16 Trường THPT chuyên Nguyễn Thiện Thành – Trà Vinh

parents continue to think of the disease as an innocuous ailment, refusing to take preemptive steps against it. ■ (C) As increasing numbers of students are vaccinated and the virus becomes increasingly rarer, how eve r, even this trend among parents has failed to halt the decline of chickenpox among the most vulnerable populations. ■ (D) 51. The word “tolerable ”in the 1st pas sage is closest in meaning to

A. sudden. B. bearable C. infrequent. D. unexpected. 52. According to paragraph 1, which of the following is true of the chicken pox virus?

A. It leads to a potentially deadly disease in adults.

B. It is associated with a possibly permanent rash.

C. It is easily transmittable by an infected individual.

D. it has been virtually eradicated in the modern world. 53. Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence?

A. U.S. parents believed that having chickenpox benefited their children.

B. U.S. parents believed that chickenpox led to immunity against most sickness.

C. U.S. parents wanted to make sure that their children developed chickenpox.

D. U.S. parents did not think that other vaccinations were needed after chickenpox. 54. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the clinical trials for the chickenpox vaccine?

A. They too k longer than expected. B. They cost a lot of money to complete.

C . They took a long time to finish. D. They were ultimately successful. 55. The word “notion” in the 2nd passage is closest in meaning to

A. history. B. findings . C . fact. D. belief. 56. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is true of Varicella Zoster?

A. It typically attacks adults who are over 60 years old.

B. It is linked to a serious disease that occurs more commonly in adults.

C . It likely is not a serious enough threat to hum an health to require a vaccine.

D. It is completely eradicated from the body after chickenpox occurs. 57. According to paragraph 3, all of the following is true about the chickenpox virus EXCEPT:

A. It causes two distinct yet related ailments .

B. People did not view it as a serious public health threat.

C . It tended to quickly become dormant and remain inoperative over time.

D. Vaccination against it would help prevent the onset of shingles. 58. The author uses “booster shots” as an example of

A. a way to increase the effectiveness of the chickenpox vaccine.

B. a preferred method of chickenpox rash and fever treatment.

C. a scientifically app roved medicine to eliminate chickenpox.

D. a strategy for parents to avoid vaccinating their child altogether. 59. According to paragraph 4, man y parents did not choose the chickenpox vaccine because

A. they believed that the virus was weak and not especially harmful.

B. they thought that scientists did not have enough data to reach a conclusion,

C. they were unsure about the utility of the vaccine given its expected duration.

D. they were convinced it was potentially very toxic, particularly for older children. 60. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Meanwhile, some continue to remain unconvinced, citing a supposed potential of the vaccine to do harm. Where would the sentence fit best?

A. A B. B C . C D. D

VI. CLOZE TEST CLO ZE TEST 1

297 For questions 61-70. Read the following passage and decide which answer A, B, C or D best fits each gap. Write your answers in corresponding numbered boxes. (10 pts)

The coolest kids in Europe share, a single (61) …………. they want to get married, have children and live happily ever after. They know it means putting their children first and sticking with their spouses even if they (62)…………. out of love. This news comes from the report of a new study that set out to find the answer to the modem riddle: What will today’s (63)………….really, really want tomorrow?

Poignantly, one of the clearest answers is that they want to have happy families. Even in the most (64)…………. countries there was condemnation for divorce, demands that parents should keep their marriage (65)………….and admiration for stable couples.

It appears that among the middle classes, the quality of our children’s lives has suffered from the (66)………….on parents in high-stress professions. In the days when the concept of 'quality time' first emerged , I remember seeing a TV producer on (67)………….dial home on her mobile phone to read her son a bedtime story. This is just not good enough.

Quality time cannot be time (68)………….. Children need unconditional time in the same (69) …… that they need unconditional love. This study found a generation that had given up trying to get its parents’ attention but was (70)………….to do better by its own children. 61. A. drive B. eagerness C. ambition D. yearning 62. A. drop B. fall C. slip D. jump 63. A. youth B. young C. juniors D. juveniles 64. A. loose B. relaxed C. generous D. liberal 65. A. oaths B. vows C. pledges D. promises 66. A. pressures B. weights C. burdens D. loads 67. A. site B. place C. situation D. location 68. A. organized B. managed C. controlled D. disciplined 69. A. system B. respect C. way D. method 70. A. determined B. firm C. persistent D. stubborn

CLOZE TEST 2. For each gap, choose the correct answer A, B, C or D which best fits the context. (10 pts)

The thought of taking a year out from studying is (71)................. Fun, freedom, adventure, perhaps even money seem to be on offer for a year. So why not go (72)............... it? A year out can provide all of these things. But before you make a firm decision, take some time to think about whether a year out is really what you want. If it is, then do make sure you know what you want to do with it. A year with nothing planned can be depressing and a (73)................. waste of time.

You need to take a positive attitude if you are to benefit. You need to start preparing for it well before the time comes to take the (74).................. Most universities and employers look favourably on such applicants if they have shown good reasons for taking a year out and have not just (75)............... into it. They value the maturity, confidence, social and other skills a gap year can bring. Colleges find that gap year students (76)............... to be more mature and motivated. They mix better with their fellow students and work harder because they have a better idea of where they want to go. They also (77).................more to college life in general, because they are used to being a part of a team, either at work or study.

Employers also look kindly on (78) .............. gap year students. They want employees who are experienced and mature and can deal better with the unexpected. If their year out has also equipped them with skills which other applicants may not have, such as a better (79)...............of a foreign language, then that too is a plus.

Your family may well have (80)............... feelings. On the one hand, they will be proud of, your independence; on the other hand, there will be worries about your safety. 71. A. disparaging B. intimidating C. alarming D. enticing 72. A. at B. for C. in D. off 73. A. deep B. large. C. sheer D. full

74. A. plunge B. dive C. jump D. spin 75. A. drifted B. floated C. flopped D. flown 76. A. happen B. look C. tend D. end 77. A. present B. participate C. contribute D. involve 78. A. old B. former C. later D. present 79. A. grasp B. grab C. grapple D. hold 80. A. different B. crossed C. muddled D. mixed

B. WRITTEN TEST I. OPEN C LO ZE TEST OPEN CLOZE TEST 1 For questions 1-10, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided below the passage.

Interest in mythology has grown steadily throughout the last hundred years, assisted by the realization that myths are not childish stories or mere prescientific explanations of the world, (1)……………serious insights into reality. They (2)…………… in all societies, in the present as well as the past. They are (3) …………… of the fabric of human life, embodying beliefs, moulding behavior and justifying institutions, customs and values. Myths are imaginative traditions about the nature, history and destiny of the world. Definitions of myth (4) …………… ‘story’ fail because a good many myths are not stories at all. The mythology of some (5)…………… includes the assignment of different functions to the (6)……… gods and goddesses: one deity presides over agriculture, (7)…………… over war and so on. Beyond this, the term myth is also (8) ……………to the religious and secular traditions which exert a powerful influence on attitudes to life, but the literal accuracy of which there is (9)…………… to doubt. However, because myths are woven into the fabric of a society where they are accepted as true, the impact of new discoveries, new attitudes and new ways of life on myths is usually to undermine them. When old myths are lost, new ones are needed. No society seems ever to have flourished without a set of myths containing its vision of its past, its (10)……………and its purposes.

OPEN CLOZE TEST 2 For questions 11-20, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each space. Use only one word in each space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes provided below the passage.

Does the thought of making a presentation to a group of peers bring you (11) ...... ............ in a cold sweat? If so, you’re not alone. The mere idea of having to “stand and deliver” in front of others is enough to strike dread into the (12) .................... of even the most experienced business person, let alone students. Yet effective spoken communication is an essential (13)......................for career success in today’s business and academic environments.

So what can people do to add sparkle to their speaking skills and (14)..................this understandable but unfounded fear of speaking, in public? The bad news is that presentation nerves are quite normal and you will probably always suffer from them. The good news is that interesting speakers are (15).............. .. and not born. You can learn the techniques that will (16)........................you into a calm and convincing speaker.

The first step is to persuade yourself you can do it. Just like an actor waiting in the wings, or an athlete (17)....................up for the big race, you need to get yourself on a confidence high. Try focusing your thoughts on moments of particular success during your life to (18)..................... Remember that the physical symptoms of nerves are most obvious to you. The audience won’t see your knees knocking or your hands trembling so don’t worry about it. Some of the worst presentations are those where the speaker clearly hasn’t (19)..................enough time to it beforehand. Let’s face it; a presentation that’s slung together half an hour before it’s going to be (20).................... isn’t going to impress anyone.

299 II. WORD FORMS Supply each gap with correct form of the word given in brackets. 1. The scandal surely ..................... the end of his political career. (SIGN) 2. He gained...................... for being difficult to work with as an actor. (NOTORIOUS) 3. Tre Transformer is quite intriguing. It is ..................... one of the best movies of the year. (DOUBT) 4. Her hip has been ..................... for quite a while, and she'll probably need surgery on it. (TROUBLE) 5. Her latest novel is a ......................... thriller, set some time in the late 21st century. (FUTURE) 6. The new policy only serves to .. ....................the inadequacy of help for the homeless. (ACCENT) 7. Successful candidates will be required to .................an induction programme. (TAKE) 8. Zombies are archetypal monsters from the bottom of the uncanny valley, with their dead eyes and................... faces (EXPRESS) 9. The terrible scenes were indelibly ................. on his mind (PRINT) 10. Phyllis Schlafly, the ................ conservative activist who helped defeat the Equal Rights Amendment in the 1970s, has died. (SPEAK)

Supply each gap with correct form of the word given in the box. (10 pts)

new courtesy caress acquaint impress relate disdain comfort ceremony instinct

DON’T JUDGE A BOOK BY ITS COVER

The magical world of literature was first revealed to me when I was still young enough to be held (1) ……………on my father’s lap. To my (2)…………… young mind, my father’s reading aloud to me could only be bettered by the process of preparation which immediately preceded it. Choosing the book, holding it (3)……………in one’s hands, admiring the jacket, and, finally, opening it to the first page to begin, seemed to me akin to following the rites of some sort of (4)……………occasion.

To the dedicated reader, every book has its own distinct smell. A book just purchased from one’s favorite book shop exudes a wonderful bouquet of printer’s ink, leather and binding glue. Because of its “yet to be discovered” content, I tend to treat a new book as I would a (5) …………… acquired (6)…… That is, while both new books and new friends have to be treated (7)……………one still feels comfortable with them due to an (8)……………sense that whispers that warm, lasting (9)…………… are sure to follow.

An old book, on the other hand, is a horse of a different color. On opening it, one’s nostrils are assailed by an odor that a non-book lover would (10)……………describe as simply ‘musty’.. To the true book connoisseur, however, this scent elicits enchanting memories of Christmases past, pressed roses, cedar chests and autumn leaves burning in the back yard. To the devout reader, an old book smells of nostalgia.

III. ERROR IDENTIFICATION (10 PTS) The passage below contains 10 mistakes. Identify the errors and write the corrections. (10 points)

Line 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Human and primates, the family of apes, gorillas, and chimpanzees, among others, divide many common traits. While primates are deemed the most intelligent of animals, most researchers believed they lack the capacity to produce language. However, a research project in the 1970s at University of Georgia showed promise that chimpanzees have the ability to learn a certain language, just as human children. The project used several chimpanzees as test subjects in which Lana , a female chimp was the study focus. Though the primates lack the vocal constructions to make human speech patterns, the researchers created a language called

10 11 12 13 14 Yerkish, using lexigram made up of symbols that represent sounds and words. 125 symbols were placed on a keyboard, which Lana was taught how to use the board to communicate with the researchers. She successfully expressed her thoughts by pressing different keys in succession. In some cases, she used up to seven at times.

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using the word given. Do not change the word given. 1. After a long hard journey, I cheered up when I saw my home. (SIGHT)

After a long hard journey, my spirits.............................. ......... ...of my home. 2. He didn’t want to get into a position where he might lose all his money. (POSSIBILITY)

He didn’t want to ....................... ...................... ............. .......... all his money. 3. The company received an enormous number of calls responding to the advert. (DELUGED)

The company, ............ ................................................. response to the advert. 4. Children enjoyunwrapping their Christmas presents. (A KICK) ………………………………………………………………………………………. 5. He hid the truth about the matterbecause he didn't want to lose his high position. (CARPET) 6. You don't have to come and see the new house if you don't wish. → You are under.......................................................................................... 7. He threatened the officers with violence. → He made.................................................................................................. 8. The headmaster has a very good opinion of the physics teacher. → The headmaster holds.............................................................................. 9. He himself admits to a fear of spiders. → On his................................... .................................................................. 10. Suzanne is far superior to me in terms of technical knowledge. → When it.................... ............................................................................. ..

301 A. MULTIPLE CHOICE (40 PTS) I. WORD CHOICE (5 PTS) Choose the best options to complete the following sentences. 1. When Mary rented her apartment through a broker, she didn’t have enough money to pay both rent and broker………….

A. rentals B. reductions C. listings D. fees 2. They worked from dawn to dusk with such ………….that they were exhausted.

A. boredom B. zeal C. detraction D. debility 3. She………….agreed to go with him to the football match although she had no interest in the game at all.

A. apologetically B. grudgingly C. shamefacedly D. discreetly 4. The police couldn’t persuade the man to………..- the source of his information.

A. uncover B. discover C. divulge D. concede 5. Due to many years of……….., the Smiths had nothing to fall back on when it was time for them to retire.

A. illiteracy B. impunity C. inflexibility D. imprudence 6. The room is………..obvious.

A. blindlessly B. blindedly C. blindly D. blindingly 7. All his hard work………..in success.

A. accounted B. merged C. culminated D. succumbed 8. The bedroom was………..with battles.

A. infested B. inflated C. infected D. infused 9. If things are going well. In fact, business is ………..

A. soaring B. rolling C. blooming D. leaping 10. The smoke………..from the burning tyres could be seen for miles

A. sweeping B. billowing C. radiating D. bulging

II. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES (5PTS) Choose the best options to complete the following sentences. 11………..relatively inexpensive, the metal pewter can be fashioned into beautiful and useful objects.

A. Even it is B. Despites C. Although D. Nevertheless, it is 12………..in front of a camera lens changes the color of the light that reaches the film.

A. A filter placed B. A filter is placed

C. Placed a filter D. When a filter placed 13. Do you play an instrument?” - I have an accordion, but………..”

A. I haven’t played it in years B. I have years to play it

C. it has years to play D. it hasn’t played for years 14. Scientists cannot agree on………..related to other orders of insects.

A. that fleas are B. how fleas are C. how are fleas D. fleas that are 15. Superconductivity will revolutionize the way that energy is used for the next millennium, and……….. the first truly superconductive substance will be remembered as a technological hero.

A. what the discovery of B. the discovery of

C. whoever discovers D. whose discovery 16. Before they go to the university, most senior high school graduates have ……….. idea of what college life is like.

A. no less B. no least C. not less D. not in the least 17. I’m………..my brother is.

A. nowhere like so ambitious B. nowhere near as ambitious as

C. nothing as ambitious than D. nothing near as ambitious as

18. He seems………..for the experience.

A. none worse B. none the worse

C. none worse at all D. none the worst 19. Betty says she cannot stand looking at the rat,……….. touching it.

A. even so B. what if C. let alone D. as far as 20. Country life differs from urban life in ………..a sense of community generally binds the inhabitants of small villages together.

A. it B. what C. which D. that

III. PHRASAL VERBS AND PREPOSITIONS (5PTS) Choose the best options to complete the following sentences. 21. He’s a tough politician - he knows how to ………..the storm.

A. ride out B. run down C. keep up D. push back 22. I was………… by the beautiful music.

A. carried up B. carried out C. carried away D. carried on 23. That sneaky real estate agent cons me………..selling her my house for a lot less than it was worth.

A. out B. on C. at D. into 24. The ringleader was extremely lucky to get………..a suspended sentence.

A. off with B. away C. throught to D. through 25. I got impatient waiting for my turn to ………..

A. go out B. set out C. come out D. work out 26. Over the centuries the feet of many visistors have………..the steps to the castle.

A. worn out B. worn down C. worn through D. worn in 27. We’re going to………..Mark since he moved into a new house.

A. call on B. call at C. call into D. call for 28. Fireworks………..the attraction of the festival night.

A. appeared to B. increased to C. added up to D. added to 29. Susan’s face………..when she heard the good news.

A. lit up B. lightened up C. is bright D. brightene 30. Your plan doesn’t allow ……….. changes in the weather.

A. with B. on C. for D. into

IV. COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS (5PTS) Choose the best options to com plete the following sentences. 31. If she gets a………..of anger, don’t panic, that’s her uasual self.

A. tit B. breath C. period D. look 32. Scientists think that resource shortages will cause an escalation of conflicts during this century, and will widen the………..between the rich and the poor.

A. blank B. gulf C. difference D. hole 33. The government should take measures to prevent nuclear waste from being ……….. at sea.

A. dropped B. discharged C. dumped D. disposed 34. The actor was so nervous that he could only remember small………..of dialogue.

A. shreds B. pieces C. patches D. snatches 35. I was kept awake for most of the night by the………..of a mosquito in my ear.

A. whine B. moan C. groan D. screech 36. He……….. a yawn as the actor began yet another long speech.

A. squashed B. suffocated C. stifled D. submerged 37. I’am afraid you’ve caught me on the………... I wasn’t expecting you until this afternoon.

A. stove B. grapevine C. spot D. hop 38. Every delicacy Miss Cook produces is done ………..

303

A. to a turn B. at will C. there and then D. sooner or later 39. Richard started the race well but ran out of………..in the later stages.

A. power B. force C. effort D. steam 40. He might look kind and sympathetic, but deep down he’s as hard as………..

A. nails B. a mountain C. a gangster D. an iceberg

V. GUIDED CLOZE TEST: (10 PTS) Read the following passages and choose the options that best complete the blanks. PASSAGE A

It is an accepted part of everyday nostalgia to assume that in the past, food was somehow better than it is today. The fruit and vegetables were more (41)................ grown and this was not seen as an extra bonus which added ten percent on to the price. (42)................food was fresh, not frozen, and you had the chance to (43)................it to see whether you wanted it. When you went shopping, you could ask for exactly what piece of meat you wanted and see the butcher cutting it, instead of finding it ready-wrapped in plastic. And our local tradesman soon got to know what you wanted, and provided it for you; otherwise he would have gone (44)................business. Of course, unless we invent time - travel we shall never know whether this is all true. Survivor from those (45)................ days obviously tend to dislike today’s convenience foods, and to prefer the Good Old Days when a joint of beef filled the oven, (46)............... thick red juice instead of water when cooked, and cost the same (47)................a can of Coke.

What is always forgotten is that then as now the quality of your food depended very much (48)........... who you were, how well-off you happened to be, and where you lived. Shopping then (49).................. considerable skill, and shoppers had to be able to (50)....................the fresh from the nor so fresh. There was no shell-by date to act as a guide. If you were hard up then frozen meat and canned foods would have been on the menu, just as they are today. 41. A. nature B. natural C. naturalness D. naturally 42. A. Most B. Several C. Plenty D. Few 43. A. examine B. experiment C. distinguish D. detect 44. A. in to B. on to C. away from D. out of 45. A. far B. outlying C. distant D. further 46. A. manufactured B. produced C. reproduced D. resulted 47. A. with B. to C. as D. than 48. A. upon B. from C. of D. off 49. A. ordered B. demanded C. commanded D. prepared 50. A. say B. talk C. speak D. tell

PASSAGE B

If asked who (51)…………the game of baseball, most…………would probably reply that it was Abner Doubleday. At the (52)beginning of this century, there was some disagreement over (53)………… the game of baseball had actually originated, so sporting-goods manufacturer Spaulding inaugurated a commission to research the (54)…………. In 1908 a report was published by the commission (55)……… which Abner Doubleday, a U.S. Army officer from Cooperstown, New York, was (56)…………credit for the intervention of the game. The National Baseball Hall of Fame was established in Cooperstown in (57)…………of Doubleday.

Today, most sports historians are in agreement that Doubleday (58)…………did not have much to do with the development of baseball. (59)…………, baseball seems to be a close (60)………… to the English game of rounders and probably has English rather than American roots. 51. A. discovered B. founded C. invented D. found 52. A. Americans B. American C. The US D. America 53. A. what B. how C. when D. that 54. A. problem B. question C. matter D. issue

55. A. at B. to C. of D. in 56. A. provided B. passed C. given D. delivered 57. A. honor B. reward C. award D. ceremony 58. A. truly B. really C. as well D. probably 59. A. But B. Moreover C. Instead D. Additionally 60. A. relate B. relationship C. relative D. relation

VI. READING COMPREHENSION (10PTS) Read the texts below and choose the best answer to each question. PASSAGE A

Glass is a remarkable substance made from the simplest raw materials. It can be colored or colorless, monochrome or polychrome, transparent, translucent, or opaque. It is lightweight impermeable to liquids, readily cleaned and reused, durable yet fragile and often very beautiful Glass can be decorated in multiple ways and its optical properties are exceptional. In all its myriad forms as table ware, containers, in architecture and design-glass represents a major achievement in the history of technological developments.

Since the Bronze Age about 3,000 B.C., glass has been used for making various kinds of objects. It was first made from a mixture of silica, line and an alkali such as soda or potash, and these remained the basic ingredients of glass until the development of lead glass in the seventeeth century. When heated, the mixture becomes soft and malleable and can be formed by various techniques into a vast array of shapes and sizes. The homogeneous mass thus formed by melting then cools to create glass, but in contrast to most materials formed in this way (metals, for instance), glass lacks the crystalline structure normally associated with solids, and instead retains the random molecular structure of a liquid. In effect, as molten glass cools, it progressively stiffens until rigid, but does so without setting up a network of interlocking crystals customarily associated with that process. This is why glass shatters so easily when dealt a blow. Why glass deteriorates over time, especially when exposed to moisture, and why glassware must be slowly reheated and uniformly cooled after manufacture to release internal stresses induced by uneven cooling.

Another unusual feature of glass is the manner in which its viscosity changes as it turns from a cold substance into a hot, ductile liquid. Unlike metals that flow or “freeze” .at specific temperatures glass progressively soften as the temperature rises, going through varying stages of malleability until it flows like a thick syrup. Each stage of malleability allows the glass to be manipulated into various forms, by different techniques, and if suddenly cooled the object retains the shape achieved at that point. Glass is thus amenable to a greater number of heat-forming techniques than most other materials 61. Why does the author list the characteristics of glass in paragraph 1?

A. To demonstrate how glass evolved

B. To show the versatility of glass

C. To explain glassmaking technology

D. To explain the purpose of each component of glass 62. The word “durable” in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to…………..

A. lasting B. delicate C. heavy D. plain 63. What does the author imply about the raw materials used to make glass?

A. They were the same for centuries. B. They are liquid.

C. They are transparent. D. They are very heavy. 64. According to the passage, how is glass that has cooled and become rigid different from most ther rigid substances?

A. It has an interlocking crystal network.

B. It has an unusually low melting temperature.

C. It has varying physical properties.

D. It has a random molecular structure, 65. The word “customarily” in paragraph 2 could best be replaced by “…………..”

A. naturally B. necessarily C. usually D. certainly

305 66. The words “exposed to” in paragraph 2 most likely mean…………..

A. hardened by B. chilled with C. subjected to D. deprived of 67. What must be done to release the internal stresses that build up in glass products during manufacture?

A. The glass must be reheated and evenly cooled

B. The glass must be cooled quickly

C. The glass must be kept moist until cooled

D. The glass must be shaped to its desired from immediately 68. The word “induced” I paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to …………..

A. joined B. missed C. caused D. lost 69. The word “it” in paragraph 3 refers to …………..

A. feature B. glass C. manner D. viscosity 70. According to the passage, why can glass be more easily shaped into specific forms than can metals?

A. It resists breaking when heated

B. It has better optical properties

C. It retains heat while its viscosity changes

D. It gradually becomes softer as its temperature rises

PASSAGE B

The best way to learn is to teach. This is the message emerging from experiments in several schools in which teenage pupils who have problems at school themselves are tutoring younger children - with remarkable results for both sides.

According to American research, pupil - tutoring winds “hands down” over computerized instruction and American teachers say that no other recent innovation has proved so consistency successful.

Now the idea is spreading to Britain. Throughout this term, a group of 14-year olds at Trinity comprehensive in Leamington Spa have been spending an hour a week helping children at nearby primary school with their reading. The younger children read aloud to their tutors (who are supervised by university students of education) and then play word games with them.

All the 14 year-olds have some of their own lessons in a special unit for children who have difficulties at school. Though their intelligence is around average, most of them have fallen behind on reading, writing, and maths and, in some cases, this has led to truancy or bad behaviour in class.

Jean Bond, who is running the special unit in Warwick university education department, says that the main benefit of tutoring is that it improves the adolescents’ self-esteem. The younger children come rushing up every time and welcome them. It makes the tutors feel important whereas, in normal school lessons, they often feel adequate. Everyone benefits. The older children need practice in reading, but, if they had to do it in their own classes, they would say it was kid’s stuff and be worried about losing face. The tutors are struggling at school themselves so, when the younger ones can’t learn, they know exactly why.

Jean Bond, who describes pupil tutoring as an “educational conjuring trick”, has run two previous experiments. In one, six persistent truants, aged 15 upwards, tutored 12 slow-learning infants in reading and maths. None of the six played truant from any of the tutoring sessions. “The degree of concentration they showed while working with their tutees was remarkable for pupils who had previously showed little ability to concentrate on anything related to school work for any period of time”, says Bond. The tutors became “reliable, conscientious caring individuals”.

Their own reading, previously mechanical and monotonous, became far more expressive as the result of reading stories and to infants. Their view of education, which they had previously dismissed as a “crap” and “a waste of time” was transformed. They became firmly resolved to teach their own children to read before starting school, because, as one of them put it, “if they go for a job and they can’t write, they are not going to employ you, are they?” . The tutors also became more sympathetic to their own teachers’ difficulties, because they were frustrated themselves when the infants “mucked about”.

In the seven weeks of the experiment, concludes Bond, “these pupils received more recognition,

reward and feelings of worth than they had previously experienced in many years of formal schooling.” And the infants, according to their own teachers, showed measurable gains in reading skills by the end of the scheme. 71. The majority of the tutor in the Trinity experiments are pupils who ………..

A. cause discipline problems for their teachers

B. frequently stay away from school

C. are below standard in basic skills

D. are unable to read and write 72. What is true according to American teachers on pupil-tutoring?

A. It has been more successful than other recent innovations.

B. It is much better than computerized instruction.

C. The best way to learn is to teach other people.

D. Tutoring benefits both tutors and tutees. 73. Which skill is used in the experiment at Trinity?

A. Reading B. Speaking

C. Writing D. Reading and writing 74. What, according to Jean, makes tutoring interesting to tutors?

A. They feel the younger children need their help.

B. They feel being a tutor is more appealing than being a student,

C. They don’t have to go to class anymore.

D. They feel they are more like an adult. 75. According to the writer, the tutor wouldn’t normally practise reading in class because………...

A. their teachers would get impatient with them.

B. they wouldn’t be able to concentrate

C. their teachers wouldn't consider it necessary

D. they would find it humiliating. 76. Which is NOT TRUE about the tutors?

A. They become more sympathetic to their own teachers.

B. Their reading skills have greatly improved.

C. They are never frustrated with their little children.

D. Their view of education becomes more positive. 77. Pupil tutoring is describes as “an educational conjuring trick” because………….

A. no one understands why it works so well

B. it has caught the attention of the media

C. educational authorities are suspicious of it

D. it is a simple idea with extra ordinary results 78. What does the word “muck about” NOT mean?

A. treat someone badly B. behave badly

C. mess around D. fool around 79. The most significant result of the experiments so far carried out seemed to have been that tutors……...

A. learnt to overcome their fear of reading aloud

B. improved their pupils’ ability to concentrate

C. benefited from an increase of self-respect

D. came to see the importance of writing skills 80. What is NOT mentioned in the text?

A. The educational benefits of pupil-tutoring

B. The experiments about pupil-tutoring

C. A good way to motivate weaker students to learn better

D. Comparison between tutoring and other teaching method

307 B. WRITTEN TEST (70 PTS) I. CLOZE TEST: (20PTS) Read the texts below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only ONE WORD for each space PASSAGE A

LONDON

London is a big city, but many people who live there (1)………... it as a number of small towns put together. Each one district has its (2)………... identity and atmosphere and some of parts are even described by their inhabitants as ‘villages ’. Much of the centre of the city consists (3)………...shops and businesses and the majority of people they live in the suburbs. A(4)………...many of them travel to work in the city every day (5)………...a train, bus, tube or car; this is call commuting. Commuters might spend as (6)………...as two hours every morning getting to work and (7)………...two hours getting home again. The cost of living in London is higher (8)………...so in most other parts of Britain, and many people are paid extra money on the top of their salaries because of this. Millions of visitors come to London every year from all over the world for to see the famous sights, such as Buckingham Palace, (9)………...the Queen lives, and many other historic buildings. London is also very famous for including its theatres, red buses, and black taxis. Some people find (10)………... a noisy, dirty place but it has many large, pleasant parts where everyone can enjoy themselves some peace and quiet. London has many attractions there, both for people from overseas and for people from other parts of Britain.

PASSAGE B

The cinema is today a favourite place of entertainment to most people, young and old. Hundreds of people visit the cinema today. There are many things that we can learn (1)………...our visits to the cinema. The pictures we can (2)_______ in the cinema often show us many useful things. They show how people in (3)……….... lands live and think. Sometimes they also show how people in the past lived and died. There (4)………...also pictures which show many things about the world of birds and animal. Some pictures, (5) ………..., sometimes spoil the minds of many people especially (6)………...of small boys and girls. Pictures which show how people steal, kill or kidnap, for example, have done a lot of harm, but these (7)………... pictures also show how, in the end the criminals are caught and punished, and many people have learnt to obey the law, as a result. Thus, whether such pictures are good or bad depends on (8)………. lesson the person has learnt from them. On the (9)………... most pictures try to teach many useful lessons. The cinema may therefore be described as a school where people can learn a lot of god lessons. It is for all these reasons that cinema is still the (20)………...favourite place of entertainment.

II. WORD FORMATION (20 PTS) PART 1: Complete each sentence, using the correct form of the word in parentheses 1. Gazprom, whose boss Alexei Miller is a close political ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin, is almost as………...in world football. (PRESENT) 2. Some data showed vitamin D had a protective role against ………...diseases such as type 1 diabetes. (IMMUNE) 3. Hunger and a………...meal did not sit happily side by side. (SLAP) 4. All around are ………...mountains which provide the walkers or nature-lovers with magnificent opportunities to savor the Alpine flora. (SNOW) 5. Britain’s nuclear power program began with a lie: it was a ………... for the nuclear weapons program. (SCREEN) 6. The ………...vigor of man-made things, as suggested by these metaphors, is at the same time ungainly and unnatural. (HUMAN) 7. His………...whether poets, novelists, producers or scholars, tailored their books to his minutely workedout requirements. (LIBRARY)

8. I’ve never heard such ………... nonsense in my life! (ADULT) 9. He was discovered to have been………... company funds. (PROPERTY) 10. After 2012. the base shifted the event to a(n) ………... schedule, but budget cuts forced it to cancel the 2014 show. (ANNUAL)

PART 2: Complete each passage, with the appropriate form of the words given in the box.

fit hot class new barb illusion surface dismount land Wifely

SEOUL, South Korea - Divorced and out of money, Kwon Chol-nam fled North Korea for China in 2014 by wading across a river border at night and then crawling over a (1)…………..fence. After a perilous trek that included walking through a jungle in Laos, he reached Thailand, where he was allowed to fly to South Korea and start life (2)………….. After all that trouble and danger, Mr. Kwon now wants South Korea to allow him to return home to the North. “You have to ride a horse to know whether it’s the right (3)…………..for you,” Mr. Kwon said in an interview in Seoul. “ I have tried, and the South (4)…… of me. I want to go home to the North to reunite with my (5)…………..and 16-year-old son.”

Although North Korea is one of the world's most politically repressive countries, Mr. Kwon says he has grown (6)…………..with life in the capitalist South, where he says North Korean defectors like him are treated like (7)…………..citizens. “They called me names, treating me like an idiot, and didn’t pay me as much as others doing the same work, just because I was from the North,” Mr. Kwon (8)………….. said. To press his unusual demand, he has held news conferences, submitted petitions to the United Nations and demonstrated with signs in front of government buildings in Seoul. Apart from him, more than 30,000 North Koreans have fled to South Korea since a famine hit their (9)…………..in the 1990s. Of them, 25 have mysteriously (10) ………….. back in the North in the past five years. (Source: adapted from "The New York Times")

III . ERROR CORRECTION: (10PTS) The following passage contains 10 errors. Identify and correct them. Choose the best options to complete the following sentences.

Line 1

5

10

15 The role of the traditional zoo, inheriting from the 19th century, has undergone a dramatic shift. A growing recognition that zoos ought to be in the vanguard of the fight for the devastation of our natural world has begun a zoologic revolution. The change occurred in the 1960s, when the Jersey zoo was set off to breed endangered species. As a result, the breeding of animals in captive has become a complex science, with zoos around the world co-coordinating their efforts to avoid the genetic dangers of in-breeding small populations. The answer for the question of whether zoos can have very much impact on the preservation of endangered species is, probably, minimally. Zoos do not focus their education efforts on those people in the strongest positions to affect the future of the wildlife exhibited. For the most part, conservation education is targeted at children and other non-decision makers in a process too slow or too far away to address the extinction crisis which exists now. Furthermore, the efforts of zoos to inform lawmakers and government authorities are usually low-key or un-existent. Campaigns are more likely to be for an animal exhibit rather than for the existence of the animal itself.

309 Nevertheless, it does not do to address the future from a foundation of pessimism. A vision of the future is embraced in which the human population has leveled off at about 8.8 billion and where in human effects upon the environment have been tethered and considerable wildlife remain. It certainly will not be as rich or abundant as today’s wildlife, but with substantial diverse and numbers of more or less wild ecosystems, and the zoos’ work, this vision can become reality.

1…………….. 2…………….. 3…………….. 4…………….. 5…………….. 6…………….. 7…………….. 8…………….. 9…………….. 10……………

IV. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION (20PTS) Rewrite the following sentences using the words given. 1. David hadn’t expected that he would feel so weak after the operation. → The operation left ……………………………………………………………. 2. The president is the statesman I admire most of all. → There is no……………………………………………………………………. 3. You’re far more practical than I am. → Now here …………………………………………………………………….. 4. Could you watch my bag while I'm away? → Could you keep……………………………………………………………….? 5. The staff hated Frank’s new policies intensely and so went on strike. → So intense……………………………………………………………………. 6. The family members find it hard to accept their father’s fortune will go to charity. (RESISTANCE) → There……………………………………………………… go to the charity. 7. His analysis of the situation was far too complex for me to grasp. (HEAD) → His analysis of the situation……………………………………………. 8. Start doing some work now if you want to become a rich and powerful man. (PULL) →………………………………………………………………………substance. 9. Had it not been for John, she couldn’t have got the job. (AGENCY) → Only ………………………………………………………………………………. 10. Peter never makes any effort to help his team when it is time for action. (LIFTS) → Peter never……………………………………………………….. time for action.

A. MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS I. VOCABULARY: WORD CHOICE Choose the best option to complete each of the following sentences. 1. Although the patient received intensive treatment, there was no ....................improvement in her condition.

A. decipherable B. legible C. discernible D. intelligible 2. The dentist told him to open his mouth.....................

A. broad B. much C. greatly D. wide 3. Only one person who can provide the best solution to the question will be promoted and……...........a financial grant.

A. served B. awarded C. entitled D. equipped 4. You may feel sure the casting will be done perfectly, just....................your trust in me and you will see I’m right.

A. allow B. forward C. grant D. lay 5. His invention changed the....................of history

A. way B. line C. course D. route 6. The country has few natural resources and its economy has been............... for some time now.

A. diseased B. unwell C. sickening D. ailing 7. In her speech the Prime Minister ................. tribute to the valuable contributions to society made by voluntary organizations.

A. paid B. gave C. sent D. brought 8. Unfortunately, his report doesn’t ..................with what we’ve learnt from other sources.

A. pally B. rally C. ally D. tally 9. We’d all been at school together for 12 years and at our leaving celebrations we .................... eternal friendship.

A. assured B. pledged C. undertook D. confided 10. Maria and Jean had a .................... romance - they met and married within two months.

A. hurricane B. whirlwind C. cyclone D. typhoon

II. GRAMMAR AND STRUCTURES Choose the best word or phrase which best completes the following sentences. Write your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1.................... are poor observers of their child 's behavior so deviant behavior reaches unmanageable proportions.

A. Parents that B. When parents C. If parents D. Parents 2. Food is, after all, an important part of Chinese culture and mission controllers say it is important ............. China’s space pioneers do not go hungry.

A. so that B. make sure

C. that food is provided for D. to ensure that 3. Crushed ice is used to cool drinks, and is often applied to injuries where there is swelling, to remove excess heat................. in the tissues.

A. generated B. to generate C. generating D. generates 4. With .................5,000 tigers remaining in the world today, time is quickly running out for this beautiful animal.

A. as fewer than B. so few as C. as few as D. not fewer than 5.................... films about writers are so dull is that writers don’t dress up to practice their craft.

A. One of the reasons B. Everybody says C. It is often claimed D. Because 6. It’s a horrible irony, but a bully has to know his victim well ...................effective; it’s almost impossible

311 to bully strangers.

A. if being B. to be C. in order to D. if they are 7. Desks can often show aspects of character otherwise hidden from general view ............... if analyzed in detail, will reveal their owner’s innermost secrets.

A. and which B. but where C. these D. however 8. Motor vehicle collisions are ................... of death in infants and children.

A. primary reason B. frequently resulting

C. often blamed D. a leading cause 9. Smokers who try to ................cigarettes can double their chances of success by using patches, gum, lozenges, inhalers or nasal sprays containing nicotine.

A. stop B. quit the C. stop to use D. give up 10. For humans, running a give distance requires 50 to 80 percent more energy than walking ................... distance does.

A. equivalent B. equal C. the same D. identical

III. PREPO SITIO NS AND PHRASAL VERBS Choose the best word or phrase which best completes the following sentences. Write your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. He mustered....................... enough to go to the horror film.

A. on B. up C. in D. together 2. You have to do ................ ..the matter. You have to do what he says.

A. in B. about C. toward D. with 3. The child showed no animosity....................her new stepbrother.

A. toward B. with C. about D. on 4. I would appreciate it if you could ................... me the next time we see your mother.

A. catch up with B. stick up for C. come up with D. live up to 5. As I had never worked with autistic children, I found it rather difficult to get................to them.

A. on B. up C. off D. through 6. She fixed us................... a violin teacher. We’re really grateful to her.

A. to B. up with C. along with D. together 7. Your request for greater financial support has to be ...................the claims from other departments.

A. banked on B. blown up C. balanced against D. brushed up 8. There are a few things that I don't like about my job, but ....................it’s very enjoyable.

A. by and large B. here and there

C. black and blue all over D. near and far 9. I must .... ...............my Italian before going to that meeting in Rome.

A. bear out B. blow over C. brush up D. break through 10................ .. it seems to be quite a good suggestion.

A. All in all B. All the same C. For all I care D. All but

IV. COLLOCATIONS AND IDIOMS Choose the best word or phrase which best completes the following sentences. Write your answer in the corresponding numbered boxes. 1. A .................... of dirt and oil lay over the surface of the pond.

A. piece B. film C. charm D. flock 2. You can’t simply.................... the blame on the government whenever things go wrong.

A. put B. give C. lay D. press 3. The company offered to pay in ................... , so in this way we would not have to wait until work is done to get our money.

A. advance B. arrears C. purchase D. full

4. Janet-gushed over the sculpture in the antique shop, but Kevin thought that the craftsmanship was merely run of the mill.

A. He thinks that it is of exceptionally high quality.

B. He thinks that it is marked by creativity or originality.

C. He thinks that it is too expensive for the average person too afford.

D. He thinks that it is low quality, common or ordinary. 5. After Michael missed three shots in a row and passed the ball to a player on the other team, the boys were only up by two and they suspected that Michael would be the Achilles’ heel of the team.

A. Michael performs well under pressure.

B. Michael is a valuable contributor to the team.

C. Michael is a weakness in an otherwise strong entity.

D. Michael inspires others to succeed. 6. Lyle chose Marco for his partner, thinking that it would be fun to work with his best friend, but now that the project was due tomorrow and the boys had nothing done, Lyle realized that he should have hitched his ..................to a different wagon.

A. dog B. horse C. camel D. bull 7. While Kristie’s cake pops are both delicious and artistic, nobody can …………..a candle to her pecan pie.

A. hold B. lit C. blow D. make 8. Don’t be such a...............Thomas. It will work. There will be no problems," Mary said to her husband as she tried to convince him to buy laminate flooring for the back bedroom.

A. doubting B. quirky C. mistrusting D. wavering 9. The school staff needs new .................. in order to bring in novel ideas.

A. thing B. blood C. employees D. offices 10. Could I pick your.................. on the subject before the meeting?

A. intellect B. mind C. head D. brains

V. READING COMPREHENSION READING 1: Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C or D to answer the following questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.

According to the controversial sunspot theory, great storms on the surface of the sun hurl streams of solar particles into the atmosphere, causing a shift in the weather on earth.

A typical sunspot consists of a dark center umbra surrounded by a lighter penumbra of light and dark threads extending out from the center like a spoke a wheel. Actually the sunspots are cooler than the rest of the photosphere, which may account for their color. Typically, the temperature in a sunspot umbra is about 4000 K. Sunspots range in size from tiny granules to complex structures with areas stretching for billions of square miles. About 5% of the pots are large enough so that they can be seen without instruments: consequently, observations of sunspots have been recorded for several thousand years.

Sunspots have been observed in arrangements of one to more than one hundred spots, but they tend to occur in pairs. There is also a marked tendency for the two spots of a pair to have opposite magnetic field associated with any given sunspots is closely related to the spot’s size.

Although there is no theory that completely explains the nature and function of sunspots, several models attempt to relate the phenomenon to magnetic fields along the lines of longitude from the north and south poles of the sun. 1. What is the author’s main purpose in the passage?

A. To argue for the existence of magnetic fields in sunspots

B. To describe the nature of sunspots

C. To propose a theory to explain sunspots

D. To compare the umbra and the penumbra

313 2. The word controversial is closest in meaning to .

A. open to debate B. very complicated

C. widely accepted D. just in traduce 3. Solar particles are hurled into space by .

A. small rivers on the surface of the sun B. underdetermined causes

C. changes the earth’s atmosphere D. disturbances of wind 4. The word particles refers to .

A. gas explosions in the atmosphere B. small pieces

C. liquid streams on the sun D. light ray from the sun 5. How can we describe matter from the sun that enters the earth’s atmosphere?

A. Very small B. Very bright C. Very hard D. Very hot 6. The sunspot theory is .

A. relatively new B. widely accepted

C. subject to disagreement D. not considered important 7. The word they in line 7 refers to .

A. pots B. miles C. granules D. Structures 8. The word consequently could best be replaced by .

A. Nevertheless B. In this way C. Without doubt D. As a result 9. In which configuration do sunspots usually occur?

A. In a configuration of two spots

B. In groups of several thousand spots

C. In one spot of varying size

D. In arrangements of one hundred or more spots 10. How are sunspots explained?

A. Sunspots may be related to magnetic fields that follow longitudinal lines on the sun.

B. Sunspots are explained by storms that occur on the earth.

C. Sunspots have no theory or model to explain them.

D. Sunspots appear to be related to magnetic fields on the earth.

READING 2: Read the passage and choose the best option A, B, C or D to answer the following questions. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.

How a man uses money - makes it, saves it, and spends it - is perhaps one of the best tests of practical wisdom. Although money ought by no means to be regarded as a chief end of man’s life, neither is it a trifling matter, to be held in philosophic contempt, representing as it does to so large an extent, the means of physical comfort and social well-being. Indeed, some of the finest qualities of human nature are intimately related to the right use of money; such as generosity, honesty, justice, and self- sacrifice; as well as the practical virtues of economy and providence. On the other hand, there are their counterparts of avarice, fraud, injustice, and selfishness, as displayed by the inordinate lovers of gain; and the vices of thriftlessness, extravagance, and improvidence, on the part of those who misuse and abuse the means entrusted to them. “So that,” as is wisely observed by Henry Taylor in his thoughtful ‘Notes from Life,’ “a right measure and manner in getting, saving, spending, giving, taking, lending, borrowing, and bequeathing, would almost argue a perfect man.”

Comfort in worldly circumstances is a condition which every man is justified in striving to attain by all worthy means. It secures that physical satisfaction, which is necessary for the culture of the better part of his nature; and enables him to provide for those of his own household. Nor. ought the duty to be any the less indifferent to us, that the respect which our fellow-men entertain for us in no slight degree depends upon the manner in which we exercise the opportunities which present themselves for our honourable advancement in life. The very effort required to be made to succeed in life with this object, is of itself an education; stimulating a man’s sense of self-respect, bringing out his practical qualities, and disciplining

him in the exercise of patience, perseverance, and such like virtues. The provident and careful man must necessarily be a thoughtful man, for he lives not merely for the present, but with provident forecast makes arrangements for the future. He must also be a temperate man, and exercise the virtue of self-denial, than which nothing is so much calculated to give strength to the character. John Sterling says truly, that “the worst education which teaches self denial, is better than the best which teaches everything else, and not that.” The Romans rightly employed the same word (virtus) to designate courage, which is in a physical sense what the other is in a moral; the highest virtue of all being victory over ourselves. 1. What is the main idea of this passage?

A. Wealthy people and poor people can both be virtuous.

B. Money is insignificant.

C. Money is the most important thing in the world.

D. The way a person handles money indicates his or her general character.. 2. The author’s purpose in writing this essay is ......... ........

A. to teach people how to earn a great deal of money.

B. to warn readers about the dangers of greed.

C. to describe the life of a wealthy person.

D. to convince the reader that proper money management is a sign of good character. 3. Which is the best synonym for the word “providence”?

A. prudence B. fate C. sustenance D. doom 4. What would be the author’s response to those who say that poverty is noble?

A. The author would agree with this statement.

B. In order to cultivate other virtues a person must have money.

C. Once a person gets rich, they can start worrying about self-discipline.

D. The Romans believed that poor people are evil. 5. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to Henry Taylor?

A. admiring B. condescending C. skeptical D. disgusted 6. What does the author imply by saying that money provides ‘physical satisfaction, which is necessary for the cultivation of the better part of his nature’ ?

A. People are more friendly after they have had a hot bath.

B. In order to improve oneself in more lofty ways, one must attain the basic necessities.

C. The most important thing in life is physical pleasure.

D. Money can only provide physical pleasure. 7. What does the author mean by the comment, ‘The very effort required to be made to succeed in life with this object, is of itself an education’?

A. In order to earn money a person needs to go to college.

B. Money makes people seem smarter than they are.

C. That learning to manage money effectively entails learning a number of other valuable skills.

D. Only intelligent people can earn money. 8. Why must the ‘provident and careful man’ be a thoughtful man?

A. because he has earned a great deal of money

B. because he is familiar with the works of Henry Taylor

C. because he gives most of his money to charity

D. because he must always be planning for the future 9. The author brings up the Roman word for courage to illustrate ................

A. his knowledge of the classics

B. that people throughout history have valued money

C. that self-discipline is less important than physical bravery

D. that self-control is similar to physical bravery 10. What is the definition of the word “temperate” as it is used in this essay?

A. moderate B. irritated C. self-denying D. warm

315 VI. CLOZE-TEST CLOZE-TEST 1. Read the passage below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes.

In addition to the challenge to be excellent, American schools have been facing novel problems. They must (1)…………..with an influx of immigrant children, many of whom speak little or no English. They must respond to demands (2)…………..the curriculum reflect the various cultures of all children. Schools must make sure that students develop (3)………….. skills for the job market, and they must consider the needs of nontraditional students, such as teenage mothers.

Schools are (4)…………..these problems in ways that reflect the diversity of the US educational system. They are hiring or training large numbers of teachers of English (5)………….. a second language and, in some communities, setting up bilingual schools. They are opening (6)…………..the traditional European-centered curriculum to embrace material from African, Asian, and other cultures.

Schools are also teaching cognitive skills to the (7)…………..40 percent of American students who do not go on to higher education. In the (8)………….. of a recent report by the Commission on Achieving Necessary Skills, “A strong back, the willingness to work, and a high school diploma were once all that was necessary to (9)…………..a start in America. They are no longer. A well-developed mind, a continued willingness to learn and the ability to put knowledge to work are the new keys (10) …………..the future of our young people, the success of our business, and the economic well-being of the nation.” (Extractedfrom InfoUSA - CD Version) 1. A. fight B. cope C. stay D. do 2. A. that B. whether C. what D. who 3. A. basics B. basic C. basis D. base 4. A. distributing B. delivering C. discharging D. addressing 5. A. as B. from. C. with. D. like 6. A. for B. up C. into D. on 7. A. fairly B. nearly C. mostly D. slightly 8. A. ways B. minds C. words D. directions 9. A. take B. get C. bring D. make 10. A. to B. for C. in D. at

CLOZE-TEST 2. Read the passage below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each space. Write your answers in the corresponding numbered boxes. TECHNOLOGY

When faced with some new and possibly bewildering technological change, most people react in one of two (1) ............. They either recoil from anything new, claiming that it is unnecessary, or too complicated or that it somehow makes life less than (2)................. Or they learn to (3)................... to the new invention, and eventually (4)............... how they could possibly have existed without it. Take computers as an example. For many of us, they still represent a (5)............ to our freedom, and give us a frightening sense of a future in which all (6) ............ will be taken by machines. This may be because they seem mysterious, and difficult to understand. Ask most people what you can use a home computer for, and you usually get (7)............ answers about how ‘they give you information’. In fact, even those of us who are familiar with computers, and use them in our daily work, have very little idea of how they work. But it does not take long to learn how to operate a business programme, even if things occasionally go wrong for no apparent reason. Presumably much the same happened when the telephone and the television became (8) ............. What seems to alarm most people is the speed of technological change, rather than change itself. And the (9)............ that are made to new technology may well have a point to them, since change is not always an improvement. As discover during power cuts, there is a lot to be said for the oil lamp, the coal fire, and forms of entertainment, such as books or board games, that don’t have to be (10) .............