14 Trường THPT Nguyễn Thượng Hiền – Tp. Hồ Chí Minh

II. WORD FORM S (20pts) Fill in each blank with the most suitable form of the word in brackets. PART 1: 1. Some people wake up every morning with a sense of ease, quiet , and spaciousness in their mind, while others tend to feel anxious, fearful and………….toward the day ahead. (PATHETIC) 2. We (judge)…………. how long it would take us, so the ceremony was over by the time we arrived, misjudged. 3. Up to a point, people can improve their …………. skills with practice , though many scientists believe it's not possible for the brain to carry out two or more processes simultaneously . (TASK ) 4. In………….talk (that is, talk in which the participants do not have equal power, status , responsibility or control), we should apply the 'one rule for one and one for another' principle consistently. (SYMMETRY) 5. After the Second World War, there was indeed a/an ………….of developing nations that were able to think up political institutions with a view to achieving independence from their prior colonial and sustain mass engagement thereafter. (RISE) 6. By pausing for a moment or two before speaking you will simply be………….a nervous tendency to rush headlong into everything. (ACT) 7. Many innocent ………….were killed in the crossfire. (STAND) 8. A crowd of curious…………. soon gathered to see what was happening. (LOOK ) 9. The other team completely (play)………….us and we lost 6-0. 10. Women who are slimming can never enjoy a meal without being afraid of their diet. (ORGANISE)

PART 2:

Recently, researchers have been kept busy picking lettuces under cover of darkness, but there is a perfectly reason able explanation for this ………….(1. APPEAR) bizarre experiment. Tests have shown that the vegetables picked at night stayed fresh ………….(2. CONSIDER) longer than those picked during the day, though the reason for this improved………….(3. LONG) is unclear.

Lunar gardeners claim to have known about the ………….(4. BENEFIT) effects of nocturnal vegetable management for years, and those gardeners who believe in environmentally friendly organic methods see the idea of working with the moon’s influence as a continuation of their principles. They claim to be following a tradition, long-established in various parts of the world, of working in harmony with the moon’s …………. (5.GR AVITY) pull. In England, lunar gardening reached its zenith in the 16th century, but the vagaries of the …………. (6. PREDICT) climate meant that it survived only as part of an oral folklore tradition. ………….(7. CONFUSE), several different and sometimes contradictory systems are practised today. Although all of them focus on the effects of moonlight and the moon’s pull on the Earth’s water, the exact science remains controversial. There are some…………. (8. HORTICULTURE ) who regard the ideas with…………. (9. SCEPTIC). Others, however, are more encouraging and less …………. (10. DISMISS), and advocate further research, even though no discernible results have been forthcoming in support of any particular theory.

III. ERROR IDENTIFICATION (10 pts) Read the text, find the 10 mistakes and correct them. You should indicate in which line the mistake is.

1 2 3 4 5 6 The market for tourism in remote areas is booming as never before. Countries all across the world are active promoting their ‘wilderness’ regions - such as mountains, Arctic lands, deserts, small islands and wetlands - to highly spending tourists. The attraction of these areas is obvious: by defining, wilderness tourism requires little or no initial investment. But that does not mean that there is no cost. Like the 1992

263 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 UN Conference on Environment and Development recognized, these regions are fragile (i.e. highly vulnerable of abnormal pressures) not just in terms of the culture of their inhabitation. The three most significant types of fragile environment in these respects are deserts, mountains and Arctic areas. An important character is their marked seasonality. Consequently, most human acts, including tourism, are limited to clearly defined parts of the year. Tourists are drawn to these regions by their natural beauty and the unique culture of its people. And poor governments in these areas have welcomed the 'adventure tourists’, grateful for the currency they bring. For several years, tourism is the prime source of foreign exchange in Nepal and Bhutan. Tourism is also a key element in the economics of Arctic zones such as Lapland and Alaska and in desert areas such as Ayres Rocks in Australia and Arizona’s Monument Valley.

1…………….. 2…………….. 3…………….. 4…………….. 5…………….. 6…………….. 7…………….. 8…………….. 9…………….. 10……………

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION (20pts) Rewrite the following sentences with the given words or beginning in such a way that their meanings remain unchanged. You MUST NOT change the given words in any way. 1. We only came to this restaurant because you insisted that we did so. → It was …………………………………………………………………………. 2. Melissa's father was very busy, but he still played with her. → Busy ………………………………………………………………………….. 3. Success in academic field depends on your ability to amass qualifications. → The more……………………………………………………………………… 4. It was pure chance that a policeman was passing as I was attacked. → Only…………………………………………………………………………… 5. I couldn’t make Julie give a definite answer. → I couldn’t pin …………………………………………………………………. 6. I hope his story will help us to understand what happened. (SHED) → Hopefully when he tells us his story, it will………………………………….. 7. He was finally able to adjust himself to the new working condition. (SWING) → He finally got…………………………………………………………………. 8. Her role in the plot was of secondary importance. (SECOND FIDDLE)

→………………………………………………………………………………… 9. The offer to go and work in Brazil was a complete surprise. (BLUE)

→ ………………………………………………………………………………… 10. This liver condition is common in those who drink a lot. (DRINKERS)

→ …………………………………………………………………………………

A. MULTIPLE - CHOICE QUESTIONS (4 0 PTS) I. PHONOLOGY (5 PTS) Sort out the word with the underlined part pronounced differently from that of the others. 1. A. confusedly B. allegedly C. supposedly D. wickedly 2. A. sizzle B. wily C. quits D. pidgin 3. A. comet B. simile C. starlet D. sequence 4. A. sociable B. species C. specimen D. specialist 5. A. pneumonia B. Portugese C. suitable D. nephew

Pick out the one word with a different stress pattern from the others. 6. A. mollify B. dissipate C. tentative D. panacea 7. A. armchair B. innate C. accent D. datum 8. A. bigotry B. adherent C. asylum D. flamboyant 9. A. frivolous B. hibernate C. jeopardize D. procastinate 10. A. morale B. moustache C. contour D. disease

II. WORD CHOICE (5 PTS): Read the sentences and choose the best answer. 11. That human rights are……………is unacceptable in a civilized society.

A. infringed B. impeached C. abrogated D. quashed 12. I’ve heard that argument before and quite frankly it just doesn't ……………!

A. face the music B. hold water C. carry weight D. hit the roof 13. That ancient car of his is…………… joke among his friends.

A. standing B. steady C. settled D. stable 14. He’s regarded as the…………… favourite to win the prize

A. warm B. fiery C. hot D. ardent 15. When the police examined the house, they found that the lock had been……………

A. touched B. broken C. hindered D. tampered 16. We need to …………… the trend towards centralized power.

A. repeal B. reverse C. overturn D. undo 17. Financial worries gradually……………his health and he was obliged to retire early.

A. disabled B. exhausted C. undermine D. invalidated 18. He looks very aggressive and threatening, and so his soft, gentle voice is rather…………….

A. disembodied B. disconcerting C. dismissive D. discordant 19. After congratulating his team, the coach left, allowing the players to let their ……………for a while.

A. souls B. hearts C. heads D. hair 20. Grandma says there wasn’t a……………of truth in that story Grandpa told last night about being a war hero.

A. speck B. grain C. crumb D. dot

III. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5PTS): Read the sentences and choose the best answer. 21……………worry about our teenagers getting into trouble.

A. We adults B. We are adults C. Adults we D. Adults us 22. What happened ……………their car broke down on the motorway so they didn’t get to Jo’s wedding on time.

A. to be that B. being that C. was that D. to that 23. Public television stations are different from commercial stations…………….

265 A. because they receive money differently and different types of shows

B. for money and program types

C. in the areas of funding and programming

D. because the former receives money and has programs differently from the latter 24. I don’t think it would be wise to try to make Max change his mind about divorcing Barbara. Well, in his place I……………her at all.

A. would never have married B. needn’t have married

C. would never marry D. must never have married 25. Once known as the “Golden State” because of its gold mines,……………

A. North Carolina today mines few metallic minerals

B. few metallic minerals are mined in North Carolina today

C. there are few metallic minerals mined in North Carolina today

D. today in North Carolina few metallic minerals are mined 26. Unsalted butter is best for this recipe, but…………… that, margarine will do.

A. except B. failing C. for all of D. given 27. Smith had a lucky escape. He…………… killed.

A. would have been B. must have been

C. could have been D. should have been 28. It is imperative that your facebook password……………confidential.

A. need keeping B. need to keep

C. needs to be kept D. needed keeping 29. “Which is more important: luck or effort?” “Luck is…………… effort.”

A. of the same importance B. the same importance as

C. as the same importance as D. of the same importance as 30. This year will be difficult for this organization because……………

A. they have less money and volunteers than they had last year

B. it has less money and fewer volunteers than it did last year

C. the last year it did not have as few and little volunteers and money

D. there are fewer and volunteers that in that last year there were

IV. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS: Read the sentences and choose the best answer. 31. I have a predilection for clothes that jumps …………… you.

A. up on B. out at C. in for D. down under 32. The company had to cough…………… a lot of money to indemnify for the victims in the accident.

A. up B. out C. into D. away 33. Picasso bequeathed most of his paintings……………France and Spain.

A. for B. over C. to D. in 34. Don’t remind her about that. She has just stopped crying and you may risk, setting her……………with that remark.

A. up B. against C. away D. off 35. I can only hold him …………… contempt after what he said in the speech.

A. to B. in C. with D. for 36. She soon has complete contempt…………… misogynists.

A. on B. for C. at D. with 37. I got the wrong number because my fingers slipped …………… the button as I was punching in the number.

A. away B. on C. off D. under 38. Tom has set his heart on jacking………… his job and travels around the world.

A. up B. off C. out D. in

39. The figures give the lie…………the rumours that the company is on the rocks.

A. at B. with C. up D. to 40. John turned…………trumps, finally finding a job to sustain his life.

A. up B. to C. in D. at

V. GUIDED CLOZE (10 PTS): Read the passages and choose the best answer. PASSAGE 1

Childhood is the time when there are (1)………….responsibilities to make life difficult. If a child has good parents, he is fed, looked after and loved, (2)…………. he may do. It is improbable that he will ever again in his life be given so much without having to do anything in return. In (3)…………., life is always presenting new things to the child - things that have lost their interest for older people because they are too well-known. A child finds pleasure playing in the rain, or in the snow. His first visit to the seaside is a marvellous adventure. (4)…………. , a child has his pain. He is not so free to do as he wishes as he thinks older people are: he is continually told not to do things, or being punished (5)………….what he has done wrong. His life is therefore not perfectly happy.

When a young man starts to (6)…………. his own living, he becomes free from the discipline of school and parents, but at the same time he is forced to accept responsibilities. He can no longer expect (7)………….to pay for his food, his clothes and his room, but he has to work if he wants to live comfortably. If he spends most time playing about in a day he used to as a child, he will be hungry. And if he breaks the laws of society as he used to break the laws of his parents, he may go to prison. If, however, he works hard, keeps out of troubles and has good health, he can have the greatest happiness of seeing himself make steady (8)…………. in his job and of building up for himself his own position in society.

Old age has always been thought of as the worst age to be, but it is not necessary for the old to be unhappy. With old age (9)…………. wisdom and the ability to help others with advice wisely given. The old can have the joy of seeing their children making progress in life: they can watch their grandchildren growing up around them, and perhaps best of all, they can, if their life has been a useful one, feel the happiness of having come (10)…………. the battle of life safely and of having reached a time when they can lie back and rest, leaving others to continue the fight. 41. A. little B. few C. a little D. a few 42. A. whenever B. wherever C. whatever D. whosoever 43. A. short B. term C. reality D. addition 44. A. However B. But C. Therefore D. Moreover 45. A. because B. for C. at D. by 46. A. take B. have C. create D. earn 47. A. other B. another C. others D. someone 48. A. progress B. achievement C. improvements D. accomplishments 49. A. coming B. come C. came D. had come 50. A. out B. across C. through D. back

PASSAGE 2

United Parcel Service (UPS) believes that its employees should give the firm a fair day’s work for a fair’s day pay. The package delivery firm seems willing to give more than a fair's day pay. But in (1) ……, UPS expects maximum output from its employees.

Since 1920s, the firm’s industrial engineers have been studying every detail of every task (2)……….by most UPS employees. From their studies have come time and motion standards that (3)………. how those tasks are performed and how long they should take. Drivers, for example, are expected to walk to a customer’s door at a speed of exactly three feet per second. They are told to knock as soon as they get there, rather than (4)……….time looking for a doorbell.

Work engineers are (5)……….riding with drivers, timing everything from stops at traffic lights, to wait

267 at customers’ doorway, to stairway climbs, to coffee break. And they are not (6) ………. to pointing out the occasional inefficiency. Additionally, supervisors ride with the least good drivers, noting how they work and constantly (7)……….them until their work is up to standard.

The (8) ……….of all this work engineering is efficiency, and UPS has been called one of the most efficient companies anywhere. It's also a highly profitable company. Most drivers take the regimentation in stride: many show (9)……….in meeting the UPS standards each day. Others, however, feel that they are constantly being pushed, that it is impossible for them to (10)………. at work. UPS officials claim that the standards provide accountability. And, they say, employees who work according to UPS standards should feel less tired at the end of the day. 51. A. fact B. exchange C. return D. short 52 A. hold B. performed C. accepted D. under 53. A. indicate B. govern C. demonstrate D. tell 54. A. wasting B. spend C. spending D. waste 55. A. consistently B. continually C. constructively D. chronically 56. A. impolite B. brave C. intimate D. averse 57. A. scolding B. criticizing C. encouraging D. correcting 58. A. task B. reason C. object D. target 59. A. pride B. passion C. interest D. pleasure 60. A. rest B. relieve C. relax D. restrain

VI. READING COMPREHENSION (10 PTS ): Read the passages and choose the best answer. PASSAGE 1

A major American bank is being sued by the US authorities for allegedly discriminating against its female employees. It has been alleged that women in the firm do not have as good promotion prospects as the men and that their salaries are not on a par with those of their male counterparts.

Sexism in the workplace is against the law in America and in many other countries. However, there are still obstacles in many firms which prevent women from achieving the promotion that their talents and qualifications deserve. Many women are promoted quite rapidly through the junior jobs in a firm, but face the glass ceiling, when they apply for any of the most senior posts. So it is that, although there are many women in middle management positions in many firms, there are very few in top management posts.

Many women blame this situation on the old-boy network. Others see it as evidence that many men are resistant to change and are still chauvinists at heart, while some may feel that failure to promote women to top jobs is a result of feeling of insecurity in the men who are making the appointments. Perhaps they are afraid of letting women become too powerful.

Not many years ago the power which women have today would have seemed an impossible dream to many women. Before the rise of the women’s movement there were no such things as equal rights or equal opportunities for women. For the most part, women were expected to get married and then be responsible for childcare and for carrying out all the household tasks. If they worked, it was probably in a part-time, often rather menial, job.

Feminists saw this as sexism and a waste of women’s talents, and set out to change things. Although some people, women as well as men, now do not have a high regard for feminism, women owe to feminists many of the improvements in their work situation. Without them, there would be no positive discrimination, no job-sharing and no parity with men in the workplace. 61. Which of the following statement is NOT true, according to the passage?

A. Women can easily be appointed to high management positions nowadays.

B. In spite of their ability and qualifications, women are hard to be promoted.

C. Discrimination against women in the workplace is illegal in America.

D. There are very few women who hold top management posts in many firms. 62. The pronoun “them” in the penultimate line of the last paragraph refers to………...

A. women B. men C. people D. feminists 63. What does “the glass ceiling” used in the second paragraph mean?

A. the bosses’ indifferent attitude towards women in the workplace.

B. the unstated thing that prevents women from getting a promotion.

C . the law that does not allow female workers to get promoted.

D. the top inside surface of a room that is transparent and invisible . 64. The phrase “on a par with” as used in the first paragraph can be best replaced by ………....

A. so low as B. better than C. compared with D. equal to 65. It can be inferred from the pas sage that………....

A. having power is still an impossible dream for many women nowadays.

B. women in the past could not do any jobs whether they were part-time or menial,

C. since the women's liberation movement, women have had equal opportunities.

D. women's current tasks include taking care of children and doing housework. 66. The word “parity” as used in the last paragraph is closest in meaning to ………..?

A. relationship B. competition C. equality D. responsibility 67. What could be the best title of the passage?

A. Sex Equality B. Gender discrimination

C. Men and Women D. Jobs for Women 68. In which paragraph does the writer give an example of a business that commits sexism?

A. Paragraph 3 B. Paragraph 2 C. Paragraph 1 D. Paragraph 4 69. The word “this” in the last paragraph refers to the fact that women ………..

A. wasted their talent s and time doing unimportant jobs.

B. could not do full-time jobs , just household chores.

C. expected to get married and give birth to children.

D. fought for their equal rights and equal opportunities. 70. Which of the following is NO T mentioned as a reason for sexism at the workplace?

A. Male chauvinism B. Men’s feelings of insecurity

C. Women’s weakness D. The old-boy network

PASSAGE 2

Over the last century the world has become increasingly smaller. Not geographically, of course, but in the sense that media, technology and the opening of borders has enabled the world's citizen s to view, share and gain access to a much wider range of cultures, societies and world views. In this melting pot that the world has become, today’s child is privy to facets of the human experience that his immediate predecessors had no inkling even existed. It stands to reason that in order, to absorb, con figure and finally form opinions about this information- laden planet, children must be supplied with certain tools. Included in this list of ‘tools’ are: education, social skills, cultural aw are ness and the acquisition of languages, the most important of these being the latter. Until recently, a child who had the ability to speak more than one language would have been considered a very rare entity. This one-language phenomenon could be attributed to a combination of factors. Firstly, the monolingual environment in which a child was raised played a strong role, as did the limited, biased education of the past. With regard to immigrants, the sad fact was that nonnative parents tended to withhold the teaching of the mother tongue so that the child would acquire the ‘more prestigious’ language of the adopted country.

Nowadays, the situation has undergone an almost complete reversal. In the majority of North American and European countries, most children are given the opportunity to learn a second or even a third language. Children acquire these foreign languages through various and diverse means. In many countries, learning a foreign language is a compulsory subject in the state school curriculum. Other children rely on language schools or private tuition to achieve their goal. In other instances, children are born to bilingual parents, who, if they so desire, may teach the children two languages.

Bringing up one's child bilingually is not a decision to be taken lightly. Both parents must consider

269 long and hard the implications involved in raising a child in a two-language home. This decision is one of those all-important choices which will affect not only the parents’ lives but also the life of the child. Raising a child bilingually has a two-fold effect. Firstly, of course, the child learns the two languages of the parents. Secondly, the parents’ decision will influence factors which will have a far-reaching effect on the child's life. Some of these factors include: style and place of education; diameter of social circle; employment potential and preference; and, most importantly, the way in which the child views himself and his global environment.

One of the more advantageous by-products of being a member of a bilingual family is the inherent awareness of two different cultures. This bicultural child inherits a wealth of knowledge brought about by an exposure to: historical backgrounds; traditional songs and folklore; rituals of marriage; models of social interaction; and therefore, two varying interpretations of the world. The monolingual child seems to be at a disadvantage in comparison to the bilingual child, who has a set of languages and an accompanying set of abstract cultural ideas. Practically speaking, when a child comes from a two-language family, he must be taught both languages in order to communicate with the extended family members. When, for example, the grandparents speak a language which differs from that of the child's locale, a monolingual child would be deprived of the interaction which occurs between grandparents and grandchildren. On the other hand, a bilingual child will not only be able to speak to grandparents, but will also comprehend where these people have ‘come from’. There will be a shared cultural empathy within the family. Because all family members can communicate, on both a verbal and cultural level, no one will feel excluded and the child will develop a sense of rootedness.

On a more abstract level, it has been said that a bilingual child thinks differently from a monolingual child. Current research in linguistics indicates that there may be a strong correlation between bilingualism and cognitive skills. This new research concerns itself with the fact that a bilingual child has two lexical structures for any given physical or abstract entity. This leads logically to the assumption that the child also has two associations for many words, as a word can mean different things in different languages. For example, the word ‘fire' in many western hemisphere languages connotes warmth and survival. For the bilingual child, then, vocabulary items and the abstract idea behind them are both dual in nature and more elastic. Researchers maintain that this elasticity of ideas may allow the child to think more flexibly and, therefore, more creatively. 71. In the author’s view, the world is becoming a…………..

A. more culturally diverse place

B. place where only privileged children will prosper

C. less complex place to live in

D. much more integrated place 72. According to the first paragraph, which of the following was true of immigrants?

A. Children were reluctant to use their mother tongue.

B. The mother tongue was considered less important.

C. Parents encouraged children to use their mother tongue.

D. Most parents made it a priority for children to grow up bilingual. 73. The phrase “privy to" in paragraph 1 mostly means…………..

A. acquainted with B. advised of

C. apprised of D. in the know about 74. The phrase “ attributed to” mostly means…………...

A. ascribed to B. associated with

C. connected with D. held responsible for 75. According to the writer, second or foreign language learning is something…………..

A. people are still apathetic towards

B. mainly associated with private sector education

C. that few people take seriously

D. about which general attitudes have evolved considerably

76. According to the article, the decision to raise bilingual children is difficult because…………...

A. it may limit the child’s choice of friends

B. though simple for parents, it can impact negatively on children

C. it may cause children to lose their sense of identity

D. it needs to be considered from many different angles 77. With regard to the ‘extended family’ in immigrant situations, the writer feels it is important that……….

A. adults try to understand the child’s difficult cultural situation

B. children are not pressured to speak their parents’ native language

C. adults recognise the child’s need to identify more with local culture

D. children can relate to all aspects of their parents’ native culture 78. The word “by-products” in paragraph 4 mostly means…………..

A. entailments B. knock-on effects C. side effects D. spin-offs 79. The word “connotes” in paragraph 5 mostly means…………...

A. underpins B. implies C. signifies D. smacks of 80. According to current research, the benefit of learning two languages is that…………..

A. different types of knowledge can be accessed in different languages

B. bilinguals become more aware the origin of words in languages

C. it helps to develop different capabilities of the mind

D. bilinguals develop a greater sense of the value of culture

B. WRITTEN QUESTIONS (60 PTS) I. OPEN CLOZE (20 PTS): Read the passsages and fill each gaps with ONE word. PASSAGE 1

MALNUTRITION GOALS IN AFRICA ‘VERY FAR AWAY’

A new report shows that no country in Africa will meet goals (81)…………..to end childhood malnutrition by the year 2030. That target was set by the United Nations in 2015 (82)………….. a Sustainable Development Goal. The UN adopted a set of goals, "to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable development agenda". The new report is published in the journal Nature. It identifies poor child nutrition and (83)………….. levels of education across 51 African countries. These were (84) ………….. factors in countries battling to (85)………….. children with sufficient food. Researcher Simon Hay said the goal of ending childhood malnutrition was always an "aspirational" target. He said: "This aspiration is very, very far away."

There was some good news in the report. It highlighted the fact that many African nations, (86) …….. Ghana and Nigeria, have shown (87) …………..of improvement in childhood development since the year 2000. However, it is a different story for countries like Chad, Central African Republic and Eritrea. The report indicates that malnutrition remained "persistently high" in 14 countries between Senegal in the west and Somalia in the east. Many of these countries have (88)………….. war, famine and mass migration, all of (89)…………..have put massive strains (90)………….. health and agriculture. One researcher said considerable investment was needed in health and infrastructure in order to address "serious inequalities".

PASSAGE 2

THAILAND TO CLOSE FAMOUS BEACH TO PROTECT CORAL

Thailand will soon close one of its world famous beaches in an (91)………….. to reverse the damage done to its coral by mass (92) …………... The beach is in Maya Bay on the tiny island of Koh Phi Phi Leh. It garnered worldwide attention after it featured heavily in the Leonardo DiCaprio blockbuster movie The Beach. The film (93)…………..the Maya Bay beach on the bucket lists of millions of travellers worldwide. The result has been an influx of up to 5,000 sun worshippers a day to its emerald shores. They arrive (94)………….. hundreds of boats, which have caused irreversible damage to the bay's coral. Officials say that most of the coral in the bay has died. The beach will close between June and September to let the coral

271 (95) …………...

Experts predict that almost 80 per cent of Thailand's coral (96)…………..have been destroyed, and that once pristine beaches have been damaged by tourism. The deputy dean of the Faculty of Fisheries at Bangkok’s Kasetsart University is an outspoken critic of the level of tourism Thailand’s coastline (97)…… to endure. He said the biggest culprits were beachfront hotels, boat anchors (98) ………… into and breaking the coral, and plastic waste being (99)………….. in the sea. He believes the "ideal solution" is for Maya Bay to be closed permanently. He said: "While it's a very pretty bay, visiting it with a flotilla of boats and hordes of other tourists rather detract from the magic." He welcomed the temporary (100)…………...

II. WORD FORMATION (20 PTS) Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses. 101. British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher called the hanging an act of …………..which is deeply repugnant to all civilized people. (BARB ARIC) 102. Students mustn’t be …………..and illiterate when they leave school. (NUMBER) 103. Very soon, ‘Third World’ came to ………….. poverty. (NOTE) 104. Scientists are convinced that, because crocodiles have such a long ………….. , they must have a natural ability to combat infection. (LIFE) 105. University professors both teach and………….. research. (TAKE) 106. Treat them with this kind of spray to make them…………... (WATER) 107. Steroids often help reduce the ………….. and itching in the skin. (FLAME) 108. An NGO is helping to make ozone-friendly natural ………….. designed to replace R-22 in existing air conditioning systems. (FRIDGE) 109. In my opinion, this book is just …………..rubbish. (INTELLECT) 110. He was standing in the middle, in the…………..of the picture. (GROUND)

Complete the passage with the appropriate forms from the words given in the box.

search cohere perceive rhythm convince decide argue controversy electric estimate

FAST BRAIN WAVES

Over half a century ago, scientists found they could record the (111)………….signals of the brain at work. What at first appeared a random hotchpotch of activity became a pattern of elegant waves (112)…………. determined. Ever since, scientists have wondered whether the secrets of our thoughts, (113)…………. and even consciousness itself might be hidden in the patterns of our brain waves.

The question of why we have brain waves is, (114)…………. , as hotly debated today as it was when the patterns were discovered. But the meaning, and even the existence, of fast rhythms in the alert brain is highly (115)…………..

What is problematic is that you can’t perceive these rhythms directly, they are so well hidden in the noise created by other brain activity, but many (116)………….now hold the (117)………….that the significance of these brain waves should not be (118)………….

The latest suggestion is that the rhythms could be (119)…………. in detecting processes going on in different regions of the brain. Some believe that these rhythms might even interact, and in doing so help the brain to package information into (120)…………. thoughts. How we bring together these related signals in the brain is a puzzle as yet unresolved.

III. ERROR CO RRECTION (10 PTS): Identify and correct 10 errors in the passage. Find and correct them. Underline the mistakes and write the answers in the blanks provided.

CALLS FOR EVERYONE IN ENGLAND TO SPEAK ENGLISH (19TH MARCH, 2018)

A top British official has said the UK government should set a targeted date for everybody in England to speak English. Dame Louise Casey is an expert on social welfare and community interaction. She said a "common language" would help to "heal rifts across Britain". Ms Casey has been a long-time criticism of successive governments, whom she deems have failed to focus on integration in an ever-increasing multicultural Britain. She said politicians had continually failed to keep up with the "unprecedented pace and scale of immigration" over the past decade. She said that many communities were becoming increasingly divided, and a lack of ability in English was a key factor to creating division.

The UK’s Communities Secretary, Sajid Javid, revealed that 770,000 people who live in England neither speak no English whatsoever or hardly any. He warned that up to 70 per cent of those whose English skills were lacking in were women, mostly from Pakistani and Bangladeshi communities. He said these women were at great risk from equality and discrimination. Ms Casey said: “Everybody of working age and of school age should be able to speak one language, and I think the public in particular would feel some relief." Opponent of Ms Casey’s views say England should be proud to be a multi-lingual country and not to force people to learn English if they have no desire to. 1…………….. 2…………….. 3…………….. 4…………….. 5…………….. 6…………….. 7…………….. 8…………….. 9…………….. 10……………

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFO RMATION (20 PTS) Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between three and eight words, including the word given. 131. The journalist pretended that she was a parent of one of the children. false

The Journalist ................................................................that she was a parent of one of the children. 132. You have to use logic and lateral thinking in equal measure in this job. strike

You have to .......................................................................logic and lateral thinking in this job. 133. Being inexperienced was a disadvantage to her when she applied for promoton. counted

Her...................................................................................... when she applied for promoton. 134. The man over there lost his tem per in the public meeting. handle

That’s............................................................................ in the public meeting. 135. We honestly all found it almost impossible not to laugh when we saw Josh's new haircut. face

Honestly, .......................................................almost impossible when we saw Josh’s new haircut. 136. The phone bill was so expensive that Dave was furious. arms

Dave was ........... ..............................................................................an expensive phone bill. 137. ‘I’ve decided I really want to go on a cruise round the Med this summer,’ said Molly. heart

Molly says ..........................................................................on a cruise round the Med this summer. 138. He told us that getting a later plane was our only option. but

‘You................................................................ ................a later plane,’ he said. 139. Inefficient treatment of customers creates a bad inpression of the company. reflects

Treating customers with a lack .....................................................the company. 140. The organizers planned everything as carefully as they could possibly have done. utmost

Everything was planned .......................... .................................... by the organizers.

273 A. MULTIPLE CHOICE I. WORD CHOICE (5ms) Choose the word which best completes each of the following sentences. 1. Many people have written to the newspaper to show their………….of such behavior.

A. antipathy B. abhorrence C. aversion D. animosity 2. The regular appearance of sex and violence on television undoubtedly has a …………. influence on teenagers.

A. pernicious B. parsimonious C. precipitous D. propitious 3. It is disquieting that there has been an increased…………. of cancer near the nuclear power station.

A. occurrence B. accidence B. persistence D. incidence 4. “The Song of Ice and Fire” is the first volume of a series, which ………….six books in all.

A. assembles B. totals C. compiles D. amasses 5. From this year on, under-fives will get travel…………. , which certainly makes huge savings for family trips.

A. consolations B. concessions C. contortions D. constrictions 6. Unfortunately, his report does not………….with what we have learnt from other sources.

A. ally B. pally C. tally D. rally 7. Her ………….display of tears at work did not impress her new boss, who felt she should try to control her emotions.

A. maudlin B. meritorious C. precarious D. plausible 8. The authority is going to great lengths to …………. war on dangerous driving.

A. launch B. battle C. stage D. wage 9. China fueled fears that its…………. economy is about to slow further after Beijing cut its main interest rate by 0.25 percentage points.

A. diseased B. ailing C. sickening D. unwell 10. Robert is a well-behaved child, but his younger brother is a bit of a(n) ………….

A. Eyeful B. skinful C. armful D. handful

II. GRAMM AR AND STRUCTURES (5ms) Choose the word or phrase that best completes of the following sentences. 1. Three candidates will be short-listed for the post but we do not know ………….

A. whom B. those C. which D. what ones 2. In this instance, there is some disagreement………….Dubai is in breach of international law.

A. as to whether B. whether C. as if D. as whether or not 3. After a while, the flat was silent again. The baby had cried himself………….His mother sighed with relief.

A. sleeping B. to sleeping C. into sleeping D. to sleep 4. Naturally, there is a great deal of anxiety about ongoing ..................in the area.

A. jobs’losses B. job’s losses C. job losses D. jobs lost 5. - These are the screws you're looking for. - ................ ! You have really sharp eyesight !

A. So are they B. It’s so C. So they are D. So are there 6. Don’t worry, Albert.............., you can depend on me. I'll never let you down.

A. Comes what comes B. Come what may

C. Whatever it comes D. Comes what might 7………….the government’s pre-election promises, taxes have been raised yet again.

A. Despite of B. For all C. But for D. Regardless 8. They had.................. that it was invisible from the road.

A. so designed it B. designed it to be

C. designed it such as D. designed it like

9. Most ideas never………….the top brass, being quietly shelved by middle managers.

A. rise to B. make it to C. do with D. reach up to 10.................., I haven’t seen Catherine all day.

A. Come to think of it B. To come to think of it

C. Coming to think it D. Coming to think of it

III. PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS (5ms) Choose the word which best completes each of the following sentences. 1. Our teacher tends to.................. certain subjects which she finds difficult to talk about.

A. boil down B. string along C. skate over D. track down 2. I was so tired that I just. ...............in the armchair.

A. flaked out B. broke up C. dropped out D. fell over 3. He couldn’t have been very hungry. He just.................. ..at his food.

A. worked B. nibbled C. got D. marked down 4. Simon hasn’t got a job, and isn’t trying to get one: he just………….his friends.

A. meddles with B. drags on C. sponges on D. tarts up 5. At first, the managing director insisted that he was right and everyone else was mistaken, but in the end was forced to.................

A. ease off B. gulp down C. scrape through D. climb down 6. I need twenty pounds to............... me.............until the end of the month.

A. turn in B. tide over C. dig into D. dry up 7. You must try not to ............... your brother’s death.

A. roll on B. make out C. dwell on D. wipe out 8. The patient was very ill indeed. The doctors were working................. time.

A. against B. with C. on D. for 9. The boxer lost the fight because he hit his opponent............... the belt.

A. at B. by C. around D. below 10. I felt pleased I no longer had the responsibility. It was a weight...................my shoulders.

A. on B. with C. off D. from

IV. COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS (5ms) Choose the word which best completes each of the following sentences. 1. The last candidate for the managerial position is a pretty unknown…………..

A. quality B. quantity C. quandary D. qualification 2. The couple tied the knot two months after they met - it was indubitably a …………. romance.

A. typhoon B. hurricane C. whirlwind D. cyclone 3. The introduction of new immigration laws is the ………….of the town these days.

A. gossip B. story C. talk D. tale 4. Although it was initially regarded as a …………., Leicester City finished 2014-2015 Premier League being the champion.

A. rank interloper B. rank outsider C. rank newcomer D. rank foreigner 5. I don't expect the entry test this year will be more demanding, but,………….

I don’t think it will be simpler either.

A. over and above B. on the side C. by the same token D. for good measure 6. I love hanging out with Mary - she is really a …………. of sunshine

A. beam B. ray C. glow D. light 7. The teacher, by dint of draconian disciplinary measures, has ………….terror among his students.

A. stimulated B. inspired C. engaged D. stirred 8. The new superconductors look set to …………. a useful niche for themselves in the world’s electrical industries.

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A. etch B. incise C. carve D. lacerate 9. Many people, for all the repeated warnings, remain………….ignorant of the danger of using the mobile phones at night.

A. blissfully B. delightedly C. jubilantly D. ecstatically 10. The authority should not have made those cutting comments, no matter how you………….it.

A. cut B. slice C. chop D. clip

V. READING COMPREHENSION. (10ms) READING 1 Read the following passage and choose the correct answer to each of the questions. CLINICAL DEPRESSION AND ANTIDEPRESSANTS

Clinical depression, or Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), is clinically defined as a period of sadness or melancholia severe enough to interrupt the patterns of one’s everyday life and lasting for a period of several weeks or longer. Although there has been an awareness of clinical depression for thousands of years, an understanding of its causes, and effective means of treatment, have only come in the last fifty years.

Clinical depression is an extremely widespread illness, with an estimated 16% of the population suffering from an episode of MDD at least once in their lifetime. Currently, clinical depression is the second leading cause of disability in the United States behind heart disease. Traditionally, females have reported higher rates of clinical depression than males, but this is thought to be due to the greater stigmas against expressing one’s feelings that are typical among males in most cultures rather than to any true difference in the occurrence of MDD among the two genders. Sufferers of clinical depression may exhibit an array of symptoms, some of the most common being increased apathy, disruptions in sleep and eating patterns, a withdrawal from pleasurable activities, and suicidal ideation.

While not completely understood, clinical depression is known to have both environmental and biological causes, and the most effective treatments involve a two-pronged approach of medication and emotional therapy. The mean age for the onset of clinical depression is in the mid to late twenties, and the pressure of transitioning to independent adult life is often as the primary trigger mechanism. While specific bouts of clinical depression may be attributable to a certain event or trauma in a people’s life, neurochemistry, which is largely genetic, seems to predispose some people to MDD. Clinical depression has been linked in numerous studies with imbalances in neurotransmitters, the chemicals that relay information between cells in the brain.

Medication to treat clinical depression first became available in the 1950s, and today there are two majors classes of widely prescribed antidepressants: selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs). Both classes of drugs operate by limiting the absorption (reuptake) of neurotransmitters, thereby increasing their levels in the brain, but SSRIs operate exclusively on serotonin, while SNRIs effect norepinephrine as well, making them slightly more effective. Both classes of drugs take several weeks to build up to effective levels in the bloodstream, and their effectiveness may be compromised by the use of alcohol or other medications. For this reason they are carefully controlled by psychiatrists. Used alone, these antidepressants have proven to be about as effective as counseling, with reductions of depressive symptoms averaging about 55% and full remission at about 22%, but when used in conjunction with counseling they often result in reduction and remission rates closer to 85% and 45% respectively. Furthermore, continued use of antidepressants after the conclusion of the counseling has been proven to greatly decrease the risk of relapse.

As effective as antidepressants have proven in treating clinical depression, they are not without drawbacks and criticisms. Typically, the first few weeks of treatment are when a depressive patient is at the greatest risk of suicide. There is some evidence that during this period, antidepressants may actually contribute to this risk because they reduce mental lethargy, and a more active mind may lead to increased suicidal ideation. Thus, it is critical that a patient be closely watched during the first few weeks of an antidepressant regimen. A further criticism of antidepressants is that they may have unpleasant sexual side-

effects which may make them unpalatable to patients, given the long duration of their intended use. A final criticism concerns their role in the ever growing field of psychopharmacology. Antidepressants are by far the most commonly prescribed of psychiatric drugs, and some mental health professionals worry that their profusion is leading to an over-reliance on chemical solutions to emotional issues. 1. The passage discusses all of the following aspects of clinical depression EXCEPT………….

A. its characteristic symptoms

B. its official medical definition

C. methods of counseling used to treat it

D. available medications for treatment 2. The word “stigmas” in the passage is closest in the meaning to…………..

A. cultures B. taboos C. preventions D. inabilities 3. According to paragraph 2, the actual rates of clinical depression are most likely …………..

A. much higher than they were in the past

B. quickly catching up with those of heart disease

C. about the same between men and women

D. impossible to accurately calculate 4. According to paragraph 3, the pressures of becoming an independent adult often………….

A. are the root causes of clinical depression

B. are irrelevant to clinical depression

C. precede the onset of clinical depression

D. only serve to increase the symptoms of depression 5. The word “bouts” in the passage is closest in meaning to …………..

A. symptoms B. episodes C. types D. diagnoses 6. Based on the information in paragraph 3, it can be inferred that clinical depression is…………..

A. largely an untreatable condition

B. often a hereditary condition

C. entirely chemical in nature

D. often accompanied by other mental problems 7. The word “compromised” in the passage is closest in meaning to ………….

A. negotiated B. questioned C. altered D. endangered 8. In paragraph 4, why does the author discuss rates of reduction and remission in clinical depression?

A. To better demonstrate the efficacy of antidepressants when used with counseling.

B. To suggest that medication is secondary in importance to counseling in treating depression.

C. To discuss the chances for full recovery for people who suffer from clinical depression.

D. To illustrate the vast superiority of SNRIs to SSRIs in the treatment of clinical depression. 9. According to paragraph 5, antidepressants may lead to an increased risk of suicide in the first weeks of treatment because...............

A. that is the time when their side-effects are strongest.

B. they may stimulate an overproduction of serotonin.

C. they increase mental activity, leading to more thoughts of suicide.

D. they draw attention away from much needed counseling. 10. Why do some mental health workers oppose the overuse of antidepressants ?

A. They fear that their side effects are too poorly understood.

B. They feel the benefits of antidepressants are overstated.

C. They know that antidepressants do not prevent the risk of relapse.

D. they fear that the reliance on antidepressants draws away from counseling.

READING 2 Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C or D to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

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No longer is asthma considered a condition with isolated, acute episodes of bronchospasm. Rather, asthma is now understood to be a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways-that is, inflammation makes the airways chronically sensitive. When these hyper-responsive airways are irritated, airflow is limited, and attacks of coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and breathing difficulty occur.

Asthma involves complex interactions among inflammatory cells, mediators, and the cells and tissues in the airways. The interactions result in airflow limitation from acute broncho-constriction, swelling of the airway wall, increased mucus secretion, and airway remodeling. The inflammation also causes an increase in airway responsiveness. During an asthma attack, the patient attempts to compensate by breathing at a higher lung volume in order to keep the air flowing through the constricted airways, and the greater the airway limitation, the higher the lung volume must be to keep airways open. The morphologic changes that occur in asthma include bronchial infiltration by inflammatory cells. Key effector cells in the inflammatory response are the mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Mast cells and eosinophils are also significant participants in allergic responses, hence the similarities between allergic reactions and asthma attacks. Other changes include mucus plugging of the airways, interstitial edema, and microvascular leakage. Destruction of bronchial epithelium and thickening of the subbasement membrane is also characteristic. In addition, there may be hypertrophy and hyperplasia of airway smooth muscle, increase in goblet cell number, and enlargement of submucous glands.

Although causes of the initial tendency toward inflammation in the airways of patients with asthma are not yet certain, to date the strongest identified risk factor is atopy. This inherited familial tendency to have allergic reactions includes increased sensitivity to allergens that are risk factors for developing asthma. Some of these allergens include domestic dust mites, animals with fur, cockroaches, pollens, and molds. Additionally, asthma may be triggered by viral respiratory infections, especially in children. By avoiding these allergens and triggers, a person with asthma lowers his or her risk of irritating sensitive airways. A few avoidance techniques include: keeping the home clean and well ventilated, using an air conditioner in the summer months when pollen and mold counts are high, and getting an annual influenza vaccination. Of course, asthma sufferers should avoid tobacco smoke altogether. Cigar, cigarette, or pipe smoke is a trigger whether the patient smokes or inhales the smoke from others. Smoke increases the risk of allergic sensitization in children, increases the severity of symptoms, and may be fatal in children who already have asthma. Many of the risk factors for developing asthma may also provoke asthma attacks, and people with asthma may have one or more triggers, which vary from individual to individual. The risk can be further reduced by taking medications that decrease airway inflammation. Most exacerbations can be prevented by the combination of avoiding triggers and taking anti-inflammatory medications. An exception is physical activity, which is a common trigger of exacerbations in asthma patients. However, asthma patients should not necessarily avoid all physical exertion, because some types of activity have been proven to reduce symptoms. Rather, they should work in conjunction with a doctor to design a proper training regimen, which includes the use of medication.

In order to diagnose asthma, a healthcare professional must appreciate the underlying disorder that leads to asthma symptoms and understand how to recognize the condition through information gathered from the patient’s history, physical examination, measurements of lung function, and allergic status. Because asthma symptoms vary throughout the day, the respiratory system may appear normal during physical examination. Clinical signs are more likely to be present when a patient is experiencing symptoms; however, the absence of symptoms upon examination does not exclude the diagnosis of asthma. 1. According to the passage, what is the name for the familial inclination to have hypersensitivity to certain allergens?

A. interstitial edema B. hyperplasia C . hypertrophy D. atopy 2. Why does a person suffering from an asthma attack attempt to inhale more air?

A. to prevent the loss of consciousness

B. to keep air flowing through shrunken air passageways

C. to prevent hyperplasia

D. to compensate for weakened mast cells, T lymphocytes, and eosinophils

3. The word triggered is closest in meaning to

A. Caused B. taken place C. eliminated D. cured 4. The passage suggests that in the past, asthma was regarded as which of the following?

A. a result of the overuse of tobacco products

B. a hysterical condition

C. mysterious, unrelated attacks affecting the lungs

D. a chronic condition 5. Which of the following would be the best replacement for the underlined word exacerbations in this passage?

A. allergies B. attacks C. triggers D. allergens 6. The passage mentions all of the following bodily changes during an asthma attack except

A. severe cramping in the chest. B. heavy breathing,

C. airways blocked by fluids. D. constricted airways. 7. Although it is surprising, which of the following triggers is mentioned in the passage as possibly reducing the symptoms of asthma in some patients?

A. using a fan instead of an air conditioner in summer months

B. exposure to second-hand cigarette smoke

C. the love of a family pet

D. performing physical exercise 8. Why might a patient with asthma have an apparently normal respiratory system during an examination by a doctor?

A. Asthma symptoms come and go throughout the day.

B. Severe asthma occurs only after strenuous physical exertion,

C. Doctor’s offices are smoke free and very clean.

D. The pollen and mold count may be low that day. 9. Who might be the most logical audience for this passage?

A. researchers studying the respiratory system

B. healthcare professionals

C. a mother whose child has been diagnosed with asthma

D. an antismoking activist 10. What is the reason given in this article for why passive smoke should be avoided by children?

A. A smoke-filled room is a breeding ground for viral respiratory infections.

B. Smoke can stunt an asthmatic child’s growth.

C. Smoke can heighten the intensity of asthma symptoms.

D. Breathing smoke can lead to a fatal asthma attack.

VI. CLOZE TEST (10ms) CLOZE TEST 1 Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D). best fits each gap. THE YOUNG VIOLINIST

Chloe Hansip is (1)…………. for a busy week; today she (2)………….her first album, then she flies off to play the violin in Vienna - and on Friday she celebrates her 14th birthday. The child prodigy has been playing since she was two. And in five years since, she has been (3)…………. with praise by some of the greatest (4)…………. in classical music.

Chloe has played to enraptured audiences in places as (5)………….afield as Kyoto in Japan and St Petersburg in Russia, (6)………….numerous awards and even appeared in a film. These may be (7)…… distinctions, especially for a 13-year-old, but Cloe is decidedly down-to-earth (8)…………..

Like any other teenager, she assiduously keeps in (9)………….contact with her best friends through text messages, and she admits to have a soft (10)………….for one or two of the pop groups the typical British teenager is keen on.

279 1. A. fixed B. assured c. promised D. set 2. A. unveils B. launches C. inaugurates D. publishes 3. A. showered B. sprinkled C. sprayed D. scattered 4. A. numbers B. figures C. digits D. variables 5. A. long B. distant C. far D. way 6. A. carried out B. carried on C. carried off D. carried over 7. A. irregular B. rare C. sparse D. scarce 8. A. in all modesty B. all the same C. in all fairness D. at all times 9. A. close B. narrow C. intimate D. cordial 10. A. taste B. affection C. room D. spot

CLOZE TEST 2 Read the following passage and decide which answer (A, B, C, or D. best fits each gap.

Cairo, despite its contrasts, is similar to any other huge (1)...............jungle with its high-rise tower blocks and evidence of urban development. It is a melting (2) ............ of people from all over Africa and, in parts, resembles a huge marketplace with little space to move, as street vendors and customers (3)............ over the price of goods. Cairo, however, is by no means a cheap city to visit, and accommodation, while not costing the (4)........... , can be expensive. This is especially true if you want to stay in one of the hotels along the banks of the River Nile where there are long (5)..............of unspoilt beauty. (6) ............in Cairo is (7)............... easy and cheap, as admission to most cities is well (8)............... the average tourist’s (9).......... All visitors to Cairo take pleasure in experiencing the city and its sounds, and this is best done on foot. (10)...........cars, as this city of almost 16 million suffers from chronic traffic congestion and the inevitable smog which motor vehicles help to produce. For a trip to the Pyramids, it is better to catch a bus, provided you can put up with the crowded and noisy conditions, as taxis can be expensive. 1. A . concrete B. brick C. stone D. wooden 2. A. box B. can C. pot D. pan 3. A. bend B. rake C. flick D. haggle 4. A. earth B. world C. globe D. money 5. A. layers B. areas C. stretches D. line 6. A. Viewing B. Sightseeing C. Journeying D. Sighting 7. A. loosely B. significantly C. relatively D. tolerably 8. A. away B. within C. off D. up 9. A. economics B. cost C. charge D. budget 10. A. Utilize B. Avoid C. Abandon D. Forget

B. WRITTEN TEST I. OPEN CLOZE TEST (20ms) OPEN CLOZE TEST 1 Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only ONE word in each space.

Unicorns, dragons and centaurs feature (1)…………in the world of Harry Potter, and while JK Rowling wasn’t the founding (2)…………of these magical beasts herself, she certainly gave age-old myths a new (3)………… of life. She re-imagines the phoenix, a bird from Greek (4)…………, in her second Potter book. The Chamber of Secrets. It's a swan-sized scarlet bird with a gold beak and talons, who endearingly looks a bit like a half-plucked Christmas turkey when it gets near its ‘Burning Day’ - the day the bird extinguishes and is reborn as a new, baby phoenix from its ashes.

What JK Rowling (5)…………invent is the idea that phoenix feathers can feature as constituent (6)………… of a wizard’s wand, such as those of Harry and Lord Voldemort. A phoenix’s tears can also heal wounds, as Fawkes, Professor Dumbledore’s bird, does to Harry after he falls (7)………… to the Basilisk in the second book. (8)…………difficult to domesticate, they can nevertheless become a loyal pet for life; when Professor Dumbledore is (9)…………to the sword later in the series, Fawkes sings the