The History Of The Christian Church Volume 1, Philip Shaff 1819-1893

CHAPTER X. ORGANIZATION OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH. 225 the apostles themselves.

Parliament in 1644.

Of other annual festivals, the New Testament conIn the controversy during the Long Parliament and tains not the faintest trace. Christmas came in during the Westminster Assembly, Bishop Hall and Archbishthe fourth century by a natural development of the idea op Ussher were the most learned champions of episcoof a church year, as a sort of chronological creed of the pacy; while the five Smectymnians (so called from their people. The festivals of Mary, the Apostles, Saints, and famous tract Smectymnuus, 1641, in reply to Hall), i.e., Martyrs, followed gradually, as the worship of saints Stephen Marshall, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, spread in the Nicene and post-Nicene age, until almost Matthew Newcomen, and William Spurstow, were the every day was turned first into a holy day and then into a most prominent Presbyterians trying to “demonstrate holiday. As the saints overshadowed the Lord, the saints’ the parity of bishops and presbyters in Scripture, and the days overshadowed the Lord’s Day. antiquity of ruling elders.” See also A Vindication of the CHAPTER X. Presbyterian Government and Ministry, London, 1650, ORGANIZATION OF THE APOSTOLIC CHURCH. and Jus Divinum Ministerii Evangelici, or the Divine Right § 58. Literature. of the Gospel Ministry, London, 1654, both published by I. Sources. the Provincial Assembly of London. These books have The Acts represent the first, the Pastoral Epistles only historical interest. the second stage of the apostolic church polity. Baur Samuel Miller (Presbyterian d. 1850): Letters con(Die sogenannten Pastoralbriefe des Ap. Paulus, 1835), cerning the Constitution and Order of the Christian Holtzmann (Die Pastoralbriefe, 1880, pp. 190 sqq.), and Ministry, 2d ed., Philadelphia, 1830. others, who deny the Pauline authorship of the Epistles James P. Wilson (Presbyterian): The Primitive Govto Timothy and Titus, date the organization laid down ernment of Christian Churches. Philadelphia, 1833 (a there from the post-apostolic age, but it belongs to the learned and able work). period from a.d. 60–70. The Epistles to the Corinthians Joh. Adam Möhler (Rom. Cath., d. 1848): Die Ein(1 Cor. 12:28) and to the Ephesians (4:11), and the Apoc- heit der Kirche, oder das Princip des alyptic Epistles (Rev. 2 and 3) contain important hints on Katholicismus, dargestellt im Geiste der Kirchenthe church offices. vater der drei ersten Jahrhunderte. Tübingen, 1825 (new Comp. the Didache, and the Epp. of Clement and Ig- ed. 1844). More important for the post-apostolic age. natius. II. General Works.

Rich. Rothe (d. 1866): Die Anfänge der christlichen Comp. in part the works quoted in ch. IX. (especially Kirche u. ihrer Verfassung, vol. I. Wittenb., 1837, pp.

Vitringa), and the respective sections in the “Histories 141 sqq. A Protestant counterpart of Möhler’s treatise, of the Apostolic Age” by Neander Thiersch (pp. 73, 150, exceedingly able, learned, and acute, but wrong on the 281), Lechler, Lange, and Schaff, (Amer. ed, pp. 495– question of church and state, and partly also on the ori545). gin of the episcopate, which he traces back to the aposIII. Separate Works. tolic age.

Episcopal and Presbyterian writers during the sevenF. Chr. Baur: Ueber den Ursprung des Episcopates in teenth century, and more recently, have paid most atten- der christl. Kirche. Tübingen, 1838. Against Rothe. tion to this chapter, generally with a view of defending William Palmer (Anglo-Catholic): A Treatise on the their theory of church polity. Richard Hooker (called Church of Christ. London, 1838, 2 vols., 3d ed., 1841. “the Judicious,” moderate Anglican, d. 1600): Ecclesias- Amer. ed., with notes, by Bishop Whittingham, New tical Polity, 1594, and often since, best edition by Keble, York, 1841.

1836, in 4 vols. A standard work for Episcopal churchW. Löhe (Luth.): Die N. T. lichen Aemter u. ihr Vermen, Jos. Bingham (Anglican, d. 1668): Origines Eccle- hältniss zur Gemeinde. Nürnb. 1848. Also: Drei Bücher siasticae; or, The Antiquities of the Christian Church, von der Kirche, 1845. first published 1710–22, in 10 vols. 8vo, and often since, Fr. Delitzsch (Luth.): Vier Bücher von der Kirche.

Books; II.-IV. Still an important work.

Leipz., 1847.

Thomas Cartwright (the father of English PresbyJ. Köstlin (Luth.): Das Wesen der Kirche nach Lehre terianism, d. 1603). Directory of Church Government und Geschiche des N. T., Gotha, 1854; 2d ed. 1872. anciently contended for, written in 1583, published by Samuel Davidson (Independent): The Ecclesiastical authority of the Long Polity of the New Testament. London, 1848; 2d ed. 1854.