15 Trường THPT TH Cao Nguyên – Đăk Lăk

‘Phoenix Lament’ - a mournful song so heartbreaking that it feels like it comes from inside the listener. There also exists a book manuscript from the 13th Century showing a phoenix rising from its ashes, proving that JK Rowling’s predecessors were possessed of (10)………… vivid imaginations.

OPEN CLOZE TEST 2 Fill each of the numbered blanks in the following passage. Use only ONE word in each space.

If you were to hazard a (1).................. at when and where the next major earthquake will strike , there's a chance that you’d be almost as (2 )............... as the experts. The science of earthquake prediction is still in its (3 )............ which is uncomfortable, considering the threat (4)............... to human civilization . Even with vast resources at their (5)............... . often the best scientists can do is say that the (6)............... are that an earthquake will strike where one (7).................before . One reason the (8) ............... of making an accurate prediction are so low is the nature of the forces involved. It seems to be impossible to tell the difference between a small earthquake and a warning (9)…........... Scientists need to decide whether to put lives at risk by not issuing a warning, or constantly issue warnings about the threat of an earthquake that may be (10) ................ In the end, the odds seem to be against us solving this difficult problem any time soon.

II. WORD FORMS. (20ms) WORD FORMS 1 Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals. 1. The…………(PERVADE) reservation and donation system too adds to the youths' inquietude. 2. Cattelan himself, tall and…………(SATURN) in slim jeans and a salmon-colored shirt, was on hand for last-minute activities on the day before the press opening. 3. Sadly, Vietnamese U-23 team’s tireless efforts to win the AFC Championship were………… (AVAIL). 4. The splendid onomatopoeia of "hoary roaring sea" reminds us how well………… (SOUND) and alliteration work throughout the poem. 5. This recipe is ………… (FOOL) - it works every time. 6. I must admit that it is time the organizers did away with the…………(ANNUAL) computer system and bought a new one. 7. The philanthropist does not do anything………… (HEART), and that means a lot to her to help others. 8. ………… (GET) candidates who actively contribute to the development of the company stand a better chance of being recruited. 9. The leader’s second ………… (TURN) on the matter of the keynote presenter met with strong disapproval from other group members. 10. Avid descriptions of sophisticated technologies gave the science-fiction novel "The War of the Worlds" a sense of………… (SIMILAR).

WORD FORMS 2 Choose and write the correct form of the words in the box to finish the following passage.

astronomy polar center sphere essence analog align guard distance heaven

Not only was William Gilbert in the (1)………….. of the 17th-century science movements but he also questioned the traditional (2)………….. beliefs. Despite being a Copernican, he didn’t express in his (3)………….. beliefs whether Copernicus’s (4)………….. model was true or not. However, he believed that stars are not (5)………….. from the earth but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth itself is like a giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis that is in (6)………….. with the earth’s polarity. He even likened the (7)………….. of the magnet to that of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this (8)…………... In his explanation, magnetism is the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly (9)………….. lodestone, when aligned with the earth’s

281 poles, would wobble all by itself in 24 hours. Further, he also believed that the sun and other stars wobble just like the earth does around a crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a (10)………….. orbit. III. ERROR IDENTIFICATIO N (10ms) The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Identify and correct them.

Hardly a day goes by without a fresh demonstration of the ignorance of America’s first video generation. Illiteracy is growing, and a new poll shows what a quarter of university students have no idea when Columbus reached America, leading pessimistic academics to prophesy a new barbarism.

Some institutions, at least, have from now been presumed to be above decay. It was imagined, for example, that they were still reading books in the English faculty at Harvard. But that illusion, too, has been shattered by Professor Sven Birkerts, aging 38, who teaches Creative Writing to undergraduates there. “Mostly none of my students reads independently,” he says in a powerful lament that has just been published by Harvard Magazine. Every year, he says, he conducts the survey among his students, and the responses are heartbroken.

The Harvard undergraduates, who have enrolled to study the arts of expository writing under Professor Birkerts are, to put it not higher, reluctant readers.

“The printed page taxes and wearies them. They find few pleasure there. What hope does a teacher have for getting them to write? initially, I confess, I always despair. I read through their first papers, so neatly word-processed ... but my heart sinks”, he writes, adding: The writing is almost always flatting, monotonous prose. 1…………….. 2…………….. 3…………….. 4…………….. 5…………….. 6…………….. 7…………….. 2…………….. 9…………….. 10…………… IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION. (20 ms) Rewrite the following sentences with the given words in such a way that the second sentence has the same meaning as the first one. Do not change the form of the words in brackets. 1. She seems to find the way Tom behaves more a source of amusement than embarrassment.

Far from ............................................................................................................... 2. They declared war on the pretext of defending their territorial rights.

The excuse ............................................................................................................ 3. She passed the word around that she was looking for a flat.

She let.................................... ............................................................................... 4. They will try Abrams for murder at the High Court next week.

Abrams will stand................................................................................................ 5. You may be disqualified if you do n't obey the regulations.

Failure.................................................................................................................. 6. It is extremely important that the company rules are observed. UTMOST

Observation........................................................................................................... 7. Although it was not his fault, the personnel manager resigned from his position. HANDED

Through ............................................................................................................... 8. Frankly speaking, I do not think that nature and nurture are of equal significance. SUBSCRIBE.

To put............................................................. ..................................................... 9. The business is hardly making a profit at the moment.

The business.................................................................. .................................... 10. I don’t really know why, but I don’t trust him. FINGER

I can’t ..................................................................................... I don’t trust him. 11. I felt vaguely that something was wrong, but what was it? BACK

I ...............................................................................................but what was it?

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE I. PHONOLOGY (10 pts) Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others. 1. A. picturesquely B. antiqueness C. querulously D. discotheque 2. A. phlebitis B. wily C. poliomyelitis D. philately 3. A. macabre B. chiromancy C. chemical D. chivalrous 4. A. paranoia B. papist C. saffron D. travail 5. A. absinthe B. soothe C. loathe D. wreathe

Choose the word that has the stress pattern different from that of the others: 6. A. euphemism B. phenotype C. veracity D. cantaloupe 7. A. matriarchy B. epileptic C. rutherfordium D. diplomatic 8. A. disinter B. cadaver C. cathedral D. attorney 9. A. acupuncturist B. vociferously C. antithesis D. extraordinary 10. A. entrepreneur B. anonymity C. representation D. encyclopedia

II. VOCABULARY (10 pts): Choose the correct word or phrase A, B, C or D to complete each sentence. 1. His strange behaviour aroused the…………of police.

A. doubt B. suspicion C. disbelief D. notice 2. When his parents are away, his oldest brother………….

A. knocks it off B. calls the shots

C. draws the line D. is in the same boat 3. After the concert, everyone had to …………home through the thick snow.

A. trudge B. tread C. trace D. trickle 4. Alaska boasts several climates due to its ………… mountains, warm ocean currents, and frozen seas.

A. adept B. pious C. ghastly D. lofty 5. When I finish writing this composition, I'm going to ………… and go to bed.

A. make time B. hit the hay C. hit the big time D. call it a day 6. Certain kinds of plants can grow only in…………soil.

A. loose B. slack C. sparse D. scarce 7. John’s got very………… feelings about taking on more responsibility at the moment.

A. puzzled B. mixed C. jumbled D. muddled 8. Paul's been in A lice’s bad …………ever since he offended her at the party.

A. eyes B. books C. likes D. treats 9. The car was …………speed.

A. gathering B. collecting C. consuming D. firing 10. They’re having serious problems. Their relationship is on the………….

A. cliffs B. rocks C. stones D. grass

III. STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR (10 pts) 1………….earning all that money if you don’t have time to enjoy it?

A. is it to the good B. What’s the good of

C. Is it all to the good D. Is it for good 2. She………….fainted when she heard that her child died.

A. rather than B. nothing but C. all but D. near 3. …………. to interfere in your affairs but I would like to give you just one piece of advice.

A. It is far from clear B. Far from it for me

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C. Far and wide for me D. Far be it from me 4. ………….we just have to wait.

A. At this point in time B. On the point of time

C . At some point D. That’s not the point 5. He gripped his brother’s arm lest he………….by the mob.

A. would be trampled B. could be trampled

C. were trampled D. be trampled 6. I don’t know………….. the new manager.

A. what to do of B. what to make of C. how to do of D. how to make of 7. Don’t tell me I……………till 5 o’clock in the afternoon.

A. was to make them to stay B. must have made them stay

C. could have made them stay D. was to have made them stay 8. What I fear most of all is that we……………in what refers to the building of a new market in West Crane. The local people seem to be very wary about it.

A. might misinterpret B. might have misinterpreted

C. won’t be misinterpreting D. might be misinterpreted 9. Sam looked as if he……………in the world.

A. weren’t cared B. weren’t taken into care

C. didn’t have a care D. weren’t in the care 10. What’s all this crying …………… ?

A. without the aid of B. in aid of C. with the aid of D. within the aid of

IV. PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS (10 pts) 1. He is not a very outspoken person, so we may find it hard to …………. his opinions.

A. leak out B. come off C. sound out D. bring round 2. Are you still …………. an illusion-that Mr. Spike will agree to your conditions?

A. in B. under C. on D. of 3. We all tried to convince our teacher to change his mind about the school trip and he finally…………..

A. caught on B. set out C. got through D. came round 4. Our grandfather can…………. his war experiences all the day. Sometimes, we all get truly bored with it.

A. harp on B. vouch for C. figure out D. leaf through 5. Father says he’s too …………. after working the nightshift and he won’t help us prepare the barbecue.

A. run away B. worn out C. taken in D. pulled down 6. They said I'd be …………. probation for the first two or three weeks as they want to find out about my skill.

A. for B. on C. in D. at 7. Your report …………. the side effects of the venture. Why not write more about its good points, Mr. Hewitt?

A. backs down B. takes to C. dwells on D. makes out 8. I know Pete’s conduct was intolerable, but don’t be too hard…………. him.

A. on B. with C. at D. to 9. It is said that the corruption can hardly be…………. especially among top officials.

A. worn off B. rooted out C. gone back D. stringed along 10. Mrs. Black has promised to be …………. service on Monday. I hope she keeps her word or else I won't manage to prepare everything in time.

A. in B. on C. of D. within

V. READING COMPREHENSION PASSAGE 1: Read the following passage and choose the best option to complete the blank or answer the question. (10 pts)

Every day, millions of shoppers hit the stores in full force - both online and on foot - searching frantically for the perfect gift. Last year, Americans spent over $30 billion at retail stores in the month of December alone. Aside from purchasing holiday gifts, most people regularly buy presents for other occasions throughout the year, including weddings, birthdays, anniversaries, graduations, and baby showers. This frequent experience of gift-giving can engender ambivalent feelings in gift-givers. Many relish the opportunity to buy presents because gift-giving offers a powerful means to build stronger bonds with one’s closest peers. At the same time, many dread the thought of buying gifts; they worry that their purchases will disappoint rather than delight the intended recipients.

Anthropologists describe gift-giving as a positive social process, serving various political, religious, and psychological functions. Economists, however, offer a less favourable view. According to Waldfogel (1993), gift-giving represents an objective waste of resources. People buy gifts that recipients would not choose to buy on their own, or at least not spend as much money to purchase (a phenomenon referred to as “ the deadweight loss of Christmas”). To wit, givers are likely to spend $100 to purchase a gift that receivers would spend only $80 to buy themselves. This “ deadweight loss” suggests that gift-givers are not very good at predicting what gifts others will appreciate. That in itself is not surprising to social psychologists. Research has found that people often struggle to take account of others' perspectives - their insights are subject to egocentrism, social projection, and multiple attribution errors. What is surprising is that gift-givers have considerable experience acting as both gift-givers and gift-recipients, but nevertheless tend to overspend each time they set out to purchase a meaningful gift.

In the present research, we propose a unique psychological explanation for this overspending problem i.e., that gift-givers equate how much they spend with how much recipients will appreciate the gift (the more expensive the gift, the stronger a gift-recipient's feelings of appreciation). Although a link between gift price and feelings of appreciation might seem intuitive to gift-givers, such an assumption may be unfounded. Indeed, we propose that gift-recipients will be less inclined to base their feelings of appreciation on the magnitude of a gift than givers assume.

Why do gift-givers assume that gift price is closely linked to gift-recipients’ feelings of appreciation? Perhaps givers believe that bigger (that is, more expensive) gifts convey stronger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration. According to Camerer (1988) and others, gift-giving represents a symbolic ritual, whereby gift-givers attempt to signal their positive attitudes toward the intended recipient and their willingness to invest resources in a future relationship. In this sense, gift-givers may be motivated to spend more money on a gift in order to send a “stronger signal” to their intended recipient. As for gift- recipients, they may not construe smaller and larger gifts as representing smaller and larger signals of thoughtfulness and consideration. 1. What is the main idea discussed in the passage?

A. Gift-giving, despite its uneconomical downsides, cultivates a positive social process.

B. Gift- recipients are widely acknowledged as consider ably experienced in gift-giving.

C. Gifts can serve as implicit signals of thoughtfulness and consideration.

D. Gift-giving may have certain drawbacks alongside its positive qualities. 2. The author most likely uses the examples of gift-giving occasions in paragraph 1 to highlight the……..

A. regularity with which people shop for gifts

B. recent increase in the amount of money spent on gifts

C. anxiety gift shopping causes for consumers

D. number of special occasions involving gift-giving 3. In paragraph 1, the word “ambivalent” most nearly means…………..

A. unrealistic B. apprehensive C. conflicted D. supportive 4. The author indicates that people value gift-giving because they feel it…………..

A. functions as a form of self-expression

B. is an inexpensive way to show appreciation

C. requires the gift-recipient to reciprocate

D. can serve to strenghten a relationship

285 5. The “social psychologists” mentioned in paragraph 2 would likely describe the “deadweight loss” phenomenon as…………...

A. predictable B. unprecedented C. disturbing D. questionable 6. In paragraph 3, the authors indicate that the assumption made by gift-givers may be…………..

A. insincere B. unreasonable C. incorrect D. substantiated 7. The word “convey” in paragraph 4 most nearly means…………...

A. transport B. counteract C. exchange D. communicate 8. In paragraph 4, the author refers to works by Camerer and others in order to…………...

A. offer an explanation B. introduce an argument

C. question a motive D. support a conclusion 9. In paragraph 4, the word “construe” most probably means…………..

A. view B. understand C. consider D. take 10. Which of the following best characterizes the tone of the author?

A. authoritative B. pessimistic C. ironic D. informative

PASSAGE 2: Read the following passage and choose the best option to complete the blank or answer the question.(10 pts)

According to sociologists, there are several different ways in which a person may become recognized as the leader of a social group in the United States. In the family, traditional cultural patterns confer leadership on one or both of the parents. In other cases, such as friendship groups, one or more persons may gradually emerge as leaders, although there is no formal process of selection. In larger groups, leaders are usually chosen formally through election or recruitment.

Although leaders are often thought to be people with unusual personal ability, decades of research have failed to produce consistent evidence that there is any category of “natural leaders.” It seems that there is no set of personal qualities that all leaders have in common; rather, virtually any person may be recognized as a leader if the person has qualities that meet the needs of that particular group.

Furthermore, although it is commonly supposed that social groups have a single leader, research suggests that there are typically two different leadership roles that are held by different individuals. Instrumental leadership is leadership that emphasizes the completion of tasks by a social group. Group members look to instrumental leaders to “get things” done. Expressive leadership, on the other hand, is leadership that emphasizes the collective well-being of a social group’s member. Expressive leader are less concerned with the overall goals of the group than with providing emotional support to group members and attempting to minimize tension and conflict among them. Group members expect expressive leaders to maintain stable relationships within the group and provide support to individual members. Instrumental leaders are likely to have a rather secondary relationship to other group members.

They give orders and may discipline group members who inhibit attainment of the group’s goals. Expressive leaders cultivate a more personal or primary relationship to others in the group. They offer sympathy when someone experiences difficulties or is subjected to discipline, are quick to lighten a serious moment with humor, and try to resolve issues that threaten to divide the group. As the differences in these two roles suggest, expressive leaders generally receive more personal affection from group members; instrumental leaders, if they are successful in promoting group goals, may enjoy a more distant respect. 1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

A. The problems faced by leaders

B. How leadership differs in small and large groups

C. How social groups determine who will lead them

D. The role of leaders in social group 2. The passage mentions all of the following ways by which people can become leaders EXCEPT………..

A. recruitment B. formal election process

C. specific leadership training D. traditional cultural patterns 3. In mentioning “natural leaders” in line 7, the author is making the point that………….

A. few people qualify as “natural leaders”

B. there is no proof that “natural leaders” exist

C. “natural leaders” are easily accepted by the members of a social group

D. “natural leaders” share a similar set of characteristics 4. Which of the following statements about leadership can be inferred from paragraph 2?

A. A person who is an effective leader of a particular group may not be an effective leader in another group.

B. Few people succeed in sharing a leadership role with another person.

C. A person can best learn how to be an effective leader by studying research on leadership.

D. Most people desire to be leaders but can produce little evidence of their qualifications. 5. The passage indicates that instrumental leaders generally focus on…………..

A. ensuring harmonious relationships

B. sharing responsibility with group members

C. identifying new leaders

D. achieving a goal 6. The word “collective” is closest in meaning to…………..

A. necessary B. typical C. group D. particular 7. The word “them” refers to…………. .

A. expressive leaders B. goals of the group

C. group members D. tension and conflict 8. A “secondary relationship” between a leader and the members of a group could best be characterized as………….

A. distant B. enthusiastic C. unreliable D. personal 9. The word “resolve ” is closest in meaning to………….

A. avoid repeating B. talk about

C. avoid thinking about D. find a solution for 10. Paragraphs 3 and 4 organize the discussion of leadership primarily in terms of…………..

A. examples that illustrate a problem B. cause and effect analysis

C. narration of events D. comparison and contrast

VI. GUIDED CLOZE PASSAGE 1: Read the following passage and choose the options that best complete the blank. (10 pts)

THE VACUUM CLEANER

Until about 250 years ago, households did not take dirt as seriously as they do now - it was a fact of life, and that was that. Cleaning often consisted of an annual (1)…………. called 'spring cleaning' when the furniture was moved aside, and all the linen products in the house were cleaned. Carpets and rugs were taken outside, hung on ropes and had the dust (2)………….out of them - an exhausting and messy process.

The industrial revolution brought about a major change - as new products became available to make homes cleaner, a corresponding interest in 'domestic hygiene' appeared in households. This in turn led to the (3)………….of further products, one of which was the vacuum cleaner. (4)…………. has it that when one of the first vacuum cleaners was demonstrated, a kindly scientist took the proud inventor (5)…………. , and offered a bit of advice that was to become crucial to the future evolution of the product - 'make it suck, not blow'.

The first vacuum cleaners appeared in the 1860s in the United States. They were operated by hand pumps and were almost as (6)…………. as spring cleaning. It was only when electric motors had become sufficiently (7)…………. to become portable that vacuum cleaners became common household items. Most of today’s major (8)…………. - including Electrolux and Hoover - were born in the 1920s.

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The household dirt that vacuum cleaners suck up is mostly dead skin cells - humans (9)…………. millions of cells every day. A much smaller proportion comes from dust and soil carried into the house from (10)………….. 1. A. ritual B. result C. resolution D. scrub 2. A. cleaned B. taken C. beaten D. sucked 3. A. fabrication B. appearing C. recreation D. development 4. A. Story B. Epics C. Legend D. Tale 5. A. away B. aside C. aback D. along 6. A. laborious B. hard C. nefarious D. straining 7. A. scientific B. forward C. technological D. advanced 8. A. brand B. marks C. makes D. trademarks 9. A. lose B. outgrow C. omit D. shed 10. A. external B. outside C. beyond D. indoors

VI. GUIDED CLOZE PASSAGE 2: Read the following passage and choose the options that best complete the blank. (10 pts)

CARNIVOROUS PLANTS

All plants rely on nutrients taken from the soil in order to survive. However, in areas where the soil does not contain enough vital nutrients, some plants have adapted to (1)…………. their diets from another source: living organisms. Though they are few in number, carnivorous plants are nonetheless fascinating beings that eat anything from one-celled organisms to insects in order to survive. They are commonly found in marshlands. Carnivorous plants feature one of several types of traps to ensnare prey, which they consume to (2)…………. nutrients that may be missing from the soil. While there are over 400 species of carnivorous plants in the world today, some are more (3)………….than others.

The most well-known of these plants are the snap traps, which include the Venus flytrap. Snap traps are easily identified by their leaves, which are separated into two lobes that have the ability to fold together. Inside the lobes, the surface is covered with tiny hairs that are (4)…………. to movement. When the plant’s prey brushes against the hairs, it triggers a closing mechanism that rapidly brings the two lobes together, trapping the prey (5)…………. inside. The response of the traps is phenomenal (6)…………. speed: the time between triggering the hairs and snapping shut is less than a second. As the prey struggles inside the trap, it only triggers more hairs, causing the leaves to tighten their (7)…………..

The plant then secrets liquid chemicals from special glands into the trap to dissolve the prey and absorb all of its nutrients. Besides the Venus flytrap, only one other type of snap trap exists today, (8)………….to as the waterwheel plant. The two share a common ancestor and differ only in a few ways. (9)…………., the waterwheel is an aquatic plant, while the flytrap is exclusively terrestrial. In addition, the flytrap feeds primarily on arthropods like spiders, while the waterwheel lives (10)………….simple invertebrates, like certain types of plankton. 1. A. feed B. enlarge C. supplement D. modify 2. A. break in on B. make up for C. get through with D. drop out of 3. A. dominant B. prevalent C. recessive D. popular 4. A. prone B. liable C. vulnerable D. sensitive 5. A. closely B. furiously C. steadily D. securely 6. A. in accordance with B. in regard to C. in preference to D. on merits of 7. A. grip B. snail C. fist D. seizure 8. A. implicated B. indicated C. referred D. denoted 9. A. For instance B. As a result C. In contrast D. Otherwise 10. A. onto B. with C. for D. off

B. WRITTEN TEST

I. OPEN CLOZE TEST PA SSAGE 1: Fill in each gap with ONE suitable word.(10 pts) ALTERNATIVE FAST FOOD

It is generally agreed upon that fast food is a great solution to the problem of what to eat. However, it’s (1)………….as less nutritional than a healthy meal, which is what growing children need. For years, nutritionists have been trying to get children into the (2)………….of eating healthy food. Without a doubt, this has not been easy, getting in (3)………….that they have to compete with numerous fast food restaurants which are very popular with young people.

Nutritionists have lately come up with an idea which could (4)………….to be successful. This involve (5)…………. children how to cook and in the process to enjoy the taste of fresh food. In the long (6)……, this may keep them off fast food. There are already a number of school projects throughout Britain that are experimenting with the idea. They begin making vegetarian pizza - both the dough and the topping. Many children were impressed with their own homemade pizzas. (7)………….they compared their pizzas with ready-made ones, the differences were noticeable. They found the (8)…………. greasy and not as delicious as the homemade ones. Throughout the lesson, the children learn about the quality and become skillful in the different techniques involved in cooking. They become interested in cooking and in no (9)………….they even learn how to look after themselves by eating nutritious food.

Finally, nutritionists would like to get children cooking at home, too. It may be messy, but, it’s also an (10)………….for parents to spend quality time with their children.

PASSAGE 2: Fill in each gap with ONE suitable word. (10 pts)

Every spring and fall, you can probably look up into the sky and see large flocks of birds either coming or going. This (1)………….of flying south for the winter and north for the summer is called migration. Birds migrate for a number of reasons. One reason is of course to escape the (2)………….conditions of winter. Although they have feathers, most birds are poorly (3)…………. to deal with extremely cold temperatures. Their (4)………….are open to the wind and snow, and do little to keep the birds warm. Furthermore, birds often find it extremely difficult to gather enough food during the winter. By flying south (5)………….warmer climates during winter, birds avoid the cold temperatures and food shortages that other animals have to (6)………….during the winter months. Another reason is mating. Many birds will only lay their eggs in certain places and at certain times of the year. So, migration also occurs at mating times.

One of the amazing things about birds is the distances and the accuracy (7)…………. which they migrate. Many birds are able to find their way back, to the exact same spots year after year despite having flown thousands of kilometres. The bar goose, for example, migrates over 30,000 kilometres each year without (8)………….its way. In order to travel such long distances without getting lost, birds use a variety of methods to help them (9)………….. One of the most important of these methods is the use of landmarks. From high in the air, birds have an excellent view of the land below them. They can see mountains, rivers and other (10)………….land features and use them to find their way.

II. WORD FORMS PART 1: Give the correct forms of the words in brackets. 1. There is little hope that Maurice’s behavior will ever improve. It will probably remain so……………… till he grows up. (CORRECT) 2. The………………project has just been launched in that university. (DEPARTMENT) 3. Matt says you must be good at………………responsibilities of a restaurant owner. (TASK) 4. Everyone marveled at his ……………… idea of organizing more field trips for students. (OBJECT) 5. He gets………………whenever he hears that song. (EYE) 6. She looked absolutely ………………when I told her what had happened. She could hardly say a word. (DUMB) 7. New immigrants have been successfully………………into the community. (SIMILAR)

289 8. This school was once ……………… as a military hospital during the war. (REQUIRE) 9. In Scotland, there is greater emphasis on………………by individual schools. (VALUE) 10. He stood at the door to make sure that no one………………the party. (GATE)

II. WORD FORMS PART 2: Complete the following passage with the correct forms of the given words.

front except secure labour check solid tend affirm alter sure

EXTRACT FROM A BOOK ABOUT MEETING

We are (1)………… by the experts that we are, as a species, designed for face-to-face communication. But does that really mean having every meeting in person? Ask the bleary-eyed sales team this question as they struggle (2)…………through their weekly teambuilding session and that answer is unlikely to be in the (3) …………. Unless you work for a very small business or have an (4)…………high boredom threshold, you doubtless spend more time sitting in meetings than you want to. Of course, you could always follow business Norman’s example. He liked to express (5)…………with customers queuing at the (6) …………by holding management meetings standing up. Is email a realistic (7)…………? It’s clearly a powerful tool for disseminating information, but as a meeting substitute, it’s seriously flawed. Words alone can cause trouble. We’re all full of (8)…………that can be unintentionally triggered by others and people are capable of reading anything they like into an email. There is also a (9)…………for email to be used by people who wish to avoid ‘real’ encounters because they don’t want to be (10)…………with any awkwardness.

III. ERROR IDENTIFICATION Identify 10 errors in the following passage and correct them. BEETHOVEN Ludwig Van Beethoven, one of the most popular classical composer of all time, is sometimes known as 'the Shakespeare of music'. He was born in Bonne in 1770, and publishing his first work at the age of thirteen. Mozart was his teacher for a short time and they did not get on very well together; Beethoven was a difficult student. Like a composer, Beethoven was a genius - but as a person, he was not very easy to like. He was a passionate man who controlled his temper very easily. He was also arrogant. The upper classes of Vienna used to invite him to parties, when he was often quite rude. He was once heard to say to a prince: ‘There will always be many princes, but there is uniquely one Beethoven.’ Nevertheless, Beethoven played some of the most beautiful symphonies the world has never heard. How was such an arrogant, bad-tempered man inspired to the write such romantic music? Perhaps the answer lies in the three letters that were found after his death. They were addressed to his ‘immortal Beloved’. Nobody knows that this woman was, but it appears that Beethoven was deeply in love with her for most of his adult life. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16.

1…………… 2…………… 3…………… 4…………… 5…………… 6…………… 7…………… 8…………… 9…………… 10…………..

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION Rewrite the sentences with the given words or beginning in such a way that their meanings remain unchanged. 1. My new job is much more satisfying than any job I’ve ever had. → My new job is far………………………………..........I’ve ever had. 2. If Tom hadn’t acted promptly to extinguish the fire, there might have been more damage to the house. → But………………………………the fire out, there might have been more damage to the house. 3. A child of his age is too young to be deceitful. → So………………………………………………………deceitful. 4. I've become extremely good at missing the rush hour over the last few weeks. (FINE) → I've got…………………………………over the last few weeks. 5. I feel that to brand her ideas unworkable at this stage would be wrong. (WRITE) → I don’t think……………………………………………at this stage. 6. It’s crucial for us to control the juvenile inmates in a very strict way. (KEEP) → It’s crucial for us…………………………………………… inmates. 7. You’ve done nothing but look miserable all day. (AROUND) → You’ve done …………………………………………………….all day. 8. We don’t expect that the tourists in that accident have survived. (HOLD) → We don’t ……………………………………………in that accident. 9. Your story is different from the facts. (DOES) → Your story ……………………………………………the facts. 10. His excuse for such bad behavior has little effect on her. (NO) → His excuse……………………………………………her.

291 A. MULTIPLE CHOICE I. WORD CHOICE Choose the best option A, B, C, or D to complete the following sentences and write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. Of all entries received, his was ………….out for special raise.

A. isolated B. brought C. opted D. singled 2. I was in a………….as to what to do. If I told the truth, he would get into trouble, but if I said nothing I would be more in trouble.

A. doubt B. quandary C. hitch D. complexity 3. The matter has been left in ………….until the legal ramifications have been explored.

A. recess B. suspension C. abeyance D. criticism 4. The engineer…………. the machine with a hammer and, miraculously, it roared back to life.

A. slapped B. smacked C. whacked D. punched 5. The Oscar winning actress simply ………….charm and professionalism in her acceptance speech.

A. exuded B. excluded C. expunged D. extricated 6. The carrots are ready; could you drain them in the…………. and put them in the serving dish?

A. casserole B. colander C. whisk D. blender 7. Sue went for a …………..when she injured her foot and broke several toenails.

A. manicure B. pediment C. foot massage D. pedicure 8. What I find most………….about it is that he didn’t even have a decency to say that he was sorry.

A. galling B. furious C. touchy D. blazing 9. I know it’s difficult but you’ll just have to .................and bear it.

A. laugh B. smile C. grin D. chuckle 10. The computer has changed the world ......................

A. irreplaceably B. irrevocably C. irredeemably D. irreparably

II. STRUCTURES AND GRAMMAR 11. Considered America’s first great architect,…………..

A. many of the buildings at Harvard University were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson

B. it was Henry Hobson Richardson who designed many of the buildings at Harvard University

C. Henry Hobson Richardson designed many of the buildings at Harvard University

D. Harvard University has many buildings that were designed by Henry Hobson Richardson. 12. “ Frankly, Ms. Adamson works………….her figures never need………….,” said the General Manager.

A. such efficiently that/ to check B. so efficient that/ checking

C. such an efficient that/ to be checked D. so efficiently that/ to be checked 13. Thick fog across much of the UK has resulted in dozens of flights………….and many more delayed.

A. being cancelled B. to be cancelled C. are cancelled D. cancelled 14. Although there is some truth to the fact that Linux is a huge threat to Microsoft, predictions of the Redmond company’s demise are,…………. , premature.

A. saying the most B. to say the least

C. to say the most D. to the least degree 15. David: Would you like fish or meat? Mary: I………….fish, please.

A. would rather B. would prefer C. suppose D. believe 16. In his anxiety to make himself…………., he spoke too loudly and too slowly.

A. understand B. understanding C. understood D. to understand 17. I …………. with the performances but I got flu the day before.

A. was to have helped B. helped C. was to help D. had helped 18.………….chair the meeting.

A. John was decided to B. It was decided that John should

C. There was decided that John should D. John had been decided to 19. I thought about the problem but I couldn’t …………. a solution.

A. come in for B. come across C. come up with D. come out 20 …………. , they slept soundly.

A. Hot though was the night air B. Hot though the night air was

C. Hot as was the night air D. Hot although the night air was

III. PREPOSITIONS AND PHRASAL VERBS 21. The unions made it clear that they would not settle…………anything less than a 20% increase in salaries.

A. to B. for C. down D. up 22. She doesn’t eat crisps or chocolate; she’s………… health foods.

A. into B. in C. up for D. under 23. Housing in some cities is so expensive that some people cannot even afford to put………… the two months’ deposit that is required.

A. away B. down C. out D. about 24. The sky was heavy with black clouds. We hurried, hoping the rain would hold …………until we got the tents up.

A. through B. on C. up D. off 25. Several members of the public stepped …………with information pertaining to the incident

A. back B. forward C. backward D. onto 26. Ali was ....................an inch of reaching his goal when Ben stepped into the picture and messed up his plans.

A. into B. within C. on D. for 27. We haven’t met........ .......... a month of Sundays and I can hardly remember what he looks like.

A. in B. up C. off D. out 28. Tim distrusts his new friends and prefers to keep them ................. arm’s length.

A. at B. to C. under D. in 29. As the day wore ..................., I began to feel more and more uncomfortable in their company.

A. with B. on C. out D. at 30. That car must have set Joe ................... quite a bit; it’s top of the range.

A. back B. away C. in D. from

IV. COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS 31. Most people feel a slight ………… of nostalgia as they think back on their schooldays.

A. feeling B. surge C. pang D. chain 32. The cost of a new house in the UK has become………… high over the last few years.

A. totally B. astronomically C. blatantly D. utterly 33. The entire staff was thrown off ………… when the news of the takeover was announced.

A. composure B. disarray C. stable D. balance 34. Mr Simkins is the big…………in the company as he has just been promoted to the position of Managing Director.

A. bread B. cheese C. apple D. meat 35. It was an extremely hostile article which cast………… on the conduct of the entire cabinet.

A. criticism B. aspersions C. disapproval D. abuse 36. He’s so lazy! We all have to work harder because he’s always………… his duties.

A. evading B. shirking C. ducking D. dodging 37. I found the information for the project in the encyclopedia but I couldn't give …………and verse on it.

A. chapter B. unit C. poem D. extract

293 38. I’m hoping that this work experience will stand me in…………in my future career.

A. good grounding B. good stead C. fine precedent D. stable footing 39. A meal in that restaurant costs the………… but still it is always packed.

A. world B. soil C. earth D. moon 40. What's that horrible noise downstairs?' 'It's only Sam. He always screams…………murder when we take him to the dentist.'

A. red B. black C. yellow D. blue

V. READING READING 1 Read the following passage and choose the best answer to each question. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided below the passage (10 pts)

Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.

The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable, and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell - just as though we are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan’s dream of setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life. Craftworkers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades’ Union. The labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the depression that followed, labor’s strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing to strike or engage in collective action. And skilled craftworkers, who spearheaded the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850's, and the courts also recognized workers’ right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.

Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks. 41. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage 1 about articles manufactured before 1815?

A. They were primarily produced by women.

B. They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.

C. They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.

D. They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks. 42. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage 2? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.

A. Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly .

B. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.

C. Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.

D. Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them. 43. The word “disrupted” in the passage 3 is closest in meaning to

A. prolonged B. established C. followed D. upset 44. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to

A. support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

B. to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

C. argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

D. emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints 45. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for workers EXCEP T a loss of

A. freedom

B. status in the community

C. opportunities for advancement

D. contact among workers who were not managers 46. The phrase “gathered some momentum” in the pas sage 5 is closest in meaning to

A. made progress B. became active

C. caused changes D. combined forces 47. The word “spear headed” in the passage 5 is closest in meaning to

A. led B. accepted C. changed D. resisted 48. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800’s is supported by paragraph 5?

A. It was most successful during times of economic crisis.

B. Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers,

C. It was slow to improve conditions for workers.

D. It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each year 49. The author identifies political, party loyalties and disagreements over tactics as two of several factors that

A. encouraged workers to demand higher wages

B. created divisions among workers

C. caused work to become more specialized

D. increased workers' resentment of the industrial system

295 50. The word "them" in the passage 6 refers to

A. Workers B. political party loyalties

C. disagreements over tactics D. agents of opportunity

READING 2 Read the passage and choose the best answer to each of the questions. (10 pts) HISTORY OF THE CHICKENPOX VACCINE

Chickenpox is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the Varicella zoster virus; sufferers develop a fleeting itchy rash that can spread throughout the body. The disease can last for up to 14 days and can occur in both children and adults, though the young are particularly vulnerable. Individuals infected with chickenpox can expect to experience a high but tolerable level of discomfort and a fever as the disease works its way through the system. The ailment was once considered to be a “rite of passage” by parents in the U.S. and thought to provide children with greater and improved immunity to other forms of sickness later in life. This view, however, was altered after additional research by scientists demonstrated unexpected dangers associated with the virus. Over time, the fruits of this research have transformed attitudes toward the disease and the utility of seeking preemptive measures against it.

A vaccine against chickenpox was originally invented by Michiaki Takahashi, a Japanese doctor and research scientist, in the mid-1960s. Dr. Takahashi began his work to isolate and grow the virus in 1965 and in 1972 began clinical trials with a live but weakened form of the virus that caused the human body to create antibodies. Japan and several other countries began widespread chickenpox vaccination programs in 1974. However, it took over 20 years for the chickenpox vaccine to be approved by the U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA), finally earning the U.S. government’s seal of approval for widespread use in 1995. Yet even though the chickenpox vaccine was available and recommended by the FDA, parents did not immediately choose to vaccinate their children against this disease. Mothers and fathers typically cited the notion that chickenpox did not constitute a serious enough disease against which a person needed to be vaccinated.

Strong belief in that view eroded when scientists discovered the link between Varicellazoster, the virus that causes chickenpox, and shingles, a far more serious, harmful, and longer-lasting disease in older adults that impacts the nervous system. They reached the conclusion that Varicella zoster remains dormant inside the body, making it significantly more likely for someone to develop shingles. As a result, the medical community in the U.S. encouraged the development , adoption, and use of a vaccine against chickenpox to the public. Although the appearance of chickenpox and shingles within one person can be many years apart - generally many decades - the increased risk in developing shingles as a younger adult (30-40 years old rather than 60-70 years old) proved to be enough to convince the medical community that immunization should be preferred to the traditional alternative.

Another reason that the chickenpox vaccine was not immediately accepted and used by parents in the U.S. centered on observations made by scientists that the vaccine simply did not last long enough and did not confer a lifetime of immunity. In other words, scientists considered the benefits of the vaccine to be temporary when given to young children. They also feared that it increased the odds that a person could become infected with chickenpox later as a young adult, when the rash is more painful and prevalent and can last up to three or four weeks. Hence, allowing young children to develop chickenpox rather than take a vaccine against it was believed to be the “lesser of two evils.” This idea changed over time as booster shots of the vaccine elongated immunity and countered the perceived limits on the strength of the vaccine itself.

Today, use of the chickenpox vaccine is common throughout the world. Pediatricians suggest an initial vaccination shot after a child turns one year old, with booster shots recommended after the child turns eight. The vaccine is estimated to be up to 90% effective and has reduced worldwide cases of chickenpox infection to 400,000 cases per year from over 4 ,000,000 cases before vaccination became widespread . ■ (A) In light of such statistics, most doctors insist that the potential risks of developing shingles outweigh the benefits of avoiding rare complications associated with inoculations . ■ (B) Of course, many