the second

economic benefits and supports in order to

trend has mainly affected the mountain

commercial activities that can contribute to

Val Cavargna area.

municipalities.

areas of valley floors, especially in the

who carry out activities in the craft, tourism,

been identified: the reduction in the number

protection, the use of cultural goods and

balanced by an increase in the number of

administration of food and drinks to the public.

the municipalities of Gravedona ed Uniti,

commercial establishments or the reopening

smalls

specialized

shops

has

115

lack

economic

services

for

activities,

both

environmental

of establishments closed for at least six

inhabitants as well as in the territories of the

population under 20 thousand inhabitants.

cases the tax benefit operates on the whole

national Fund. The resources available consist

The focus here is on all municipalities with

for 2021 and thirteen millions for 2022, until

under 1000, which are mostly affected by

Another interesting measure at the regional

activities, further disincentivized by the wider

to implement the Regional Law 30 December

and abandonment. Developing economic

dell’aliquota dell’IRAP si applica anche alle

the begin and the recovery of these activities

costituite tra il 1° gennaio e il 31 dicembre

process of revitalization.

months, located in municipalities with a

municipalities up to 3.000 inhabitants, in such

This is possible thanks to the institution of a

regional territory.

in five million euros for 2020, ten millions

less than 5000 inhabitants, and most of all

twenty millions per year from the 2023.

the loss of local business and economic

level is the deliberation recently introduced

consolidated process of depopulation, aging,

2019, 24: “Dal 1° gennaio 2020 l’azzeramento

incentives as well as financial support for

nuove imprese di cui al comma 6 octies,

can be the first step able to trigger a whole

2020, oppure alle sedi o alle unità locali di nuova iscrizione al registro delle imprese nel

2020, localizzate nei centri storici urbani, come definiti dagli strumenti urbanistici, dei comuni

con popolazione superiore a 3.000 abitanti e fino a 15.000 abitanti.” (L.R. 24/2019). With the deliberation the IRAP tax relief has

been extended for municipalities until 40.000 inhabitants and under 3000 inhabitants.

The subsidy is part of the concrete actions put in place by the regional government to support

businesses. In order to take advantage of the

concession, the local and artisan businesses

must be located in the historical urban centers of the provincial capitals and municipalities with a population greater than 40.000

116

Number of local units per municipality Number of local units higher than 120

municipalities

20%

of total

Number of local units between 120 and 80

6 municipalities

20% of total

Number of local units between 80 and 40

municipalities

20%

Number of local units higher than 120

of total

Number of local units between 120 and 80 Number of local units between 80 and 40

Number of local units lower than 40

municipalities

under 1000 inhabitants (total number of local

units/total municipalities under 1000 inhabitants

40% of total

Figure 39 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

Number of average local units in municipalities

120

117

in the Province of Como) Number of average local units in municipalities

between 1000 and 5000 inhabitants (total number

local

units/total

municipalities

between 1000 and 5000 inhabitants in the Province of Como)

Number of local units on the Western side of Lario, in the Province of Como and in Lombardy Region

Western side of Lario Number of local units

Number of workers in local units

4782

% of workers in local units over resident population 7%

13.800

The comparison clearly shows that the Western shore of the Lario is characterised by few local business units when compared to provincial and especially regional values. In fact, only 9% of the provincial local units are located in the area.

Province of Como Number of local units

Number of workers in local units

48.693

% of workers in local units over resident population

179.133

30%

The number of local business units in the Province of Como depends mainly on the

municipalities located in the Southern part of the Province where are concentrated not only

Lombardy Region

a larger number of inhabitants per municipality but also the most significant urban centres (Como, Mariano Comense, Erba, Olgiate Comasco)

Number of local units

Number of workers in local units

881.567

% of workers in local

3.570.879

units over resident population 37%

At regional level, the Province of Como has an incidence of only 5% for the number of local Figure 40 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

business units and 6% for the corresponding employees. In fact, the province of Como

is one of the last province in Lombardy with the lowest percentage of incidence on local business units in Lombardy.

118

Distribution and typology of secondary activities per municipality

Percentage of secondary activities higher than 30

Number of local units and workers F

construction

manufacturing

workers

225

616

395

Percentage of secondary activities lower than 30

Percentage of secondary activities higher than 30

Percentage of secondary acrivities lower than 30

Prevalent activities by sectors Number of local units and workers F

construction 490

manufacturing 270

workers 1197

workers 1460 119

Number of construction activities

Manufacturing activities

Figure 41 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

Distribution and typology of tertiary activities per municipality

Number of local units and workers G

trade

food service

workers

225

60%

Percentage of tertiary activities higher than 65 Percentage of tertiary activities lower than 65

Prevalent activities by sectors Number of local units and workers F

construction 490

manufactoring 37

workers 8%

workers 60% 120

Retail and wholesale trade and repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles

Accommodation and food service activities

Professional, scientific and technical activities

Figure 42 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

Number of local units and employees in the secondary and tertiary sector in the Western side of Lario

% of local units related to secondary activities

25%

accounts for over 65% of20%

20%

The

Titolo del grafico

25%

construction

sector

secondary activity, followed15%

15%

10%

by manufacturing with 31% of the total.

Number local units

Titolo del grafico 25%

324

685

1855

1827

20%

Number of workers of local units

15%

77%

Tertiary

activities

10%

23%

Secondary activities

% of local units related to tertiary activities The

commerce

0% 25% 1

sector

accounts for over 25% of

tertiary activity, followed by the hotel and catering sector C: manufacturing, D: supply of electricity, gas, steam; E: water supply, sewerage, waste management activities, F: construction G: retail and wholesale trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; H: transport and storage, I: accommodation and food service, J: information and communication, K: financial

with 20%. The latter, however,

employs the largest number of people in the area (30%).

and insurance activities, L: real estate activities, M: professional, scientific and technical

G H I

J K L

M N P

Q R S

activities, N: rental, travel agencies, business support services, P. education, Q: health and social work, R: arts, sports entertainment, S: other services

Number local units 933 216 638 103 138 270 597 172 34 276 83 220

Number of workers of local units 2065 581 2788 322 328 336 720 354 42 982 1029 600 Figure 43-44 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

121

Number of local units and employees in the secondary and tertiary sector in the Province of Como

% of local units related to secondary activities The number of employees

25%

in the manufacturing sector accounts for 77% of the total

Titolo del grafico

number of employees in the

secondary sector. Moreover the

construction

sector

despite having the largest

number of local units, employs

5844

143

6139

54.281

324

1302

14.649

only 9% of the total workforce. Number local units

Number of workers of local units

77%

Tertiary

activities

23%

Secondary activities

% of local units related to tertiary activities The

commerce

sector

25%

accounts for more than 20% of

the total number of local units in tertiary activity, with the

largest number of employees, followed

professional

activities accounting for 16% of the total.

G H I

K L M N P

Q R

C: manufacturing, D: supply of electricity, gas, steam; E: water supply, sewerage, waste management activities, F: construction G: retail and wholesale trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles; H: transport and storage, I: accommodation and food service, J: information and communication, K: financial and insurance activities, L: real estate activities, M: professional, scientific and technical

Number local units

2148 1389 3232 1075 1389 3364 7861 1842 326 3221 598

activities, N: rental, travel agencies, business support services, P. education, Q: health and social work, R: arts, sports entertainment, S: other services

Number of workers of local units

122

4.818 33.714 14.068 4.408 12.807 906 1900 8.243 3.108 3.844 12.403 8.246

Figure 45-46 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

Number of local units and employees in the secondary and tertiary sector in the Lombardy Region

% of local units related to secondary activities 50% of the total workforce is

25%

employed in the manufacturing sector. In second place is the construction

Titolo del grafico

sector,

which

accounts for 30% of total employment.

88.104

2459

2153

98.905

886.955

17.135

Number local units 252.123

649.122

Number of workers of local units

78%

Tertiary

activities

22%

Secondary activities

% of local units related to tertiary activities The trade sector achieves the

highest values for employees

25%

and number of local units in

the tertiary sector, employing 30% of the total workforce.

G H

L M N P Q R S

14245 186.315 51.768 27.413 154.195 6938 39.462 27.435 26.592 62.207 34.798 59164

activities, N: rental, travel agencies, business support services, P. education, Q: health and

Number of workers of local units 649.122

Figure 47-48 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

Number local units

and insurance activities, L: real estate activities, M: professional, scientific and technical social work, R: arts, sports entertainment, S: other services

228.074

146.158 314.176

212.072 150.176

123

72.266

21.696

32.112

301.462 163.252

89.817

Variation of commercial activities per municipality

Variation higher than 50 %

municipalities

42%

of total

Variation between 50% and 0%

municipalities

42% of total

Variation higher than 0 % and -50%

7 municipalities Variation higher than 50 %

16% of total

Variation between 50% and 0% Variation between than 0 % and -50%

124

Figure 49 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

The identification of the two main contexts of trade collapse

Mountain municipalities of Alto Lario Alto Lario mountain municipalities are characterized by a marked process

of trade collapse. This is true for the majority of the included municipalities

with the exception of the Northern ones, closed to the Sondrio Province, which are less affected

Mountain municipalities of Val Cavargna The area of Val Cavargna presents the highest value within the entire Western shore:

all

municipalities

have

lost

over the time more than a half of their commercial activities.

Figure 50 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

125

The variation of commercial activities of mountain municipalities of Alto Lario: one of the most affected context

1. Dosso del Liro 1981

1991

5 4 18 14 12 10

8 6 4 2 0

3-2

%VAR

1981

1991

2001

2010

2016

%VAR

-75%

1981

1991

2001

2010

2016

%VAR

-67%

3. Peglio

2016

2. Livo

2010

-100%

2001

4. Garzeno

1981

1991

2001

2010

2016

%VAR

-83%

5. Stazzona

1981

1991

2001

2011

2016

The most critical trend is registered by the municipality of

1981

1991

2001

2010

2016

%VAR

-78%

6. Trezzone

Garzeno, followed by Dosso del Liro. All other municipalities presents lower trends, with a more contained loss.

126

1981

1991

2001

2010

2016

%VAR

-78%

Figure 51-52 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

2.9

Tourism sector dynamics:

lake over tourism

This chapter analyses the structure and

Despite the variation trend over the time

already mentioned, vital for the economy of

of datas at the municipal level for the previous

Province has registered for the 2018 a number

the 2018 have identified a clear and quite

the third place at the regional level after Milan

From the first map emerges the clear contrast

compared to the 2014 (before EXPO mega

which is associated by a huge gap among

of +26,4% and the number of presences

municipalities exceed the minimum number

Como, 2018).

less attractive contexts stop at 1000 arrivals

the total presences whitin the hotels have

separation among these two realities: the

in the extra-hotel structures have risen up

second by the small municipalities located in

Como, 2018). Another important phenomenon

In addition, a further distinction among the

tourism in the area: the number of foreign

lake shore is recording highest values, but

2014 to the 78,2% in the 2018. (Report

case of the Tremezzina area, in the Northern

Analyzing deeper the context of the Western

of Cernobbio which is close to Como urban

provided by ISTAT database for the 2018.

by the Porlezzese basin.

the trend in the tourism sector, which is, as

hasnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t been analyzed due to the unavailability

the Western side of Lario. In general Como

years, the touristic movements for only

of touristic arrivals equal to 1.300.698, gaining

complete overview.

and Brescia (http://dati.istat.it/). In particular,

between lake and mountain municipalities

event), the number of arrivals has increased

arrivals values. In particular the most attractive

of +27,3% (Report Camera di Commercio

of 10.000 arrivals, while on the opposite side

In this context of growth for the tourism sector,

per year. It emerges a clear division and

increased of the 12,2% whereas the ones

first one represented by lake centers and the

to +65,8% (Report Camera di Commercio

the mountain territory.

is concerning the internationalization of the

most attractive areas can be done: not all the

tourism has increased from the 69% in the

some touristic centralities emerges. It is the

Camera di Commercio Como, 2018).

part of Basso Lario, and the Southern part

side of Lario, datas per municipalities are

area. Then the context of Alto Lario followed

127

general map highlights the

In this case touristic datas are not officially

represented by the Basso Lario municipalities,

or sometimes they are fragmented and

and Menaggio, followed by Cernobbio and

These can be identified according to two

The presence of luxury hotels is rooted

meaning

continues nowadays to attract most of the

rilevato”, due to the complexity and the

The third map shows the distribution of extra-

These phenomena are associated to the

vacation houses, bed&breakfast, holiday

(“seconde case”), which affects the Western

concentrated in two contexts: the lake area of

level but also, increasingly, in the touristic

The differentiation among accommodation

An interesting evaluation and quantification

diversification of activities related to them.

provided again by Giuseppe Muti.

international target of tourists, a specific

effect of the residential tourism, he identified

the most famous and popular locations and

can be considered a general approximation,

On the other hand vacations in extra hotels

mentioned below, but at the same time it

activities connected to the naturalistic and

of the phenomenon.

sailing and cycling.

occupied dwellings and the total number

can be identified in what Giuseppe Muti called

measure a synthetic value for the residential

The second

centers of the hotel based tourism, mainly

collected

in particular with the Tremezzina, Griante

incomplete.

Moltrasio.

different typologies: the “turismo sommerso”,

historically in this part of the Lario, and

due to fiscal reasons, and the “turismo non

international tourism.

fragmentation of data (Muti, 2015).

hotels accommodations such as campsites,

touristic

farms. This type of touristic supply is mainly

side of the Lario not only at the territorial

Alto Lario and the Porlezzese basin.

dimension.

the

undocumented

presence

movements

vacation

homes

the

of this phenomenon in the Como Province is

In particular large luxury hotels identify an

In order to analyze the development and the

elite whose main activities are associated to

several demographic indicators. This method

historical-cultural sites.

due to the unavailability of official data as

structures are strictly related to leisure

communicates a clear and meaningful image

environmental dimensions such as hiking,

According to Muti the ratio between non

A further recent touristic image of the Lario

of dwellings for each municipality can

the “undocumented tourism” (Muti, 2015).

tourism, identifying also where are mostly

structures

can

associated

128

concentrated, since non occupied dwellings,

to the complexity and the diversification of

non occupate oppure abitate solamente da

Considering second homes is relevant both at

abitazioni stesse. Alloggio non classificabile

explained in the previous chapters.

according to ISTAT are defined as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Abitazioni

what is defined

persone che non hanno dimora abituale nelle

the territorial than touristic dimensions, as also

come abitazione presso il quale, al momento

del censimento, dimorano abitualmente o temporaneamente una o piĂš personeâ&#x20AC;? (https:// www.istat.it/it/metodi-e-strumenti/glossario).

Analyzing this ratio for four consecutive decades (1971,1981,1991,2001).

a particular condition emerges: in most of the

municipalities of the Como lake, the amount of non occupied dwellings is equal to the 50% or more of the total number of houses.

In particular different situations can be highlighted according to each decade:

- from 1971 to 1981 in most of the municipalities

the number of non occupied dwellings was equal to 1/3 of the entire residential stock.

- From 1981 to 1991 the percentage of non occupied houses has reached in some cases the half of the total amount

- From 1991 to 2001 the maximum value of non occupied houses has been recorded. In some cases the amount reached the 60% to 80% of the whole residential stock. (Muti, 2015). This

research

really

significative

understand the phenomenon of vacation houses in the Western Side of Lario, also

129

a non occupied dwelling.

Number of annual arrivals per municipality

Arrivals higher than 25000

municipalities

14% of total

Arrivals between 25000 and 10000

4 municipalities

of total

Arrivals between 10000 and 5000

municipalities

7% of total

Arrivals between 5000 and 1000

Arrivals higher than 25000

municipalities

28%

Arrivals between 25000 and 10000

of total Arrivals between 10000 and 5000

Arrivals between 1000 and 0

Arrivals between 5000 and 1000

Arrivals between 1000 and 0

municipalities

25%

NO DATAS

of total 130

Figure 53 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2018 (https://www.istat.it/) * the following data do not count the arrivals within holiday homes rent not managed in an entrepreneurial form

Number of annual arrivals on the Western side of Lario, in the Province of Como and in the Lombardy Region

Western side of Lario Total

Number

2018

business

500.000

600

arrival

Number of

beds

23.100

38% of total arrivals in the Province of Como are concentrated on the Western shore of the

lake: a significant number counting that the Eastern shore of the lake and the Municipality of Como are excluded.

Province of Como Total

Number

2018

business

1.299.698

1048

arrival

Number of

beds

37.616

10% of total arrivals in the Lombardy Region are located in the Province of Como, as well as 10% of the number of businesses in Lombardy.

Lombardy Region Total

Number

2018

business

arrival

Number of

beds

372.021

9845

16.757.628

Como Province is the third for number of arrivals after Milan and Brescia. These three are

followed by Varese, Bergamo, Sondrio, Monza e Brianza, Mantova, Lecco, Pavia, Cremona,

Figure 54 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2018 (https://www.istat.it/), Ufficio Turismo Provincia di Como

131

Lodi.

The identification of the three main contexts with the highest number of annual arrivals

The lake municipalities of Alto Lario Only two of the lake municipalities of Alto Lario record

the highest number of touristic arrivals. These ones are the main attraction centers in which most of touristic flows are directed

The lake municipalities of Basso Lario The highest values of the entire Western shore of the

Lario are recorded by lake municipalities of Basso

Lario. This is the most popular and attractive context

of the whole area. The municipality of Cernobbio is included in this context

The lake municipalitie of Porlezzese The basin of Porlezzese is as the previous ones, one of the most attractive contexts. The center of the touristic movement is the municipality of Porlezza on

which depends also the touristic development of the surrounding municipalities.

132

Figure 55 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2018 (https://www.istat.it/)

Number of beds in the hotel sector per municipality

Number of beds higher than 450

4 municipalities

9% of total

Number of beds between 450 and 150

5 municipalities

11% of total

Number of beds between 150 and 50

9 municipalities

17% of total

Number of beds higher than 450

Number of beds lower than 50

Number of beds between 450 and 150

Number of beds between 150 and 50

municipalities

63%

Number of beds lower than 50

of total

133

Figure 56 Source: re-elaboration data from Ufficio Turismo Provincia di Como

The identification of main context of the elite hotel tourism

3 1

Municipalities of Basso Lario The

municipalities

Tremezzina,

Griante,

Menaggio and Cernobbio emerge in this context.

(1,2,3,4) The first two hold the record for the

number of arrivals but also for the number of beds with an high quality of the supply of hotels.

1. Tremezzina 53.946

927

3-5

Hotel

Hotels

Beds

Stars

66.130

59.700

1054

3-4

Total

Hotel

Hotels

Beds

Stars

59.385 Total

arrivals

2. Griante

arrivals

3. Menaggio 36.092

23.358

570

2-4

Total

Hotel

Hotels

Beds

Stars

arrivals

4. Cernobbio 56.198

51.373

791

2-4

Total

Hotel

Hotels

Beds

Stars

arrivals

134

arrivals

Figure 57 Source: re-elaboration data from Ufficio Turismo Provincia di Como

Number of beds in the extra-hotel sector per municipality

Number of beds higher than 1000

municipalities

12% of total

Number of beds between 1000 and 500

5 municipalities

11% of total

Number of beds between 500 and 100

municipalities

33% of total Number of beds higher than 1000 Number of beds between 1000 and 500

Number of beds lower than 100

Number of beds between 500 and 100

Number of beds lower than 100

municipalities

Main accomodations typologies

44%

CV Home holidays, apartments

of total Figure 58 Source: re-elaboration data from Ufficio Turismo Provincia di Como

C R

135

B A

Camping

Alpine shelter Bivoac Farm holiday

The identification of two main contexts of naturalistic and extra hotel tourism Lake municipalities of Alto lario

1 4

Extra-hotel

accommodation

particularly

strong

the lakeside municipalities of the Alto Lario, where the

prevalent typology is based on the campsites. Similarly, the

Porlezzese basin follows the characterization of Alto Lario

1. Gravedona 15.761 Total

2. Sorico

arrivals 23.364 Total

3. Domaso

arrivals 42.240 Total

arrivals

8.000

160

Extra hotel Structures arrivals

19.000

Extra hotel Structures arrivals

33.299

117

Extra hotel Structures arrivals

1101

Beds

Prevalent

2368

Beds

Prevalent

3500

Beds

Prevalent

1500

Beds

Prevalent

1054

Beds

Prevalent

4. Dongo 9.269 Total

5. San Siro

arrivals

3.252 Total

arrivals

no data

Extra hotel Structures arrivals

no data

157

Extra hotel Structures arrivals

Municipalities of Porlezzese 6 6. Porlezza 32.179 Figure 59 Source: re-elaboration data from Ufficio Turismo Provincia di Como

Total

136

arrivals

15.551

Extra hotel Structures arrivals

5000

Beds

Prevalent

3.0

Alto Lario: the emerging context

The previous demographical and socio-

with these ones is clear for the area of Valle

important emerging issues:

depict an heterogeneous situation and non

three

dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Intelvi and Basso Lario, in which statistics

1. The evidence of Alto Lario context in

linear trends, for Val Cavargna and Porlezzese

are combined in a perspective of a possible

more evident. From the statistical point of

2. The presence of recurrent and diffused

similar dynamics and processes with the

consolidated trends and processes:

for the two valley floors. The main differences,

economical

analysis

has

shown

which all critical issues and opportunities

areas common features with Alto Lario are

further development of the area;

view, Val Cavargna mountain area presents

mountain context of Alto Lario and the same

- the depopulation especially of mountain

which have led to the selection of Alto Lario

- the changing paradigm of agriculture

the entity and the incidence of phenomena in

the damage of landscape

in some sectors, make Alto Lario, a context

in mountain municipalities

purpose, as represented below, the mountain

3. The relationship among lake and mountain

value for the depopulation process from 1951

the dependence and the disadvantaged

approximation is obtained making the average

Alto Lario area addresses these issues in

decrease in percentage).

than

in the last six decades, lake municipalities of

phenomena

which

are

the

result

small municipalities

as area of analysis and intervention, refer to

- the spread of uncontrolled urbanization with

quantitative terms and the countertrends that,

- the loss of commercial activities concentrated

with a potential to be redeveloped. At this

- the over tourism of lake municipalities

territory of Alto Lario has recorded the highest

municipalities which in different ways depicts

to 2018, reaching an average of -10% (this

position of the latter in favor of the first.

among each municipality value of population

different ways, both in a negative perspective

For what concerning the urbanization process,

comparison with the other five Areas of the

Alto Lario, as well as Porlezzese basin have

recording

counter

tendency

more than doubled the urbanized surface.

Western side of Lario. Although the divergence

137

For these two indicators Alto Lario records

touristic system environmentally based.

The same can be seen for the loss of

by the results of the statistical analysis, but it is

shops, for which Alto Lario mountain territory

physical, geographical and geomorphological

slightly higher value than other areas.

The selection of Alto Lario is not only supported

commercial non specialized activities and

also based on a set of features related to the

and Val Cavargna area are at the same place

dimensions of the area.

The main difference among the two contexts

-First of all the geographical position of

sector: Alto Lario, both for mountain and

a direct relation with the element of the lake,

countertrend in comparison to the other areas

visual contact and relation with the whole

the loss of agricultural activities.

topic of landscape views is a typical character

in the ranking of the process.

is concerning the change in the agricultural

mountain municipalities of Alto Lario allows

lake

making possible from each point to have a

which generally have been characterized by

landscape (from the mountain to lake). The

Moreover this specific aspect is associated

of this area.

yards and olive groves, especially for the lake

-Another important issue is related to the

can be an important tool to trigger the

historically has defined the development

The touristic dimension of Alto Lario is strongly

the ancient routes which connected lake

hotel sector, recording high values referred

mountain territory and the strategical points of

year. What distinguishes the first area is the

have became primary hiking routes with

municipalities

has

experienced

to the recent trend in the diffusion of wine

municipalities. In this perspective agricolture

cross border relation with Switzerland, which

redevelopment of the area.

of Alto Lario. The cross border paths were

based as the one of Porlezzese on the extra

settlements with Swiss valley floors across the

to the number of arrivals and presences per

crests passes. Nowadays these connections

strong connotation of activities related to that

strong environmental and historical value.

outdoor, sports, and nature. The whole supply

-The third main issue is related to the state of

strong connotation of Alto Lario can play

in the area. Alto Lario, above all other five

mountain areas in a whole and diversified

traditional features of settlements which

kind of tourism, based on the environment, of the area is oriented to this purpose. This

conservation of historical architectural heritage

an important role integrating and involving

Areas, is characterized by the permanence of

138

highlights further their stratification according to the elevation. Original and traditional materials

for

construction,

architectural

elements, the distribution of inner rural spaces

and the morphology of settlements are some of the characteristics which can be still identified in Alto Lario Valleys. Moreover the presence of historical built up is associated

to the general condition of abandonment and degrade, which make relevant the action of

regeneration. By contrast the other Areas of Lario are generally characterized by higher

level of transformation of the built up heritage, with lower (even if significative) values of abandonment (http://dati.istat.it/).

These three topics, in combination with the

result of the statistical analysis provide a general overview on the reasons of Alto Lario

selection. The following territorial analysis focused specifically on this context with the aim to give a localization of the demographical

and socio economical dynamics in the space. Each recurrent trend and phenomenon is

referred in different measures and degree of

intensity to a particular spatial and physical condition of the area, allowing a more complex

and articulated overview on the issues and the opportunities of Alto Lario context.

139

DEPOPULATION of mountain municipalities

URBANIZATION of valley floors municipalities

numero di abitanti

Number of inhabitants >5000

artificial < 1000

> 5000

Population variation 1951-2018

> 5000

Variation of agricu 1954-20

variazione popolazione 1951-2018 1954-2018

10 - 40 - 10 ha 40 - 70 ha 0/1,77 70 - 120 <-10 % ha -10/0% % ha >01,77%

10%

Alto La

-5% -10%

Average of the demographic variation from 1951 to 2018

rio

Figure 60 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www.istat.it/), TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

Figure 65 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

rio

Alto La

Figure 63 Source: re-elaboration data from DUSAF 2015, Uso del Suolo 1954

Figure 62 Source: re-elaboration data from DUSAF 2015, Uso del Suolo 1954

50% -

0ha

Figure 61 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www.istat.it/), TuttaItalia (https://www.tuttitalia.it/)

>50

17,5ha

-10/0% % > 1,77% -10 - 0% 0/1,77 0 -1,77% >1,77%

16-36

>36

natural

3000-5000

Variation of urbanized surface

variazione popolazione 1951-2018

<-10 % <-10%

agricultural 1000-3000

35ha

3000-5000 3000-5000

52,5ha

1000-3000

Number of agric

70ha

1000-3000

< 1000

Surface typology

Average of the urbanized surface variation from 1954 to 2018

<1000

LOSS OF AGR of mountain and valley fl

Figure 64 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT (https://www Agricoltura 2011 ISTAT

LOSS OF COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES of mountain municipalities

Number of tertiary business local units >100

hotel sector> extrahotel sector

extrahotel sector> hotel sector numero totale arrivi 2018 Number of arrivals 2018

-50% - 0%

0% - 50%

>25.000

<1000

20%

Alto La

40% 60% 80%

Average of the number of commercial local units variation from 1981 to 2016

0% -17,5% -35% -52,5%

Average of the agricultural surface variation from 1954 to 2018

-70%

Figure 66 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

1000 5000

rio

Alto La

rio

Alto La

5000 10000

Figure 69 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2018 (https://www.istat.it/, Ufficio Turismo Provincia di Como

Figure 67 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2016 (https://www.istat.it/)

w.istat.it/), Censimento

10.000 25.000

-100% - -50%

0% 0% - -50%

NO DATA

5000

50-100

Variation of commercial local units 1981-2016

ultural surface 018

w.istat.it/), Censimento

20-50

Figure 68 Source: re-elaboration data from ISTAT 2018 (https://www.istat.it/, Ufficio Turismo Provincia di Como

10000

0-20

15000

>36

Accomodation typology

20000

cultural firms

LAKE OVERTOURISM of valley floors municipalities

Average of touristic arrivals 2018

RICOLTURE floors municipalities

Territorial analysis of Alto Lario

5 6 7

143

3.1

The physical and morphological asset

Alto Lario area is mainly characterized by the

Bellano on the Eastern side, going on towards

East oriented: Albano Valley, Liro Valley, Livo

(1518 m) in the western part, while in the

From a geological point of view the area is

Valtorta” until Bergamo area.

that identifies at the local scale the so called

previous ones. It develops from the Northern

among African and European tectonic plates.

towards the Piona area located in the eastern

the Prealpine mountain system and the Alpine

The presence of linea del Tonale, linea di

rock composition.

and defines the different rock composition

“linea Tonale” which defines the border of the

della Grona, rock outcrops are defined as

area is characterized by other two plate lines:

rock typologies such as “gneiss micascisti,

As the image shows, “Linea tonale” is East-

As visible in the image, the distribution and

Marmontana

(2316 m) towards Monte

crisitallino” changes according three portions

Livo (660 m), Vercana, Gera Lario (201 m)

Zona Strona Ceneri) defined by each plate

presence of three longitudinal valleys West-

Monte Grona (1736 m) and Monte Pidaggia

Valley.

eastern part it merges with the “linea della

“Linea del Tonale”,

“Linea Musso” is much shorter than the

“Linea insubrica” defined as the junction

part of Dongo, on the right side of Albano river

It represents the geological border between

side of Lario.

one, defining important differences in terms of

Musso and Linea della Grona influences

Specifically in addition to the most important

of Alto Lario. In particular above the Linea

analysis context in the Northern part, Alto Lario

“basamento cristallino” identifying different

“Linea della Grona” and “Linea di Musso”.

paragneiss, anfiboli”.

West oriented and it develops from Monte

the specific characterization of “basamento

Torresella (2246 m), Dosso del Liro (625 m),

(Zona Dervio Olgiasca, Zona of Gravedona,

and Sorico (213 m).

line.

characterized by the

“Linea della Grona” as the previous, is EastWest oriented and it crosses Como lake between San Siro on the Western side and

144

Le rocce che si trovano a Sud di questa linea di ricoprimento ma in serie di pieghe e so vamente poco deformate: sono formate d Tetide e sul paleo-continente africano. Era Fig. A: margine africano e sono, pertanto, in pre l’andamento della linea insubribiente marino: esse costituiscono il cosidd ca (in giallo) attraverso l’arco per esempio, al dominio Sudalpino le Dolom alpino. In un certo senso è come se questa faglia, i The localization of “Linea Insubrica” in the Northern part of Italy Fig.B: fosse la “cicatrice” dello scontro tra placca sezione nord sud attraverso le alla nascita delle Alpi. Alpi, in cui sono visibili i domini E’ interessante infine notare come le princ e la loro vergenza rispetto alla Alto Lario linea insubrica come la Valtellina e la Val Pusteria si sono i A

Figure 1 Source: Bosellini 2005

Fig. 4 Carta geologica semplificata delle Alpi Meridionali, delimitate a nord dalla Linea Insubrica (tratta da Bosellini 2005).

Si estendono in senso est - ovest per circa 700 km. Sono suddivise in una Alto parte Lario occidentale, lombardo - piemontese e in una orientale, veneto - friulana. Sono costituite da nuclei di basamento cristallino ercinico e da una pila di sedimenti permo –2 mesozoici e terziari variamente piegati in più fasi dall’Eocene al Plio – Figure Source: Unimont (https://www.unimontagna.it/)

Quaternario. Nelle Alpi Carniche centro - orientali esistono terreni non metamorfici paleozoici, la cosiddetta Catena Paleocarnica. All’interno delle Alpi Meridionali sono presenti anche numerosi plutoni costituiti da rocce granitoidi di età da paleozoica a terziaria. Associati ai plutoni paleozoici vi sono grandi 145

espandimenti di rocce effusive che sono il prodotto dell'attività vulcanica

From the morphological point of view, Alto

stockpile of rubbles, shaping the planes of of

defined by the succession of the three valleys

Another important peculiarity of Alto Lario

Albano Valley develops from East to West and

in the Northern mountain side, in the Livo

“ortogneiss” rocks.

on sea level has originated from glacial cirque

the asymmetry of the two mountain sides.

In the Eastern part of Darengo Valley other

characterized by the presence of ortogneiss

Ledu lake. The first is located at 2188 meters

The structure of rocks is more compact,

second origins from a basin at 2260 meters

mountains, characterized by higher elevations

The articulated morphological asset of Alto

The morphology of the three valleys is

water streams/river (Albano, Liro, Livo) which

and at the end the organization of human

prealpine water streams.

spaces for agricultural practices.

elevation on the Sommafiume basin flowing

The following analysis provides the description

Liro starts from the Marmontana peak on the

Gravedona area.

a measure through which understand its

Lario area emerges as a compact area,

Gravedona and Domaso.

(Livo Valley, Albano Valley, Liro Valley).

area is the presence of alpine lakes, located

it is characterized by compact “gneiss” and

municipality: Lago Darengo, at 1781 meters

The morphology of the valley is contrasted by

located at the top of the valley.

The other two valleys (Livo and Liro) are mainly

two alpine lakes are located: Cavrig lake and

and paragneiss.

of elevation in a morainic sediment, while the

influencing

and

defining

the

shape

on sea level.

and sharp profiles.

Lario has determined over the time the creation

obviously related to the presence of the three

distribution of vegetation and natural elements

are involved in a whole system of alpine and

activity mainly for settlements locations and

Specifically Albano origins at 1750 meters of

climatic

conditions,

the

spontaneous

into Lario in proximity of Dongo settlement;

of these systems which are strongly related

border with Switzerland and it flows towards

hydrological asset of Alto Lario, making them

Lastly Livo water stream origins at 1800

complex stratification.

meters from the alpine basin of Darengo lake

and it flows into Como lake in correspondence

of Domaso plane. In particular both Livo and Liro, flowing into Lario, have generated the

146

the

morphological,

geological

and

The localization of Linea Tonale, linea di Musso, Linea della Grona and Linea della Val Colla Linea Jorio-Tonale

Linea della Val Colla Zona di Gravedona Zona Strona-Ceneri

Zona Dervio-Olgiasca

Linea della Grona

Figure 3 Source: re-elaboration from Piano CamoghĂ¨ 2000-2006

147

Linea di Musso

The morphological asset of Alto Lario

LIVO VALLEY

LIRO VALLEY

ALBANO VALLEY

Legend

Morphological system Crests Main water streams Secondary water streams Main valleys

Figure 4 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

148

Darengo Valley: a peak located on the “Linea del Tonale”

Sasso Pelo: the unique example of dolomite rock

Dangri: Livo water stream

Darengo Valley: Darengo lake

Figure 7 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 8 Source: https://www.studiopandakovic.it/

in the Alto Lario

Figure 6 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 5 Source: personal elaboration

Gravedona-Consiglio di Rumo: Liro water stream

Gravedona: the conoid generated by the Liro water stream on which

Gravedona: Liro water stream flows into the lake

the settlment of Gravedona has grown

Figure 9 Source: personal elaboration

Garzeno: the head of the Albano Valley

Figure 11 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 10 Source: personal elaboration

Pizzo di Gino: the highest peak on the crest between

Dongo: Albano water stream

Cavargna and Albano valleys

Figure 12 Source: Piano Camoghè 2000-2006

Figure 13 Source: personal elaboration

Dongo: the conoid generated by the Albano water stream on which the settlment of Dongo has grown

Figure 14 Source: personal elaboration

149

Figure 15 Source: personal elaboration

3.2

The three landscapes of Alto Lario: a morphological approach

The different altitudes of mountain territory

-Up to 3000 meters Batzing represents the limit

the organization of human activities.

is characterized by natural environment.

the definition of several strips based on the

more in general the Western side of Lario

approach.

can be identified with several changes, due

generalization of such a description of the

geomorphological and climatic terms. In fact

have always determined the distribution and

to the exploitment of mountain territory, which

All Alpine system can be described through

For what concerning the Alto Lario, but

elevation; in other terms using a morphological

Comasco, this morphological categorization

Batzing (Batzing, 2005) defines a synthetic

to the different context both in geographical,

alpine territory:

this area, as already explained, is located at

-from 1000 meters to 1500 meters the valley

Prealpine system, reaching lower elevations

settlements associated to the presence of

same time, the presence of the lake as the

The

scheme

provided

the intersection among the Alpine and the

floor was typically characterized by permanent

than the first described by Batzing. At the

pastures and livestock with also cultivations.

main element of climatic mitigation has

-From 1500 meters to 2100 meters the

the natural environment and for agricultural

temporary

associated to the local dimension and the

defined a specific characterization both for

activities. Moreover these two aspects are

by an aggregation of few rural buildings is

identity of the context for which this vertical

presence

“maggenghi”

settlements

mainly

defined

composed

associated to pastures and fields for livestock.

stratification assumes specific characters.

-From 2100 meters to 3000 meters, the

elevation strips, specifically for Alto Lario

element: diffused single rural and productive

Montagna, Pandakovic, Testa, 1996). In this

the surrounding presence of pastures.

still evident and clear while the specific

At this purpose, the identification of different

landscape of “alpeggio” is the central

area is provided by Pandakovic (Dal Sasso,

buildings dedicated to animal breeding with

model the general classification of Batzing is

150

The identification of the three landscapes of Alto Lario

Upper landscape (over 900 mt)

Environmental and agricultural system + Infrastructural system + Settlements system

Mezza costa landscape (400-900 mt) Environmental and agricultural system + Infrastructural system + Settlements system

Valley floor landscape (200-400 mt) 200 mt 400 mt

Environmental and agricultural system + Infrastructural system + Settlements system

900 mt

features of Alto Lario emerges: “le diverse

-from 200 meters to 400 meters, Alto Lario

possibilità offerte dal territorio, le cui risorse

.In particolare, le risorse erano legate alla

thanks to the climatic conditions provided by

attività produttive erano legate alle diverse

territory is characterized by the presence

mutano in relazione alle variazioni altimetriche

surrounded by olive groves and wine yards,

vegetazione che era strutturata per fasce

the lake.

(Dal Sasso, Montagna, Pandakovic, Testa,

-from 400 meters to 900 meters “mezza costa”

strips can be identified:

groves, and private horticultural parcels. In

altimetriche corrispondenti a fasce climatiche”

lake

settlements

and

environments

settlements are associated to fields, chestnuts

1996). According to Pandakovic four main

Figure 16 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

151

Each landscape is investigated separately in

the past the main settlements were surrounded by cultivated fields;

these 3 components, in order to understand

-from 900 meters to 1600 meters it is possible

developed and adapted to the morphology

associated to pastures, fields and specific

Another important point of the following

and to clarify how over the time, they have

to identify the area of “maggenghi”, mainly

and the elevation of the territory.

typologies of woods;

analysis is to catch the transformation of these

-lastly from 1600 meters to 2500 meters

historical characterization of alpine territory

defines the lower part of this strip, while

By contrast it doesn’t take into account the

dominates the upper part.

contemporary image and status. For this

This morphological approach (based on the

each component of the landscape the main

the complexity of the mountain territory, in

been done in the Alto Lario context.

environment, vegetation) are distributed and

This survey allows to understand both the

assets.

organization of these landscapes but at the

this methods in a more general and synthetic

on their main changes and transformations

to the two previous classifications), which

issues.

landscapes: the approach provides and

“alpeggi” with their surrounding pastures

that is nowadays still present and actual.

the natural environment until rock surfaces

transformations of this landscape and its

reason the following analysis identifies for issues and transformations actions that have

elevation) is useful to analyze and represent which all elements (settlements, agricolture, organized according to the morphological

historical development and the logic of

At this purpose the following analysis adopts

same time provides a contemporary overview

way, using the 3 strips, instead of 4 (according

both in terms of opportunities and critical

take the name of Landscapes (valley floor landscapes,

“mezza

upper landscapes).

costa”

landscapes,

This name is used to stress every component

of the concept of landscape: environmental and agricultural elements, built up and settlements elements, mobility and paths.

152

The three territorial systems of Alto Lario

Legend Environmental and agricultural system Natural areas Chestnuts wood

Infrastractural system Rural and pedestrian system Rural streets

Broadleaved wood

Tracciati guida paesaggistici

Conifer wood

Historical pedestrian paths

Mixed wood

Road system

Spontaneous pastures

Main roads

Settlements system Historical elements

Historical settlements (NAF, NR) Alpeggi

Historical elements Alpine shelters Campsites

Shrubs and bushes environment Rock environment Agricultural areas Crops Fruit bearing Pastures and fields Figure 17 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

153

3.3

The environmental and agricultural system

Considering

the

environmental

elevations.

system

“La

trasformazione

operata

together with the agricultural one means to

dall’uomo, sull’ambiente naturale, consistette

elements and agricultural activities over the

luoghi insicuri e popolati da fiere in luminosi

The environmental system acquires value

operando faticosi spietramenti, ciglionamenti,

that

acque con sentieri, rigagnoli e canalizzazioni”

highlight the strong relation among natural

nel governare i boschi, trasformandoli da

time.

castagneti, in morbidi pascoli , prati e campi,

and sense only in relation to human action

terrazzamenti e controllando lo scorrere delle

according to living and agricultural needs.

(Dal Sasso, Montagna, Pandakovic, Testa,

grado naturalità grazie all’ampia estensione

The balance among natural and agricultural

l’esposizione e l’inclinazione dei versanti e

visible today and it changes according to the

all’antropizzazione

of the three Landscapes, as explained in the

have

transformed

natural

elements

“Questo contesto caratterizzato da un’elevato

1996).

territoriale delle sue valli, la varietà geologica,

spaces and its evolution over the time is still

la fitta rete idrografica, è stato sottoposto

different elevations, following the approach

fasi storiche della montagna lombarda” (Dal

previous paragraph:

This action has ancient origins and its traces

1. In the valley floor landscape, the highest

interventions on natural environments dates

combination among natural and agricultural

activities have gradually replaced the sunniest

the high level of fragmentation of agricultural

of wide wood lands, terraced surfaces with

land.

“mezza costa” areas, as well as pastures and

existing agricultural spaces have maintained

agricola

ricalcando

Sasso, Montagna, Pandakovic, Testa, 1996).

are still visible today. In particular the first

transformed

back when agricultural and pastoralism

elements has gradually disappeared due to

and most fertile surfaces of woods. Instead

surfaces and the increasing artificialisation of

cultivations started to grow between lake and

Although the incidence of this process, the

permanent fields were opened at the highest

their characterization and in some cases

154

and

urbanized

one,

the

also their function: permanent fields and rare

The succession and variation of empty

empty areas of the valley floors, while terraced

spaces (woods), result of the human action,

distributed in the upper part, where the slope

elevation, by the natural environment made of

cultivated surfaces are diffusely located in the

surfaces (fields and pastures) and of full

surfaces with wine yards and olive groves are

is gradually replaced, increasing with the

is higher.

rocks and spontaneous grasslands.

2. In “mezza costa” landscape the relation

commonly characterized by beech species

clearer even if subjected to cultivations

represented by red and white larch and firs.

Up to 900 meters broadleaves woods are in association to conifer woods mainly

among natural and agricultural spaces is abandonment and simplification processes.

“Mezza costa” settlements are still surrounded by open permanent fields, as in the past,

despite of their diffused reforestation and the disappearance of cultivations immediately around built up areas.

For what concerning the natural areas, chestnuts groves are the most common typology and they are located in proximity to

the main settlements, since the ancient need

to guarantee an easy access to them as they were a source of sustainment for the local population.

From 400 meters to 900 meters in association

to chestnut groves, birch, oak and maple trees are commonly distributed inside the area.

3. In the upper landscape, the balance

between natural and agricultural is well

preserved, although the diffused process of

abandonment

and

degradation

that

characterizes also the other two landscapes.

155

The environmental and agricultural system in the three landscapes of Alto Lario

Legend

Agricultural system Crops

Fruit bearing Pastures and fields Natural system

Chestnuts wood Broadleaved wood Conifer wood Mixed wood Spontaneous pastures Shrubs and bushes environment Rock environment

Figure 18 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

156

Upper landscape (over 900 mt) Beech trees

White larch trees Red larch trees Fir trees

Upper fields and pastures

Rock environment

Figure 19 Source: https://www.studiopandakovic.it/

Figure 20 Source: https://www.studiopandakovic.it/

Figure 21 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 22 Source: https://www.studiopandakovic.it/

Mezza costa landscape (400 - 900 mt) â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mezza costaâ&#x20AC;? fields

Chestnut trees Oak trees Birch trees Maple trees

Chestnut trees

Figure 23 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 24 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 25-26 Source: personal elaboration

Valley floor landscape (200 - 400 mt) Valley floor fields

Olive groves Wineyards

Crops

Figure 27 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 28-29 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 30 Source: https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/

157

The evolution of environmental and agricultural system: weaknesses and vulnerabilities

Legend

Agricultural system Woods

Fields and pastures Historical settlements (NAF) Areas of spontaneous reforestation These are the results of the evolution of agricultural areas to woods from 1954 to 2018 (source_ DUSAF)

Agricultural areas affected by urbanization These are the results of the evolution of agricultural areas to built up from 1954 to 2018 (source_ DUSAF)

Transformation areas These areas indicate the possible future evolution of agricultural areas in urbanized areas (source: PGT)

Figure 31 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Livo Valley: the phenomenon of a pasture reforestation

1 Reforestation of abandoned

Figure 33 Source: personal elaboration

and underused pastures

One of the most relevant process is the spontaneous pastures

reforestation

which

recently

mountain

have

been

abandoned. The historical agricultural activity

has guaranteed the maintenance of pasture surfaces that today is still visible in the clear border between the open space and the

forest. A continuous action which has always ensured the balance of the mountain territory. The reforestation is mainly characterized by

the invasion of spontaneous broadleaved species,

especially

represented in the picture. The

process

birch

reforestation

trees

Legend

clearly

Areas of spontaneous reforestation

concentrated and mostly visible around

Main affected pastures and fields

abandoned and underused pastures that in the meanwhile are subjected to other phenomena such as the thickening of grass layer and the

invasion of bushes and shrubs, preventing the ecosystem functions of these areas. In fact the

correct maintenance of pastures in the past was ensured by the constant human activity, the presence of livestock and agricultural and silvicultural activities.

Figure 32 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

159

Pian Gorghiglio: the semplification of agricultural surfaces

2 Simplification of “mezza costa” landscape cultivations

Figure 35 Source: personal elaboration

Before the industrialization and globalization

processes and the consequent abandonment of local agriculture, “mezza costa” settlements were surrounded by modest parcels of crop land, specialized in the cultivation of potatoes

and rye, millet, buckwheat and in some case

canapa with the spread presence of familiar horticultural parcels.

It was a kind of “survival” agriculture, aimed to guarantee the local sustainment rather than

the creation of a whole economy, due mainly to the scarcity and and the slope of lands. This

cultivations

disappeared,

leaving

have

completely

somewhere

Legend

light

traces of their existence. Today fields for the

Mezza costa historical settlements

cultivation of fodder and small private piece

Main affected agricultural areas

of land with potatoes and orchards are what remains of the agricultural past of Alto Lario “mezza costa” landscape.

Figure 34 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

160

Livo Valley: the abandonment and bushes invasion of chestnut groves

3 Scarce attention to woods The

maintenance

woods

has

Figure 37-38 Source: personal elaboration

been

historically one of the main need for local

population both in terms of living sources and goods and as materials for the construction of houses and rural settlements. In addition to

the constant intervention on woods aimed to

protect pastures and open fields, chestnuts

wood were vital for their fruits. Historically chestnuts

grove

required

constant

and

periodical maintenance actions in order to

ensure the productivity of chestnuts trees. These regard especially pruning, knocking

down of ill trees, new plantations, grafts also in order to avoid avalanches and floods.

Legend

Today, especially for this changing needs,

chestnuts forests are the main subject of

Areas of spontaneous reforestation

degradation and abandonment. This is mostly

Chestnuts woods (main affected ones)

visibile, as represented in the picture, where

Woods

they have been invaded by infesting species.

Another typical sign is the diffused illness of chestnuts species that has been recognized

as one of the main consequences of their abandonment.

Figure 36 Source: reelaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

161

Livo Valley: landslide on the Livo water stream

4 Increase of hydrogeological instability Figure 40 Source: https://www.studiopandakovic.it/

The increase of hydrogeological instability

inside Alto Lario area is due mainly to the unprecedented lack of human interventions

on natural and agricultural spaces, with the consequent break of the consolidated balance between natural and human resources.

The missing preside on the territory, visible also

into quite recent processes of depopulation, aging, migration and abandonment leads to

the increase of unstable areas spread over the mountain area of Alto Lario.

The incidence of the phenomena is worsened

by the recent changes in climatic conditions

(intense and concentrated rainfall with the

Legend

consequent scarcity of absorbing capacity of soils, the increase of temperature,

the

Woods

increase of water stream levels) which

Urban areas

contribute to make them more recurring and heavy.

Figure 39 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

162

Gravedona: fragmentation of agricultural fields surrounded by recent built up expansion

5 Fragmentation of open green areas in the

Figure 42-43 Source: personal elaboration

valley floors The

uncontrolled

urbanization

valley

floors has affected the agricultural surfaces

surrounding the built up areas. This process has generated a clear fragmentation of open

green spaces located in the valley floor

landscape, which has been defined one of the most important issues for the continuity of the Ecological Network by municipal planning.

Furthermore an additional threat is concerning the

presence

transformation

areas

identified by Municipal Plans (PGT) that are

characterized by agricultural surfaces and are planned to be urbanized.

Legend

These areas will contribute to the further

fragmentation of green open spaces in the

Built up

valley floor since most of them are located

Fields and crop areas

over the border among the urbanized centers

Transformation areas

and the surrounding open spaces.

Figure 41 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

163

Livo Valley: system of terraces subjected to degradation and vegetation invasion

6. Abandonment of cultivated terraces The general loss of agricultural activities has involved the abandonment of terraced

Figure 45 Source: personal elaboration

surfaces which are mainly distributed in

between valley floors and â&#x20AC;&#x153;mezza costaâ&#x20AC;? areas.

Most of terraces, used in the past for olive

groves and wine yards, have been subjected to consistent phenomena of degradation both visible in the invasion of infesting vegetation

and in the fall of dry stone walls, as represented in the following picture.

Although the spread degradation of these productive

infrastructures,

recently

part

of them has been recovered for the wine

Legend

production and for the creation of wine cellars, especially in the area of Domaso

Olive groves and wineyards

municipality. The presence of a leading

Fields

local firm has guaranteed their maintenance

Areas with presence of terraces

and valorization and at the same time has triggered an emerging interest at the local

dimension. Except for this specific area,

the general abandonment of terraces is

associated to small cultivated parcels at private and individual use.

Figure 44 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

164

3.4

The settlements system

The settlement system of the Valley of Livo

meters are concentrated the most important

three strips taken into consideration to better

inhabitants, economy and services, such as

morphological asset. Larger settlements in

The urban expansion of these areas is

in the “mezza costa” and by temporary

infrastructural axis (Statale Regina) and the

Here it is still possibile to find traces of the

the Northern part) and Como (in the Southern

grigi di piode, muri in pietra a vista o con

Here,

scuri, sottili linee di sentieri che si adattano

(they grew around the historical settlements

morfologiche:

and the infrastructural system) that reached

has strong differences according to the

centers of the Alto Lario, in terms of number of

understand and describe the territory and its

Gera Lario, Domaso, Gravedona, Dongo.

the valley floors are followed by the smaller

due to the presence of the most important

and smaller settlements in the mountains.

connections towards Valtellina, Switzerland (in

historical typologies of settlements. “Tetti

part).

intonaci color sabbia, finestre come occhi

characterized by different phases of growth

al terreno e ne interpretano le caratteristiche

according to the morphology of the territory

preziosi che definiscono, insieme ai segni del

its expansion peak during the 1960s and

altre infinte valli dell’arco alpino” (Dal Sasso,

Their economy in the last decades has been

sono

questi

gli

elementi

this

strip,

settlements

are

lavoro agricolo, il paesaggio di queste e di

1970s and that went on till the 1990s.

Montagna, Pandakovic, Testa, 1996).

based on the tertiary sector (tourism) and the

1.In the area of valley floors, from 200 meters

the territory important traces: in some cities,

drastically shaped and defined the landscape.

abandoned or partially dismissed industrial

distributed along the shore of the lake and

city.

“mezza costa”. Between 200 meters and 400

settlements appear in a linear system of

shift from secondary to tertiary sector left on

to 400 meters, the presence of settlements

such as Dongo and Musso, the presence of

The concentration of urbanization is equally

area are nowadays part of the image of the

runs up to the mountains till the settlements of

Looking to the territory at a larger scale, the

165

nodes,

based on a network of small streets, while the

some streets that move up to the first “mezza

areas and are generally isolated building

primary

and

secondary

urban

distributed along the main roads and with

most recent buildings are built in the external

costa” settlement, creating a capillary network.

of 2/3 levels. Looking at the larger scale,

2. In the “mezza costa” landscape, form 400

concentrated around the most flat areas up

features of settlements start to change: there

are distributed along important historical and

compared to an increase of environmental

connections between Italy and Switzerland).

services for the population, most of these

that are smaller and farer between each

to lose population, while the smaller ones, in

tower, isolated buildings (two/three levels),

transformed into vacation houses, loosing

settlements appear in the “mezza costa” strip

metes to 900 meters the morphology and the

to 400 meters, and in most of the cases they

is a progressive reduction of built up areas,

commercial ways (in some cases historical

areas and agricultural fields.

Due to the absence of all the primary

these

altitudes

the

landscape

characterized by the presence of settlements

settlements in the last decades has started

others. Settlements are made by in-line,

many cases, since the 1960s started to be

with less than 100 units per settlement;

their historical integrity and value.

territory, vertically oriented towards the valley

3.The landscape strongly changed over

In these strip the most important settlements

pastures and meadows shaped the territory

Dosso

Garzeno,

mostly due to the agricultural activities (barn

1.000 inhabitants and are usually accessibile

characterized by the presence of rivers and

while the other large number of smaller

Settlements are made by no more than ten

local roads (private or “agro silvo pastorali”).

by stone and wood (two levels maximum and

is usually composed by towers or in lines

single or double body; in most of the cases

their development followed the shape of the

the 900 metes. Here, up to 1600 meters,

floor.

are Montemezzo, Trezzone, Peglio, Livo,

for centuries. The presence of settlements is

Germasino. They never exceed the number of

for animals and food), placed on small plans,

by main roads and public transports (bus),

surrounded by woodlands.

settlements are linked by secondary roads or

units (with some exceptions), isolated, made

In these settlements the historical center

an essential distribution of spaces), with a

buildings, condensed in a small area and

is not possibile to reach them by car but

del

Liro,

Stazzone,

166

they are accessible only by pedestrian paths.

The settlements at these altitudes were

used only during summer seasons and

rarely it can be recognize the presence of

larger historical settlements, such as Baggio (Livo Municipality). The loss of agricultural

activities, the migration of population towards lower settlements and the change in the

economic structure are responsible to the partially

permanent

abandonment

these settlements. Nowadays most of these

are in serious conditions of degradation or abandonment, while others, due to presence of easy accessibility and amazing panoramic views have been subjected to processes of

regeneration by the owners, for temporary and seasonal uses.

Looking at the larger scale, settlements in this strip appear as dots of a scattered system

dominated by the cycle of agriculture and fostering.

167

The settlements system in the three landscapes of Alto Lario

Legend

Settlements system

Upper settlements â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mezza costaâ&#x20AC;? settlements Lake settlements

Figure 46 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

168

Upper landscape (over 900 mt) Dosso del Liro: the settlement Toc del Toia

Legend

Toc del Toia: identification of historical buildings

Toc del Toia: identificatio of buildings functions

New buildings Historical buildings

Residential buildings Rural buildings

Figure 47 Source: https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/

Figure 49 Source: PGT Dosso del Liro

Figure 48 Source: PGT Dosso del Liro

Mezza costa landscape (400 - 900 mt) Stazzona: the settlement Stazzona

Stazzona: identification of historical buildings

Stazzona: identificatio of buildings functions

Figure 50 Source: https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/

Figure 51 Source: PGT Stazzona

Figure 52 Source: PGT Stazzona

Valley floor landscape (200 - 400 mt) Gera Lario: the settlement Gera Lario

Gera Lario: identification of historical buildings

Gera Lario: identificatio of buildings functions

Figure 53 Source: https://www.google.it/intl/it/earth/

Figure 54 Source: PGT Gera Lario

Figure 55 Source: PGT Gera Lario

169

The conservation and transformation status of historical settlements: weaknesses and strengths 8 different typologies of settlements could be identified in the territory of Alto Lario, classified according to 4 different and specific features:

state of conservation, number of units, integrity of historical tissue, accessibility.

Legend State of conservation: degradation Numbaer of units: > 10 units Integrity of historical tissue: intact Accessibility: by feet State of conservation: abandonment Number of units: 5<10 units (<5) Integrity of historical tissue: intact Accessibility: by feet State of conservation: good Number of units: > 10 units Integrity of historical tissue: intact Accessibility: by car State of conservation: degradation Number of units: > 10 units Integrity of historical tissue: intact Accessibility: by car State of conservation: good Number of units: > 10 units Integrity of historical tissue: transformed Accessibility: by car State of conservation: good Number of units: 5<10 units (<5) Integrity of historical tissue: intact Accessibility: by car State of conservation: good Number of units: > 10 units Integrity of historical tissue: intact Accessibility: by feet State of conservation: degradation Number of units: > 10 units Integrity of historical tissue: transformed Accessibility: by car Alpeggi (alpine pastures) Main car roads Secondary car roads Rural roads (agrosilvopastorali) Figure 56 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

(two levels). In the lake area the integrity of

State of conservation

Situation of degradation are strongly present

buildings is recognizable by the presence of

previously used as temporary agricultural

of the larger settlements (used to live) were

Situation of degradation are also present

elements of artistic or architectural value.

where historical buildings have been firstly

impermeable roof of sheet of stone (“beola”)

settlements

of arches used by fishermen. The buildings

and recently abandoned or transformed.

plastered with lime and enriched with some

at lower altitudes (Cremia, Musso, Sorico)

Main buildings features are: the presence of

transformed and later partially abandoned.

and based on a wooden structure; small

Number of units

a wooden board; wooden walkways (“lobia”),

depends on the geographic localization,

the roof; double entrance (on the side of

(Garzeno, Germasino) have a consistent

of these building have been regenerated

commercial and infrastructural axis, while in

while in other situation (highly accessible and

presence of fragmented and small historical

been transformed, with strong interventions

grew.

impermeable elements), that cancelled the

above

900

meters,

the

windows (to prevent loss of heat) supported by

The dimension of the settlements usually

oriented towards valley and protected by

but there are exceptions: some settlements

the building and at the ground level. Some

number of inhabitants due to their proximity to

preserving materials and historical features,

the valley floor it is possible to recognize the

panoramic areas) historical buildings have

settlements, around which the modern city

in the shape and materials (glass, concreate, historical value of these elements.

Integrity oh historical patterns

In some specific areas it is still possible to

Accessibility

close one to the other and based on a

in the analysis of settlements. Usually (above

paths. These buildings are made by stone

seasonal settlements that are not accessible

architraves, roofing structures), built with the

the settlements are accessible by car, in

essential and basic distribution of spaces

pastorali”).

Accessibility is an extremely central element

recognize the presence of rural buildings,

network of small, irregular and pedestrian

900 meters there are some temporary or

(walls, foundations, roof) and wood (floors,

by car, regulated by restrictions), most of

drywall construction technique and with an

some situation through rural street “agro silvo

171

Dosso del Liro: Toc del Toia

Features

-Building typologies: single body building, double body building -Number of levels: 2

-Type of facades: stone

-Covering materials: stone, metal sheet -Doors: wood

-Additional elements: balcony, walkway, wash house Figure 57 Source: personal elaboration

state of conservation DEGRADATION

Dosso del Liro: Piaghedo

Figure 58 Source: personal elaboration

integrity of historical tissue

Livo: Baggio

Dosso del Liro: Toc del Toia

Figure 59 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 60-61 Source: personal elaboration

INTACT

Livo: Piazza

Features

-Building typologies: single body, double body -Number of levels: 1, 2

-Type of facades: stone,

-Covering materials: stone, metal sheet -Doors: front door, wood

-Additional elements: balcony Figure 62 Source: personal elaboration

state of conservation Livo: Piazza

Figure 63 Source: personal elaboration

ABANDONMENT

Livo: Baggio

Figure 64 Source: personal elaboration

integrity of historical tissue Dosso del Liro: Toc del Toia

Figure 65 Source: personal elaboration

INTACT

Peglio: Argesio

Figure 66 Source: personal elaboration

Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio

Features

-Building typologies: single body building, double body building -Number of levels: 2

-Type of facades: stone

-Covering materials: stone, metal sheet -Doors: wood

-Additional elements: balcony, walkway, wash house Figure 67 Source: PGT Gravedona ed Uniti

state of conservation Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio

GOOD

Figure 68 Source: PGT Gravedona ed Uniti

integrity of historical tissue Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio

INTACT

Figure 69-70 Source: PGT Gravedona ed Uniti

Cremia: Vezzedo

Features

-Building typologies: in line, single body, double body, court building -Number of levels: 2, 3, +

-Type of facades: stones, rural plaster, plaster

-Covering materials: roof tile, metal sheet, stone -Doors: front door, wood

-Additional elements: balcony Figure 71 Source: PGT Vezzedo

state of conservation Livo: Livo

Figure 72-73 Source: personal elaboration

DEGRADATION

integrity of historicaal tissue TRANSFORMED

Cremia: Vezzedo

Figure 74 Source: PGT Vezzedo

Cremia: Vignola

Features

-Building typologies: in line, single body, double body, tower -Number of levels: 2, 3, +

-Type of facades: stone, plaster

-Covering materials: roof tile, metal sheet -Doors: front door, wood

-Additional elements: balcony Figure 75 Source: PGT Cremia

state of conservation GOOD

Cremia: Vignola

Figure76 Source: PGT Cremia

integrity of historical tissue Cremia: Vignola

TRANSFORMED

Figure 77-78 Source: PGT Cremia

Cremia: Cheis

Features

-Building typologies: single body buildings, double body building, court buildings -Number of levels: 2, 3, +

-Type of facades: rural plaster, plaster, stone

-Covering materials: stone, metal sheet, rural roof tile -Doors: wood

-Additional elements: balcony, walkway Figure 79 Source: PGT Cremia

state of conservation Cremia: Cheis

Figure 80 Source: PGT Cremia

GOOD

integrity of historical tissue

Livo: Baggio

Cremia: Cheis

Figure 81 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 82-83 Source: PGT Cremia

INTACT

Garzeno: Muredina

Features

-Building typologies: single body buildings, double body buildings -Number of levels: 2,

-Type of facades: stones, rural plaster

-Covering materials: stones, metal sheet, rural roof tile -Doors: wood

-Additional elements: balcony, walkway, wash house Figure 84 Source: PGT Garzeno

state of conservation

integrity of historical tissue

GOOD

INTACT

Garzeno: Muredina

Livo: Baggio

Figure 85 Source: PGT Garzeno

Figure 85 Source: Personal elaboration

Livo: Baggio

Features

-Building typologies: single body building, double body building, court buildings -Number of levels: 2, 3

-Type of facades: stones, rural plaster

-Covering materials: stone, metal sheet, rural roof tile -Doors: wood

-Additional elements: balcony, walkway, wash house Figure 87 Source: personal elaboration

state of conservation

integrity of historical tissue

DEGRADATION

INTACT

Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio

Livo: Baggio

Figure 88 Source: PGT Gravedona ed Uniti

Figure 89-90 Source: personal elaboration

3.5

The infrastructural system

For the infrastructural system, as for the

pedestrian mobility is very fragmented due to

hierarchy based on the three landscapes. A

the exception for inner streets inside historical

is provided by the presence of historical

reserved for pedestrians and cyclists. The

the valley floors with the crest, representing

the direct and open view and contact with the

permanence of this ancient system (based

The landscape of valley floor, as already

according to the different elevations, both in

urbanization and artificialisation. For this

previous ones, it is possible to identify a clear

the high presence of roads interferences with

further evaluation of infrastructures evolution

centers and lake side walks, specifically

pedestrian paths that originally connected

quality of these paths are very high due to

the main structure for the whole territory. The

lake environment.

on the IGM prima levata 1888), changes

mentioned, presents the highest degree of

terms of uses and space.

reason one of the most important issue is

referred to the partial cancellation of historical the

pedestrian paths which in the past led to

traffic roads with the leading role of “Strada

In particular two phenomena are taken in

main axis which connects the Northern part

- first of all the total abandonment of these

part (Como) crossing the main urban centers

complete loss of its historical snd original

In this landscape car mobility is predominant

- the recent realization of car roads.

touristic transits. At this purpose the car traffic

2.“Mezza costa” landscape is characterized

issues of this whole strips which involves the

infrastructures and pedestrian connections.

1.In

the

valley

floor

landscape

infrastructural system is dominated by the car

“mezza

Regina” (strada statale 340). It represents the

consideration:

of Lario (Colico, Morbegno), with the Southern

paths has generated, over the time, the

on the lake shore.

blueprint;

especially for home-work places flows and for

costa”

permanent

settlements.

and congestion is one of the most critical

by a clear balanced relation among car

entire Western shore of the lake. By contrast

As for the valley floor, the presence of car

176

road is predominant, ensuring the main

higher elevations.

and lake centers towards the main distribution

pedestrian path offers the most interesting

complete contact with the natural environment.

connections among “mezza costa” settlements

From landscape point of view, this system of

axis of “Regina”.

visual perspectives and views and the

the

same

time

this

landscape

characterized by a quite articulated system

of rural streets and pedestrian paths which allow to reach the surrounding districts and the small rural settlements located at higher elevations.

In this case, although a diffuse and general process

degradation

and

lack

maintenance, ancient pedestrian paths are

still present and recognizable in the form of a complex and dense network, offering suggestive views and the contact with natural, agricultural and built up environment.

3.The upper landscape is characterized by the predominance of pedestrian paths and trails. While in some points it is possible to

access through rural streets with limited car use, this wide area is ruled by a thick and well connected pedestrian infrastructural network.

As in the previous landscape, abandonment and degradation are quite common and

associated to the lack of maintenance and control leading to diffused phenomena of hydrogeological

instability.

this

case

historical traces are still surviving, connecting originally the ancient rural settlements system of “monti” with “alpeggi” that were located at

177

The infrastructural system in the three landscapes of Alto Lario

The hierarc upper land

Rural settlemen

Figure 92 Source: re-ela

The hierarc mezza cos

Figure 96 Source: re-ela

The hierarc valley floor

Legend Main roads Local roads Rural streets Figure 91 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Historical pedestrian paths 178

Figure 100 Source: re-ela

Upper landscape (over 900 mt)

chy of infrastructural elements in dscapes

Livo: Mule track

Garzeno: Mountain path

Garzeno: Crest path

Figure 93 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 94 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 95 Source: personal elaboration

nts

aboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Mezza costa landscape (400 - 900 mt)

chy of infrastructural elements in sta settlements

Peglio: “mezza costa”car road

Livo: “strada agrosilvopastorale”

Peglio: pedestrian path

Figure 97 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 98 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 99 Source: personal elaboration

“Mezza costa” main settlements

aboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Valley floor landscape (200 - 400 mt)

chy of infrastructural elements in r landscape

Lake urban centers

aboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Domaso: Regina car road crossing built up

Domaso: Regina car road and cycle path along the lake

Domaso: cycle/pedestrian lake path

Figure 101 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 102 Source: personal elaboration

Figure 103 Source: personal elaboration

179

Soazza

The historical cross-borders paths: values and potentialitiess

Passo Forcola

Gordona

Cama

Cama valley

Roveredo

Bocchetta Notar

Traversagna valley

Bocchetta dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Agnon

Bocchetta Camedo

Bellinzona

Livo valley

Passo Santâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Iorio

Gera Lario

Liro valley

Domaso Albano valley

Gravedona

Legend

Dongo

Historical cross borders paths Borders CH-IT Hydrography Ancient water connections Main centers of trade Crest strategical points

Figure 104 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

180

The typology of mobiltiy of cross-border paths

Pedestrian mobility Car mobility

The historical paths network represents the

point for the transalpine connections toward

and the physical structure that has defined

commercial purposes (Le Vie del Viandante,

settlements and the spaces for agricultural

possible crossing the national border with

The first signs of human intervention within

In particular the realization of four main paths

age, when the area was a strategical cross

are still recognizable as paths of historical

base for the development of Alto Lario area

the Northern Europe, both for military and

the organization and the distribution of

2012). For the Western Side of Lario this was

practices.

Switzerland.

the area of Alto Lario date back to the Roman

can be associated to the Roman period, that

Figure 105 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

181

and cultural value.

The water ways were the main transportation

1.The “Antica Regina” street which connected

Lario were Gravedona, Dongo and GeraLario,

Northern part of Chiavenna towards Coira,

cross-borders trade.

transit and exchange of goods from Milan to

exported from Italy through Lario region were

for goods and the main commercial ports on

the Southern part of Lario (Como) with the

which represented the starting points for the

until Spluga pass, mainly used for commercial

At the end of XVI century the main goods to be

Northern Europe.

the wine, salt, rice and iron produced in some

2.The second most important one is the

At this purpose, during this period the most

Gravedona to Sant’Iorio crest pass which

known as “Iron streets”.

and connects the Western side of Lario with

connected

specific points of the area.

cross-border connection from Dongo and

important cross-borders paths have became

was located at the border with Switzerland

In addition to the iron trade, these paths

Bellinzona area (CH).

production and extraction such as the area

3,4. The other two ones connected Domaso

as mines located both in Cavargna Valley and

and lead to other secondary paths towards

The last historical use of cross-border

As for the previous one, they cross the

World Wars. These paths were strategical

border throughout two crests points called

any kind of control.

(Le Vie del Viandante, 2012).

these areas became famous for the practice

several

places

for

the

iron

of “Forni Vecchi” in Cavargna Valley as well

and Gera Lario with Switzerland (Cama Valley)

Albano Valley.

Gordona (Sondrio).

paths dates back to the period of the two

mountain territory, overcoming the Switzerland

connections to reach Switzerland bypassing

“Bocchetta d’Agnon” and “Bocchetta Notar”

For this reason, across the period of the wars of trafficking.

These cross-borders paths were used in the following ages such as Medieval period

Nowadays

for commercial purposes: from Milan and

countries, passing through Lario region.

their potentials is also linked to their

hiking

connections

Northern Italy towards Northern European

characterization. As represented in the map,

their

borders

are

182

popular

cross

as well as in the Modern age in particular

environmental

routes

and

thanks

naturalistic

accessibility: the Santâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;Iorio cross-borders path has been completely made accessible

by car, until the highest point, while the others are totally pedestrian.

Although the success of their contemporary use, they are not well integrated in a whole system able to valorize the sources and the

spaces crossed, despite their relevance in the past.

These paths should be considered as structural elements which define and valorize

the organization of settlements, practices, open spaces, architectural and religious monuments, defining,

a whole complex

system which encompasses the lake and the mountain towards the Helvetic valley floors.

183

3.6

Strengths and Weaknesses:

two emerging valleys

The SWOT analysis emerges as the tool able

Alto Lario emerges from this analysis as

from both the territorial and socio-economical

consolidated and persistent issues and

to match the Strengths and the Weaknesses

an articulated and scattered framework of

analysis, defining a complete overview on

opportunities.

their relation with the territorial and spatial

The definition of strengths and weaknesses

dynamics,

processes,

phenomena

and

dimension.

in the space has allowed to identify the areas

What emerges is the complex cause-effect

of issues as well as the main probability

economical factors with the physical asset

successfully developed.

transformations.

These two areas identify two valleys: Albano

Changes and abandonment in the agricultural

municipalities of Dongo, Garzeno, Gravedona

in which there is a highest concentration

that strengths and opportunities can be

relation among demographical and socio-

of the territory, results of the most recent

Valley

and

Livo

Valley,

including

the

economy, urban expansion, shrinkage and

ed Uniti, Stazzona, Livo, Peglio, Dosso del

lake over-tourism have affected the natural

but with the highest potentials and values.

population

TERRIT

migration,

collapse

Liro, Domaso, as the main critical transects

trade,

environment, the agricultural spaces, the

built up and the infrastructural assets: reforestation and cultivations simplification,

POPULA AND ECONO

hydrogeological instability, degradation and abandonment of settlements, fragmentation and cancellation of historical paths are some of physical manifestations of the previous demographical

and

dynamics and processes.

socio-economical

GOVERN 184

ATION D OMY

Presence of an historical system of routes still visible and recognizable Historical and cultural value of historical routes Landscape and panoramic value of historical paths Recent trend towards the enhancement of hiking / nature trails (Via Monti Lariani, Alta Via del Lario, Gravedona-Sorico cycle path) Presence of initiatives and sovralocal projects aimed at recognizing and promoting historical routes (Le vie del Viandante, Interreg. Switzerland-Italy project, investments in mountain bike routes by SNAI) Presence of historical cross-border routes Location close to the large urban centers (Milan, Como, Lecco), and to the major Lombard airports Abandonment, lack of mantainance and following cancellation of historical paths. Fragmentation of historical paths. Interference of historical routes with car roads Lack of integration among the accomodation and touristic system with the system of historical paths Scarce integration among different typologies of public transportation (bus, ferry) and also with private transportation Unefficiency of public transportation (bus, ferry) Excessive use of the car for the journeys Overcrowding of “Via Regina” during summer periods

UPPER LANDSCAPE

Strengths and weaknesses scheme

Environmental and agricultural system

S W

High naturalistic and landscape value of the environment with the presence of several protected areas (Naturalistic Oasis of Pian di Spagna, Lago di Mezzola, Valle del Dosso). Remarkable richness and variety of landscapes that cover almost all the main variations present in the region: alpine, prealpine and high plain landscape High biodiversity Spontaneous reforestation of abandoned and underused pastures Simplification of the agricultural landscape in the “mezza costa” coltures Poor maintenance and attention to the woods Thickening of the turf of the pastures and invasion of bushes and schrubs Widespread phenomena of hydrogeological instability (landslides) Fragmentation of agricultural areas on the lake linked to urbanization

Settlements system

W S

MEZZA COSTA LANDSCAPE

Presence of well preserved historical settlements where materials and rural elements typical of the local tradition and practices are still present Presence of historical settlements characterized by landscape views and landscapes of considerable interest and value, thanks to their strategic position Presence of settlments in which there are important possibilities to intervene on the recovery of traditional buildings and elements Excellent accessibility of some settlements (even at high altitudes) which makes them accessible and usable by a greater number of users Presence of pastures and huts over the rural settlements, as elements of the productive traces of the past Presence of highly transformed historical settlements Loss of elements of historical and cultural value of buildings: materials, construction techniques, uses Presence of abandoned industrial areas in the valleyfloor Presence of degraded or abandoned historical rural settlements Presence of isolated and hard accessible historical rural settlements

Presence of some recent positive trends (niches) concerning agricultural sector Presence of sovralocal investments and fundings toward the area (SNAI, Interreg) Increasing tourist demand linked to direct use of the territory Presence of family-run micro enterprises linked to the production of local products (cheese, milk, honey)

Pulverization of the distribution of the population in the territory in small municipalities and high presence of municipalities of minimum geographical size, under a thousand inhabitants Depopulation of small mountain municipalities High population aging with increasing risk of marginalization and social exclusion Cross-border work commuting to Switzerland with the risk of further demographic weakening of the most marginalized and remote locations Daily dependence on the municipalities of the valley floor both for services and facilities than for job

VALLEYFLOOR LANDSCAPE

TORY

Infrastructural system

Reduced corporate business culture, especially for micro businesses in different sectors Lack of an efficient business fabric and lack of local professionalism mainly due to commuting to Switzerland Downturn in agricultural businesses associated with the abandonment of agricultural activity Polarization of supply and demand in the municipalities of the valley floor Seasonality of tourism only in spring and summer Recreational supply linked to inadequate and poorly diversified tourism

Presence of “Comunità Montana Valli del Lario e del Ceresio” as intermediate administrative organization.

NANCE

Lack of integration and coordination among different planning practices Lack of cooperation and association among different municipalities to ensure the optimization and the accessiblity to services Partial loss of the relevance of the intermedediate role of Comunità Montane in the organization and managment of services at sovralocal level

Figure 106 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Spatial representation of the strengths and weaknesses of Alto Lario territory

O LIV LEY VAL

ALB

OV ALL

Livo

Dosso del Liro

Peglio

Domaso

Stazzona

Garzeno

Gravedona

Musso

Cremia

San Siro

Figure 107 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Montemezzo

Legend Settlements system Strengths

Intact historical settlements

Weaknesses

Transformed historical settlements

Active alpeggi

Degraded/abandoned historical settlements

Transformation Areas

Abandoned alpeggi

Infrastructural system Strengths

Weaknesses

Historical path partially cancelled by the presence of new roads

Historical paths

Via Monti Lariani, Alta Via Lario,

Congestion on the Regina car street

Antica Regina MTB routes Cross-border routes

Agricultural and environmental system Strengths Panoramic points

Rivers and water streams

Weaknesses

Reforestation Low attention to woods Instable areas Abandoned pastures Fragmentation of agricultural areas Simplification of mezza costa cultivations

187

3.7

Transversal landscapes of Albano and Livo Valley:

a thematic approach

stressing the element of transversality, that is

Livo and Albano Valleys emerged as the main two transects in which strengths, critical

related to two thematics:

are concentrated inside the whole Alto Lario

1.the morphological and physical territorial

context.

structure of development of the valleys;

In order to stress and underline their potential

2.flows,

of the landscape over the time, the research

characterized the two valleys.

interpretative approach. This one identifies all

For what concerns the morphological and

historically the integration between lake and

approach explains the transversality that could

of the ancient traces and practices that have

order intended as the result of the human

issues and opportunities of development

has

been

based

thematic

dynamics

and

functions

that

have been analyzed and that historically

as well as analyze deeper the transformations

and

systems that have created and consolidated

physical territorial structure, the thematic

mountain. It means to operate a reconstruction

be found in the development of the territorial

allowed their strong connections.

action on the surrounding environment.

comparison with the contemporary condition

The

gained in the two periods (before 1954 and in

ensured by the second main topic: flows,

This new methodology differs from the

characterized the valley and its economy,

approach, in which the represented systems

and trade.

The nature of this approach is visible also in

and to the most important economic elements

In the meanwhile the analysis provides a

transversality

of this elements, underlining the different roles

infrastructures,

the current 2020).

dynamics and functions that historically

previous characterized by the morphological

based on agriculture and livestock, commerce

identify all physical elements of the territory.

The first one was related to the primary sector

the name of â&#x20AC;&#x153;transversal landscapesâ&#x20AC;?,

of the past: the use of local resources.

189

agricultural

settlements,

spaces

was

The transversality is recognizable in the

Albano and Valley of Livo.

livestock and silvicultural cycle, related to

landscape with the contemporary one it is

period in the lake settlements was followed by

emerging issues which have led to their

specific

practices

the

Comparing

agricultural,

the

historical

transversal

the seasonality and the altitudes: the winter

possible to point out some evidences and

the begin of transhumance in spring, reaching

progressive cancellation:

During summer livestock was brought in the

1.the missing role of cross-border connections.

spontaneous pastures were productive.

were considered as the main direction for the

integration among lake and mountain areas

production, now they are considered as a part

and silvicultural activities (cultivation of rye,

secondary importance;

production, wine yards and olive groves), in

2.the changing direction of physical and

both economically than environmentally.

was also the main axis which has influenced

Parallel, the trade and the exchange of

construction of settlements, the distribution of

traversal economic flows that made in contact

in the contemporary age, the main direction

Dongo) to the Swiss municipalities over the

“Regina” street, and more in general by the

ridge.

touristic development follows this longitudinal

the

rural

settlements

“maggenghi”.

upper mountain areas where “alpeggi” and

While in the before landscape, these paths

This practice, that was the base for the

Larian economy both in terms of trade and

was associated to the other agricultural

of a whole system of pedestrian connection of

potatoes, grain, chestnuts collections and

territorial development. The cross-border path

the definition of a cyclic and balanced system

the development of built up environment, the

products of these activities gave shape to

agricultural activities and spaces. By contrast

the area of the lake and (Gravedona, Domaso,

of development is represented by the new

national border, delimited by the mountain

lake side. Both physical, economical and

Cross border flows, and the historically paths

direction;

transversality that characterized these valleys,

3.the loss of value of historical paths system.

forms that, as already shown and explained,

historical paths was vital for cross-borders

that belong to this system show perfectly the since the development of new economic

Althought in the past the dense network of

totally changed the dynamics of the Valley of

connections, as well for transhumance and

190

agricultural activities, nowadays it appears

area which is now one of the main transformation

system, used mainly for hiking and leisure,

context. The topic of regeneration is relevant

and lack of maintenance.

huge industrial sites that have contributed to

replaced both in terms of mobility and

The transversality of these landscape is no

contributed to the cancellation of pedestrian

between lake and mountain, once the core of

as a high fragmented and discontinuos

area (â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ambito di Traformazioneâ&#x20AC;?) of Alto Lario

but generally characterized by degradation

and central in these contexts also for this

Moreover this system has been completely

consolidate the memory of local inhabitants.

physically with the car road system which have

more evident, and the ancient integration

paths in the valley floors;

these landscape has been cancelled.

4.the changing of agricultural spaces and

aims to understand the territory opening the

previous chapter, in the reforestation process

analysis, showing the effects that phenomena

rural and productive settlements into second

But at the same time it becomes a key element

of original features and morphology of their

Through this approach what emerges are

to the spread and diffused abandonment and

strategic developments, oriented towards the

For these reason this thematic approach

structures. This is visible, as described in the

possibility to complete and enrich the territorial

of pastures associated to the transformation of

have caused.

homes, with high degree of transformation

on which a strategical vision could be based.

buildings, or in the opposite case associated

opportunities to reconsider and light up

degradation of that settlements;

regeneration and valorization of the elements

5.the dissolution of productive activities.

landscapes of Valley of Albano and Valley of

that historically characterized the transversal Livo.

In parallel with the globalization process and the centralization in urban areas, many

mountain areas have not only been subjected

to the collapse of agricultural sector and the consequent abandonment of spaces, but also the failure of many productive and industrial

sites, mainly located in the valley floors of Larian context.

This is for instance the case of Falck industrial

191

Albano Valley: historical landscape

Figure 108 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

192

Legend Commercial and productive transversal elements Built up

Historical cross-border paths Iron trade historical route Antica Regina path Historical trade waterways Ancient ports Crests main pass Mines

Agricultural transversal elements Historical settlements

Permanent settlements Alpeggi Maggenghi Historical paths Chestnut grove (1954) Wineyards and orchards (1954) Pastures (1954) Fields (1954)

193

Albano Valley: current landscape

Figure 109 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

194

Legend Built up Historical settlements Abandoned alpeggi Active Alpeggi Transformed maggenghi Intact maggenghi Transformation areas Chestnut grove (2018) Wineyards and orchards (2018) Pastures (2018) Fields (2018) Reforestation Car streets Landscape paths 195

Commercial and productive transversal elements

Historical landscape

Current landscape

As previously explained, Albano transversal

Albano, Cavargna and Morobbia (CH) Valleys

1. the first, represented by the rural agricultural

trade of iron, since the VIII century (Frumento,

valleys, and it is visible in the linear structure

presence of several mines located in the valley

settlements, “maggenghi”, “alpeggi”) which,

Miniera di Crotto, Miniera di Ferrera, Miniera di

relation to the cross-border path of Sant’Iorio.

for its production and transportation through

development of Albano Valley: commercial

the Albano Valley the main commercial route

iron exchange. As already mentioned,

allowed both to trade with Switzerland and to

landscape has been defined by two systems:

played an important role in the production and

system is generally referred to both the

1958). Traces of this past can be found in the

of pastures and rural settlements (permanent

(now dismissed) such as “Miniera di Tegano,

especially for Albano Valley developed in

Calderone”. From mines, the iron was brought

2. The second is specifically related to the

the so called “iron routes” (“Vie del Ferro”). In

and productive system with specific regard to

was the cross border path of Sant’Iorio which

Figure 110 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Figure 111 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

196

Agricultural transversal elements

Historical landscape

Current landscape

reach the main ports located on Lario (Dongo,

most of the cases, are abandoned or

the construction of Falck industry in Dongo

the human intervention is totally missing. The

the area for the production of iron.

enforced by the centralization of valley floors,

Domaso, Gravedona). Moreover in the 1801,

subjected to spontaneous reforestation, where

municipality, has confirmed the vocation of

loss of value of cross border paths has been

Most

landscape,

both in terms of urbanization, infrastructural

been cancelled over the time, although some

identity and traditional character have affected

stratification and the structure of the territory.

only in the loss of their productive function, but

of collapse of these systems can be noticed

constructive and architectural character.

this

transversal

recognizable in the described elements, has

mobility and economy. Lastly the loss of

traces

are still readable and visible in the

the system of historical rural settlements, not

As explained before, the most incisive signs

also in terms of transformation of their original

in the structure of agricultural spaces that, in

Figure 112 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Figure 113 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

197

Livo Valley: historical landscape

Figure 114 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

198

Legend

Commercial and productive transversal elements Built up

Historical cross-border paths Antica Regina path Historical trade waterways Ancient ports Crests main pass Productive rural buildings Agricultural transversal elements Historical settlements

Permanent settlements Alpeggi Maggenghi Historical paths Chestnut grove (1954) Wineyards and orchards (1954) Pastures (1954) Fields (1954)

199

Livo Valley: current landscape

Figure 115 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

200

201

Commercial and productive transversal elements

Historical landscape

Current landscape

transversal

primary and central role. This in fact could be

of Livo some thematic elements emerge. The

paths that historically connected “alpeggi”,

of the cross-border path and more in general

system is almost totally used as a landscape

The cross-border paths historically linked the

shelters (Rifugio Pianezza, Capanna Como)

with the Swiss municipalities (Cama) passing

Via del Lario, Via dei Monti Lariani and Antica

and the “bocchette” of Notar and D’agnon, in

path, during the time lost its commercial

trade and productive sector have reduced its

reduction and changes in the agricultural

Comparing

the

historical

landscape and the current territory of the Valley

considered part of the system of landscape

first one is the change in the role and structure

“maggenghi” and settlements. Nowadays this

of the system of paths and streets.

and touristic system, connecting the alpine

lake municipalities of Gravedona and Domaso,

and historical and cultural places in the Alta

through the “mezza costa” settlement of Livo

Regina. This one, similar to the cross border

the Darengo Valley. Changes in the economic,

centrality. Secondly, in the Valley of Livo, the

Figure 116 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Figure 117 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

202

Agricultural transversal elements

Historical landscape

economies

(based

Current landscape

rye,

mountains: “maggenghi” (Baggio, Piaghedo,

potatoes,

wheat) and fostering (cows and sheep) are

Pianezzola) and “alpeggi” (Alpe Ingirina, Alpe

abandonment of pastures, above all in the

Some of them, that were closer to the main

in the surroundings of the woods that were

Peglio, were later transformed into vacation

particular in the case of the chestnut grove.

These dynamics affected also the “mezza

population to the valley floors was followed

the cultivated fields became more fragmented

degradation of the historical settlements that

Traversa, San Carlo, small settlements in the

recognizable in the reforestation and in the

Cavrig).

area around Dangri. The first one emerges

settlements of the valley such as Livo and

characterized by a loss of maintenance, in

houses for the summer seasons.

At the same time migration of mountain

costa” area and the lake municipalities, where

and smaller, such as in the area of Travisa,

progressive

abandonment

and

system of terraces.

were temporary and seasonally used in the

Figure 118 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Figure 119 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

203

Valley of Livo: a proposal of diffused hospitality to valorize the landscape and reactivate local economies

5 6 7

205

206

4.1

The definition of the strategic proposal

the

define different thematics, that in this way

proposal for the Valley of Livo. The proposed

For every landscape it is possibile to lead back

hospitality as the necessary tool to valorize the

The first one (actions) are usually defined as

economies. For this reason the strategy is

cultural variation and strengthen: they are

the environmental, landscape, social and

they

In this scenario the touristic dimension of

and the use that the considered spaces take

independent element but itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s integrated into

polices supports the first two (actions and

elements, giving shape to five landscapes.

of social and collective mechanisms of the

strategic and spatial forms through which

The definition of the five landscapes is also

the peculiarities and the specific features of

resilient economies. Resilient means that they

diffused hospitality emerges through a specific

supply of the diffused hospitality, but also

policies, naming each strategy. In this way

and autonomous activities and practices.

to the necessity to intervene on a transversal

agricultural production chain strictly related to

and complex: itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a territory that needs to

the community of the territory.

The

following

scheme

represents

methodology used to define the strategic

assume the name of landscapes.

model underlines the role of the diffused

an abacus of actions, interventions and goals.

landscape and re-activate local and collective

valorization, regeneration, transformations,

structured into a series of goals related to

shaped according to the spaces on which

economic dimensions of the project.

specifically represent the characterization

the diffused hospitality doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t work as an

through the project. Finally the abacus of

the physical, social, economic and cultural

interventions) and it defines the important role

These

strategic proposal.

five

landscapes

represent

the

act.

Interventions

punctually

and

the diffused hospitality works in synergy with

related to the capacity to give shape to local

the territory: in every single landscape the

are not feasible only through the touristic

element that shapes actions, interventions and

thanks to the presence of complementary

the definition of multiple strategies answers

These are able to guarantee the creation of an

territory that appears extremely articulated

the tradition, to the cultural local identity and

207

Structure of the strategical proposal

4.2

The proposed model of diffused hospitality

The concept of diffused hospitality proposed

di Trasformazione, PGT).

and consolidated definition.

shore and separated by the presence of the

This is located directly in front of the lake

is the result of the evolution of the traditional

water stream.

In this case the diffused hospitality doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t

The goal is the realization of a camping area

management model applied to a specific

will run into an existing touristic and camping

a town, a touristic structure, but it is a most

Dongo to Domaso municipalities.

territory of the Livo Valley.

developed under the touristic perspective if

The aim is to create a network of diffused

the continuity and the linearity of the system of

the different settlements and areas located at

Therefore the aim of the project is to

from the lake to the upper mountains: its

municipality taking advantage from the areas

related to the use of the higher lands but at the

the same time to enhance the continuity of the

principle of sustainability, the touristic supply

lake side without compromise the landscape

and

(glamping), to define a touristic supply that

context: settlements, a portion of buildings,

system involving all the lake shore, from

complex tool which is related to the entire

Since the area of Gravedona appears less

describe

only

organizational

compared to the other two ones, a break in

hospitality whose nodes are represented by

lake public and touristic spaces has emerged.

different altitudes. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a network that is spread

consolidate the touristic vocation of the

general goal is to propose a touristic supply

of transformation defined by the PGT and at

same time to consolidate, always following a

existing touristic system developed along the

in the lake area.

and the environmental value of these areas.

defined as extremely diversified. Starting

Going up in the valley, the model of diffused

is declined on the lake side, involving a huge

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s located close to a large system of terraces

For this reason the proposed model can be

from the valley floor, the diffused hospitality

hospitality intercepts the settlement of Argesio.

and empty area of transformation (AT, Ambito

and coltivabile fields, exposed towards South

Figure 1 Source: personal elaboration

209

and characterized by panoramic views, with

In this scenario the interventions on the

The settlement of Argesio, nowadays totally

priority actions are related to the regeneration

preserved into its physical and morphological

have preserved their original features, re-

an “Agriturismo diffuso”.

host rooms for tourists and to create services

(composed by 23 units) to activate a

At the same time it’s also fundamental the

terraces and agricultural areas and at the

represent the connective tissue of the whole

hospitality directly related to the agricultural

of aggregation for tourists and inhabitants,

an high landscape value.

settlement system is a key element: the

abandoned, but easily accessible and well

of underused and abandoned buildings that

features, becomes an opportunity to propose

adapting their uses and functions, both to

The aim is to regenerate the settlement

and collective spaces.

production chain related to the system of

regeneration of the public open spaces, which

same time designing spaces for the diffused

settlement, with the aim to create spaces

production.

around which the collective and public uses are distributed.

Moving towards the internal part of the valley, one of the central area for the development of

The fourth node of the network of diffused

costa” settlement of Livo. This is composed

at 900 meters of altitude and surrounded by

is over 65 years old.

Baggio appears to be a place of summer

from the high availability of abandoned

lived during the spring and summer period

reconsidered thanks to their strong cultural

or underused units.

local traditional architectural elements.

interventions to guarantee rooms for tourists

supply totally integrated into the settlement of

located next to the main vacation houses,

a touristic development and a strengthen of

architectural character.

the model of diffused hospitality is the “mezza

hospitality is the “monte” of Baggio, located

by 170 inhabitants and 40% of the population

chestnut groves, fields and pastures.

The proposal of “Borgo diffuso” takes place

vacation homes (“seconde case”), strongly

or underused buildings: these could be

and characterized by the presence of vacant

and historical identity and the permanence of

The goal is to intervene with punctually

In this case the aim is to propose a touristic

through the regeneration of several buildings

Livo and with its inhabitants, providing both

which have maintained their historical and

local services and activities.

For what concerns the services related to the

210

diffused hospitality, the aim of the project

The 5 nodes of the diffused hospitality

is to make them available from the tourists

represent

by the local population through the creation

different

alternatives

characterized by a diversified touristic

of sharing spaces, managed by the local

supply.

owners.

This alternative model requires a strong

But above all the models of diffused

involvement of the local population that aims

hospitality

to recall the typical hospitality and living

integrated

values of the mountain population.

structures network.

and

defines

Integrated

firstly

because it’s able to shape itself according

to the specific features of the place but

The last area involved in the project of diffused

also because it works in synergy with the

hospitality is located to the higher altitudes,

resources of the territory.

into the system of alpine pastures and huts.

These

It’s an area of strong attraction from the hiking

resources,

thanks

their

valorization and re-activation, define a

point of view due to its location close to the

completion of the touristic supply.

crests and located into a system of crossborder paths with strong natural value.

These offer not only news elements related

In this reality, the goal is to recover the Alpe

to the use of the territory, but also give

Inghirina which is centrally located in a system

the possibility to manage and organize

of existing “alpeggi” and shelters. The main

activities related to the local identity and

goal is to integrate the proposed model of

traditions, involving the tourist as active

diffused hospitality with the ancient productive

part of the community.

function of milk and cheese production

The integration between the valorization

associated to the use of alpine pastures, that

of the resources of the territory and the

have been abandoned over the time.

diffused hospitality is translated at the

In this case the tool of touristic development

spatial level into the definition of the five

will be integrated in the whole valorization of

landscapes of the Valley of Livo.

the “alpeggio” structure as in the past, reactivating an important historical economic source for the local population.

211

Legend

Existing elements

Mixed woods

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS Spaces of interventions

Transformation areas, underused green areas

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES Spaces of interventions

Terraces, underused fields, aggregation spac

Fields, pastures

Buildings

Streets

historical paths, cycle paths, MTB routes

Paths between historical settlements and terra

Landscape paths Historical paths MTB routes Figure 2 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Existing elements Campings

Panoramic terraces Existing elements

Beaches

Fields

Green areas

Wineyards, olive groves

Agricultural fields

Buildings

ces

aces

Livo Valley: spaces of interventions

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS Spaces of interventions

Fields, historical public spaces and paths

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS Spaces of interventions

Chestnut grove, historical settlements (â&#x20AC;&#x153;montiâ&#x20AC;?)

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES Spaces of interventions

Alpine pastures (alpeggi)

Buildings

Paths between fields, woods and woods

Paths between chestnut grove and pastures

Paths between pastures and crests

Panoramic points on fields and orchards Existing elements

Panoramic points on the valleys Existing elements

Agricultural fields with seminatives

Chestnut grove

Fields

Pastures/fields

Buildings

Panoramic points on crests and valleys Existing elements Pastures/fields

4.3

Five landscapes of Livo Valley

Landscape of waterfronts

For this reason the development of the touristic

by all those spaces directly related to the

meets the necessity to preserve and defend

goal is to create a system of public spaces

these areas, giving priority to sustainable

development. In particular it takes shape

At the same time moving into the inner part

the edges of the river that flows into it.

urbanized and the green spaces and the

to reach and to complete a system of spaces

fragmentation. In this scenario the goal is

from Dongo to Domaso. This system involves

continuity of green spaces into the more

crosses all the area, the camping areas that

and inhabitants.

that from Domaso reaches Sorico till the

abandoned or underused areas have been

axis of the Regina, the system of lakefront

to strengthen the ecological function and

spaces, commercial activities and services

existing elements such as the hospital, the

Even if the aim of the strategy is to consolidate

towards the â&#x20AC;&#x153;mezza costaâ&#x20AC;?.

municipality

intersection point between the two axis is the

The landscape of waterfronts is characterized

supply and the continuity of public spaces

lake and the Liro water stream. Here the main

the ecological and environmental value of

integrated

solutions.

with

the

touristic

sustainable

along two main axes: the shore of the lake and

of the municipality, the context appears more

Working on the waterfront of the lake means

agricultural areas are subjected to a strong

of relations already existing, that is developed

to use the river as a tool to guarantee the

the shore of beaches that longitudinally

dense built up area, to be used by tourists

are here located, the system of slow mobility

According to the general goals, some

borders of the province of Sondrio, the ancient

selected on the edges of the water stream

of Gravedona with the green areas, public

to make them working in synergy with the

and sports areas.

historical paths and the MTB paths that run

urban functions, the shore of the Gravedona

The

characters, with environmental and landscape

realization of the touristic area, the Glamping,

presents

strong

natural

key

element,

that

represents

that is identified as element of completion

values.

214

the

to guarantee the continuity of the system

of transformative interventions in their external

preserve the environmental and ecological

portions and elements of their historical tissue.

of public spaces and at the same time to

and marginal part, have preserved many

connections.

Moreover these small settlements, and the

Landscape of terraces

towards the lake, offer a series of panoramic

system of terraces that is located from the

The strategy in this context aims to valorize

the municipality of Domaso. It includes all the

once characterized by the rural infrastructure

regeneration of the settlement of Argesio

lake, in a privileged and strategic position,

to the development of a specific model of

landscape value.

towards the grapevine, olive trees and fruit

paths that link them, thanks to their position

The landscape of terraces involves the

spots with a strong landscape value.

settlement of Argesio till the Northern part of

the existing system of terraces, in order

strip that links the lake with the “mezza costa”,

recovery of terraces is totally related to the

of cultivated terraces, oriented towards the

as example of “Agriturismo diffuso” and so

both in terms of exposition and in terms of

agricultural supply and production oriented

If the Northern part of this system is strongly

trees.

associated

areas

is the strengthen of the panoramic spots, both

portion is subjected to a stronger process of

the paths of connections through the creation

to identify phenomena of degradation related

associated to the valorization of the historical

loss of cultivations, with some exceptions of

between terraces, agricultural lands and wide

Another strong and evident example of this

For this reasons, the idea to regenerate a

small and ancient settlement, located both at

the historical tissue of the small settlements

Traversa, Argesio, Rancio, Pozzolo, Meglio).

underused represents a strong opportunity to

make

them

productive

again.

The

characterized by the element of terraces

An other intervention involved in the strategy

(fruit trees and grapevine), the Southern

inside the small settlements and located along

abandonment. Into this process it is possibile

of panoramic terraces. These interventions,

to invasive vegetations, falls of dry stone walls,

paths, create a real thematic path that runs

active private cultivators.

landscape views.

landscape is certainly the presence of some

series of spaces of aggregation that compose

“mezza costa” and at the lake level (Travisa,

and nowadays in state of degradation or

These settlements, although the high degree

enhance the attractiveness both for tourist

with

large

cultivated

215

productive function: the cultivation of the

and for residents, offering new spaces for events, services, local units.

rye was once related to the production of

Landscape of ancient plantations

Its recovery, supported by collective and

form in the area of the “Pian del Gorghiglio”,

and agricultural practices of the tradition.

the one of Peglio. This flat area is located

support the recovery of ancient cultivation is

characterized by the typical cultivations of

up system in the edges areas, in between

alternated to the permanent fields. Today

regeneration of those spaces, characterized

of simplification that makes the variety of

appears as a supporting element for the

been substituted by fields or by processes of

spaces,

The main goal of this strategy is to reconsider

Work on the edges is a recurrent element

area, located close to the Southern edges of

Northern part of the settlement. In the areas

to re-activate the cultivation of rye and potato,

a series of small private orchards and

practices of this landscape.

reclaiming a certain sense of rurality.

a series of supporting interventions related

a thematic path on the edges that wants to

paths, the mule tracks, the rural productive

some panoramic spots in the places in which

Fundamental is the valorization of the ancient

the fields and on the agricultural areas.

mule track Livo-Domaso, to re-activate its

with the central element of the project, the

flours and bread, that took place in the mill.

The landscape of ancient plantations takes

touristic activities, aims to valorize the rural

involving the settlement of Livo and partially

An other important element that wants to

at “mezza costa” and in the past was

the possibility to intervene on the existing built

mountain areas such as rye, potato, canapa,

the historical centre and the fields. The

these areas are characterized by a process

by rural underused or abandoned buildings

this landscape weaker: the plantations have

agricultural production, through collective

reforestation.

laboratories and storages.

these ancient plantations inside a specific

that characterizes this strategy, also in the

the settlement of Livo. This intervention aims

on the edges is in fact possibile to identify

that are two of the main important agricultural

gardens that numerously follow the buildings,

Associated to this goal, the strategy offers

Main goal of this project is the creation of

to the historical centre of Livo, the rural

reconsider these spaces, with the creation of

infrastructures.

the views match the panoramic glimpses on

mills Molino della Valle, located along the

All these strategic elements work in synergy

216

goods

production,

events,

creation of a “Borgo diffuso”, whose model

the process of spontaneous reforestation.

the tourist, but also it creates the possibilities

wood is also related to some positive effects

rural culture and tradition.

geomorphological diseases.

Landscape of woods

the valorization of the wood take place both in

the central role played by the chestnut groves,

and in the open spaces. In particular the area

areas, located between the “mezza costa”

“monti”, rural historical settlements, nowadays

the past one of the most important element in

use as seasonal vacation homes.

population.

regeneration of the underused or degraded

activities, in the Valley of Livo and more in

spaces for collective activities able to involve

woods, result of a strong and continuous

An other intervention that, as appears in

processes of abandonment and degradation.

to develop a “path in the wood”, is certainly

and clearly recognizable in the constant

woods and in the pastures, in order to offer a

of hydrogeological diseases and in the loss of

Central role is played by the Crotto Dangri,

The main goal here is the valorization of the

Baggio, one of the larger “monte”, identified

maintenance, care, cleaning, and harvesting.

diffused hospitality.

the directly related spaces, occupied by fields

by car, is involved in the regeneration action

doesn’t want only to offer a deep experience to

At the same time the maintenance of the

to develop activities strictly related to the local

that reduce hydrogeological instability and The actions and the interventions that support

The landscape of woods is developed from

the settlement system, in the mobility system

historically present in the territory. These

is strictly characterized by the presence of the

and the higher altitudes, have represented in

in conditions of abandonment, degradation or

terms of basic goods and food for the local

The aim of the project is to develop a punctual

With the abandonment of the agricultural

buildings close to the chestnut groves, as

general in the entire alpine chain, these

both tourists and the local population.

maintenance and attention, started to fall into

other strategies, emerges as fundamental

These processes are nowadays still present

the valorization of the paths, both inside the

growth of the undergrowth, in the development

stratified and diversified network.

activities related to the harvest of the chestnut.

localized in a node between the woods and

chestnut grove that includes all the activities of

as strategic place to develop a project of

Intervene on the wood needs to consider also

Dangri, the last place in the valley accessible

and pastures, in order to stop or slow down

oriented towards the expansion of the “Crotto”

217

and the introduction of activities such as the

The strategy gets stronger through the

spaces, info point and reception for the

cheese and milk, thanks to the regeneration

sell of local products, public and collective

attempt to re-activate the production of alpine

diffused hospitality model active in Baggio.

of the productive buildings where animals are

Landscape of alpine pastures

water storage), the maintenance of pastures

upper area of the valley is the one of the alpine

products in the valley floor.

order to re-activate the production of alpine

to the presence of large portion of woods

new touristic model based on the diffused

to open fields with rock areas and alpine

In the Northern part of the Valle of Livo, into

of historical paths to be valorized. The aim of

value context, from the cross border path that

to move into a clear and well defined system

system of pedestrian paths. This network

with panoramic spots. These could become a

and pastures, once places of production

of crests and peaks on the edges between

Alpe Cavrig superiore, Alpe Cavrig Inferiroe,

and Switzerland).

hosted (storages, laboratory of production,

The landscape that could be identified in the

and the possibility to activate a sell of local

pastures. Here the aim is their regeneration in

The strong natural values of this area, thanks

milk and cheese with the introduction of a

that at the higher altitudes leaves the space

hospitality (Rifugio diffuso).

lakes, gives the possibility to identify a series

the wild Valley of Darengo, a high natural

these interventions is to create the conditions

runs along the river Borgo, origins an intense

of paths, with high level of maintenance and

reaches the peaks passing through fields

strong qualitative element due to the presence

during the summer periods: Alpe Darengo,

different valleys, regions and nations (Italy

Alpe Ledù, Alpe Inghirina. The last one

(Alpe Inghirina), thanks to its centrality in the

network of “alpeggi” and close to some alpine shelters (Capanna Como, Rifugio Pianezza),

usually used during the summer period, is identified as strategic space to develop a supply of diffused hospitality able to valorize the tradition and the culture of “alpeggi”,

nowadays partially abandoned and less preserved.

218

Actions, interventions, policies

The valorization can be described taking

strategic spaces, in which the strategy

the code of cultural and landscape goods

a more specific way actions are considered

(Decreto legislativo 22 gennaio 2004, n. 42):

transformation, cultural variation, strengthen.

migliorare le condizioni di conoscenza e di

aim to recover and redevelop the structure of

incrementarne la fruizione pubblica, così da

related to historical settlements that are in

portatore” (D.lgs. 42/2004).

giving them updated use and shape. This

an underused or abandoned condition, in

recent Regional Law 18/2019 on “misure

reintroduce uses and functions that represent

rigenerazione urbana e territoriale, nonché per

in this case involves two typologies of spaces:

in which the urban regeneration is “l’insieme

windmills and pastures), historical paths and

Each landscape is associated to specific

into consideration the definition proposed by

defines actions, interventions and policies. In

(Codice dei beni culturali e del paesaggio)

and classified into regeneration, valorization,

“La valorizzazione è ogni attività diretta a

Regeneration includes all the actions that

conservazione del patrimonio culturale e ad

living spaces, connective tissue and buildings

trasmettere i valori di cui tale patrimonio è

conditions of abandonment or degradation,

The valorization involves all those spaces in

definition represents a specification of the

which the strategy aims to reconsider and

di semplificazioni e incentivazione per la

a specific historical identity. The valorization

il recupero del patrimonio edilizio esistente”,

the productive rural infrastructures (terraces,

coordinato di interventi urbanistico-edilizi

wood areas of chestnut.

la sostituzione, il riuso, la riqualificazione

The transformation involves all the areas in

dell’assetto urbano attraverso il recupero

particular from free spaces without buildings

dismesse” (L.R. 18/2019).

the D.P.R. 6 giugno 2001, n. 380 “Testo unico

specifically referred to two main typologies

in materia edilizia”.

settlement

The cultural variation defines all the actions

e di iniziative sociali che possono includere

dell’ambiente costruito e la riorganizzazione

which it takes form a change in the land use, in

delle aree degradate, sottoutilizzate o anche

to new uses and functions, such as defined by

In the strategic proposal the regeneration is

delle disposizioni legislative e regolamentari

of spaces: the abandoned and/or underused system

and

the

spaces

that change the cultural typologies, usually

aggregations inside the degraded historical

output of a process of abandonment or

settlements.

219

simplification of plantation present on the

related to the five landscapes (activities

The strengthen, lastly, is intended in its

cultivation,

conferimento o il raggiungimento di un

a local production chain oriented towards its

riguarda l’efficienza e la produttività” (http://

of events, organized thematic paths, local

territory (ryes, potato, grape vine, fruit trees).

on terraces, harvesting, rye and potatoes

consideration

“ll

lessons). This creates the conditions to create

livello notevolmente più elevato, per quanto

valorization and preservation (organization

www.treccani.it/).

market network).

development, in terms of services, of a spaces

Stakeholders and forms of partnernships

that needs, as said, a strengthen in terms of

of the project is to enhance the creation

consideration the areas of slow mobility, the

partnerships and collaborations between

areas.

scales and areas characterized by multiple

of punctual interventions. Each intervention

For these reasons, inside the strategic

the space assumes through the project. These

are considered, that are different according

use and the typology of interventions.

case the strategic proposal aims to define a

characterization of the strategic proposal is

that is, for definition, open to many investors.

particular the goal is to propose in different

interested in investing in the projects, both

the network of tourism of diffused hospitality,

income. Their role is for these reasons mainly

oriented towards the tourist as “spectator” but

Speaking about this, all the stakeholders that

This is described into a series of activities

element of investment have been considered.

from

the

literature

In this case is defined as a consequential

workshops

and

collective

One of the main important and specific goals

in which it is already present a specific use optimization and maximization. Belong to this

and the development of different forms of

panoramic spots and the underused green

public and private actors, between different

The abacus of actions is followed by the abacus

interests.

represents the use and the configuration that

proposal, two possible forms of relationships

define the punctual guidelines that explain the

to the aims and the role of actors. In the first

Finally the social, economic and management

limited company of diffused shareholders,

described through the abacus of policies. In

The actors that belong to this typology are all

policies the involvement of local population into

directly and indirectly, obtaining an economic

the definition of a touristic supply not only

financial and economic.

also “actor” of the territory and of landscape.

are active on the territory and are possible

220

Two levels were considered to classify these

social and cultural identity, declined into an

regional, national scale.

management of events and activities, of

community cooperative, described as “un

What emerges from the classification of the

sono produttori e fruitori di beni e servizi, è

the two forms above descried is the strong

una comunità, mettendo a sistema le attività

cooperative, that is different from the first one

e istituzioni rispondendo così ad esigenze

the territory.

actors: public and private; local, provincial,

activity of territorial promotion, of collective

The second typology of partnership is the

involvement of tourists and local population.

modello di innovazione sociale dove i cittadini

potential

un modello che crea sinergia e coesione in

local characterization of the community

di singoli cittadini, imprese, associazioni

for its connotation of identification of actors on

plurime di mutualità”. “La cooperativa di

comunità, per essere considerata tale, deve avere come esplicito obiettivo, quello di produrre vantaggi a favore di una comunità

alla quale i soci promotori appartengono o

che eleggono come propria” (http://www. legacoop.coop/quotidiano/).

The central and necessary element to define and develop a community cooperative is the common goal to valorize the local community,

the resources of the territory, the identity and the local economy. For this reason it is possible to consider a strong cultural and social role

related to the local dimension. To develop this model it is always necessary a preexisting

condition: a strong sense of belonging to the

territory, to the community and to the local values, that are translated in the thematic of active citizenship. Specifically for these

reasons, the aim of the strategic proposal is to give to the community cooperative a strong

221

stakeholders

that

characterize

The features of limited company of diffused shareholders

E CAL S O CR A M

LE SCA O S GAL due ME Laghi

FAI

Coldiretti Como

P R I V A T E

ERSAF

RO IC Craftman firms M Wineyards agricultural firms

Fondazione Cariplo

Banca Popolare di Sodnrio

AutoritĂ di Bacino del Lario e dei Laghi minori

SCALE

Municipality of Livo

Livestock firms Bakeries

Agritourisms

Private owners

Small farmers

Credito Valtellinese

Inhabitants Restoration firms Camping

ASF como Consorzio IGT Terre Lariane

Municipality of Peglio

CAI dongo

Cereal agricultural firms

Latteria Sociale Valtellina

Municipality of Gravedona Municipality of Domaso

ComunitĂ Montana delle Valli del Lario e del Ceresio

Como province

Gestione Navigazione Laghi

LIMITED COMPANY OF DIFFUSED SHAREHOLDERS

Figure 3 Source: personal elaboration

Role: Economical , financial, managment Interest: investing in the project Typology: diffused shareholders (private and public) Members: direct or indirect

Regione Lombardia

P U B L I C

The features of limited company of community cooperative

E CAL S O CR A M

CALE S SO ME GAL due Laghi

P R I V A T E

CALE OS R IC Craftman firms M Wineyards

Consorzio IGT Terre Lariane

agricultural firms

Livestock firms Agritourisms Sports Association Private owners

Municipality of Livo Municipality of Peglio

bakeries

Small farmers Inhabitants

Restoration firms Camping Latteria Sociale Valtellina

Cereal agricultural firms

Municipality of Gravedona

ComunitĂ Montana delle Valli del Lario e del Ceresio

Municipality of Domaso

COMMUNITY COOPERATIVE

Figure 4 Source: personal elaboration

Role: social and cultural Interest: activities of valorization of local practices, landscape, production. Promotion of the territory, supporting activites for tourism Typology: private and public Members: interested people

P U B L I C

4.4

Figure 5 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Landscape of waterfronts

224

Planimetry of the actions, policies and actors

Actions abacus TRANSFORMATION

VALORIZATION

STRENGTHENING

A unbuilt and underused areas

B degradated historical pedestrian paths

C slow mobility D underused green public spaces E parking areas

Policies abacus

LE SCA O CR MA

CALE OS S ME GAL due Laghi

ASF como

SCALE RO C I M Sports Association

Camping

Banca Popolare di Sondrio

Additional organised transportation

Inhabitants Restoration firms

Credito Valtellinese

Municipality of Livo

AutoritĂ di Bacino del Lario e dei Laghi minori

Regione Lombardia

Municipality of Peglio

Municipality of Gravedona Municipality of Domaso

ComunitĂ Montana delle Valli del Lario e del Ceresio Gestione Navigazione Laghi

Como province

Limited company of diffused shareholders Community cooperative

225

Events: open cinema, concerts, sport activities

Incentives to make ferry transportation more efficient

226

Abacus of interventions

227

Figure 6 Source: personal elaboration

MTB routes MTB base camp

Glamping services for diffuse hospitality

Glamping for diffuse hospitality Public spaces

Hospital green space

Beach Pedestrian bridge

River-front

River-front Glamping

River

Hospital Glamping

ake

Territorial schematic section

Cycle path expansion

Figure 7 Source: personal elaboration

Municipality of Gravedona

4.5

Landscape of terraces

LE SCA O CR MA

CALE OS S ME GAL due Laghi

Fondazione Cariplo

Coldiretti Como Consorzio IGT Terre Lariane

SCALE RO C I MWineyards agricultural firms Agritourisms

ASF como

ComunitĂ Montana delle Valli del Lario e del Ceresio

Municipality of Livo

Municipality of Peglio

Regione Lombardia

Private owners Municipality of Gravedona Inhabitants

Banca Popolare di Sondrio

Restoration firms

Municipality of Domaso Como province

Credito Valtellinese

Limited company of diffused shareholders Community cooperative

230

Planimetry of the actions, policies and actors

Actions abacus VALORIZATION

COLTURAL VARIATION

REGENERATION

STRENGTHENING

A abandoned historical rural productive infrastructures B degradated historical pedestrian paths

C semplified cultivated areas

D abandoned or underused building heritage E underused aggregation areas

F parking areas G landscape panoramic areas

Policies abacus

Manual works on terraces

Events: open wine firms, grape harvest, tasting events

Collective activities

231

Tutorial workshop

Local market and sale of products in the agritourisms

Thematic path: Agreement terraces among private settlements, and public panoramic spots owners

Figure 8 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

232

Abacus of interventions

Figure 9 Source: personal elaboration

Territorial schematic section

Figure 10 Source: personal elaboration

4.6

Landscape of ancient plantations

LE SCA O CR MA

LE SCA O S ME GAL due Laghi

ASF como

CALE OS R IC M bakeries

Agritourisms

Coldiretti Como

Restoration firms

Banca Popolare di Sodnrio

Private owners

Cereal agricultural firms

Mun Inhabitants Credito Valtellinese

ASF como

Figure 11 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

236

Planimetry of the actions, policies and actors

Actions abacus COLTURAL VARIATION

REGENERATION

VALORIZATION

STRENGTHENING

A semplified cultivated areas

B abandoned or underused building heritage C underused aggregation areas

D abandoned historical rural productive infrastructures E degradated historical pedestrian paths

F parking areas G landscape panoramic areas

Policies abacus

Manual works in the fields

Como province

Thematic path: Agreement fields, windmill, among private wood, fruit trees, owners and orchards public

unicipality of Livo

Municipality of Peglio

unicipality of Gravedona

Tutorial workshop

ComunitĂ Montana delle Valli del Lario e del Ceresio

Regione Lombardia

nicipality of Domaso

Limited company of diffused shareholders Community cooperative

237

Collective activities

Local market: rye, potatoes, flour

Figure 12 Source: personal elaboration

Abacus of interventions

Service diffus hospit Collettive spaces for diffused hospitality

Parking Agricoltural fields

Collective activities of rye

Private Bus

Rye and potatoes fields

Rye and potatoes harvesting

Figure 13 Source: personal elaboration

Agricultural fields Settlement of Peglio

W 240

es for sed tality

Territorial schematic section

Rooms diffused hospitality

Public square Local products market

Thematic path through fruit trees and orchards

Mule track

Rye production activities

Mill

Woods

Fields Settlement of Livo

Woods

Windmill

4.7

Landscape of woods

E CAL OS R C MA

ERSAF

LE SCA O S GAL due Laghi ME

CALE OS RInhabitants C I M

Coldiretti Como

Municipality of Livo

Agritourisms Banca Popolare di Sondrio

Private owners

Craftman firms

Municipality of Peglio

Municipality of Gravedona

ComunitĂ Montana delle Valli del Lario e del Ceresio

Regione Lombardia

Restoration firms Municipality of Domaso Credito Valtellinese

CAI dongo Como province

Limited company of diffused shareholders Community cooperative

Figure 14 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

242

Planimetry of the actions, policies and actors

Actions abacus VALORIZATION

REGENERATION

STRENGTHENING

A degradated natural areas B degradated historical pedestrian paths

C abandoned or underused building heritage

D landscape panoramic areas

Policies abacus

Manual works in Maintenance of chestnut grove the woods

Local market: chestnut woods

243

Thematic paths: pastures, woods, settlments

Tutorial workshop

Collective activities

Events about chestnuts

Agreement among private and public owners

Figure 14 Source: personal elaboration

244

Abacus of interventions

245

Panoramic points Historical paths

Aggregation spaces Thematic path

Recovery micro interventions MTB routes

Figure 16 Source: personal elaboration

Wood

Alpe Motta

Mixed wood

Pastures

Scattered settlements

Fields

Scattered settlements

Territorial schematic section

Rifugio diffuso

Reception diffused hospitality Chestnut harvesting

Historical paths

Maintenance chestnut grove

Wood manufacturing

Local products market

Wood and chestnut workshops

Chestnut grove

Public spaces and restoration

Chestnut grove

Fields

Crotto Dangri

Fields

Chestnut grove

Settlement of Baggio

Fields

4.8

Landscape of alpine pastures

LE SCA O CR MA

LE SCA O S ME GAL due Laghi

FAI

CALE OS R IC Livestock firms M Agritourisms Latteria Sociale Valtellina

Inhabitants CAI dongo

Como province

Municipality of Livo

Municipality of Peglio

Municipality of Gravedona

Restoration firms Municipality of Domaso Banca Popolare di Sondrio

Regione Lombardia ComunitĂ Montana delle Valli del Lario e del Ceresio

Small farmers

Credito Valtellinese

Limited company of diffused shareholders Community cooperative

Planimetry of the actions, policies and actors

Actions abacus REGENERATION

VALORIZATION

STRENGTHENING

A abandoned or underused building heritage

B degradated historical pedestrian paths C abandoned historical rural productive infrastructure

D landscape panoramic areas

Policies abacus

Cheese production

Summer events in the alpine pastures

Local market: cheese, milk

Thematic paths: Maintenance of alpine pastures pastures, alpeggi, crests

Figure 17 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

249

Figure 17 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

250

Abacus of interventions

Figure 18 Source: re-elaboration from Geoportale Regione Lombardia

Figure 18 Source: personal elaboration

Historical paths

Local products market

Figure 19 Source: personal elaboration

252 Wood

Settlement

Wood

Fields

Territorial schematic section Cheese and milk production Crests paths

Summer temporary events Alpeggio

helter areas

Crest panoramic points of views

Livestosk

Cheese and milk production

diffuso

253 Alpeggi and pastures

Pastures

Alpeggi

Pastures

Crests

4.9

The definition of a touristic out seasonal model

Acti Under a touristic profile the simultaneous

A third goal, in order to support the activities

touristic supply strongly diversified in the

a series of activities related to the cultivated

The strategic proposal aims to strengthen

of chestnut for local food products, the

the spring and summer period, but wants to

the rye.

during the other seasons.

workshops and collective activities, seminars,

As presented in the following scheme, the

period of the year, ensuring the feasibility of

activation of all the five strategies defines a

of hiking and thematic paths, is to guarantee

proposed activities.

products: cultivation of chestnut, the use

and enhance the role of tourism not only in

production of flours and bread, derived from

propose the possibility to create flows also

This is supported by the presence of presentations that can be organized in all the the touristic out-season model.

development of activities is strictly related to the seasonality of them, according to their

Glamping accomod

Livo-Argesio diffused hospi Baggio diffused hospitality

Shelters/huts and â&#x20AC;&#x153;al

Thematic pat Thematic path Thematic path Thematic path

Local alpine

specific features.

Local events:

Some activities are oriented to the seasonality

Local events

and the times of plantation and production

Practical activi

(rye, potatoes), others to the accessibility in the seasons: the events in the pastures and

Practical activities: m

the overnight at higher altitudes are only

Practical activiti

feasible during the summer seasons.

Practical activities:

At the same time another goal of the project is to guarantee permanent touristic activities,

Practical activitie

able to attract flows of tourists also during the

Practical activities:

other seasons.

Practical activi

The Borgo diffuso of Livo represents a

Learning activi

significative example due to the permanent presence of local inhabitants.

Selling of lo

Hiking and

254

The functioning of touristic activities according to seasons

Spring

ivities

Summer

dations and services

itality accomodations and services accomodations and services

lpeggi ”accomodations

th in the wood around “alpeggi” around terraces around rye fields

e celebrations

: open wine bar

s: “castagnata”

ities: planting rye

making rye (flour, bread)

ies: grape harvest

: chestnuts collection

es: planting potatoes

: collecting potatoes

ities: wood works

ities and lectures

ocal products

d guided visits

Figure 20 Source: personal elaboration

255

Autumn

Winter

Five models of diffusesd hospitality

5 6 7

257

5.1

The definition of three design proposals

The diffused hospitality is defined into the

three models:

These models are structured into different

regeneration. As already underlined in the

features and the resources of every single

that

strategy: landscape of waterfronts, landscape

territory of the Valley of Livo (with the others

landscape of woods, landscape of alpine

variation, transformation). This is due to the high

Among the five proposed models, three of

settlement system that, at the same time, has

to underline and show the relation between

architectural typologies, distribution of inner

context within which the diffused hospitality is

and current conditions of integrity. From the

how the diffused hospitality is able to decline

to reconsider the reuse of this consistent

be related to different typologies of tourists

rather to re-activate small local economies

be defined as diversified and integrated.

supply. In addition to the consideration of the

aims to underline and explain in particular the

this action is also strictly connected to an

Borgo diffuso, Baggio - Monte diffuso.

underlines its importance: the regeneration

that structure and define the selection of these

spaces of relations and collective spaces

area of the Livo Valley through 5 models.

- Firstly the important role of the action of

territorial contexts and characterized by the

definition of the strategy and in the actions

landscape, previously described by the

regeneration plays a central role into the

of terraces, landscape of ancient plantations,

actions of valorization, strengthen, cultural

pastures.

presence of an underused and abandoned

them have been consequently spin off in order

preserved the historical features in terms of

the diffused hospitality and the specific

spaces, materials, construction techniques

developed. In this way itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s possible to show

other side it is supported by the possibility

itself to different conditions and how it could

heritage not only for a residential use, but

supplies, that, as the strategy proposes, could

through the development of a touristic

The differentiation of the models proposed

regeneration related to the settlement system,

models of Argesio - Agriturismo diffuso, Livo -

other interesting and central element that

Three are the main and strongest motivations

of the aggregation spaces. Public spaces,

258

characterize

the

interventions,

the

represent an extremely important element of

of economies and the use of local resources:

activities able to create relation between

the

weaker in the settlement of Livo, Baggio and

for the local population, the creation of spaces

also for this reason they have been selected

the underused built up heritage of Baggio in

Livo, Baggio have a larger percentage of

- Lastly, a third reason is identified in the

become a key element for the proposed

Gravedona - Glamping and Alpe Inghirina -

territory.

different (Gravedona is located on the shore

the project, in which it is possibile to propose

the recovery of terraces of Argesio to activate

tourists and local population. This situation is

integration between services for tourists and

Argesio (in the last one is totally absent) and

and touristic activities of Livo, the recovery of

between the five models proposed. Argesio,

synergy with the owners of the second houses.

spaces where the regeneration could really

consideration of the model proposed for

project and to valorize the resources of the

Rifugio diffuso. In both these contexts, really

Argesio

of the lake, between Dongo and Domaso, Alpe

â&#x20AC;&#x153;monteâ&#x20AC;? of Baggio (accessible only by paths

pastures over the 1500 meters of altitudes)

different contexts within which experiment

an already existing touristic supply: campings

show their functionality, responding to the

shelters in the system of alpine pastures.

and integrated model of diffused hospitality.

models for this contexts could be defined

critical elements that are more in general

supply: they improve and strength an already

of local commercial units, abandonment of

their qualitative consolidation.

of services, physical abandonment.

to develop firstly the previous selected three

dynamics in the three selected models, are

promote the complete introduction of the

which itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s possible to develop the re-ractivation

contexts.

Secondly

the

settlements

rural

productive

infrastructure,

the

(nowadays abandoned), Livo and the small

Inghirina is located in the system of alpine

and mule tracks), represent three similar but

is in fact possibile to identify the presence of

different models of diffused hospitality and

mainly in the area of Gravedona, alpine huts/

definition previously described of a diversified

Exactly for this reason, the two proposed

These three realities share some issues and

as complementary to the existing touristic

recognizable in the entire Valley of Livo: loss

existing network of touristic supply, aiming at

agriculture, depopulation process, reduction

For this reason the priority is to define and

These issues, that find different shapes and

models (Livo, Argesio, Baggio), since they

associated by a series of opportunities over

diffused hospitality in complex and diverse

259

Five models of diffused hospitality

4 1

3 2

The model of diffused hospitality in the lake area takes form in Gravedona, a portion of territory exposed to the lake and crossed by the river, through the proposal of the Glamping. This proposal is a form of niche touristic supply, that aims to offer the traditional camping activities and to be integrated with amenities and services typical of the resort system. The proposal of a touristic supply that works around the glamping wants in this context to take the distances from the traditional camping typologies, identifiable along the Western shore of the Lario, looking for a strong relation with the environment and the nature and offering a more diversified and qualitative supply and choice. The glamping looks for a clear synergy with the surrounding green areas and natural elements, with the aim of creating a complementary system to the others proposed for the valley, enhancing the valorization of green areas, waterfronts and preventing a further artificialization of the lake shore.

1 Figure 1 Source: personal elaboration

260

The Agriturismo diffuso located in Argesio represents an example of tourists supply structured around the possibility to recover the existing system of terraces and to offer to the local farms and producers (or to external actors) the possibility to expand themself and to economically grow. The activation of the agricultural production to regenerate the small abandoned settlement through the cultivation of grapevine, olive groves and the livestock is enhanced redesigning a touristic supply. This one is able to guarantee rooms and dwelling inside a rural settlement in the â&#x20AC;&#x153;mezza costaâ&#x20AC;? landscape. This is the way through which the Agriturismo diffuso takes place, where the presence of rooms and chalet (open to small spaces of aggregations and relations among different functions) is structured into the traditional activities of cultivations, in which the tourists become active part.

AGRITURISMO DIFFUSO = DIFFUSED HOSPITALITY + AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

In the lived settlement of Livo the model of diffused hospitality looks for an integration between the dynamics that already characterize the local community and that have shaped the cultural and the historical traditions of the place. The concept of Borgo diffuso is structured around the goal to guarantee a touristic supply able to activate local economies and to bring benefits to the local population, trying to create attractiveness for residents with new services and small commercial units, strongly integrated with the touristic activities. The large volume of well conserved settlement system becomes an opportunity to be used under the model of albergo diffuso. The borgo diffuso is so structured around a series of services, public spaces, collective activities and dynamics that involve tourists and inhabitants, creating synergies and valorizing the resources of the landscape. In this way it is possible to create integration between the historical residential tissue and the proposed albergo diffuso.

BORGO DIFFUSO = DIFFUSED HOSPITALITY + COLLECTIVE USES + LOCAL SERVICES

4 Different is the situation in the small and isolated “monte” of Baggio, at 900 meters of altitudes. The model of diffused hospitality is in this case structured around the role played by the private owners of the “seconde case”, usually used during the summer season. The possibility that the owners have to regenerate portions of the settlement system, supported by incentives, defines an alternative touristic supply. This is able to host a small number of tourists that are looking for an alternative and specific experience, based on sharing practices and sense of community. The collective activities and the sharing spaces that are managed by the owners “opening” their houses, let the development of this model of diffused hospitality. In this new model one of the goal is to recall the collective traditions that have characterized the mountain culture, strongly based on the essentiality of spaces, material goods and comforts and on sharing values.

MONTE DIFFUSO = DIFFUSED HOSPITALITY + SHARING SPACES

261

5 Into the system of alpine pastures, in the Northern area of the valley, the diffused hospitality is integrated into the system of alpine huts. The recovery of productive functions and the possibility to sleep into the regenerated structures, supported by a series of collective activities that involve the tourist, becomes an opportunity to valorize the ancient and historical alpine practices. The tourist supply is also developed according to the dense network of historical paths. This network moves between huts, pastures, crests and peaks that connects the valley with the province of Sondrio and with the Swiss valleys, strongly populated during the summer seasons.

5.2

Livo Borgo Diffuso

The design concept

Landscape fruition Diffused hospitality

Collective and public uses

Diffused hospitality

Diffused hospitality Figure 2 Source: personal elaboration

BORGO DIFFUSO: goals and project actions BUILT UP HERITAGE Building regeneration (soft or hard) Demolition and reconstruction

Guarantee the recovery of the existing degraded and abandoned built up heritage with historical and arc ral value. This goal is extremely important for the adaptation to the new uses and functions (touristic, serv revitalize the settlement and at the same to guarantee the public safety of citizens.

PUBLIC SPACES Regeneration of existing squares Creation of new spaces of relation Creation of panoramic and equipped points

Restore the role of the public square as space of aggregation, relation and exchange between residents sts, re-activating the functions and the uses of the surrounding abandoned buildings through the promotio physical renovation, according to the historical tissue of the settlement.

Create new spaces of aggregation inside the residential tissues that could be used as places of relation a between the public space and the rooms of the diffused hospitality.

Creation of pedestrian paths

Valorize the landscape views through the creation of equipped areas both for tourists and residents. Thes are part of the proposed thematic path between â&#x20AC;&#x153;aromi, orti e campiâ&#x20AC;? in which is possible to experience in glimpses focused both on small private orchards and far on the open valley

Renovation of existing pedestrian paths

Enhance the pedestrian connections between the different areas of interest, supporting and distributing in homogeneous way the slow mobility in the all settlement of Livo.

Regeneration of pedestrian and car streets Creation of new parking areas Creation of bike sharing areas

Recognize the pedestrian connections (in some case on car streets) that create continuity between the st areas of the settlements that are currently abandoned or degraded. The presence of small and irregular a fundamental to recognize the historical pattern of the settlement. These, even if are in state of degradation rently maintaining historical elements such as forms, design and use of materials.

Enhance the parking areas for tourists outside the settlement in the Northern and Southern part of the sett border, in order to guarantee as much as possible a pedestrian access to the settlement.

Diversify the supply and the use of the paths that surround Livo, different in shape and extension through posal of crossing the territory by feet or by bike.

AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS Creation of collective orchards Restoration of historical plantations (rye, potato)

ACCESSIBILITY Private bus for tourists Driveway and pedestrian accesses Private accesses for residents

Diversify the agricultural landscape of the settlement through the introduction of collective orchards and e of the historical landscape. The orchards, considered into their collective acceptation, aim to propose firs of relation between tourists and residents that could collaborate in the making of products and in collectiv ties. Secondly, collective orchards could be a tool to overcome the land parcelling, spread in the area an general in the mountain territory.

Diversify the agricultural landscape in order to reintroduce the local historical cultivations (rye and potatoe to the strengthen of the local identity of the landscape and of the local community. The cultivated field is also an experimental example where to propose the collaboration and the relation b different stakeholders, and at the same time a sustainable alternative to the activities proposed by the pro diffused hospitality.

Create a system of organized mobility for tourists able to be integrated with the existing public transport s Guarantee the presence of the private bus, in synergy with the creation of external parking areas and red car traffic into the settlement, in order to enhance the pedestrian accesses and limited driveway accesses edges of the settlement to protect the historical tissue).

264

chitectuvices) to

and tourion of their

and filter

se areas nteresting

n an

trategic alleys is n, are cur-

tlement

h the pro-

elements stly a form ve activind more in

es) aimed

Legend

between oject of

existing elements Areas of fields Mixed woods of broad-leaved tree

systems. ducing the s (on the

Orchards and private gardens Livo water stream Public buildings

Figure 3 Source: personal elaboration

265

PUBLIC SPACES: project indications

Regeneration of existing squares

Creation of new spaces of relationa

-Substitute the existing pavement currently characterized by concrete blocks, using the stone, in particular “luserna” (small blocks, sheets), eventually associated with the granite. Simple and clear design that recalls the historical essentiality of these places and that follows the alignments of the streets, alleys and buildings -Introduce urban furniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, tables and night lights -Annex the abandoned and open private spaces to the public squares in order to create a unique and homogeneous space.

-Create new pavements in the fallow spaces in the internal courts of the buildings complex for the diffused hospitality, always using local stone (“luserna”, granite) -Introduce urban furniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, tables and night lights

Creation of panoramic and equipped points

Creation of pedestrian paths

-Create new pavements in the fallow spaces to create paths and landscape views areas, using permeable materials such as gravel -Plant local trees and bushes species following the typologies present in the small private gardens (Campanula Ranieri, Cytisus emeriflorus, Physoplexis comosa, Carex baldensis, Rhaponticum scariosum, Paeonia officinali, Viola pinnata, Minuartia capillacea, Gentiana alpina Potentilla caulescens, Androsace brevis) -Introduce urban furniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, tables and night lights

-Create new pavements related to the context in which they are realized: clay court for the paths inside the fields, gravel or land for the paths in the collective orchards, land altered to small pieces of woods for the path in the wood. -Introduce urban furniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, tables

Regeneration of pedestrian and car streets

Regeneration of existing pedestrian paths

-Substitute the existing pavement with blocks of cls, using the stone, in particular luserna (small blocks, sheets), eventually associated with the granite. Simple and clear design that recalls the historical essentiality and geometries of the buildings

-Arrange the existing stone pavement in the alleys, preserving the design and the use of materials

Creation of new parking areas

Creation of bike sharing areas

-Create new pavement using only one material (gravel), following the essentiality of the surrounding fields areas. -Plant local trees species -Place the parking areas in the external areas of the settlement or on the edges, in order to enhance the pedestrian mobility in the center

-Substitute the existing pavement using stone, following the intervention suggested in the public squares -Introduce urban forniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, platform roofs

266

Higher panoramic point

Courtyard in the settlement Panoramic aroma area

Courtyard with lake view

Church square

Central square

Access square

Legend

existing elements Figure 4 Source: personal elaboration

Project buildings with public functions 267

View on the main central public square

Regenerated building

Stone pavements: luserna, granite

Regenerated building

Urban fornitures

Figure 5 Source: personal elaboration

268

View on the panoramic aroma area

Urban forniture: seats, benches, informative panel

Plantation of typical and local trees species

Pavement with small blocks of luserna and granite sheets

Gravel pavement

Figure 6 Source: personal elaboration

269

BUILT UP HERITAGE: project indications

Building regeneration (soft or hard) -Preserve the historical and original elements of the buildings subjected to interventions: stone facades, stone cornices and vaults, fixtures, architraves, walkways, arcades, woods loft of chestnut and larch, gneiss covers, wall frescos and pictures -Preserve the internal distribution of spaces typical of rural buildings, developed on two levels, above all for the buildings designated to the overnight, re-adapting their uses and functions -Preserve the morphological and typological features of the buildings -Preserve the original dimensions, and, when needed for light reasons, create new openings following a coherent design related to the facade -Allocate the ground floors of the buildings facing the squares or the internal courts to collective and general services or to commercial activities, in order to guarantee a direct relation to the public spaces

15 14 10-11-12-13 5 6 3 7 4

Demolition and reconstruction

-Rebuilt the buildings following the shape and the dimension of the demolished buildings -Choose materials, forms and colors coherent with the context -Support an essential and clear design, following the construction typologies of the surrounding buildings -Allocate the ground floors of the buildings facing the squares or the internal courts to collective and general services or to commercial activities, in order to guarantee a direct relation to the public spaces -Innovate with traditional materials

Figure 7 Source: personal elaboration

270

19 18 16-1

3-4

10-11-12-13

16-17

Buildings involved in the action of regenerati Figure 8-24 Source: personal elaboration

271

Distribution and organization of project functions and uses

18 7

19 23 5 17

22 20

4 6

3 12 13 2 14 15 16

â&#x20AC;&#x153;borgoâ&#x20AC;?

Building typologies chalet

The all building is used for one apartment, organized on more levels

5 6

18 17

11 13 1415 19 16

1 2 7

1 5

5 43 2 1 6

Services

Agricultural activities

Figure 25 Source: personal elaboration

272

Overnight

Commercial activities

rooms

The building is divided into different rooms only at the upper levels, while the ground floor is used for collective services

5 4

â&#x20AC;&#x153;panoram

apartment

The building is divided into different apartments

9 1

9 10 12

ma”

OVERNIGHT dwellings, collective services “borgo” 1 2 3 4.5.6 7 8.9 10 11 12 13.14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES “panorama”

360 m3 = 3 people 810 m3 = 6 people 300 m3 = 2 people 1000 m3 = 7 people 756 m3 = 5 people 1170 m3 = 8 people 588 m3 = 4 people 288 m3 = 2 people 288 m3 = 2 people 384 m3 = 3 people 294 m3 = 2 people 252 m3 = 2 people 756 m3 = 4 people 390 m3 = 3 people 540 m3 = 4 people 200 m3 = 2 people 200 m3 = 2 people 396 m3 = 3 people 240 m3 = 2 people

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

65 PEOPLE

400 m3 = 4 people 470 m3 = 4 people 300 m3 = 2 people 300 m3 = 2 people 500 m3 = 4 people 800 m3 = 7 people 288 m3 = 2 people 675 m3 = 5 people 216 m3 = 2 people 336 m3 = 2 people 336 m3 = 2 people 288 m3 = 2 people 300 m3 = 2 people 288 m3 = 2 people 288 m3 = 2 people 528 m3 = 4 people 216 m3 = 2 people 336 m3 = 3 people 336 m3 = 3 people

1.2.3.4.5 780 m3: laboratories of production of rye and collective activites for tourists 6.7.8 966 m3: deposit of agricultural tools of collective orchards and fields of rye and potato

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

216 m3: bar 700 m3: restaurant 144 m3: newsstand 270 m3: bakery 270 m3: buildings related to the restaurant 360 m3: buildings related to the restaurant 210 m3: butcher 240 m3: fruit seller

SERVICES 1 2 3 4 5 6

2000 m3: municipal hall 1224 m3: reception 756 m3: public collective room: ping pong, bar,pool 360 m3: library and lecture room 288 m3: infopoint, tour area 990 m3: museum of rye and chestnut

54 PEOPLE

FUNCTIONS VARIATION

residential 77%

77%

commercial activities 0,4%

Current situation

0,6%

abandoned heritage 1%

3,2 %

22%

9,2%

tourism

Future situation

services

9,6%

+12,8 % of regenerated building heritage

+ 9,6 % of new touristic spaces

AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS: project indications

production (not for food)

production from grain

Creation of collective orchards

to flour

-Design collective parcels, overcoming the problem of land parcelling and avoiding the fences between parcels -Create edges picket fences of the entire areas or reusing the local traditional typologies -Create internal paths of distribution -Think about up/down loading areas of goods close to driveway accesses

Restoration of historical plantations (rye, potato) -Design collective agricultural fields, overcoming the problem of land parcelling -Create access paths for people and agricultural vehicles.

manuring

seeding

August/September

plowing July

harvesting July

manuring

manuring July

reinforcem

274

Figure 26 Source: personal elaboration

use

sell

bakery

storage

collecting

manual

Triennal rotation

harvester

arvesting July

treshing

year 1: rye year 2: rye year 3: potato

reusing

A. Rye field

animal feed

straw

grain

17.000 m2 255 kg needed fertilizer (15 kg/1000 m2) 2000 kg cultivated rye 1800 kg dried rye (-15%) market: grain: 1 â&#x201A;Ź/kg; farina: 2,5 â&#x201A;Ź/kg

B. Potato field

seeding

17.000 m2 5000 kg needed fertilizer

March/April

ment

275

Territorial section of the thematic path

Figure 27 Source: personal elaboration

276

277

5.3

Argesio Agriturismo Diffuso

The design concept

Diffused hospitality

Agriturismo diffuso

Diffused hospitality

Figure 28 Source: personal elaboration

Agricultural production

AGRITURISMO DIFFUSO: goals and project actions BUILT UP HERITAGE Building regeneration (soft or hard) Demolition and reconstruction

Guarantee the recovery of the existing degraded and abandoned built up heritage with historical and arc value. This is extremely important for the introduction of new uses and functions (touristic, agricultural) to the settlement of Argesio, currently totally abandoned

PUBLIC SPACES Creation of the main central public square Creation of new spaces of relation

Create the central public square as space of aggregation, relation and exchange between tourists, local p tion and agricultural farms, activating new functions in the surrounding buildings currently abandoned. Th promote their physical regeneration following the historical tissue of the settlement

Creation of a new parking area

Create new spaces of aggregation between the public space, the pedestrian streets/alleys and the speci ces of the buildings for agritouristic activities. These spaces could be considered semi-public because th an extension of the buildings, delimited in terms of space and use

Renovation of existing pedestrian paths

Create a new parking area close to the Southern edge of the Agriturismo diffuso, at the end of the car stre close to the central square, in order to guarantee an easy and safe access both for tourists and for rural w

Recognize the traces of the historical existing pedestrian paths currently abandoned or degraded that ch ze the network of the settlement, totally abandoned

AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS Recovery of terraces

Recognize the presence of the system of terraces in a state of abandonment and degradation, that chara the Southern portion of the settlement of Argesio, giving value to an historical and cultural form of land use

Introduction of fruit trees and grapevine culti-

Introduce new fruit cultivations such as olive trees and grapevine in order to expand the contemporary tre generally growing on the Western shore of the Lario, able to activate local economies and support the ag production and livestock linked to the functioning of the “agriturismo”.

vations Creation of livestock spaces

Creation of new areas for livestock close to the regenerated buildings in the Eastern portion of the settlem to the area with recovered terraces. The goal is to complete the role of the “agriturismo”, as well as to acti local food production

ACCESSIBILITY Private bus for tourists

Guarantee the presence of a private bus in synergy with the creation of the new parking areas with the aim create an alternative to the use of the car to access to the area

One-way-traffic driveways

Split the access road to the settlement in 2 portions: the first one as car street (from Peglio to Argesio) and second one as private street for agricultural vehicles (from Argesio along the street that reaches the terrac order to avoid congestion between the touristic flows and the workers one

280

Legend

existing elements Areas of fields Mixed woods of broad-leaved tree

chitectural revitalize

River Cultivated areas

populahis can

ific spahey are

eet and workers

haracteri-

acterize e

end that is gricultural

ment, next ivate a

m to

d the ces) in

Figure 29 Source: personal elaboration

281

PUBLIC SPACES: project indications

Creation of the main central public square

Creation of new spaces of relation

-Create new pavements in the fallow spaces using local stone (“luserna”, granite). Simple and clear design that recalls the essentiality and the history of the place -Introduce urban furniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, tables and night lights

-Create new pavements of the pedestrian existing paths, currently characterized by grass cover, using local stone (“luserna”, granite) with a simple and clear design that recalls the alignments and the geometries of public spaces and buildings -Introduce urban furniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, tables and night lights

Regeneration of existing pedestrian paths

Creation of a new parking area

-Create new pavements in the fallow spaces using local stone (“luserna”, granite), in order to guarantee accessibility -Leave some portions of field free in order to create collective outdoor spaces -Introduce urban furniture such as benches, informative panels, seats, tables and night lights in relation to the functions and use of the buildings

-Create new pavement using only gravel, following the essentiality of the surroundings field areas -Assign part of the parking area to the bike sharing, due to its strategic position compared to the thematic path of the terraces

Territorial section of the public space system

Figure 31 Source: personal elaboration

282

Legend

existing elements

Central public square

Groundfloors with public project functions

Space for collectvie activities related to buildings uses

Figure 30 Source: personal elaboration

283

BUILT UP HERITAGE: project indications

Building regeneration (soft or hard) -Preserve the historical and original elements of the buildings subjected to interventions: stone facades, stone cornices and vaults, fixtures, architraves, walkways, arcades, woods loft of chestnut and larch, gneiss covers -Preserve the internal distribution of spaces typical of rural buildings, developed on two levels, above all for the buildings designated to the overnight, re-adapting their use and functions -Preserve the morphological and typological features of the buildings -Preserve the original dimensions, and, when needed for light reasons, create new openings following a coherent design related to the facade -Allocate the ground floors of the buildings facing the squares to collective services or to commercial activities, in order to guarantee a direct relation to the public spaces -Preserve, enhance and design, where necessary, the raised connections between buildings

1-2-3 15

4 6 5 8 7

Demolition and reconstruction -Rebuilt the building following the shape and the dimension of the demolished building -Choose materials, forms and colors coherent with the context -Support an essential and clear design, following the construction typology of the surrounding buildings -Allocate the ground floors of the buildings facing the squares to collective and general services or to commercial activities, in order to guarantee a direct relation to the public spaces -Innovate with traditional materials. -Rebuild the building upgrading with maximum three levels (max height of Argesio buildings) in cases of absences of spaces -Connect building with similar function with raised gangways that recall the existing ones

Figure 32 Source: personal elaboration

284

9 12

14 11

1-2-3

Buildings involved in the action of regeneration 285

Figure 33-48 Source: personal elaboration

2 1

4 3

Commercial activities

Distribution and organization of project functions and uses

3 4

Building typologies

Overnight

Services

chalet

The all building is used for one apartment, organized on more levels

rooms

The building is divided into different rooms only at the upper levels, while the ground floor is used for collective services

Figure 49 Source: personal elaboration

Agricultural activities

286

4 3

OVERNIGHT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

144 m3 = 2 people 270 m3 = 2 people 315 m3 = 3 people 378 m3 = 3 people 225 m3 = 2 people 270 m3 = 2 people 270 m3 = 2 people 324 m3 = 3 people 180 m3 = 2 people 144 m3 = 2 people 216 m3 = 2 people 226 m3 = 2 people

1 2 3 4

700 m3: Productive buildings for livestock 430 m3: Productive buildings for livestock 502 m3: Offices for bureaucratic activities of the farm 502 m3: Deposit tools and material of agricultural activities

SERVICES 1 2 3 4 5

700 m3: info point, reception, meetin room, event room 230 m3: Collective activities: cooking 430 m3: Collective activities: harvesting and cultivation 190 m3: Collective activities: workshops 150 m3: Collective activities: sport and free time

COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES 1.2 171 m3: restaurant 3.4 162 m3: bar

27 PEOPLE

FUNCTIONS VARIATION

agricultural activities 0%

Current situation

100 %

24 %

+ 25,3 % of agricultural spaces

42 %

abandoned heritage

services

Future situation

30 %

commercial activities

tourism

+ 100 % of regenerated abandoned heritage

AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL AREAS: project indications

Recovery of terraces -Rebuild the dry stone walls currently in a state of abandonment or degradation, using local materials -Clean, manage and prepare the soil for cultivation functions

Introduction of fruit trees and grapevine cultivations -Design collective parcels, overcoming the problem of parcelling land -Create access pedestrian paths that run through the agricultural areas

Creation of livestock spaces -Assign livestock and pasture areas close to productive buildings for the activities related to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;agriturismoâ&#x20AC;?, and at the same time make them accessible by the local population

Figure 50 Source: personal elaboration

288

View on the recovered system of terraces

Regenerated building

Recovered terrace

Recovered terrace New plantations: olive trees, grape vine

Breeding

Figure 51 Source: personal elaboration

289

New plantations: olive trees, grape vine

5.4

Baggio Rifugio Diffuso

The design concept

Living spaces of vacation houses

Diffused hospitality

Spaces of relations and aggregations

Figure 52 Source: personal elaboration

MONTE DIFFUSO: goals, actions and project indications Building regeneration (soft or hard) -Preserve the historical and original elements of the buildings subjected to interventions: stone facades, stone cornices and vaults, fixtures, architraves, walkways, arcades, woods loft of chestnut and larch, gneiss covers -Preserve the internal distribution of spaces typical of rural buildings, developed on two levels, re-adapting their uses and functions -Preserve the morphological and typological features of the buildings -Organize the accesses of the buildings directly on the central space of relations

Guarantee the recovery of the existing built up heritage in state of abandonment and degradation to new uses and functions (touristic) in synergy with the prevalent seasonal residential use. The change of p buildings into touristic one is not only related to the attempt to reduce the seasonality of the presences lim summer period, but also to boost the sense of belonging and identity between the owners of the houses the enhancement of the community.

Creation of new spaces of relation -Rebuilt the dry stone walls used for the creation of the main public pedestrian axis of the settlement -Involve the spaces of pertinence of the private buildings for the creation of a single collective space, recalling the collective traditions -introduce minimal furniture such as seats, benches close to the fields areas, in the Southern part of the settlement

Create a one single space of relation and aggregation able to enhance the model of diffused hospitality, the use of collective spaces and the involvement of tourists and owners. The definition of a central and tr space works as element of connection between the buildings and at the same time creates a link between that comes from Dangri (South) and the one that runs into the Val Darengo

Territorial section of the central public space Figure 54 Source: personal elaboration

292

Figure 53 Source: personal elaboration

introduce part of the mited to the as well as

based on ransversal n the paths

Legend

existing elements Areas of fields Mixed woods of broad-leaved trees

Distribution and organization of project functions and uses

OVERNIGHT

RESIDENTIAL

1.2.3.4. 5040 m3: portion of building 5.6.7.8. used as second hosues is transformed into collective spaces to guarantee essential services

360 m3 = 3 people 320 m3 = 2 people 280 m3 = 2 people 336 m3 = 2 people 432 m3 = 4 people 240 m3 = 2 people 336 m3 = 2 people 240 m3 = 2 people 288 m3 = 2 people

Overnight

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

21 PEOPLE

5 6 4 2

38 %

tuorism 0%

62 %

Figure 55 Source: personal elaboration

Current situation

22 %

The building is divided into different rooms with sanitary services, but without kitchen or similar service, that are present in a collective form in the buildings used by local population

Figure x Source: personal elaboration

1-2 3

40 %

+ 22 % of touristic spaces

Reg b

14-15

abandoned heritage

Future situation

rooms

Residential

residential

Building typologies

FUNCTIONS VARIATION

4 16

9 17

12 10-11

+ 22 % of regenerated abandoned heritage

Buildings involved action of regenera Figure 56-72 Source: personal elaboration

1-2

14-15

generated building

10-11

3 16

d in the ation

295

View on the central public space

Regenerated building

Spaces of relations

Dry stone walls

Figure 73 Source: personal elaboration

5 6 7

Appendix of case studies 299

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project “Albergo diffuso Corippo”, Valle Verzasca, CH Geographical features and localization

has grown vertically with regularity till the

in the Northern part of the Verzasca Valley,

The surrounding territory of the valley is

district of Locarno, up to 563 meters.

rural and temporary settlements.

economically depends from the city of

the other marginal territories of the Alps, this

of services, the low accessibility and the

of degradation (reforestation, low maintenance

brought Corippo to be subjected to a process

degradation of terraces).

The small settlement of Corippo is located

1300 meters.

Canton Ticino (CH), more precisely into the

characterized by the presence of 50 small

The municipality has 13 inhabitants and

Nowadays, following what is happening in

Locarno, 15 km far from it. The distance

landscape is subjected to strong phenomena

absence of activities are the causes that

of woods, abandonment of fruit trees and

of shrinkage in the last 50 years.

From an architectural point of view Corippo

Environmental and landscape context

in the Verzasca Valley. Its tissue is extremely

by high environmental and landscape values.

along an horizontal pedestrian axis linked by

most evident traces of human activities,

historical buildings (that preserve traditional

productive.

The square represents the most important

terraced landscape, followed by the sporadic

Historical presences are also visible in the

cherry trees and by the system of open fields,

edges of Corippo: the chapels of Crosetta,

Corgello is the highest settlement of the

storage for the chestnuts drying, the ancient

appears as the most preserved settlement

The municipality of Corippo is characterized

compact and the settlement is distributed

Terraces and dry stone walls are one of the

smaller paths, allowing the access to the rural

made in order to make the soil cultivable and

materials).

Chestnut groves were distributed around this

public space of Corippo.

presence of walnuts, apple trees, pear trees,

cultural and religious elements located on the

located on the edges of the agricultural fields.

Serta, Ponte di Liano, the bread bakeries, the

territory, part of a system of “monti” that

wild mills.

300

origin to the so called Landscape Project

The project

In the 1975 the Corippo Foundation has

(“Progetto di Paesaggio”).

the

Participation/stakeholders/investments

developed a project in order to reduce phenomena

abandonment

that

degradation

characterize

and

such

The Corippo Foundation plays a central role

valuable architectural and cultural context.

in the development of the “Albergo diffuso

diffuso” inside the settlement, involving the

management point of view. From 1976 to

One of the key points of the project is to

main actor of all the projects related to this

necessary ones: collective spaces (showers,

composed by the Old Swiss Confederacy, the

the rooms are more spread in the settlement.

The most important activities managed by

ones that belong to the Foundation, to obtain

dwellings (to reduce the real estate of vacation

service and the recovery of the restaurant

hosts the restaurant and other units outside

a multifunctional buildings. The “albergo

created a series of public infrastructures such

flexible, with the possibility to upgrade the

parkings, electricity lines. The Foundation

through a mechanism of reinterpretation of the

church, chapels, paths and some residential

The project aims to develop an “albergo

Corippo” under the economic, financial and

vacant, abandoned or underused buildings.

2004 the Foundation has been active as

offer services that are the minimal and the

small settlement. The Foundation is mainly

services, food service) are centralized while

Canton Ticino, the municipality of Corippo.

The first buildings to be regenerated are the

the foundation are related to purchase of

dwellings-rooms composed by small sanitary

houses, the purchase of the building that

with its transformation and adaptation into

the settlement. The Foundation has also

diffuso” has the strong value to be extremely

as the recovery of the water deposit, covered

dwellings-rooms without impact modifications,

has lastly financed the recovery of windmill,

settlement. The goal of the project is in fact to

buildings.

houses into rooms for the “albergo diffuso”,

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

with the private owners.

many similarities with the strategic project

series of interventions proposed in synergy

in which the settlement of Corippo is located,

integrate, in a long term vision, the vacation

The project “Albergo diffuso Corippo” has

through specific relations and partnerships One of the central element of the project is a

for the Valley of Livo. First of all the context

with the surrounding landscape, that gives

characterized by an high landscape value, is

301

Corippo: the settlement and the system of terraces

Corippo: perspective on traditional materials

Figure 1 Source: https://www.fondazionecorippo.ch/

Figure 2 Source: https://www.fondazionecorippo.ch/

in the same way recognizable in the Valley

of the chestnut grove and the recovery of

the case study is the model of the “albergo

finalized to the involvement of the users of the

actions for the landscape in order to propose

territory, following the traces of the local and

the local identity. The interventions on the

An other element of strength is the position

of the plantations, as well as the maintenance

between local and sovra local stakeholders.

of Livo. The key element in the selection of

the historical productive infrastructure are

diffuso” and a series of complementary

“albergo diffuso”, who permanently act on the

touristic activities related to the territory and

traditional alpine culture.

recovery of the terraces and the reactivation

occupied by the Foundation in the relation

302

Corippo: perspective on historical path

Corippo: perspective on historical building

Figure 3 Source: https://www.fondazionecorippo.ch/

Figure 4 Source: https://www.fondazionecorippo.ch/

The presence of the Foundation has however

based on market of local products. The

These, differently from what was defined,

recovery and regeneration of the rural and

definition of the initiative. A following risk is the

the development of economies that are not

influenced the typologies of interventions.

missed

didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t involve the local population in the

agricultural system creates the possibility to

missed involvement of companies and society

resilient, totally related to the tourists supply.

related to the agricultural system (terraces,

ryes, fruit trees). These stakeholders played a central role in the creation of a local economy

303

organization

intervention,

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project “Progetto Curzutt”, Monte Carasso, CH Curzutt: the small settlement of Curzutt and the surrounding wine yards

Figure 5 Source: http://www.curzutt.ch/IT/Benvenuti-c3dfab00

Curzutt: perspective on some buildings of the settlement

Figure 6 Source: http://www.curzutt.ch/IT/Benvenuti-c3dfab00

304

Geographical features and localization

one that has preserved the historical and

the “mezza costa” on the Collina Alta in the

(“piode”) and the distribution of spaces.

of Bellinzona (Canton Ticino). The settlement,

practices have prevented the cancellation of

the cable railway, has preserved the historical

characterized

subjected to a process of degradation and

chestnut groves, fragmentation of historical

The rural settlement of Curzutt is located at

traditional features: stone walls, stone roofs

municipality of Monte Carasso, in the district

Even if the few but still alive presences of rural

accessible only by pedestrian routes or by

the rural system, the entire area is nowadays

features, but in the last 50 years has been

degradation:

abandonment, that had strong negative

paths.

consequences on the surrounding landscape.

strong

reforestation,

phenomena alteration

The project

The project started in the 1998 with the

Environmental and landscape context

The landscape features of Curzutt have

construction of the Curzutt and S. Barnard

costa” landscape in the Lombardy area of

develop initiatives able to reactivate the

elements,

Specifically the main interventions were

pastures, in which the agricultural practices

buildings to transform them into an hostel for

present, able to guarantee the alpine milk and

agricultural activities; the creation of the water

The area is located above the valley floor

absence of water sources in the territory; the

presence of small and scattered settlements,

of hills; the construction of the cable railway

(defined historical national monument). This

of transport to reach the settlement and the

of an historical system of paths, that makes

Many micro interventions on the historical

In this system of settlements Curzutt is the

recovery of paths, dry stone walls and the

many similarities identifiable in the “mezza

Foundation. Its aim was to promote and

Prealps. The most important is the richness

district of Collina Alta di Monte Carasso.

characterized

and

oriented towards: the purchase of some rural

and the livestock of sheep and goat is still

teenagers; the recovery of rural buildings for

cheese production.

pipes to carry the water in the area due to the

of Bellinzona, and it’s characterized by the

creation of the electric lines in the all system

distributed around the church of San Bernardo

Monte Carasso-Mornera as the only way

area is strongly characterized by the presence

higher altitudes.

the small settlements connected.

productive infrastructures have led to the

environmental

and

natural

chestnut

groves

305

and grapevines. At the same time a series

touristic fruition related to the territory and to

agricultural systems have allowed the recovery

settlement and the main intervention to create

and the maintenance of abandoned chestnut

the interventions made on the environmental

collective initiatives have followed the physical

These ones aim to enhance the touristic

the presence of events, manifestations and

the recovery of the historical elements of the

of interventions on the environmental and

the local identity. The recovery of the rural

of 150.000 mq of pastures, the revitalization

the hostel for teenagers are complementary to

groves. The development of social and

and surrounding landscape.

intervention previously described, through

flows and to generate attractiveness through

collective activities.

territory.

These collective activities were designed

Participation/stakeholders/investments The

Curzutt

Foundation

represents

both for tourists and for the local populations, school and volunteers.

the

main and central actor in the project.

An other element of strength of the project is

interventions

interest that took place in the project, as well as

The implementation and the funds of the

the complexity and the diversification of the

diversified presence of different investors,

the coordination of the different stakeholders:

municipality of Monte Carasso, Canton Ticino,

The good result of the proposed interventions

and

the

on the area. Many initiatives related to the

number of sponsors and investors such as the

followed the project, such as the project

the Swiss Foundation for the preservation of

Carasso become main actor.

took

place

thanks

the

both private and public, such as the

national , local, private and public.

the Confederacy, volunteering stakeholders

has generated an increasing attractiveness

Foundation is supported by an exigent

touristic valorization of the territory have

National Swiss Fund for the landscape and

Carasc, within which the municipality of Monte

the landscape.

Into the dimension of this new project

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

a Tibetan bridge on the Valle Sementina

the recovery of the settlement of Curzutt is

chestnut grove that, parallel to the recovery

diffusoâ&#x20AC;?. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s based on an articulated system of

agricultural system in the mountains.

local

cooperatives.

Nowadays

the Foundation proposed the creation of

Differently from the case study of Corippo,

and the recovery of other 250.000 mq of

not directly based on the model of â&#x20AC;&#x153;albergo

of the pastures, will boost the presence of the

306

Curzutt: details of a degraded historical building

Figure 7 Source: http://www.curzutt.ch/IT/Benvenuti-c3dfab00

Curzutt: perspective on regenerated buildings that have preserved their historical features

Figure 8 Source: http://www.curzutt.ch/IT/Benvenuti-c3dfab00

307

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project “Valorizzazione cereali minori di montagna in Provincia di Brescia. Esperienze dalla Valle Camonica” Geographical features and localization

valley, as in the entire territory, the rye

part of the Brescia Province, that is spread

process followed the general process of

Similar to other alpine territories, also in this

to the demise of the useful seed for mountain

has produced the abandonment of local

were not compatible with the alpine climate.

the simplification of the rural landscape. This

in the valley floor and the upgrade of the

natural biodiversity and a loss of the identity

the loss and the abandonment of mountain

Val Camonica Valley is located in the Northern

cultivation started to be abandoned. This

from the Iseo Lake to the edges of Alps.

collapse of the first sector, and it’s also related

valley the collapse of mountain agriculture

territories, substituted by new varieties that

practices and cultures and at the same time

Secondly the growth of agricultural activities

has brought to an impoverishment of the

urban living conditions definitely defined

and collective sense typical of these places.

agriculture.

Environmental and landscape context

The project

Oglio river and it represents a context with

Community of Val Camonica and supported

landscape and environmental variety. For

reintroduce the mountain cereal cultivations

such as other valleys in the province, was

experiment offers a possibility to enrich the

of rye, buckwheat and barley. The fields

also the food sector related to restaurants and

of terraces and were extended from the area

the historical and cultural identity. The project

of maggenghi. From the 50s of 1900 in this

abandoned agricultural areas, in the territory

The project, promoted by the Mountain

The Val Camonica is extended along the a strong natural values, with a richness of

by the Mountain Study Center, aims to

what concern the case study, Val Camonica,

such as rye, buckwheat and barley. This

in the past characterized by the cultivation

agricultural supply of the valley, enhancing

cultivated by rye were located on a system

agriturismi, in order to preserve and valorize

close to the settlement till the upper territories

selected a series of pilot fields out of some

308

of 11 municipalities (Gianico, Dargo, Boario,

resistance to different kinds of environmental

di Ponte, Cevo, Malonno, Paisco, Loveno,

cold

The experiment has been divided in two

other significative element are the different

all the phases has been monitored: seeding,

the project, that made possible the creation

phases the rye have been dried in order to

different actors, both private and public.

Borno, Paspardo, Losine, Niardo, Capo

stresses. This means that the rye cultivation

Corteno Golgi) for a total surface of 2,10 ha.

characterized by lower index of fertility. An

periods (2008-2009 and 2009-2010) in which

typologies of collaborations presented in

manuring, harvesting, plowing. After these

of a rural productive infrastructure, involving

produce bread and pasta.

In these typology of project itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s extremely

Participation/stakeholders/investments

to be a specific agricultural experiment, but

Mountain Community of Val Camonica with

related to he flour production, bread and pasta

Many small actors have been involved for the

This is a strong incentive for local farms and

rye, starting from the soil preparation till the

the related local product as a way to strength

experimented

also

soils

important that the rye cultivation is not limited

The project has been proposed by the

it should be able to activate local economies

the support of the Mountain Study Center.

preparation and the selling on local markets.

creation of the productive infrastructure of the

farmers, but also a useful tool able to valorize

sell of local products. In particular the farmers,

the local and cultural identity.

the researchers, bread makers, schools and universities have contributed to the realization of the project.

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

This case study, specifically related to the

historical mountain cultivations, is extremely important

because

demonstrates

the

success and the efficacy of the reintroduction of cereals in abandoned fields. Considering

the differences related to the geographic contexts, such as expositions, climate, soil

composition, the cereal of rye showed a strong

309

le se si vuole eliminare il cotico erboso e/o molte piante infestanti. Successivamente, dopo una fresatura di 10-15 cm, il terreno è stato piallato e preparato per il let-

to di semina. Tale operazione è stata effettuata dai primi di ottobre fino alla metà del mese di novembre nei campi posti a Campo prima della semina: Capo di Ponte quote inferiori.

The agricultural field before the process of seeding

Example of seminated agricultural field

Figure 9 Source: http://www.saporidivallecamonica.it/

Figure 10 Source: http://www.saporidivallecamonica.it/

“Valorizzazione cereali minori di montagna in provincia di Brescia”

Campoprocess: prima della semina:combine Capo di Ponte The harvesting the mechanical harvester

ESPERIENZE DALLA VALLE CAMONICA

Inconveniente, affi oramento Example of one of the tools used in the process to obtainsassi rye per effetto Campo seminato: Losine località “Rocal” flour di un’eccessiva fresatura: Capo di Ponte

Quantità di semente: generalmente la quantità di semente più appropriata si ritiene compresa tra 130 e 150 kg/ha, normalmente vengono distribuiti 13-15 kg ogni 1.000 m², in relazione al peso della cariosFigure 11 Source: http://www.saporidivallecamonica.it/ Mietitrebbia in fase di raccolta

Figure 12 Source: http://www.saporidivallecamonica.it/

Cam

side, frum Tale nend più a

- 17 -

La mietitrebbia è una macchina che realiz- dimensione dei semi. za con una sola passata in campo l’intero Una mietitrebbiatura mal eseguita provociclo della lavorazione: dal seminato: taglio di culmiLosine ca riduzioni di produzione 310 Campo località “Rocal”per sgranatuCampoMulino seminato rullato: Darfo Boario località “Digione” del Consorzio dellaeCastagna di Valle Camonica (fusti della pianta nei cereali) alla trebbia- ra, infestazione dei campi e ottenimento tura. Sono macchine complesse e perfezio- di un prodotto qualitativamente inferiore, della Valtellina. A differenza del frumento, nuto in sali minerali. In ordine decrescente nate per adattarsi a ogni condizione lavora- più difficile da conservare. La raccolta è la segale contiene un glutine con bassa at- contiene: fosforo, potassio, magnesio, cal-

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project “Recupero della borgata di Varda e rifugio diffuso”, Noasca, Piedmont Geographical features and localization

trace of the ancient human activities, followed

that belong to the municipality of Noasca.

still preserves rural traces of the alpine

Piedmont.

and thick, due to the attempt to have larger

by feet, has a resident population of 197

buildings are made by stone and wood.

fractions, that over the time suffered important

The project

Varda is one of the small numerous settlements

by the open fields, The settlement system

It’s located in the Northern-Western part of

architecture: the building tissue is often dense

The settlement of Noasca, accessibly only

fields for agricultural activities and usually

people, that is distributed into the numerous

The project of “rifugio diffuso” is characterized

phenomena of abandonment.

by the choice to develop a proposal of light

Environmental and landscape context

tourism (culture, hiking, sports, food, local

National Park of Gran Paradiso and to the

This typology of tourism aims to be compatible

of Mountain Community of Orco and Noasca.

that should be considered the resource to

arduous areas and all the settlements are

The goals of the project are: to enhance the

to a plain surrounded by fields and delimitated

of the natural environment; to recovery and

At the upper altitudes it’s still active the

defend and preserve the biodiversity; to boost

The settlement of Noasca belongs to the

identity).

Sentiero Natura, inside the aree of competence

with the capacity of the environmental system,

The territory is characterized by wild and

develop a model of sustainable tourism.

located in the mezza costa landscape, close

touristic supply of the valle through the respect

by dry stone walls and small irrigation canals.

valorize the historical and cultural heritage: to

system of alpine pastures, thanks to the work

a social-economic development.

Recupero degli Alpeggi). At the lower altitude

The idea on which the “rifugio diffuso” is based

done by the specific Recovery Plan (Piano di

starts from the opportunity to create new

the system of terraces represents another

311

touristic structures into the small settlements,

pedestrian access by mule track, creation of

but using the existing ones. This model

cable transport).

the different settlements spread in the valley.

Participation/stakeholders/investments

territories characterized by a huge presence

project are the Municipality of Noasca, the

could be defined as a sort of “albergo diffuso

Community and the private small actors. The

To the strategic proposal it belongs also

responsible to the purchase, regeneration and

infrastructure of the alpine milk. This idea starts

into units for the “rifugio diffuso”. It’s also the

in the Valley of Roc and Ciamosseretto.

management and the maintenance of the

includes all the phases that are related to milk

back a small percentage.

alpine pastures, milk production, product

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

valorizing and reactivating this infrastructure

similarity to the context of the Valley of Livo.

and preservation, creating a strong tool to

accessible only by feet on a mule track. Similar

to attract potential investors.

Baggio, place where is proposed a project of

buildings (materials, energetic efficiency,

target of tourist, who is interested in a different

(production

sanitary

for the beauty of landscape, hiking and the

accessibility (different options were proposed:

far from the services of the urban areas. A

car street, small railway system, creation of a

avoiding the construction of new buildings, proposes a displacement of the units into

The main stakeholders involved in the

For this reason is a model that fits with the

of historical and local heritage and this model

National Park of Gran Paradiso, the Mountain

orizzontale”.

Municipality, that is the leading actor, it’s

the reactivation of the rural productive

recovery of the buildings to be transformed

from the presence of many active alpeggi

actor that gives to private stakeholders the

The productive infrastructure of the milk

rifugio diffuso for a 20 years period, receiving

production: choose of livestock, selection of

This project underlines many elements of

distribution. Central topic is the concept that

means to guarantee to the process certification

Firstly the presence of a settlement, Varda,

communicate, to create competitiveness and

conditions are found in the settlement of

All the elements involved in the project are:

“monte diffuso” that aims to attract a specific

roofs, surrounding paths); alpine pastures

and not-traditional experience, searching

services, water pipes, drinkable water);

elements of the territory in isolated places,

pedestrian access by mule track, creation of

second element of similarity is the distribution

laboratory,

deposit,

312

of rooms dedicated to the â&#x20AC;&#x153;rifugio diffusoâ&#x20AC;?,

Varda: the ancient stone roofs of the settlement

spread in different places of the valley and usually connected by a system of rural or

historical paths, that involve the tourists to discover and move into the territory.

Thirdly there are similarities in the presence

of a rural and environmental landscapes: the important system of paths the historically

link the lower and the upper settlements

Figure 13 Source: http://www.alpcity.it/

and the traces of agricultural production that couldbecome an opportunity to be reactivated.

Varda: example of building in a state of degradation in which is still possibile to recognize the historical features

Lastly should be underlined the role of the actors involved. Both in the case of Varda

and in the one suggested for Valley of Livo

the Municipalities (Noasca and Livo) and the Mountain Communities are identified as main

and leading actors, able to deal with local and

extra local actors and to better use the local resources.

Figure 14 Source: http://www.alpcity.it/

313

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project “ Progetto Terra VIVA: il recupero del paesaggio terrazzato in Valle Antrona”, Verbania, Piedmont Borgomezzavalle: the small settlement and its surrounding system of terraces

Figure 15 Source: http://www.mountcity.it/

Borgomezzavalle: example of underused terraces in a state of degradation

Borgomezzavalle: the involvement of schools, youngs and local population as one of the central points of the project

Figure 16 Source: https://www.italiachecambia.org/

Figure 17 Source: https://www.italiachecambia.org/

314

Geographical features and localization

phenomena of abandonment and degradation

of Borgomezzavalle (Antrona Valley) in the

of valley floors, defining the decline of the

The municipality has now 317 inhabitants, but,

The constant abandonment of the terraces

population migration, in the last 30 years has

vegetation, the falls of the dry stone walls,

as usually happens in the alpine marginal

hydrogeological instability. All these dynamics

phenomena of agricultural abandonment and

the collective historical and cultural identities

The project is located into the municipality

caused by the attraction of the industrialization

Piedmont province of Verbano Cusio Ossola.

rural society.

due to the abandonment of settlements and

has

lost more than 300 inhabitants. This process,

the loss of biodiversity and the increase of

territories, is associated to the recurrent

have progressively brought the cancellation of

to the collapse of the terraced system.

of the rural landscape, in which the landscape

caused

the

presence

invasive

was one of the main symbol of value.

Environmental and landscape context

Antrona Valley is a transversal valley of the

The project

that runs into the Toce river. The valley

the Association Scienze Naturali del Verbano

alpine features, characterized by an high

Antrona, by the Cooperativa Il Sogno and it

such as water streams and may small alpine

main goal was the valorization of the system of

The

towards the attention of the environment, the

valley and the valley floors, where the town of

The involvement of the local community and

In the municipal territory, in particular in the

and fundamental role in the realization of the

most important system of terraces of the entire

problem of abandonment of terraces and at

other terraces in the valley and in the entire

parcelling land, typical in the alpine territories.

The project started in the 2015 financed by

Ossola Valley, shaped by the river Ovesca, presents in its entire physical development

Cusio Ossola, by the Natural Park of Valle

degree of environmental and natural values,

was supported by the Cariplo Foundation. The

lakes.

terraces through a resilient project, oriented

municipality

Borgomezzavalle

located in between the upper part of the

economy and the local identity of the places.

Villadossola represents the main centre.

of the terraces owners has played a central

fraction of Viganella, is located one of the

project. This made possible to deal with the

valley. This system, as has happened for the

the same time to overcome the problem of

Alpine system, was subjected to numerous

The private owners created the Land

315

Association Terra Viva, managed by the

identified in the involvement of inhabitants

the Piano di Gestione dei Terreni Conferiti,

both from a partecipative and a design point

terraced soils to recovery and valorize them.

the Land Association Terra Viva and the

abandonment state and the analysis of the

extremely necessary for the result of the

municipality of Borgomezzavalle, that defined

and owners in all the phases of the project,

oriented towards the commitment of the

of view. This made possibile the creation of

Later, through the monitoring system of the

exchange of local and historical knowledge,

invasive typologies of vegetation, the project

project.

recovery of the dry stone walls. Works aimed

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

and materials that characterize these places,

precise and specific geographical contexts,

The last phase of the project was oriented

the Valley of Livo.

organize and distribute the management of

elements, identified in the features of the

answered to the announcement, interested

abandonment of agricultural activities and

historical cultivation of the Antrona Valley,

Terra Viva project underlines the possibility

activities have still the possibility to grow.

has still possibilities to reactivate alpine

Participation/stakeholders/investments

to the growth of young farmers interested on

Association Scienze Naturali of Verbano

One of the success point was the coordination

Antrona, by the Cooperativa Il Sogno and by

stakeholders, that create a mix of knowledge

group of actors that asked to the Foundation

polyvalent diversification of the project was

started with a process of cleaning and

Even if the case study is strictly related to

to preserve the historical features, techniques reusing local materials taken from ruins.

there are many similarities with the project of

to the creation of an announcement to

First of all the geographical and territorial

the recovered terraces. Many young farmers

alpine landscape and in the process of

in the cultivation of the saffron, one of the

terraces.

demonstrating that the agricultural alpine

to carry on these typologies of project, that economies, thanks to the investments and

The project was firstly promoted by the

terraces and small local economies.

Cusio Ossola, by the Natural Park of Valle

and collaboration between the different

the municipality of Viganella. This was the

and skills. In this case the multiscale and

Cariplo to invest into the project â&#x20AC;&#x153;Resilient

central in every phase of the project.

Communitiesâ&#x20AC;?. The key element is been

316

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project â&#x20AC;&#x153;Progetto REGIO PLUS: valorizzazione della castagna nella Svizzera Italianaâ&#x20AC;?, Malcantone, CH Geographical features and localization

The project

Malcantone, in the Swiss Canton Ticino,

was commissioned by the Municipalities

The 67 % of the territory is occupied by large

association was created in the 1976 in order

that in the last years have been subjected to

development for the entire region. The main

collapse of economic productive infrastructure

through the creation of a rural productive

The project, started in the half of the 2000s,

The project is developed into the area of involving 26 municipalities.

Association

woods, often composed by chestnut groves,

to guarantee a landscape and economic

a process of abandonment caused by the

goal was the valorize the chestnut grove

of the chestnut.

infrastructure: enhancement of the chestnut

Environmental and landscape context

association, development of a marketing

varied and diversified territory that is extended

fruit and its products the attempt was to

the Lugano lake, till the mountain areas that

the maintenance of the chestnut grove.

production,

Malcantone

creation

region.

The

producers

The area of Malcantone is characterized by a

campaign. Through the sell of chestnut

by the valley floor along the Western part of

create resources for the management and

define the border with the Italian territory.

The project has in fact defined 10 specific

Due to the rural identity of the place, still

association; monitoring of the local varieties

the settlements and the temperate climate

integration between the chestnut product into

the past an important area for the chestnut

the right maintenance of the chestnut groves;

a large variety of chestnut, with many example

of the chestnut with other food products;

actions: creation of a chestnut producers

visible in the morphology and the tissue of

and their qualities; certification of the product;

conditions, the area of Malcantone was in

the Ticinese marketing system; incentives to

cultivation, characterized by the presence of

derived products advertisement: integration

of monumental chestnut trees.

production upgrade; enhance of the selling

317

management and conservation; development

preservation of the historical and cultural

From the interventions point of view, the first

collaborations, the development of touristic

of the chestnut grove: undergrowth cutting

the association belong many stakeholders

seeding. These interventions were necessary

Canton Ticino, Wood and forest Office,

to deal the abundance of the chestnut trees,

Vezio, Fescoggia ed Aranno, the Swiss Fund

Cultivators of the Italian Switzerland

that,

Malcantone, Malcantone Region. An important

of the project, has also managed the selling

Chestnut Cultivators of the Italian Switzerland.

part of the project was the creation of a

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

valorize the fruition of the territory. This path is

to the strategic proposal of the Livo Valley to

which the tourist can know about the chestnut

under an economic, social and environmental

present different stops, where local markets

actors.

chestnut products and its derived.

Moreover this case study underlines how this

Participation/stakeholders/investments

such as the creation of the thematic path.

developed by the Municipalities Association

the touristic supply with the use and the

active in the Malcantone area though different

involving

of harvesting techniques.

landscape, the creation of partnerships and

ones were oriented towards the maintenance

infrastructures to promote local products. To

and cleaning, pruning, plantation, graft,

and investors such as the Swiss Confederacy,

to activate the productive infrastructure and

Patriziati and Municipality of Arosio, Mugena,

managed by the Association of Chestnut

for the landscape, the Touristic Body of

with the collaboration of the different partners

contribute came also from the Association of

and the marketing phase. An other important

This case study represents a strong support

chestnut thematic path, as touristic element to

composed by a series of thematic points, in

valorize the chestnut productive infrastructure

landscape. Along the thematic path are also

point of view, involving private and public

and â&#x20AC;&#x153;agriturismiâ&#x20AC;? offer the possibility to taste

previously

said,

the

project

kind of proposals could create new initiatives, This is an important example able to integrate

was

of Malcantone region. This association is

preservation

proposal of touristic activities. Its goal is in fact

management of these touristic activities.

the touristic, landscape and socio-economic valorization of agrituristic projects, the

318

also

local

natural

resources,

population

the

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project “Alpe Pedroria e Alpe Madrera,” Val Gerola e Val D’Albaredo, Lombardy Geographical features and localization

tthrough

the

valorization

the

alpine

located in the Orobie Alps, in the valley above

productive infrastructure of the Bitto cheese,

are placed at at 1370 mt and 1920 mt into

pastures for a total surface of 200 ha. Two are

valley, on the edges between the provinces of

the valorization of the production of the alpine

The Alpe Pedroria and Alpe Madera are

landscape and the reactivation of the rural

the settlement of Talamona (Sondrio). They

though the recovery of a series of alpine

a system of alpine pastures spread in the

the main strategic actions: the recovery and

Sondrio and Bergamo.

pastures and the promotion of a marketing

Environmental and landscape context

these historical traditions, supported by a

characterized by the presence of many

pastures.

caused by the industrialization of the valley

Participation/stakeholders/investments

where alpine pastures are located. The alpine

who receive the two alpine pastures as legacy

Valtellinesi, that include a landscape with an

is also played by the small private actors

small temporary historical settlements. The

settlement owners, local markets.

(Fondo Ambiente Italiano).

projects, a skey element is represented by the

The project

population. This in fact brought an higher and

the high naturally and biodiversity of the area

elements for the project realization.

campaign to learn, teach and educate about

series of collective activities in the alpine

This area in the last decades has been phenomena of abandonment of pastures,

The project is mainly developed by the FAI,

floor and the low accessibility of the areas pastures belong to the Park of the Orobie

from the previous owners. An active part

high presence of alpine pastures, woods and

that have been involved: milk producers,

area is currently under the supervision of FAI

As usually happen for these typology of

collaboration and the involvement of the local deeper knowledge of the territory, fundamental

The main goals of FAI is the preservation of

319

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

heritage, that is currently in a

state of

is strictly connected to the one of Livo Valley.

Lastly

reactivation of the alpine milk and cheese

and touristic activities involving schools,

Secondly the promotion of a campaign of

in a consolidated touristic supply, that could

knowledge of these products.

traditions and cultures.

The project of Alpe Pedroria and Alpe Madrera

degradation.

Many are the elements of similarity. Firstly the

similarity is the development of collective

production as an element of value.

local entrepreneurs, residents and tourists

local products marketing, able to boost the

guarantee the preservation of oral historical

other

important

element

Thirdly the regeneration of the settlement Alpe Pedroria: the landscape characterized by peaks, mountain vegetations, woods, pastures and historical productive buildings

Figure 18 Source: https://www.fondoambiente.it/

320

LANDSCAPE OF ALPINE PASTURES

LANDSCAPE OF WOODS

LANDSCAPE OF ANCIENT PLANTATIONS

LANDSCAPE OF TERRACES

LANDSCAPE OF WATERFRONTS

Project â&#x20AC;&#x153;Ostana, ipotesi di recupero di una borgata alpinaâ&#x20AC;?, Cuneo, Piedmont Geographical features and localization

the street and the hydrographic system. Most

into the Alta Valle of Po, one of the Occitan

and surrounded by broadleaved woods and

More than 100 years ago the settlement was

the 1500 mt, where the territory is dominated

the number drastically felt down to 10 in the

smaller ad farer, sometimes made by a single

and migration followed the trend of the alpine

also a change in the construction materials,

The small settlement of Ostana is located

of the fractions, located below the 1500 mt

area of Piedmont, in the Province of Cuneo.

fields, present a large and dense tissue. Over

populated by more than 1200 people, but

by the alpine pastures, the fraction are

last decades. This process of abandonment

building. The change in the elevation brings

territory, as already explained and described.

moving from more complex typologies to

Environmental and landscape context

The project

located between 895 and 2426 meters in front

object of a long term project of regeneration

floor by the Po river and by the alpine peaks

thematics: valorization of the landscape and

point of view, the territory is characterized by

of sustainable tourism and the promotion of

and oaks) and fields till the 1500 mt. Over

of the aspects that made Ostana a reference

pastures and small portions of larch woods.

is the relation between the recovery of the

settlement, made off by a dozen of small

new realizations. The project in fact offers a

simpler ones, usually cubic-shaped.

Since the half of the 80s Ostana became

The municipality of Ostana is geographically of the Monviso Mount, delimited in the valley

and

of the Po and Pellice Valleys. From a land use

architectural heritage, the support to a form

the presence of broadleaved trees (chestnut

the Occitan language and culture. But one

the 1500 mt the territory is shaped by alpine

for other projects of reuse and valorization

Ostana could be defined as a poly-centric

existing settlement heritage and the graft of

fractions built up in the intersections between

perfect equilibrium between ancient and

321

valorization,

mainly

based

modern, recognizable in the multiplicity

small public square and an outdoor climbing

buildings,

touristic

The element that made possiible these

pedestrian paths. This important feature

(Piano di Sviluppo Rurae) of the abandoned

the 80s a series of interventions of residential

Cultural Centre Lou Pourtoun (2015). The

in the use of material and local techniques,

workshops, events, and a political school that

the historical tissue.In the last decade, these

Zagrebelsky. This second phase of the project

constructions of building for public services.

design and deal with the alpine traditional

collaboration with the Polytechnic of Turin,

simplification and traditional stereotypes of the

with them different collaborations.

and the ruins reconstructions have been

the realization of new touristic and cultural

understanding of the distribution of spaces,

through public funds and competitions.

living conditions.

small SPA and sport building, characterized

the aggregation modalities of the volumes,

(solar, wind and geothermic energy) and by

outdoor and in the use of traditional materials

decades was abandoned due the seismic

Two important examples of these are the

entrance of the settlement, the so called Porta

The first one recalls the Occitan traditional

the creation of a buildings for indoor events,

on the tridimensionality of the covered space.

of interventions: public and private works,

gym.

structures, services, public spaces and

collaborations was the project of total recovery

appeared in different phases: above all, since

fraction Miribrart, with the inauguration of the

recovery brought a concept of sustainability

space is designed for artistic expositions,

totally contextualized with the territory and in

had the privilege to host Ciotti and Gustavo

interventions have been followed by new

was characterized by a strong capacity to

This phase started in the 2007 thanks to the

architecture in a contemporary way, avoiding

able to attract a group of experts and start

alpine style. Both the recovery interventions

These important collaboration made possible

made after a strong and deeper study and

services, supported by investment obtained

looking at the same time to the contemporary

The first collaboration aims to built up a

This knowledge is also visible in the reuse of

by an energetic autonomy and efficiency

the spatial articulations between indoor and

a structural use of the stone, that in the last

of public spaces and buildings.

risk.A second collaboration is focused on the

Cultural Centre and the SPA and sport centre.

Occitana. The area will be characterized by

architecture typology of the building based

an info point space, a commercial space, a

The second one tries to reclaim the planimetry

municipality

units,

322

,avoiding the creation of a touristic model

and the volume distribution of the existing

based on the exploitation of the territory

buildings with the graft of a new function.

resources.

Participation/stakeholders/investments

The success of the project of Ostana comes

A second element of similarity could be

involved in the process of transformation and

interventions. Both the projects focused on

organization of the bodies involved: regions,

above all) as main materials that should be

actors, mayors, municipality staffs. In addition

wants to preserve the integrity of the tissue

from the multiplicity and variety of stakeholders

identified

valorization of the settlement, starting from the

the reuse of local materials (stone and woods

Mountain

used for the regeneration interventions. This

Communities,

provinces,

local

the

scale

architectural

was also important the role of designers,

and ita historical and cultural value.

inhabitants, able to guarantee technical and

An other important element that links the

local companies and the involvement of local local knowledge.

project of Ostana and the one of Livo valley

Elements of attractiveness and weaknesses

for the abandoned settlement of Miribrart, that

is consider a strong and important reference

introduction of new functions, associated and

alpine settlements. There are many similarities

demonstrates the possibility to recovery also

proposed for the Livo Valley, according to

Over these specific elements of similarity the

The first one could be identified in the in the

aim on which they are based: the regeneration

a touristic supply and for the local resident

through the valorization and preservation of

could be found in the project of total recovery

The project of Ostana, as previously described,

has similar features to the one of Argesio. The

for the regeneration and valorization of the

parallel to the context and the local resources,

between the project of Ostana and the one

abandoned settlements.

different thematics.

two projects share also the main and general

attempt to propose a project suitable both for

and the valorization of two alpine settlements,

population. This is explained through the

heritage, culture and identities.

series of interventions on different parts of the settlement tissue: public spaces, paths,

services, touristic buildings. This follows the idea to propose a sustainable form of tourism

323

Ostana: rendering of the project with the different typologies of buildings proposed

Figure 19 Source: https://ambornetti.it/

Ostana, example of regeneration: the use of traditional materials for buildings and pavements

Ostana, example of regeneration: the use of traditional materials and the transformation of a containment wall into a public open space

Figure 20 Source: https://ambornetti.it/

Figure 21 Source: https://ambornetti.it/

324

5 6 7

327

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List of figures

Chapter 1

Figure 1. The localization of the design context pp. 14-15 Figure 2. Environmental and agricultural system p. 16 Figure 3. Environmental and landscape bonds p. 17 Figure 4. Infrastructural system p. 18 Figure 5. Settlements system p. 19

Figure 6. The classification of 72 Italian municipalities (2017) classified as marginal areas, according to accessibility, education, mobility p. 24

Figure 7. The classification of the areas according to SNAI indicators p. 31 Figure 8. Satellite top view p. 34

Figure 9. Territorial landscape sections p. 35

Figure 10. The distribution of natural system and settlements at different altitudes p. 43

Figure 11. Example of the landscape stratification according to the different elevations p. 45 Figure 12. The distribution of the main touristic structures p. 49

Figure 13. “Ambiti Territoriali Omogenei” of the Lombardy Regional Plan p. 56

Figure 14.“Ambiti Geografici e Unità tipologiche di paesaggio” of the Regional Landscape Plan p. 58

Figure 15. “Ambiti Geografici di Paesaggio” of the Regional Landscape Plan Variant p. 60

Figure 16. “Caratteri, rischi, attenzioni”, exerpt of “Schede Ambiti Geografici di Paesaggio” p. 62 Figure 17. “Disciplina”, exerpt of “Schede Ambiti Geografici di Paesaggio” p. 63 Chapter 2

Figure 1. Definition of the five areas of the Western side of Lario p. 67

Figure 2. Resident population and demographic classes per municipality p. 70

Figure 3-4. Datas related to the resident population and demographic classes in the Como Province p. 71

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Figure 5-6. Datas related to the number of inhabitants in the Lombardy region p. 72 Figure 7-8. Datas related to the number of inhabitants in the Italy p. 73 Figure 9. Demographic variation per municipality p. 78

Figure 10. The identification of four main contexts of depopulation p. 79 Figure 11. The identification of three main contexts of growth p. 80

Figure 12-13. Datas related to the demographic variation of mountain municipalities of Alto Lario p. 81

Figure 14-15. Datas related to the demographic variation of lake municipalities of Alto Lario p. 82 Figure 16. Migration rate per municipality p. 86

Figure 17. The identification of two main context of migrations p. 87

Figure 18. The identification of four main contexts of attraction p. 88

Figure 19. The migration rate of mountain municipalities of Alto Lario p. 89 Figure 20. The migration rate of lake municipalities of Alto Lario p. 90 Figure 21. Elderly index per municipality p. 93

Figure 22. The identification of two main contexts of aging p. 94

Figure 23-24. Datas related to the population structure of the main aging contexts p. 95 Figure 25. The population structure of Alto Lario mountain municipalities p. 96 Figure 26. Variation of the urbanized surface per municipality p. 99

Figure 27. The identification of four main contexts of urbanization p. 100

Figure 28. The variation of the urbanized surface of lake municipalities of Alto Lario p. 101 Figure 29. Variation of agricultural surface per municipality p. 104

Figure 30: Variation of agricultural surface of Alto Lario municipalities p. 105 Figure 31. Number of farms per municipality p. 106

Figure 32. Number of farms of Como Province, Lombardy region, Italy p. 107 Figure 33. Typology of agricultural surface of farms per municipality p. 108

Figure 34. The typology of agricultural surface of farms of the Western side of Lario, Como Province and Lombardy region p. 109

Figure 35. The typology of agricultural surface of farms in Alto Lario municipalities p. 110 Figure 36. Number and typology of livestock per municipality p. 11

Figure 37. The number and typology of livestock of the Western side of Lario, Como Province and Lombardy region p. 112

Figure 38. Number and typology of livestock to the in Alto Lario municipalities p. 113

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Figure 39. Number of local units per municipality p. 117

Figure 40. The number of local units of the Western side of Lario, Como Province and Lombardy region p. 118

Figure 41. Distribution and typology of secondary activities per municipality p. 119 Figure 42. Distribution and typology of tertiary activities per municipality p. 120

Figure 43-44. Datas related to the number of local units and employees in the secondary and tertiary sectors on the Western side of Lario p. 121

Figure 45-46. Datas related to the number of local units and employees in the secondary and tertiary sectors on the Como Province p. 122

Figure 47-48. Datas related to the number of local units and employees in the secondary and tertiary sectors on the Lombardy region p. 123

Figure 49. Dariation of commercial activities per municipality p. 124

Figure 50. The identification of two main contexts of trade collapse p. 125

Figure 51-52. Datas related to the variation of the commercial activities of mountain municipalities of Alto Lario p. 126

Figure 53. Number annual arrivals per municipality p. 130

Figure 54. Number of annual arrivals of the Western side of Lario, Como Province and Lombardy region p. 131

Figure 55. The identification of three main contexts with the highest number of annual arrivals p. 132 Figure 56: Number of beds in the hotel sector per municipality p. 133

Figure 57. The identification of the main context of elite hotel tourism p. 134 Figure 58. Number of beds in the extra hotel sector per municipality p. 135

Figure 59. The identification of the two main contexts of naturalistic extra-hotel tourism p. 136 Figure 60. Average of the demographic variation 1951-2018 pp. 140-141

Figure 61. Population variation 1951-2018 and number of inhabitants per municipality pp. 140-141 Figure 62. Average of the urbanized surface variation 1954-2018 pp. 140-141

Figure 63. Urbanized surface variation 1954-2018 and surface typology per municipality pp. 140141

Figure 64. Average of the agricultural surface 1954-2018 pp. 140-141

Figure 65. Variation of the agricultural surface 1954-2018 and number of agricultural farms per municipality pp. 140-141

Figure 66. Average of the number of commercial local units variation 1981-2016 pp. 140-141

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Figure 67. Variation of commercial local units 1981-2016 and number of tertiary business local units per municipality pp. 140-141

Figure 68. Average of touristic arrivals 2018 pp. 140-141

Figure 69. Number of arrivals 2018 and accommodation typology per municipality pp. 140-141 Chapter 3

Figure 1. The localization of “Linea Insubrica” in the Northern part of Italy p. 145 Figure 2. The localization of “Linea Insubrica” in the Northern part of Italy p. 145

Figure 3. The localization of Linea Tonale, linea di Musso, Linea della Grona and Linea della Val Colla p. 147

Figure 4. The morphological asset of Alto Lario p. 148

Figure 5. Darengo Valley: a peak located on the “Linea del Tonale” p. 149

Figure 6. Sasso Pelo: the unique example of dolomite rock in the Alto Lario p. 149 Figure 7. Dangri: Livo water stream p. 149

Figure 8. Darengo Valley: Darengo lake p. 149

Figure 9. Gravedona-Consiglio di Rumo: Livo water stream p. 149

Figure 10. Gravedona: the conoid generated by the Liro water stream on which the settlement of Gravedona has grown p. 149

Figure 11. Gravedona: Liro water stream flows into the lake p. 149 Figure 12. Garzeno: the head of the Albano Valley p. 149

Figure 13. Pizzo di Gino: the highest peak on the crest between Cavargna and Albano valleys p. 149 Figure 14. Dongo: Albano water stream p. 149

Figure 15. Dongo: the conoid generated by the Albano water stream on which the settlement of Dongo has grown p. 149

Figure 16. The identification of the three landscapes of Alto Lario p. 151 Figure 17: The three territorial systems of Alto Lario p. 153

Figure 18. The environmental and agricultural system in the three landscapes of Alto Lario p. 156 Figure 19. Livo valley: beech trees p. 157

Figure 20. Livo valley: white larch trees p. 157

Figure 21. Livo Valley: upper fields and pastures p. 157 FIgure 22. Livo Valley: rock environment p. 157

Figure 23. Livo Valley: “mezza costa” fields p. 157

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Figure 24. Albano Valley: birch trees p. 157

Figure 25-26. Albano Valley: Chestnut trees p. 157 Figure 27. Gravedona: valley floor fields p. 157

Figure 28-29. Domaso: wineyards and olive groves p. 157 Figure 30. Pian di Spagna: crops p. 157

Figure 31. The evolution of environmental and agricultural system p. 158 Figure 32: Reforestation of abandoned and underused pastures p. 159

Figure 33. Livo Valley: the phenomenon of a pasture reforestation p. 159 Figure 34. Simplification of â&#x20AC;&#x153;mezza costaâ&#x20AC;? landscape cultivations p. 160

Figure 35: Pian Gorghiglio: the simplification of agricultural surfaces p. 161 Figure 36. Scarce attention to woods p. 161

Figure 37-38. Livo Valley: the abandonment and bushes invasion of chestnut groves p. 161 Figure 39: Increase of hydrogeological instability p. 162

Figure 40. Livo Valley: landslide on the Livo water stream p.162

Figure 41. Fragmentation of open green areas in the valley floor p. 163

Figure 42-43. Gravedona: fragmentation of agricultural fields surrounded by recent built up expansion p. 163

Figure 44. Abandonment of cultivated terraces p. 164

Figure 45. Livo Valley: system of terraces subjected to degradation and vegetation invasion p. 164 Figure 46. The settlements system in the three landscapes of Alto Lario p. 168 Figure 47. Dosso del Liro: Toc del Toia p. 169

Figure 48. Toc del Toia: identification of historical buildings p.169

Figure 49. Toc del Toia: identification of buildings functions p.169 Figure 50. Stazzona: the settlement Stazzona p. 169

Figure 51. Stazzona: identification of historical buildings p. 169

Figure 52: Stazzona: identification of buildings functions p. 169 Figure 53. Gera Lario: the settlement Gera Lario p. 169

Figure 54. Gera Lario: identification of historical buildings p.169

Figure 55. Gera Lario: identification of buildings functions p. 169

Figure 56. The conservation and transformation status of historical settlements p. 170 Figure 57. Dosso del Liro: the settlement Toc del Toia p.172 Figure 58. Dosso del Liro: Piaghedo p. 172

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Figure 59. Livo: Baggio p. 172

Figure 60-61. Dosso del Liro: Toc del Toia p. 172 Figure 62. Livo: Piazza p. 172 Figure 63. Livo: Piazza p. 172 Figure 64. Livo: Baggio p.172

Figure 65. Dosso del Liro: Toc del Toia p.172 Figure 66. Peglio: Argesio p. 172

Figure 67. Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio p. 173 Figure 68. Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio p. 173

Figure 69-70. Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio p. 173 Figure 71. Cremia: Vezzedo p. 173 Figure 72-73. Livo: Livo p. 173

Figure 74. Cremia: Vezzedo p. 173 Figure 75. Cremia: Vignola p. 174 Figure 76. Cremia: Vignola p. 174

Figure 77-78. Cremia: Vignola p. 174 Figure 79. Cremia: Cheis p. 174 Figure 80. Cremia: Cheis p. 174 Figure 81: Livo: Baggio p. 174

Figure 82-83: Cremia: Cheis p. 174

Figure 84: Garzeno: Muredina p. 175 Figure 85: Garzeno: Muredina p. 175 Figure 86: Livo: Baggio p. 175 Figure 87. Livo: Baggio p. 175

Figure 88. Gravedona ed Uniti: Brenzio p. 175 Figure 89-90. Livo: Baggio p. 175

Figure 91. The infrastructural system in the three landscapes of Alto Lario p. 178 Figure 92. The hierarchy of infrastructural elements in upper landscapes p. 179 Figure 93. Livo: mule tracks p. 179

Figure 94. Garzeno: mountain path p. 179 Figure 95. Garzeno: crest path p. 179

Figure 96. The hierarchy of infrastructural elements in â&#x20AC;&#x153;mezza costaâ&#x20AC;? landscapes p. 179

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Figure 97. Peglio: “mezza costa” car road p. 179

Figure 98. Livo: “strada agrosilvo pastorale” p. 179 Figure 99. Peglio: pedestrian path p. 179

Figure 100. The hierarchy of infrastructural elements in valley floor landscapes p. 179 Figure 101. Domaso: Regina car road crossing built up p. 179

Figure 102. Domaso: Regina car road and cycle path along the lake p. 179 Figure 103. Domaso: cycle and pedestrian lake path p. 179 Figure 104. The historical cross-border paths p.180

Figure 105. The typology of mobility of cross-border paths p.181

Figure 106. Strengths and weaknesses scheme of Alto Lario territory p. 185

Figure 107. Spatial representation of the strengths and weaknesses of Alto Lario territory pp. 186187

Figure 108. Albano Valley: historical landscape pp. 192-193 Figure 109. Albano Valley: current landscape pp. 194-195

Figure 110. Albano valley: the commercial and productive transversal elements in the historical landscape p. 196

Figure 111. Albano valley: the commercial and productive transversal elements in the current landscapep. 196

Figure 112. Albano valley: the agricultural transversal elements in the historical landscape p. 197 Figure 113. Albano valley: the agricultural transversal elements in the current landscape p. 197 Figure 114. Livo Valley: historical landscape pp. 198-199 Figure 115. Livo Valley: current landscape pp. 200-201

Figure 116. Livo Valley: the commercial and productive transversal elements in the historical landscape p. 202

Figure 117. Livo valley: the commercial and productive transversal elements in the current landscape p. 202

Figure 118. Livo valley: the agricultural transversal elements in the historical landscape p. 203 Figure 119. Livo valley: the agricultural transversal elements in the current landscape p. 203 Chapter 4

Figure 1. Structure of the strategical proposal p. 208

Figure 2. Livo Valley: spaces of interventions pp. 212-213

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Figure 3. The features of the limited company of diffused shareholders p. 222 Figure 4. The features of the the community cooperative p. 223

Figure 5. Landscape of waterfronts: planimetry of the actions, policies and actors pp. 224-225 Figure 6. Landscape of waterfronts: abacus of interventions pp. 226-227

Figure 7. Landscape of waterfronts: territorial schematic section pp. 228-229

Figure 8. Landscape of terraces: planimetry of the actions, policies and actors pp. 230-231 Figure 9. Landscape of terraces abacus of interventions pp. 232-233

Figure 10. Landscape of terraces: territorial schematic section p. 233-234

Figure 11. Landscape of ancient plantations: planimetry of the actions, policies and actors pp. 236237

Figure 12. Landscape of ancient plantations: abacus of interventions pp. 238-239

Figure 13. Landscape of ancient plantations: territorial schematic section pp. 240-241

Figure 14. Landscape of woods: planimetry of the actions, policies and actors pp. 242-243 Figure 15. Landscape of woods: abacus of interventions pp. 244-245

Figure 16. Landscape of woods: territorial schematic section pp. 246-247

Figure 17. Landscape of alpine pastures: planimetry of the actions, policies and actors pp. 248-249 Figure 18. Landscape of alpine pastures: abacus of interventions pp. 250-251

Figure 19. Landscape of alpine pastures territorial schematic section pp. 252-253 Figure 20. The functioning of touristic activities according to seasons p. 255 Chapter 5

Figure 1. Five models of diffused hospitality pp. 260-261

Figure 2. The design concept for Livo Borgo diffuso p. 263

Figure 3. Borgo diffuso goals and project actions pp. 264-265 Figure 4. Public spaces project indications p. 267

Figure 5. View on the main central public square p. 268 Figure 6. View on the aroma panoramic area p. 269

Figure 7. Built up heritage project indications p. 270

Figure 8-24. Buildings involved in the action of regeneration p. 271

Figure 25. Distribution and organization of project functions and uses p. 272

Figure 26. Agricultural and environmental areas project indications pp. 274-275 Figure 27. Territorial section of the thematic path pp. 276-277

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Figure 28. The design concept for Argesio Borgo diffuso p. 279

Figure 29. Agriturismo diffuso goals and project actions pp. 280-281 Figure 30. Public spaces project indications p. 283

Figure 31. Territorial section of the public spaces system pp. 282-283 Figure 32. Built up heritage project indications p. 284

Figure 33-48. Buildings involved in the action of regeneration p. 285

Figure 49. Distribution and organization of project functions and uses pp. 286-287 Figure 50. Agricultural and environmental areas project indications p. 288 Figure 51. View on the recovered system of terraces p. 289

Figure 52. The design concept for Baggio Monte diffuso p. 291 Figure 53. Monte diffuso goals and project actions p. 293

Figure 54. Territorial section of the central public space p. 292

Figure 55. Distribution and organization of project functions and uses p. 294 Figure 56-72. Buildings involved in the action of regeneration p. 295 Figure 73. View on the central public space p. 296 Chapter 6

Figure 1. Corippo: the settlement and the system of terraces p. 302 Figure 2. Corippo: perspective on traditional materials p. 302 Figure 3. Corippo: perspective on historical path p. 303

Figure 4. Corippo: perspective on historical building p. 303

Figure 5. Curzutt: the small settlement of Curzutt and the surrounding wine yards p. 304 Figure 6. Curzutt: perspective on some buildings of the settlement p. 304 Figure 7. Curzutt: details of a degraded historical building p. 307 Figure 8. Curzutt: details of a degraded historical building p. 307

Figure 9. The agricultural field before the process of seeding p. 310 Figure 10. Example of seminated agricultural field p. 310

Figure 11. The harvesting process: the mechanical combine harvester p. 310

Figure 12. Example of one of the tools used in the process to obtain rye flour p. 310 Figure 13. Varda: the ancient stone roofs of the settlement p. 313

Figure 14. Varda: example of building in a state of degradation in which is still possibile to recognize the historical features p. 313

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Figure 15. Borgomezzavalle: the small settlement and its surrounding system of terraces p. 314 Figure 16. Borgomezzavalle: example of underused terraces in a state of degradation p. 314

Figure 17. Borgomezzavalle: the involvement of schools, youngs and local population as one of the central points of the project p. 314

Figure 18. Alpe Pedroria: the landscape characterized by peaks, mountain vegetations, woods, pastures and historical productive buildings p. 320

Figure 19. Ostana: rendering of the project with the different typologies of buildings proposed p. 324

Figure 20. Ostana, example of regeneration: the use of traditional materials for buildings and pavements p. 324

Figure 21. Ostana, example of regeneration: the use of traditional materials and the transformation of a containment wall into a public open space p. 324

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Regenerating peripheral territories

Articles inside

APPENDIX OF CASE STUDIES

REFERENCES

5.1. The definition of three design proposals

4.3. Five landscapes of Livo Valley

4.1. The definition of the strategic proposal

4.2. The proposed model of diffused hospitality

2.2. Resident population and demographic classes: a reality of small municipalities