The History Of The Christian Church Volume 1, Philip Shaff 1819-1893

CHAPTER I 39 PREPARATION FOR CHRISTIANITY IN THE HISTORY OF THE JEWISH AND HEATHEN WORLD. B. F. Cocker: Christianity and Greek Philosophy; or nipotence and omniscience, and called holy and just, the Relation between Reflective Thought in Greece and yet they are subject to an iron fate (Moira), fall under the Positive Teaching of Christ and his Apostles. N. York, delusion, and reproach each other with folly and crime.

1870.

Their heavenly happiness is disturbed by all the troubles Edm. Spiess: Logos spermaticós. Parallelstellen zum of earthly life. Even Zeus or Jupiter, the patriarch of the N. Text. aus den Schriften der alten Griechen. Ein Beitrag Olympian family, is cheated by his sister and wife Hera zur christl. Apologetik und zur vergleichenden Religions- (Juno), with whom he had lived three hundred years in forschung. Leipz. 1871. G. Boissier: La religion romaine secret marriage before he proclaimed her his consort d’Auguste aux Antonins. Paris, 1884, 2 vols. and queen of the gods, and is kept in ignorance of the J Reville: La religion à Rome sous les Sévères. Paris, events before Troy. He threatens his fellows with blows 1886. and death, and makes Olympus tremble when he shakes Comp. the histories of Greece by Thirlwall, Grote, his locks in anger. The gentle Aphrodite or Venus bleeds and Curtius; the histories of Rome by Gibbon, Niebuhr, from a spear-wound on her finger. Mars is felled with a Arnold, Merivale, Schwegler, Ihne, Duruy (transl. from stone by Diomedes. Neptune and Apollo have to serve for the French by W. J. Clarke), and Mommsen. Ranke’s Welt- hire and are cheated. Hephaestus limps and provokes an geschichte. Th. iii. 1882. Schiller’s Gesch. der römischen uproarious laughter. The gods are involved by their marKaiserzeit. 1882. riages in perpetual jealousies and quarrels. They are full Heathenism is religion in its wild growth on the soil of envy and wrath, hatred and lust prompt men to crime, of fallen human nature, a darkening of the original con- and provoke each other to lying, and cruelty, perjury and sciousness of God, a deification of the rational and irra- adultery. The Iliad and Odyssey, the most popular potional creature, and a corresponding corruption of the ems of the Hellenic genius, are a chronique scandaleuse moral sense, giving the sanction of religion to natural of the gods. Hence Plato banished them from his ideal and unnatural vices.62 Republic. Pindar, Aeschylus, and Sophocles also rose to Even the religion of Greece, which, as an artistic loftier ideas of the gods and breathed a purer moral atproduct of the imagination, has been justly styled the re- mosphere; but they represented the exceptional creed of ligion of beauty, is deformed by this moral distortion. It a few, while Homer expressed the popular belief. Truly utterly lacks the true conception of sin and consequent- we have no cause to long with Schiller for the return of ly the true conception of holiness. It regards sin, not as the “gods of Greece,” but would rather join the poet in a perverseness of will and an offence against the gods, his joyful thanksgiving: but as a folly of the understanding and an offence against “Einen zu bereichern unter allen, men, often even proceeding from the gods themselves; Musste diese Götterwelt vergehen.” for “Infatuation,” or Moral Blindness (Ατη), is a “daughNotwithstanding this essential apostasy from truth ter of Jove,” and a goddess, though cast from Olympus, and holiness, heathenism was religion, a groping after and the source of all mischief upon earth. Homer knows “the unknown God.” By its superstition it betrayed the no devil, but he put, a devilish element into his deities. need of faith. Its polytheism rested on a dim monotheThe Greek gods, and also the Roman gods, who were istic background; it subjected all the gods to Jupiter, and copied from the former, are mere men and women, in Jupiter himself to a mysterious fate. It had at bottom the whom Homer and the popular faith saw and worshipped feeling of dependence on higher powers and reverence the weaknesses and vices of the Grecian character, as for divine things. It preserved the memory of a golden well as its virtues, in magnified forms. The gods are born, age and of a fall. It had the voice of conscience, and a but never die. They have bodies and senses, like mortals, sense, obscure though it was, of guilt. It felt the need of only in colossal proportions. They eat and drink, though reconciliation with deity, and sought that reconciliation only nectar and ambrosia. They are awake and fall asleep. by prayer, penance, and sacrifice. Many of its religious They travel, but with the swiftness of thought. They min- traditions and usages were faint echoes of the primal religle in battle. They cohabit with human beings, producing gion; and its mythological dreams of the mingling of the heroes or demigods. They are limited to time and space. gods with men, of demigods, of Prometheus delivered by Though sometimes honored with the attributes of om- Hercules from his helpless sufferings, were unconscious prophecies and fleshly anticipations of Christian truths.

62 Comp. Paul’s picture of heathen immorality, Rom. This alone explains the great readiness with which 1:19-32