13 Trường THPT Gia Định – Tp. Hồ Chí Minh

73. In lines 2- 5, the author mentions skates and rays as examples of fish that …………

A. become asymmetrical B. appear to fly

C. have spread horizontally D. resemble sharks 74. It can be inferred from the passage that horizontal symmetrical fish …………

A. have one eye each side of the head B. have one eye underneath the head

C. have two eyes on top of the head D. have eyes that move around the head 75. The word “conversely” is closest in meaning to ………….

A. similarly B. alternatively C. inversely D. contrarily 76. According to the passage, fish such as plaice………….

A. have difficulties in swimming B. live near the surface

C. have poor eyesight D. have distorted heads 77. The word “undulate” is closest in meaning to ………….

A. sway B. flutter C. flap D. leap 78. The word “this” refers to …………..

A. the migration of the ancestors

B. the practice of lying on one side

C. the problem of the one eye looking downwards

D. the difficulty of the only one eye being useful 79. According to the passage, the ability of a bony flatfish to move its eye around is ………….

A. average B. weak C. excellent D. variable 80. It can be inferred from the passage that the early life of a flat fish is………….

A. often confusing B. pretty normal C. very difficult D. full of danger

B. WRITTEN TEST I. CLOZE TEST: (20pts) Read the texts below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE WORD for each space. PASSAGE A:

IS HONESTY THE BEST POLICY?

Radical honesty (1)................,as it is known in the US, is the latest thing to be held up as the key to happiness and success. It involves telling the truth all the time, with no exceptions for hurt feelings. But this is not as easy as it may sound. Altruistic lies, rather than the conniving, self-aggrandising (2)............. are an essential part of polite society.

We all lie like mad. It wears us out. It is the major source of all human (3)................ , says Brad Blanton, psychotherapist and founder of the Centre for Radical Honesty. He has become a (4)................ name in the US, where he spreads his message via day-time television talk shows. He certainly has his work (5) ................ out for him. In a recent survey of Americans, 93 per cent admited to lying regularly and (6)................ in the work place. Dr Blanton is typically blunt about the consequences of being deceitful. ‘Lying (7) ................people,’ he says.

Dr Blanton is adamant that minor (8 ).................. are nothing at all compared with the huge benefits of truth telling. ‘Telling the truth, especially after hiding it for a long time, takes guts. It isn't easy. But it is better than the (9)................. ’.This, he believes, is the stress of living in the prison of the mind, which results in depression and ill health. ‘Your body stays tied up in (10)................and is susceptible to illness; he says. ‘Allergies, high blood pressure and insomnia are all made worse by lying. Good relationship skills, parenting skills and management skills are also dependent on telling the truth.’

PASSAGE B:

It is not uncommon for people returning to visit their parents to react in this way. Although there are obviously real joys in (11) ............... with one’s loved ones, the downside is that it can stir up (12) .............. memories. These are memories that exist deep down and can (13)................. without conscious awareness,

243 (14).................. triggering feelings we had in the past. Dr Daniel Siegel, author of The Mindful Brain, says that ‘When we (15)................ an element of implicit memory into awareness, we just have the (16) ............. response without knowing that these are (17) ................ related to something we’ve experienced before. This is distinct from an explicit memory - a (18) ................ experience that exists in our minds, such as learning to ride a bike.’ It is implicit memories that make it possible to experience even a seemingly (19)................. visit home while at the same time unconsciously taking on the (20)................ and attitudes we had as children and reacting as we would have done then.

II. WORD FORMATION: (20ps) PART 1: Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses. 1. I would say that you’d be ........... to resign without having found a new job. (ADVICE) 2. Two people have been arrested for illegal possession of ................ in a police raid. (ARM) 3. The comedy Bringing Up Baby presents practically non-stop dialogue delivered at ................ speed. (NECK) 4. This use of dialogue underscores the ................of the film itself and thus its humor. (ABSURD) 5. People are increasingly becoming.............. to violence on television. (SENSE) 6. They were now faced with seemingly.............. technical problems (MOUNT) 7. He is currently standing trial for alleged................(PRACTICE) 8. All points on a circle are ................(DISTANT) from the centre. 9. The organization insists that it is ................and does not identify with any one particular party (POLITICS) 10. The new regulations will be ................ for small businesses. (BURDEN)

PART 2: Complete the passage with appropriate forms from the words given in the box

content resign leisure ship see tax hold ponder atlantic standard

At one time, for the (11)................of people needing to make the journey, the only way to travel from Europe to America was by ship, but the days of a (12)................five-day (13) ................. crossing in a large liner have long gone. Today, everything is about speed, and long distance travel has become almost exclusively the business of the airlines.

Although air travel is admittedly fast, passengers are still subject to the unexpected (14)................ which seem to be inherent in any form of travel, but people’s re actions to such delays seem to be far more (15)................ than in the days of the great liners. Then, passengers might have shrugged their shoulders (16) ............. and relaxed with a book in their cabins, knowing that little could be done about the situation, but today’s traveller is more likely to make his (17) ................ known forcibly to any official who is unfortunate enough to appear on the horizon.

It is easy to see why this might be the case since airport lounges are (18)...............clearly inadequately equipped to cope with large numbers of (19) ................passengers. Small wonder that people’s tempers begin to fray and their nerves are (20)................ when faced with the prospect of a sleepless overnight stay in what is, after all, no more than a vast public hall.

III. ERROR IDENTIFICATION (10 pts) The following passage contains 10 errors. Identify and correct them

Line 1 Tornadoes are one of the most severe types of weather phenomenon. While many people fear tornadoes and their destructive power, few people understand their real causes and effects, nor are they aware of

10

15

20 how to protect themselves from their devastating force. Tornadoes, violently rotating columns of air, occur when a change in wind direction, couple with an increase in wind speed, results from a spinning effect in the lower atmosphere. These whirling movements, which may not be visible to the naked eye, are exacerbated when the rotated air column shifts from a horizontal to a vertical position. As the revolving cloud draws in the warm air that surrounds it at ground level, its spinning motion begins to acelerate, thereby create a funnel that extends from the cloud above it to the ground below. In this way, tornadoes become pendent from low pressure storm clouds. When a tornado comes into contact the ground, it produces a strong upward draft known as a vortex, a spiraling column of wind that can reach speeds in excess of 200 miles per hour. Traveling on the landscape, the tornado wreaks a path of concentrated destruction. It is not common for these twisters to lift heavy objects, like cars or large animals, and throw them several miles. Houses that succumb to the force of the tornado seem to explode if the low air pressure inside the vortex collides with the normal air pressure inside the buildings.

1 …………….. 2 …………….. 3 …………….. 4 …………….. 5 …………….. 6 …………….. 7 …………….. 8 …………….. 9 …………….. 10 ……………..

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION (20 pts) 1. Were Jack not so affluent a man, she would not be dating with him. → But................................................................................. 2. It is likely that they forgot about the extra class. → They............................................................................... 3. Do you have any scarves? I'm looking for one that's woolen, green and fairly long. → I'm looking for a..................................................... ....... 4. You should not lock this door for any reason when the building is open to the public. → Under no ....................................................................... 5. A bee sting is more likely to cause death these days than a snake bite. → Death.............................................................................. 6. If something's worrying you, you should tell me about it now. CHEST → If you have a problem, why don’t you............................................... now? 7. I think you should confront your boss right now with how you feel about this. OUT → Why don’t you............................................................. your boss right now? 8. Anna had decided Tom was not telling the truth about what happened. TEETH → Anna was sure Tom .................................................. about what happened. 9. Perhaps my sister was bad-tempered because she was tired. FACT → I put my sister’s...................................... ........................she was tired. 10. When confronted with his crime the accused was unrepentant. REMORSE → The accused............................................................ crime he had committed.

245 A. MULTIPLE CHOICE (40 points) I. WORD CHOICE (5 points) Choose the word or phrase which best completes each sentences. 1. Mark Stringly is rarely interviewed as he hates being in the………….

A. flashlight B. limelight C. headlight D. floodlight 2. I tried to push my way through the standing passengers to get to the door and, failing to keep my……… about me.

A. head B. soul C. wits D. mind 3. We need a more………….assessment of the chances of ending this war.

A. moral B. sober C. plain D. vivid 4. The mobile phone company planned to publicly………….its latest technology to upgrade its already strong operating system.

A. underwrite B. undervalue C. undress D. unveil 5. She has drawn ………….praise for her charitable works.

A. abundant B. luxurious C. massive D. lavish 6. When times are good, people can spend freely, but during bad times we have to ………….our spending.

A. multiple B. disperse C. curtail D. obstinate 7. The vagrant came out of the shop,………….for about 10 paces before falling against a car.

A. stammered B. tripped C. staggered D. skidded 8. James didn't take …………. to your suggestion that she was mean with money.

A. kindly B. pleasantly C. cheerfully D. agreeably 9. When his manager went on a business trip, Smith stepped into the…………. And chaired the meeting.

A. hole B. pool C. breach D. crack 10. The manager spoke highly of such………….as loyalty, courage and truthfulness shown by his employees.

A. haracteristics B. properties C. features D. virtues

II. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5 points) Choose the word which best completes each sentence. 1. I know you didn’t want to upset me but I’d sooner you………….the whole truth yesterday.

A. could have told B. told C. have told D. had told 2. ………….him in York during your holiday, please give him my number.

A. Were you to meet B. Had you not met

C. Having met D. Should you meet 3. The scientists…………. the festival of Ramadan, but they were too busy with their research in the laboratory.

A. would have liked to commemorate

B. would have loved to have observed

C. would prefer to have obeyed

D. would sooner have celebrated 4. I haven’t got the time to do my own work,…………. help you with yours.

A. not counting B. let alone C. apart from D. leaving aside 5. A new generation of performers,…………. those who by now had become a household name, honed their skills before following the same path onto television.

A. no less talented than B. along with talented as

C. together with talented as D. having been more talented than 6. I gave my last Mars bar to Jake, because he was feeling hungry;…………. , he likes them far more than I can do.

A. besides B. whereas C. nonetheless D. hence

7. My mother always told me that I shouldn’t judge people………….. The way they look says nothing about their character.

A. by their appearance B. with their outlook

C. through appearance D. by their face 8. Owning and living in a freestanding house is still a goal of young adults,…………. earlier generations.

A. as did B. as it was of C. like that of D. so have 9. …………. , we can take another road.

A. If need be B. When it may C. We might as well D. Come what must 10. They turned down the proposal………….that it didn't fulfill their requirement.

A. by reason B. on the grounds C. as a cause D. allowing

III. PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS (5 points) Choose the word which best completes each sentence. 1. The latest novel by Grant is hilarious. It had me…………. stitches.

A. in B. at C. on D. with 2. The computer has…………. a long way over the last thirty years.

A. taken on B. come on C. broken down D. put in 3. Steve threw………….his chances of passing by spending too much time on the first question.

A. on B. off C. away D. in 4. Did you notice Bob trying to………….doing the washing-up.

A. get up to B. break out of C. get out of D. get along with 5. This pesticide kills insects………….contact.

A. with B. at C. for D. on 6. Eva doesn’t care what she says. People are often………….by her outspoken comments.

A. set aside B. taken aback C. stood over D. taken off 7. Steve used to be easy to work with, but since his promotion he's begun to………….

A. throw his weight around B. throw in the towel

C. throw him off balance D. turn up trumps 8. The new regim determined to ………….compulsory military service.

A. stop of B. end up C. phase out D. break off 9. Terry's quite nice really. Don’t be………….by his appearance.

A. checked off B. put off C. set on D. taken over 10. The court………….scot-free.

A. let her off B. took her away C. set her up D. kept her out

IV. COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS (5 points) Choose the word which best completes each sentence. 1. It takes a very determined person to achieve results as good as this; you really have to put your……….. to it.

A. mind B. head C. brain D. thoughts 2. They are always on the……….. young and versatile people.

A. search for B. look out for C. need for D. terms of 3. There's a…………..balance between success and failure.

A. small B. narrow C. fine D. light 4. My camera was stolen from my bag at the airport so I………….. a claim on my insurance.

A. had B. did C. took D. made 5. Reports that he earns more than $5m a year are…………..exaggerated.

A. grossly B. perfectly C. absolutely D. extremely 6. The manager hesitated to assign the job to the newcomer as he was…………..

A. wet behind the ears B. feeling your ears burning

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C. ringing in your ears D. keeping your ears open 7. If you want to solve the problem for ever, you must face a difficulty or danger boldly, that is, you must…………...

A. pull the bull's horns B. take the bull by horns

C. blow your own horn D. be on the horns of a dilemma 8. Mrs Roy…………...on Saturday evening parties-you’ll find all kinds of people there.

A. keeps the doors of the house open B. sets her house in order

C. keeps an open house D. brings the house down 9. Terry…………..of the matter long ago.

A. was good with his hands B. got his hands dirty

C. had his hands full D. washed his hands 10. People are always critical. One needs to………….to cope with criticism.

A. have a thick skin B. have a thin skin

C. get under their skin D. make their skin crawl

V. READING COMPREHE NSION READING PASSAGE 1 (5 points)

Continents and ocean basins represent the largest identifiable bodies on Earth. On the solid portions of the planet, the second most prominent features are flat plains, elevated plateaus, and large mountain ranges. In geography, the term “continent” refers to the surface of continuous landmasses that together comprise about 29.2% of the planet’s surface. On the other hand, another definition is prevalent in the general use of the term that deals with extensive mainlands, such as Europe or Asia, that actually represent one very large landmass. Although all continents are bounded by water bodies or high mountain ranges, isolated mainlands, such as Greenland and India-Pakistan areas are called subcontinents. In some circles, the distinction between continents and large islands lies almost exclusively in the size of particular landmass.

The analysis of compression and tension in the earth’s crust has determined that continental structures are composed of layers that underlie continental shelves. A great deal of disagreement among geologists surrounds the issue of exactly how many layers underlie each landmass because of their distinctive mineral and chemical composition. It is also quite possible that the ocean floor rests on the top of unknown continents that have not yet been explored. The continental crust is believed to have been formed by means of a chemical reaction when lighter materials separated from heavier ones, thus settling at various levels within the crust. Assisted by the measurements of the specifics within crust formations by means of monitoring earthquakes, geologists can speculate that a chemical split occurred to form the atmosphere, sea water, and the crust before it solidified many centuries ago.

Although each continent has its special features, all consist of various combinations of components that include shields, mountain belts, intracratonic basins, margins, volcanic plateaus, and blockvaulted belts. The basic differences among continents lie in the proportion and the composition of these features relative to the continent size. Climatic zones have a crucial effect on the weathering and formation of the surface features, soil erosion, soil deposition, land formation, vegetation, and human activities.

Mountain belts are elongated narrow zones that have a characteristic folded sedimentary organization of layers. They are typically produced during substantial crustal movements, which generate faulting and mountain building. When continental margins collide, the rise of a marginal edge leads to the formation of large mountain ranges, as explained by the plate tectonic theory. This process also accounts for the occurrence of mountain belts in ocean basins and produces evidence for the ongoing continental plate evolution. 1. What does this passage mainly discuss?

A. Continental drift and division

B. Various definitions of the term “continent”

C. Continental structure and crust

D. Scientific analyses of continental crusts

2. According to the passage, how do scientists define continents?

A. As masses of land without divisions

B. As extensive bodies of land

C. As the largest identifiable features

D. As surgical compositions and ranges 3. In paragraph one, the word “bounded” is closest in meaning to…………

A. covered B. convened C. delimited D. dominat 4. The author of the passage implies that the disagreement scientists is based on the fact that………….

A. each continent has several planes and shelves.

B. continents have various underlying layers of crust.

C. continents undergo compression and experience tension.

D. continents have different chemical makeup. 5. The word “specifics” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to…………

A. specialities B. speculations

C. exact details D. precise movements 6. The author of the passage implies that…………

A. it is not known exactly how the continental crust was formed

B. geologists have neglected the exploration of the ocean floor

C. scientists have concentrated on monitoring earthquakes

D. the earth's atmosphere split into water and solids 7. According to the passage, what are the differences in the structure of continents?

A. The proportional size of continents to one another.

B. Ratios of major components and their comparative size,

C. The distinctive features of their elements.

D. Climatic zones and their effect on the surface features. 8. In paragraph four, the phrase “This process” refers to ………….

A. continental collision B. mountain ranges

C. the rise of margins D. plate tectonic theory 9. The author of the passage implies that…………

A. the process of mountain formation has not been accounted for

B. mountain ranges on the ocean floor lead to surface mountain building

C. faulting and continental margins are parts of plate edges

D. the process of continent formation has not been completed 10. The word “evidence” in paragraph four is closest in meaning to…………

A. eventually B. confirmation C. exemplification D. challenge

READING PASSAGE 2 (5 points) MOUND-BUILDER THEORIES

Some of the most impressive geographical features in North America are the many earth mounds scattered around the continent. These earthworks are enormous artifioial hills constructed by various Native American civilizations for ritualistic purposes, such as burials worship, and they are thousands of years old, with the latest ones being finished hundreds of years before Europeans explored America. Upon their arrival, European explorers were impressed with the structures, but prejudice against the native tribes prevented them from accrediting Native Americans with their construction. Instead, American settlers developed several theories that claimed a superior but extinct "mound-builder" civilization made the earthworks. Moreover, particular details of different mound-builder theories reflected the specific prejudices of the people who supported them. For example, devout Christian groups like the Mormons argued that a sacred Israeli society was responsible, and white Americans argued that only the Vikings could have built such mounds because they believed that their European ancestors were far superior to Native Americans. The persistence of these myths showed how for centuries Americans selectively

249 examined evidence and distorted science in order to support their own agendas against the natives. Prior to the 20th century, many Americans accepted the mound-builder theories as despite the dubious evidence that supported them. For instance, most believers argued that the presence of metal artifacts beneath the mounds showed that the natives couldn't have them because they had no know ledge of metallurgy. Some tribes did in fact possess such skills, and the presence of defensive walls around tribal lands indicates that Native Americans could indeed construct structures such as earth mounds. Nonetheless, most Americans dismissed such evidence and instead considered other potential candidates for the mound builders. Popular choices were ancient Chinese, Greek, or African civilizations, none of which were in prehistoric America. Other people argued that mystical forces, such as God or people from mythical Atlantis, built the mounds.

A common presupposition for all of these theories was that the natives were too unskilled and primitive to build these intricate and complex structures. Ironically, by proclaiming the natives' ignorance, these theorists often displayed their own ignorance: they didn't recognize that the writings on many artifacts excavated from the mounds were Native American, particularly because they didn't know that these tribes had written languages. However, the popularity of these myths wasn't solely the result of racism and ignorance: these theories also served the Americans' agenda of seizing native lands. During the 19th century, when these theories were most popular, Americans expanded throughout the continent and eventually gained total control of all native territory. The settlers often justified their conquests by claiming that the natives themselves had stolen the land after they eradicated the mound- builders, so the Americans were essentially avenging these vanisfied peoples.

In order to support these agendas, proponents of the mound-builder theories would point to any bit of evidence, no matter how weak, that lent credence to their daims, and some even planted false evidence. Throughout the 19th century, excavations at many mound sites produced forged tablets, and these supported theories that either the natives had killed the original builders of the earth mounds or that the mounds were indeed built by a sacred people. All of these were inscribed with different languages, such as Mayan, Chinese, Hebrew, and Egyptian, and this supposedly proved that non-native civilizations built these mounds.

A While these findings were eventually exposed as frauds, the mound-builder theories persisted, even this day, especially among groups that claim racial superiority over the natives. B

Regardless of the misinformation and domineering prejudice that supported mound- builder theories, there has always been support for the idea that natives constructed the earthworks. C The early American president Thomas Jefferson reached this conclusion when he performed excavations at these sites and recognized similarities between native burials and mound burials. D Also, early evidence includes accounts by Spanish and French explorers who stayed with various native tribes and learned of the construction of many mounds. The myths finally ceased to be the dominating view after ethnologist Cyrus Thomas proved that native tribes constructed the mounds. At the end of the 19th century, this also became the United States government's official position. 1. According to paragraph 1, the earth mounds

A. still pose many questions as to who built them

B. show that an American people preceded the natives

C. were scoffed at by the first European settlers

D. were misunderstood for hundreds of years 2. In paragraph 1, what does the author imply about the mound-builder theories?

A. They were based on native history.

B. They didn't find many supporters,

C. They confirmed pre-existing beliefs.

D. They are widely accepted today. 3. The word dubious in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. solid B. technical C. confusing D. doubtful 4. The word resupposition in the passage is closest in meaning to

A. assumption B. conclusion C. contradiction D. question 5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Many Native American tribes could actually write in their own languages, which several believers of the mound-builder theories wouldn't realize until decades later.

B. By claiming that the natives were too ignorant to write language, the myths' believers actually showed that they were too ignorant to recognize native writing.

C. The people who argued in favor of the mound - builder myths showed that the discovery of inscribed artifacts proved no Native American tribe ever built earthworks.

D. Proponents of myths surrounding the earth mounds lacked crucial knowledge of the various native cultures, and this showed in their support for such ignorant theories. 6. The phrase these vanished peoples in the passage refers to

A. mound-builders B. Americans C. natives D. settlers 7. In paragraph 3, the author describes the American conquest of native lands in order to

A. show how important the mounds were to white Americans

B. explain how settlers were able to excavate the mounds

C. prove that natives couldn't build effective walls or mounds

D. discuss how the mound-builder theories were exploited 8. According to paragraph 4, how did the fake tablets allegedly prove that Native Americans didn't build the earth mounds?

A. They supposedly existed before any native society.

B. They featured writing from other civilizations,

C. They were metal, which natives couldn't make.

D. They resembled sacred tablets described in the Bible. 9. According to the passage, all of the following are true about mound-builder theories EXCEPT:

A. Most expressed racist attitudes. B. They became government policy,

C. Some involved fictional societies. D. They relied on shaky evidence. 10. Look at the four choices A, B, C, or D that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.

For instance, some black nationalist groups believe that an African civilization responsible for constructing the pyramids also built the earth mounds; like the Viking theory, this myth serves to stress pride in a particular race.

Where would this sentence best fit?

VI. GUIDED CLOZE TEST CLOZE TEST 1 Read the following passage carefully and then choose best option to fit each space (5 points)

Oxford is a city with such a mind-blowing reputation that many who come here find themselves intimidated by the place and can’t wait to leave, while others, taking to it like a duck to water, find themselves returning again and again. The college lawns provide a gorgeous (1)……….. to serious study, and in the right light, on a sunny winter’s morning say, one feels as if one is (2)……….. on air, such is the sense of unreality. Oxford may like to (3)……….. that it is at the intellectual hub of things, but in many ways it is no more than a sleepy (4)……….. where, to mix metaphors, transitory students, the (5)……….. of their generation, wait in the (6)……….. , allowing their talents to (7)………..before moving off into the industrial or political fast-lane. Much of this, is a myth, of course. Hardship and hard work are very much part and (8)……….. of student life. The (9)……….. get through the three years' hard grind by simply putting their shoulders to the wheel before going on to fairly average jobs. Only for the tiny minority is Oxford the first (10)………..on the ladder to fame and fortune. 1.A. backdrop B. curtain C. scene . D. screen 2. A flying B. gliding C. floating D. swimming

251 3. A. pretend B. act C. dissemble D. produce 4. A. backwater B. stream C. tributary D. watershed 5. A. froth B. cream C. fat D. caviar 6. A. pavilion B. dressing room C. wings D. foyer 7. A. flourish B. open C. spread D. float 8 .A. package B. section C. province D. parcel 9. A. level-headed B. hot-headed C. hot-blooded D. kind-hearted 10. A. step B. position C. elevation D. ascent

CLOZE TEST 2 Read the following passage carefully and then choose best option to fit each space (5 points)

Viewed from the outside (1)………… , the Houses of Parliament look impressive. The architecture gives the place a traditional look, and the buildings are sandwiched between a busy square and the river, making them a (2)………… between the country house of an eccentric duke and a Victorian railway station. You have only to learn that the members (3) ………… to each other as ‘The Honorable Member to (4)………… the picture of a dignified gentlemen's club, with of course a few ladies to (5)………… the numbers. Sadly, over the past few years first radio, and now television, have shown the general public, who are (6) ………… the electorate, what in fact goes on when bills are discussed and questions are asked. The first obvious fact is that the chamber is very rarely full, and there may be only a handful of members present, some of whom are quite clearly asleep, telling jokes to their neighbor, or shouting like badlybehaved schoolchildren. There is not enough room for them all in the chamber in any (7) …………, which is a second worrying point. Of course, television does not follow the work of committees, which are the small discussions groups that do most of the real work of the House. But the (8)………… impression that voters receive of the workings of government is not a good one. To put it (9)…………, parliament looks disorganized, is clearly behind the time and seems to be filled with bores and comedians. This is presumably why members (10)………… for so long the efforts of the BBC to broadcast parliamentary matters on television. 1. A. likewise B. at least C. nevertheless D. as well 2. A. mixture B. combination C. cross D. match 3. A. call B. refer C. speak D. submit 4. A. finalize B. end C. conclude D. complete 5. A. take away B. bring about C. make up D. set in 6. A. after all B. anyway C. even D. furthermore 7. A. point B. way C. matter D. case 8. A. total B. broad C. overall D. comprehensive 9. A. bluntly B. shortly C. directly D. basically 10. A. prevented B. checked C. defied D. resisted

B. WRITTEN TEST (70 points) I. OPEN CLOZE TESTS Read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only ONE WORD for each space. CLOZE TEST 1: (10 points)

Throughout our lives, right from the moment when as infants we cry to express our hunger, we are engaged in social interaction of one form or another. Each and (1) …………time we encounter fellow human beings, some kind of social interaction will take place, (2)………… it’s getting on a bus and paying the fare for the journey, or socializing with friends. It goes without (3) …………, therefore, that we need the ability to communicate. Without some method of (4)…………intentions, we would be at a(n) (5)…… loss when it came to interacting socially.

Communication (6)………… the exchange of information which can be anything from a gesture to a

friend signalling boredom to the presentation of a university thesis which may only ever be read by a (7)…………of others, or it could be something in (8)…………the two. Our highly developed languages set us (9)…………from animals. But for these languages, we could not communicate sophisticated or abstract ideas. Nor could we talk or write about people or objects not immediately present.(10)…………we restricted to discussing objects already present, we would be able to make abstract generalizations about the world.

CLOZE TEST 2: (10 points)

MY NEW FRIEND’S A ROBOT

In fiction robots have a personality, (1)…………reality is disappointingly different. Although sophisticated (2) ………… to assemble cars and assist during complex surgery, modern robots are dumb automatons, (3)………… of striking up relationships with their human operators.

However, change is (4) …………the horizon. Engineers argue that, as robots begin to make (5)……… a bigger part of society, they will need a way to interact with humans. To this end they will need artificial personalities. The big question is this: what does a synthetic companion need to have so that you want to engage (6)………… it over a long period of time? Phones and computers have already shown the (7)…… to which people can develop relationships with inanimate electronic objects.

Looking further (8)………… , engineers envisage robots helping around the house, integrating with the web to place supermarket orders using email. Programming the robot with a human-like persona and (9)………… it the ability to learn its users’ preferences, will help the person feel (10)…………ease with it. Interaction with such a digital entity in this context is more natural than sitting with a mouse and keyboard.

II. WORD FORMATION (20 points) PART 1: Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses. 1. Look ! I know you’ve lost your wallet, but there’s no use in keeping on…………the fact. Someone has stolen it and that's all there is to it ! (MOAN) 2. Paul is a good employee, and is very…………. (CONSCIENCE) 3. He must be drunk. He is making………… remarks. (SENSE) 4. You can ask a…………for advice on what kind of food you should eat to keep you healthy. (DIET) 5. Few active steps were taken to measure, understand or manage the occurance of…………. (ABSENCE) 6. ………… fans crowd near the stage the moment the pop star appears. (AWE) 7. She finally left her husband because of his …………. (ADULT) 8. Liskeard and Callington are basically………… from here, so it’ll take about the same time to get to either of them. (DISTANT) 9. You won’t persuade him to change his mind. His decision is………… . (REVOKE) 10. Since his bad habits were never broken when he was a child, they are now…………. (CORRECT)

PART 2: Complete the following passage with the appropriate forms from the words given in the box.

access appear commit deny exclude immerse infant institute lonely see

One of the most challenging aspects of the science anthropology comes from its fieldwork. Certainly, in its (1)…………. as a profession, anthropology was distinguished by its concentration on so-called primary societies in which social (2)…………. appear to be fairly limited and social interaction to be conducted almost (3)…………. face - to - face. Such societies, it was felt, provided anthropologists with a valuable (4)…………. into the workings of society that contrasted with the many complexities of more highly developed societies. There was also a sense that the way of life represented by these smaller societies were rapidly (5)…………. and that preserving a record of them was a matter of some urgency.

253

The (6) ………….of anthropologists to the first - hand collection of data led them to some of the most (7)…………. places on earth. Most often they worked alone. Such lack of contact with other people created feelings of intense (8)…………. in some anthropologists, especially in the early stages of fieldwork. Nevertheless, this process of (9)………….in a totally alien culture continues to attract men and women to anthropology, and is (10)…………. the most effective way of understanding in depth how other people see the world.

III. ERROR IDENTIFICATION (10 points) The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Identify and correct them.

Until recently, we have confined ourselves for our own solar system in the search for life, partly because we have not had evidence for the existence of other solar systems. Furthermore, our telescopes have not been powerful enough to detect planets. But not long ago, a technique was developed that could ascertain reliably whether stars have planets orbiting it. Basically, this technique relies upon our ability to detect with some degree of precision how much light a star is giving. If this change for a brief period, it is probably because a large object - a planet - is passing in front of it. At first, the technique could only establish the existence of a very large planet with an elliptical orbit that brought it in close proximity to the star. This was one of the limits of the technique: life could not exist on such large planets. Furthermore, the orbit of the planet would preclude the possibility of other, smaller planets orbiting the same star. Therefore, that particular planetary system could be effectively ruled out in terms of the search for life.

However, astronomers using an Anglo-American telescope in New South Wales now believe they have pinpointed a planetary system which resembles to our own. For the first time, they identified a large planet, twice the size of Jupiter, orbiting a star like the sun, at much the same distance from its parent star as Jupiter is to the sun. And this is the vital point about their discovery: there is at last a theoretical possibility that smaller planets could be orbiting inside the orbit of this planet. 1…………….. 2…………….. 3…………….. 4…………….. 5…………….. 6…………….. 7…………….. 8…………….. 9…………….. 10…………… IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION. (20 points) Rewrite the following sentences using the words given. 1. The mob went away when the police came along. → A long ……………………………………………………………………... 2. The inevitability of unemployment was something nobody cared to admit. → The admission……………………………………………………………... 3. Absolute secrecy was crucial to the success of the mission. → Without…………………………………………………………………….. 4. Something must be done quickly to solve the problem of homelessness. → Urgent…………………………………………………………………….... 5. An pretends not to know about Minh's absence. → An turns ……………………………………………………………………. 6. Minnie meant well so you mustn't be offended by her comments. (AMISS) → Please……………………………………………..because she meant well. 7. It’s urgent that the new principal start to deal with the problems facing the school. (GRIPS) → The new principle will have to………………… the problem facing the school straight away. 8. My supervisor did not even hint to me that he was about to resign. (INDICATION) → I……………………………………………………………………………. 9. When I saw the exam questions, I couldn't remember anything. (MIND) → When I saw the exam questions, my………………………………………. 10. We have recently noticed that you have not been attending staff training sessions. (ATTENTION ) → It has …………………………that you have not been attending staff training sessions.

A. M ULTIPLE CHOICE (40 pts) I. WOR D CHOICE (5.0 pts) Choose the best options to complete the following sentences. 1. She nearly………….on her sandwich as she was eating very fast.

A. suffocated B. drowned C. choked D. fainted 2. She wasn’t allowed into the country ;………….because her papers aren’t in order.

A. subsequently B. presumably C. admittedly D. paradoxically 3. He’s …………. his health, and takes dozens of vitamins every day.

A. fanatical about B. fascinated by

C. obsessed in D. enthusiastic about 4. Andrew is a very disciplined employee. He………….great importance to coming to work in time.

A. affixes B. attributes C. admits D. attaches 5. His public announcement of the secret plans was dealt a sheer …………. of confidence and was heavily criticized by the other members of the council.

A. damage B. breach C. crash D. fracture 6. Nobody, even the best doctors, expected Frank’s …………. to be so quick and successful after so severe an accident.

A. renewal B. resumption C. recuperation D. remuneration 7. Unanswered, the demands for nuclear deterrents have………….fears of civil war.

A. flashed up B. prognosticated C. sidetracked D. stoked up 8. Little did I imagine The Amazing Race would entail long-winded journeys and ups and downs………….

A. aplenty B. inexhaustibly C. profusely D. superabundant 9. Researchers have made a(n) ………….plea for more sponsorship so that they can continue their project.

A. com passionate B. dispassionate C. encompassed D. impassioned 10. The game keeper was on the alert as there has been some…………. on the estate.

A. poaching B. punching C. pouching D. pushing

II. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5.0 pts) Choose the best options to complete the following sentences. 1. The growth of two-income families in the United States…………. of people moving to a new social class.

A. has resulted in millions B. resulting in millions

C. results of millions D. millions of results 2. Stars differ fundamentally from planets…………. they are self-luminous whereas planets shine by reflected light.

A. from which B. when C. and D. in that 3. “Did you know Jim's car broke down on the highway late at night?"

“Unfortunately, that's a situation any one…………..”

A. might have to confront with B. might be con fronted with

C. might be confronted D. might have been confronted 4. Although he acts tough,…………...

A. his bark is worse than his bite B. he’s a tough nut to crack

C. he’s learned the hard way D. he isn’t up to scratch 5. What a dangerous thing to do! You …………...have been killed!

A. may B. can C. must D. might 6. On his desk………….. , which he usually sits in front of and looks at.

A. stood the picture of us B. it is the picture of us

C. standing the picture of us D. stands the picture of us 7. The scientists………… the festival of Ramadan, but they were too busy with their research in the

255 laboratory.

A. would have liked to commemorate

B. would have loved to have observed

C. would prefer to have obeyed

D. would sooner have celebrated 8. Them an…………of carrying out the burglary was released…………by police.

A. to be suspected/followed questioning

B. having been suspected/following questioned

C. suspected/following questioning

D. being suspected/followed questioned 9. A new generation of performers,…………those who by now had become a household name, honed their skills before following the same path onto television.

A. no less talented than B. along with talented as

C. together with talented as D. having been more talented than 10. In some countries, acupuncture is used as an anesthesia, permitting patients to have major surgery……

A. while fully conscious B. what is fully conscious

C. that fully consciousness D. which is fully conscious

III. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS (5.0 pts) Choose the best options to complete the following sentences. 1. Towards the end of the film Thelma and Louise, a large truck is ………… by the main characters when they shoot its tank, which is full of oil.

A. shot off B. struck in C. poured out D. blown up 2. In the novella, Hadji Murat is an important figure among the Chechens, but he ………… the main leader Sheikh Shamil following an argument.

A. sets apart from B. falls out with C. cuts back on D. keeps out of 3. I thought the movie was going to an end, but it just………….

A. dragged in B. dragged on C. dragged into D. dragged up 4. When he saw her with John, Jack………… anger.

A. showed up B. bristled with C. pricked with D. brushed with 5. Ben’s so unlucky in love. Why does he………… the type of woman who brings trouble?

A. fall for B. catch on C. put before D. set out 6. My father decides to apprentice me………… a lawyer although I don’t agree.

A. with B. to C. for D. into 7. China, which has been producing cars ………… joint ventures with foreign partners, is now launching its own brand ………… the global market.

A. through - on B. to - along C. of - throughout D. among - for 8. I muddled…………the jigsaw pieces and the children did the puzzle again.

A. up B. off C. over D. for 9. We flicked………… a few magazines while we waited in the doctor’s waiting room.

A. through B. on C. at D. over 10. Karen was terribly nervous before the interview but she managed to pull herself………… and act confidently.

A. through B. over C. together D. off

IV. COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS (5.0 pts) 1. If you want a flat in the centre of the city, you have to pay through the………… for it.

A. teeth B. head C. nose D. arm 2. I like my new job; the only fly in the………… is the fact that I have to work every other weekend.

A. fat B. porridge C. soup D. ointment

3 .1 caught the last bus by the skin of my………….

A. mouth B. leg C. neck D. teeth 4. Since he started his own business, he has been making money hand over………….

A. fist B. heel C. head D. palm 5. He was wearing very shabby, dirty clothes and looked very…………

A. easy-going B. down to teeth C. out of shape D. down at heel 6. I’m afraid you’ve caught me on the…………. I wasn’t expecting you until this afternoon.

A. stove B. grapevine C. spot D. hop 7. The escaped prisoner fought ………… before he was finally overpowered.

A. head over heels B. tooth and nail C. heart and soul D. foot and mouth 8. I didn’t suspect anything at first, but when I noticed her going through the office drawers I began to smell………….

A. a rat B. a pig C. a thief D. a culprit 9. Nagging Susan to stop smoking has no effect on her. It’s like water off ………….

A. a windmill B. a duck’s back C. a dripping tap D. an umbrella 10. I hope the computer course stalls this term. We’re all as keen as …………to get going.

A. coffee B. mustard C. a gigolo D. cornflakes

V. READING COMPREHENSION Read the following passages and choose the best option to complete the blank or answer the question. PASSAGE 1: (10 pts)

THE BALANCE IN THE OCEANS

The oceans’ predators come in all shapes and sizes. For example, one of the less infamous ones is the colorful starfish, which feeds on plant life, coral, or other shellfish such as mussels for sustenance. A more bloodcurdling example, especially to human beings and most other species of fish, is the shark, though most scientists agree that only ten per cent of the 450 plus species of sharks have been documented as actually attacking a human. Still, there is another predator lurking invisibly in the bodies of water of the world, one which poses one of the greatest threats to all species of ocean life - bacteria. Though many types of fish are continually stalking and evading one another for survival, they all band together in an attempt to keep bacteria levels at bay in order to allow their own existence to continue.

Bacteria play a dual role in the ecosystems of the oceans. On the one hand, they are beneficial as they stimulate plant life through food decomposition, which releases the necessary chemicals for the growth of plant life. This is called nutrient recycling and helps keep the oceans alive. But, on the other hand, bacteria are a major predator for all fish because they attack fragile, weaker individuals. If they are allowed to run rampant and not kept in check, they could virtually suffocate the oceans. In water, bacteria prove to be an even greater threat than on land because, as they proliferate, they reduced the oxygen levels necessary for organisms in the oceans to live. Further, when fish populations become depleted due to factors like overfishing, microbes such as algae expand and threaten the fragile ecosystems of the ocean. Therefore, ocean predators play a critical role by thwarting bacteria growth and maintaining the oceans’ equilibrium by reducing vulnerable links in the food chain.

In many ways, the balance within the oceans’ ecosystems mirrors the human body. That is, all of their components must work in harmony for them to stay healthy, efficient, and alive. If one of them is missing or deficient, an entire system can be placed in jeopardy. In both the human body and the ocean, bacteria play a vital role because, at manageable levels, they aid in protecting and cleaning each system of foreign agents that can be of harm. On the other hand, if bacteria levels increase and become out of control, they can take hold of a system, overrun it, and become debilitating. Therefore, both oceans and the human body have a kind of custodian that maintains bacteria levels. In the human body, it is called a phagocyte. Phagocytes eat up sick, old, or dying cells, which are more prone to bacterial invasion, and thus keep the body healthy. Like in the human body, bacteria can prove fatal to the living organisms in the ocean.

Like phagocytes in the human body ocean predators work as antibacterial custodians of the seas. In

257 essence, they are the immune system and a vital link in the food chain because they remove small, injured, or sickly fish from the ocean environment before bacteria can become too comfortable and multiply. By ridding the ocean of weaker fish, predators allow the stronger ones to multiply, making their species stronger and more resilient. Without their services and with their declining numbers, bacteria will blossom to levels that will eventually overpower and kill even the strongest species of fish because of the depletion of their number one source of life, all important oxygen.

While the greatest battle in the ocean may seem on the surface to be the survival of the fittest fish, closer look reveals something completely different: fish versus microorganisms. Clearly, most living organisms in the oceans are hunters by nature, but this way of life does not merely provide a food source for a dominant species. It also maintains a healthy level of bacteria in an ocean’s ecosystem, thus ensuring the continuation of all species of life within. Major predators are necessary, like the antibacterial cells of the human body, to keep this delicate balance in synch. If their numbers continue to decline and humans ignore their vital role in the ocean, dire consequences will definitely result. 1. The word “lurking” in the passage is closest in meaning to …………

A. attacking B. increasing C. waiting D. approaching 2. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of ocean predators?

A. The shark is the deadliest one for all other kinds of life in the oceans.

B. One of the most threatening to all fish populations is bacteria.

C. Starfish do little damage to the population of mussels and shellfish.

D. Most of the killers that hide in the oceans are unknown to humans. 3. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 1 about bacteria?

A. They can be extremely detrimental to fish if their numbers increase.

B. They are able to feed off themselves when other food sources are limited,

C. They stimulate plant life, which in turn releases oxygen into the water.

D. They present themselves in numerous shapes and forms as well as colors. 4. The author discusses “nutrient recycling” in paragraph 2 in order to...........

A. show how bacteria act similarly in the ocean and the human body

B. explain the different roles of nutrients and oxygen for species of fish

C. indicate that bacteria do have a positive impact in the oceans

D. note how chemicals from bacteria are able to stimulate plant growth 5. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the sentence in bold (“Though... continue”)?

A. Evasion tactics help fish escape from the threats posed by an increasing number of bacteria.

B. Various species of fish prey upon one another in order to lower bacteria levels in the ocean.

C. High bacteria levels in the ocean help most species of fish to survive by providing them with food.

D. Rivals or not, all fish help one another survive by preventing bacteria from proliferating. 6. The word “thwarting” in the passage is closest in meaning to …………

A. encouraging B. preventing C. slowing D. Sustaining 7. According to paragraph 2, bacteria are dangerous to ocean life because…………

A. they have the capability to attack both strong and weaker fish

B. they could monopolize the critical breathable gas in the ocean

C. they get rid of vulnerable links, like dying fish, in the food chain

D. they blossom out of control when overfishing becomes dominant 8. The word “debilitating” in the passage is closest in meaning to ……….

A. stimulating B. hindering C. elevating D. weakening 9. The author's description of phagocytes mentions all of the following EXCEPT:

A. They rid the human body of potentially dangerous organisms.

B. They act in a similar manner as the predators of the ocean,

C. They dispose of bacteria to make weakened cells revive.

D. They are cleaning agents in humans to maintain bacteria levels.

10. The word “It” in the passage refers to ……….

A. nature B. way of life C. food source D. dominant species

PASSAGE 2: (10 pts)

ARTISANS AND INDUSTRIALIZATION

Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time; making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.

The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of setting úp one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.

Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them , the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

259 1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before 1815?

A. They were primarily produced by women.

B. They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.

C. They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.

D. They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks. 2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.

B. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.

C. Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.

D. Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them. 3. The word “disrupted” in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to

A. prolonged B. established C. followed D. upset 4. In paragraph 4. the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to………….

A. support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

B. to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

C. argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

D. emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints 5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEPT a loss of………….

A. freedom

B. status in the community

C. opportunities for advancement

D. contact among workers who were not managers 6. The phrase “gathered some momentum” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to ………….

A. made progress B. became active C. caused changes D. combined forces 7. The word “spearheaded” in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning to………….

A. led B. accepted C. changed D. resisted 8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800’s is supported by paragraph 5?

A. It was most successful during times of economic crisis.

B. Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers,

C. It was slow to improve conditions for workers.

D. It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other. 9. The author identifies “political party loyalties , and disagreements over tactics” as two of several factors that ………….

A. encouraged workers to demand higher wages

B. created divisions among workers

C. caused work to become more specialized

D. increased workers’ resentment of the industrial system 4. The word “them”, in paragraph 6 refers to………….

A. Workers B. political party loyalties

C. disagreements over tactics D. agents of opportunity

VI. GUIDED CLOZE TEST: Read the passages below and decide which answer best fits each space. PASSAGE 1: (10 pts)

Over the past thirty years or so, the methods used for collecting money from the public to (1)………… the developing world have changed out of all recognition, along with the gravity of the problems faced, and

the increasing awareness among the population that something must be done. At the beginning of this period, it would have been common to put (2)………… in a collecting box, perhaps on the street or at church, or to receive a small ‘flag’ to wear in the lapel. The 1960s saw the development of shops which sold secondhand goods. (3)…………by the public, and which also began to sell articles manufactured in the developing world in projects set up by the parent charity, to guarantee a fair income to local people.

The next development was probably the charity 'event', in which participants were (4)………… to run, cycle, swim and what have you, and collected money from friends and relatives according to how far or long they managed to keep going. The first hint of what was to become the most successful means of (5)………… money was the charity record, where the artists donated their time and talent and the proceeds from sales went to a good cause. This was perhaps a reflection of the fact that young people felt increasingly concerned about the obvious differences between (6)………… in Europe and the United States, and that in most of Africa and Asia, and this concern was reflected in songs besides being clearly shown on television. The problems were becoming hard to (7)…………, but a feeling of frustration was building up. Why was so little being done? The huge success of Band Aid, and subsequent televised concerts, reflected the (8)…………of the media, and of music in particular but also differed in style from other events. People phoned up in their thousands on the day and (9)…………money by quoting their credit card numbers. After all, if you have enough money to buy CDs arid a stereo player, you can afford something for the world's (10)…………children. 1. A. finance B. aid C . pay D. loan 2. A. this B. money C. them D. funds 3. A. donated B. freed C. offered D. awarded 4. A. sponsored B. invited C . required D. used 5. A. borrowing B. such C. further D. raising 6. A. being B. life C. them D. lifestyles 7. A. avoid B. understand C. define D. implement 8. A. mass B. ability C. style D. power 9. A. loaned B. handed in C. pledged D. raised 10. A. famine B. underdeveloped C. starving D. own

PASSAGE 2: (10 pts)

The money that some professional sportsmen earn shouldn’t impress anyone when you take into (1)………… the fact that only a few of them manage to attain immortality and everlasting fame. And once they reach their (2)…………and display their talent at their best, they are fully conscious that their brilliant careers won’t last forever. They live under a constant of being (3)………… and subsequently replaced by someone who is younger, faster and more accomplished. For that reason, objectives like retirement benefits and pensions are (4)………… great concern to all professional athletes.

Some of the retired competitors go as far as to organize strikes and rallies to voice their protest against any policy unresponsive to their demand (5)………… the younger professionals seek more upgrading solutions to the problem as more and more of them attach a proper significance to (6)………… a solid education, even at university level. Such an approach should help them find interesting and well-paid jobs (7)………… their sports career is over.

A completely new strategy has been devised by the schools priding themselves (8)……… supporting their own teams. Their authorities insist that the sports clubs members achieve high academic standards or else they are debarred from partaking certain sports events, which may lead to further disruption in their professional careers.

By these practical and most- effective (9)………… , combining education with sports activity, the (10)………… of the professional athlete as being brainless and unintelligent may eventually be changing to the sportsmen’s benefit. 1. A. reflection B. attention C. examination D. consideration 2. A. prime B. shape C. best D. capacity

261 3. A. outcast B. outshone C. outstayed D. outgrown 4. A. with B. in C. at D. of 5. A. whereby B. whereas C. whereupon D. wherein 6. A. mastering B. learning C. receiving D. attending 7. A. right away B. promptly C. barely D. once 8. A. with B. on C. for D. in 9. A. grounds B. results C. factors D. means 10. A. vision B. outlook C. image D. judgment

B. WRITTEN TEST: I. OPEN CLOZE TEST (20pts) Fill each of the following numbered blanks with ONE suitable word. PART 1:

PSYCHOLOGY: THE SCIENCE OF THE MIND

Psychology is the study of the mind, by far the most sophisticated machine (1)………… Earth. But how can something as inaccessible as the mind be studied? Even (2)………… we were to open someone’s skull and look inside, we would only see the brain, not the mind in action. (3)………… we cannot observe the mind directly, it controls everything we do. Therefore, psychologists study human behaviour in order to discover (4)…………the mind works. The behaviour that interests them ranges from simple acts such as feeding, to much more complex skills (5)…………language. Psychologists measure behaviour, and often use statistics to show that what they find is reliable evidence and not just down to chance. The scientific knowledge gained from this research is then used by practising psychologists. For example, clinical psychologists- (6)…………make up the largest group of specialists - help people with emotional problems (7)…………with their difficulties. Research findings are not only used by psychologists, but also by other professionals who are concerned with the ways people interact-doctors, teachers and judges, to name just a (8)………… A substantial body of psychological knowledge has been built up since the nineteenth century. Nevertheless, the enormous complexity of the mind (9)………… that there will always be more to learn about it, (10)…………much research is undertaken.

PART 2:

GRANDPARENTS: THE NEW GENERATION

Always a sure source of affection, my grandparents were hugely important figures in my life. They (1)…………shower my sisters and me with sweets, indulgences and stories, telling tales about my parents as naughty children. When the last of (2) ………… died, we all wondered who would hold the family together.

People have relied on grandparents in Britain since the Industrial Revolution, (3)…………whole families moved into cities from the country to get work in the new factories, taking grandmother along to look after the children. Despite the fact that more grandmothers are working now, grandparents are still the backbone of childrencare in Britain. They provide 44% of full-time care for pre-school children, which makes you wonder how the country would manage (4)…………them.

The traditional image of a grandparent is a smiling old person surrounded by a cohort of happy children, but (5)………… doesn’t match the facts. (6)………… we have now is the so-called “beanpole family”, thinly stretched (7)…………several generations, with fewer family members in each and with growing numbers of single-parent families. Grandparents are getting younger-more than 50% of grand pa rents have already had their first grandchild by the age of 54.

For many of them, grandparenthood means juggling a job, involvement with grandchildren and, sometimes, the care of (8) …………own parents. It’s up to us to balance the demands we make on them if we don't want to wear them (9) …………. Grandparents are (10)…………a valuable part of the family that we just cannot do without them.