CHAPTER XII THE NEW TESTAMENT 369 from apostolic simplicity, or Christo-democracy—if we qualifications and functions required of the bishop are may use such a term—to the episcopal hierarchy of the aptness to teach and a blameless character; and their ausecond century. The church, in proportion as it lost, af- thority is made to depend upon their moral character ter the destruction of Jerusalem, its faith in the speedy rather than their office. They are supposed to be maradvent of Christ, began to settle down in this world, and ried, and to set a good example in governing their own to make preparations for a permanent home by a fixed household. The ordination which Timothy received (1 creed and a compact organization, which gave it unity Tim. 4:14; 5:22) need not differ from the ordination of and strength against heathen persecution and heretical deacons and elders mentioned in Acts 6:6; 8:17; comp. corruption. This organization, at once simple and elastic, 14:23; 19:6). “Few features,” says Dr. Plumptre, himself was episcopacy, with its subordinate offices of the pres- an Episcopalian, “are more striking in these Epistles than byterate and deaconate, and charitable institutions for the absence of any high hierarchical system.” The Apocwidows and orphans. Such an organization we have, it is alypse, which these very critics so confidently assign to said, in the Pastoral Epistles, which were written in the the year 68, shows a nearer approach to episcopal unity name of Paul, to give the weight of his authority to the in the “angels” of the seven churches. But even from the incipient hierarchy.1160 “angels,” of the Apocalypse there was a long way to the But, on closer inspection, there is a very marked Ignatian and pseudo-Clementine bishops, who are set difference between the ecclesiastical constitution of the up as living oracles and hierarchical idols. Pastoral Epistles and that of the second century. There The Style. is not a word said about the divine origin of episcopaThe language of the Pastoral Epistles shows an uncy; not a trace of a congregational episcopate, such as we usual number of un-Pauline words and phrases, espefind in the Ignatian epistles, still less of a diocesan epis- cially rare compounds, some of them nowhere found in copate of the time of Irenaeus and Tertullian. Bishops the whole New Testament, or even in Greek literature.1162 and presbyters are still identical as they are in the Acts But, in the first place, the number of words peculiar 20:17, 28, and in the undoubtedly genuine Epistle to the to each one of the three epistles is much greater than the Philippians 1:1. Even Timothy and Titus appear simply number of peculiar words common to all three; conseas delegates of the apostle for a specific mission.1161 The quently, if the argument proves anything, it leads to the 1160 Such is the ingenious reasoning of Baur and Renan conclusion of three different authors, which the assailants will not admit, in view of the general unity of the (L’Egl. chrét., pp. 85 and 94 sqq.). Comp. the discussion of details by Holtzmann, l.c., ch. XI., pp. 190 sqq. Epistles. In the next place, every one of Paul’s Epistles 1161 1 Tim. 1:3; 3:14; 2 Tim. 4:9, 21; Tit. 1:5; 8:12. has a number of peculiar words, even the little Epistle See above, § 61 (this vol.) The fact is acknowledged by impartial episcopal writers, as Dean Alford, Bishop Lightfoot, Dean Stanley, and Dean Plumptre (in Schaff ’s Com. N. T., III. 552). I will quote from Canon Farrar (St. Paul. II. 417) “If the Pastoral Epistles contained a clear defence of the Episcopal system of the second century, this alone would be sufficient to prove their spuriousness; but the total absence of anything resembling it is one of the strongest proofs that they belong to the apostolic age. Bishop and presbyter are still synonymous, as they are throughout the New Testament ... Timothy and Titus exercise functions which would be now called episcopal; but they are not called ’bishops.’ Their functions were temporary, and they simply act as authoritative delegates of the Apostle of the Gentiles. Nor is there any trace of exalted pretensions in the overseers whom they appoint. The qualifications required of them are almost exclusively moral.” Comp. also some good remarks of Prof. Wace, in the Speaker’s Com. on the New Test., III. 764, where it is justly said that the church polity in the Pastoral Epistles represents an intermediate stage between the Presbyterian episcopacy of the earlier apostolic period and the post-apostolic episcopacy.
1162 This philological argument was begun by Schleiermacher, but confined to First Timothy, and was carried out, with reference to all three Epistles, by Holtzmann, l.c., ch. VI., pp. 84-118. I will give his results. The Pastoral Epistles have, in all, 897 words. Of these there are 169 Hapaxlegomena not found in the New Testament, namely: (a)74 in First Timothy, such asαγ̓ αθοεργειν .αγ νειά ,αδ̓ ηλοτ́ ης,αν̓ δραποδιστης́ ,αδ́ ροφον́ ος,ετ̓ εροδιδασκαλειν ,θεοσεβ́ εια, καταστολή, πλέγμα, ορισμός , φιλαργυρία, ψευδολόγος, ψευδώνυμος . (b) 46 in Second Timothy, e.g ., ἀγωγή, ἀθλειν, βέλτιον, μεμβράνα, ὀρθοτομειν, πραγματεία, φιλόθεος. (c) 28 in Titus, e, g., αἱρετικός , ἀκατάγνωστος, ἀφθορία, ἀψευδής , καλοδιδάσκαλος, ματαιολόγος , πρεσβύτις, σωτήριος , φιλάγαθος, φίλανδρος (παλινγενεσία, Tit. 3:5, occurs also Matt. 19:28, but in a different sense). (d) 21 common to two or three Past. Epp., e g, διάβολος, (as adjective), ἀνόσιος , διδακτικός, κενοφωνία, νομίμως , παραθήκη, γενεαλογία, εὐσεβως.
