Daniel Lam IARD Cultivating Communities

Cultivating Communities West Waddy Regeneration Award Winner 2017 Daniel Lam Oxford Brookes University

CULTIVATING COMMUNITIES

INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURAL REGENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY

007 BRIEF / RESEARCH

Social, Cultural and Economical Data Local Precedents Potential Sites

015 BUILDING ANALYSIS

Conservation Principles Site Photographs Survey Drawings, Details and Decay Analysis Existing Element Exploded Isometric Existing Element Value Analysis

041 ADAPTIVE REUSE

Adaptive Reuse Programme 01 Adaptive Reuse Programme 02 Adaptive Reuse Programme 03 Value of Adaptive Reuse Strategy The Positive Impact of a Local Food Network

051 DESIGN PROCESS

Intervention Principles Adaptation Approach Environmental Strategy Diagrams Growing Space Light Analysis Material Removal and Reuse Process Crop Schedule Food Production Systems Space Planning Process

069 REGENERATION STRATEGY

Zagreb Food Network Diagram

Site Plan

Street Scene / Context Photos / Design Precedents

Isometric in Context

Ground Floor Plan / First Floor Plan

West / East Elevations

North Elevation

South Elevation

Street View

Internal Views

Cafe / Viewing Terrace

Public Cafe Hydroponics Aeroponics

Section AA

Allotments / Community Garden

Construction Breakdown

Eaves Detail

Door Threshold Detail

Window Plan Detail

3D Isometric Detail

Old Meets New Material Intervention

Section BB 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY

BRIEF / RESEARCH Cultivating Communities is an Urban Farm Regeneration strategy for Zagreb, Croatia. The proposal is a creative response to theoretical, social, economic and cultural research.

It utilises the existing heritage and skills from the historic agriculture industry to respond to contemporary needs. It includes a regeneration strategy through the use of abandoned buildings for food production and distribution within the city.

The main building in the neighbourhood of Crnomerec is an old military barracks that is to house industrial, public and community uses.

Socially / Working with communities and networks Culturally / Creating opportunities for a common ground Economically / Revitalising a historic industry and creating jobs Sustainably / Encouraging healthy living and reducing carbon emissions through locality Tangibility / Producing food for people in need This project is based upon the research of the International Architectural Regeneration and Development (IARD) Specialisation at Oxford Brookes.

INFORMAL ECONOMY

FAMILY & FRIENDS

Unemployed people tend to rely on the informal (illegal) economy.

The strongest connections are between family, friends and neighbours. / Dr. Irena đokic, phd, research associate, Zagreb institute of economics

Family members rely heavily on one another for support.

It is normal for several generations to live in the same household. / Dr. Irena đokic, phd, research associate, Zagreb institute of economics

CAFE CULTURE

EX-SOCIALIST STRUCTURE

Local residents tend not to eat out in restaurants, they use cafés and bars to socialise instead. / Social data interviews

Aftermath of post-socialist era is still a sensitive issue. This has effected work ethic.

UNEMPLOYMENT

POPULATION

Croatia has the third highest unemployment rate within the EU.

The population is declining with young people leaving Croatia. This means the average age is increasing.

Left / Social, Cultural and Economical Data Summary / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Right / Social, Cultural and Economical Data Findings / IARD Field Study Data 2017

BOTTOM UP APPROACH

SOCIAL SPACES

Because of Croatia’s complex social and political past the Generative Process and participatory approach is necessary / Hakim 2008

The field data shows that there is a need for social spaces, communal green spaces because of the ones provided during the socialist past and community cooking facilities.

These all relate to the local cultures and customs. / City Making 2017

COMMUNITY CONSULTATION

ABANDONED BUILDINGS

In addition to the field research a temporary community hub will be set up within the building to find the most appropriate uses for the community spaces and for feedback on the overall scheme / Amirtahmasebi 2016

Croatia has a large amount of abandoned and unfinished buildings. Many from the 20th Century and many due to the economic downturn.

Design District Community Garden

Borovje Community Garden

Eko Ekipa Precko Community Allotments

KliconoĹĄa Urban Farm

Cloud Gardening Domestic Agriculture

Housing Estate Community Gardening

Left / Local Precedents of urban farming in Zagreb Right / Potential Sites in Zagreb / IARD Field Study Data 2017

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2

6

1

7

3 8 4

1 / Central Market 2 / Site 3 / Stara Ciglana 4 / Blok TKZ

5 / Sanatorij Brestovac 6 / Dom Zeljeznicar 7 / Emilijeva kuca 8 / Design District

Potential Abandoned Sites / Abandoned Croatia 2017

BUILDING ANALYSIS Before designing a regeneration strategy and an adaptive reuse proposal, a thorough survey and analysis was conducted.

In addition to the principles overleaf, this analysis is what all design interventions are based on. All of which relate to SPAB’s own principles of conservation.

Maintenance / An education of reusing and maintaining buildings is a large part of the community ethos.

Context / As you will see from the next page and the last chapter, the proposal uses materials and design to become subservient to the context and surroundings.

Respect for Age / The oldest elements of the building have been given the highest value.

Repair / The valued elements of the building are to be repaired to create a sustaining reuse.

Old and New / The new elements to the site are detailed respectfully to highlight the existing’s importance.

Materials and Craftsmanship / Much like the use of historic agricultural skills, the repair and adaptation of the existing building is based on local knowledge and methods. Locally sourced materials are used in this bottom up approach to adaptive reuse.

Juxtaposition

Conserve

Repair

Replicate

Conservation Principles / Burra Charter 2013 / Orbasli 2008 / Orbasli 2016

Translucency

Current Needs

Adapt

Greenery

Left / External Photographs / Lam 2017 Right / Internal Photographs / IARD Field Study Data 2017

Building Photographs / IARD Field Study Data 2017

B

A

B

Ground Floor Plan / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017

E

A

Existing

E

B

A

B

Reflected Ceiling Plan / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017

A

Existing

Top / North Elevation with Decay / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom / South Elevation with Decay / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017

BRICK EXPOSED; CRUMBLING

BEGINNING TO DECAY; UNEXPOSED RENDER NOT SCALE SPECIFIC, JUST A REPRESENTATION OF DECAY

BRICK EXPOSED; CRUMBLING

BEGINNING TO DECAY; UNEXPOSED

Brick Exposed; Crumbling Render Beginning To Decay; Unexposed

Decay Photographs / Lam 2017

Top Left / West Elevation / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Left / Historic Building Photograph / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Top Right / East Elevation / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Right / Section BB / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017

Existing

Truss details Truss connection to steel columns

Connection sketch Detail 2

Detail 1

Right angle pla

Truss

L channel

Steel column

Key:

Coarse render

Tie steel column into brick for stability

Connection scaled sketch Detail 2 Finishing render

Plan Brick

Steel connection plate Steel cross beam Tile

S

Stee

Steel

Top / Section AA / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Left / Truss Connection to Steel Columns / 1:20 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Right / 3D Connection Detail and 2D Connection Details / IARD Field Study Data 2017

details Connection sketch Detail 2

H beam

Right angle plate

Existing

L channel

teel columns

Connection sketch Detail 2

L channel

H beam Right angle plate

Key:

L channel L channel Coarse render

Connection scaled sketch Detail 2 Key:

Finishing render Coarse render

Plan

Connection scaled sketch Detail 2

Finishing render

Brick

Plan Brick

Steel connection plate Steel cross beamSteel connection plate

Steel cross beam

Tile

Tile

Steel cross beam

Steel cross beam

Steel connection plate

Steel

Steel

Steel connection plate Steel plate Steel plate

Walland typed pes plan All walls Flemish bonds Wall type 1 Section 5

Wall type 3 Plan

Wall type 2 Section

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410

20

8

5

5

20

8

20

410

8

5

20

50

2

50

2

50

2

50

2

50

5

Wall Type 01

Wall Type 02 All walls Flemish bonds

Key: Walltype type41 Wall Section Section

Wall type 3 Plan

Wall type 2 ection

5 8

5

5

Wall type 2 Section

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410

8

8 8

Coarse render

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Finishing render

Brick

Wall Type 04 Tile

Key:

Coarse render

Finishing render

Brick

Tile

Wall Type 03 All brickwork Flemish bond

Left / Wall Type Details / 1:20 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Right / Window Type Details / 1:100 / IARD Field Study Data 2017

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410

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20 20

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410

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Window type 2

Window type 1

Window Type 01 Window type 2

Window Type 02 Window type 3

Window type 4

Window Type 03

Window Type 04

Window typ

North Wall

Floor

West Wall

Existing Retained/Reused Existing Removed

Right / Existing Elements / Lam 2017

Roof Tiles Purlins

Trusses

Annex

East Wall South Columns

South Wall

HIGH

MAINTAIN

Floor

South Columns

MEDIUM

ADAPT / REUSE

South Wall Bricks

North Wall Columns

LOW

REMOVE

Tiles And Purlins

TANGIBLE

Element Value Analysis / Lam 2017

East Wall

Structural Robust Industrial Heritage Functionality Thermal Mass

Allows for Local Food Network Modern Industry

Trusses

West Wall

Thermal Mass Adaptive Reuse

Community Kitchen Social Networks Social Spaces

Light Health and Safety Moisture Barrier

Environmental Education Consultation Spaces Community Garden

Annex

REASON

INTANGIBLE

ADAPTIVE REUSE This section shows how appropriate urban farming is as a regeneration and reuse strategy.

Firstly, it directly compliments Zagreb‘s declaration for healthy cities and city health development plan / City of Zagreb 2004. In addition to the global effort to reduce carbon emissions and localise food production / World Health Organisation 2009 For example, urban farming has been used in Detroit, USA as a response to unemployment, de-industrialisation and depopulation, all issues relevant to Zagreb / Bishop and Williams 2012 / Beekmans and Boer 2014 ‘Balance between functional needs, historic evidence and future sustainability’ - Orbasli

Left / Croatia’s Historic Agriculture Industry / Effekt Regen Villages / Urban Farming Right / Adaptive Reuse 01 / Lam 2017

RESEARCH DATA Market Culture Informal Economy Historic Agriculture Industry

RESPONSE Local Food Network Social Networks Modernise Industry

URBAN FARM ADAPTIVE REUSE

Left / Urban Farm Cafe Detroit / Urban Farming as a Regeneration Process Detroit Right / Adaptive Reuse 02 / Lam 2017

RESEARCH DATA Cafe culture Bottom Up Regeneration

RESPONSE Cafe/Restaurant Social Spaces Public Space

PUBLIC SPACE ADAPTIVE REUSE

Left / Urban Farming and Agricultural Education Zagreb / DIY Community Construction Paris Right / Adaptive Reuse 03 / Lam 2017

RESEARCH DATA Food culture Gardening culture Allotments/Urban Farms

RESPONSE Community Kitchen Community Garden Education

COMMUNITY SPACE ADAPTIVE REUSE

Use

Heritage

Production

Culture

Historic

Present

Proposed

Left / Value of Adaptive Reuse Strategy / Lam 2017 Right / The Positive Impact of a Local Food Network / Lam 2017

Economy

Social

+

+

Urban Farm

Traditional Farms

+ Markets

+ Restaurants

+

CafĂŠs

+ Social Space

Creating Communities

Food Production

+ Economic Activity

Seed Production

+ Healthy Lifestyle

Environmentally Friendly

DESIGN PROCESS This chapter is the architectural response to the field study research, building analysis and the adaptive reuse strategy. It shows a sensitive approach to the existing allowing a functional reuse.

The process incorporates the following: Maximise growing space High and Low Tech Growing Methods Passive Design Natural Ventilation Design for Systems

Utilise Existing Building

Greenhouse effect + Thermal Mass

High and Low Tech Cultivation

Left / Intervention Principles / Assemble / Eden Project / Right / Adaptation Approach

Insufficient light for growing

Replace with glass roof

Mimic existing window composition

Roof not visible from street level

Outdoor

Indoor

Winter solar gain Reversible UF Heating and Insulated spaces Appropriate plants to stabilise temperature

Raft floor over existing North

South

Thermal Comfort and stabilisation South side not insulated North side insulated

Space heating strategy Ground Floor Plan Greenhouse treated as a passive solar space used to spread solar gain to insulated space in winter

Environmental Strategy Diagrams/ Pelsmakers 2016 / Cuestaroble 2011

Stack ventilation 68

o

Daylight

North

South

Summer Responding to Zagreb’s climate Daylight form north Temperature Max = 33 oC Rain Min = 46mm

20 o Office Greenhouse Cafe/Kit

North

South

Winter Passive Solar Design with Thermal Mass Temperature Min = -7 oC Rainfall Max = 150mm Utilise rainwater harvesting

Existing

Potential growing space

Proposed Greenhouse

Proposed

Seasonal Garden

Left / Growing Space Light Analysis Summer / Lam 2017 Right / Growing Space Light Analysis Winter / Lam 2017

Potential growing space

Proposed Greenhouse

Seasonal Garden

01 / Existing Building

02 / Remove roof and south wall

03 / Reuse South Wall

04 / Use its bricks as thermal mass

Material Removal and Reuse Process / Lam 2017

05 / Both greenhouses have thermal mass to extend the summer seasons

Winter Crop Schedule / Lam 2017

Spring

Summer

Autumn

GREENHOUSES Covered glass growing

SEASONAL GARDEN Outdoor agriculture

Left / System Requirements / Low-Tech Food Production Systems Right / System Requirements / High-Tech Food Production Systems

AQUACULTURE Fish farming Heated Space Water and Electrical services

HYDROPONICS Cultivation in water Direct Light Water and Electrical services

AEROPONICS Cultivation in air 40% less water than hydroponics 95% less water than soil

01 / Existing Spaces

02 / Utilise Space Space Planning Process / Lam 2017

03 / Adapt Form

04 / Divide Uses

05 / Space Planning

EXISTING

PUBLIC

WAREHOUSE/PREPARATION

COMMUNITY/GREENHOUSE

INDUSTRIAL/HYDROPONICS

AEROPONICS

Space Planning Process / Lam 2017

06 / Adaptive Reuse

AQUAPONICS COMMUNITY GARDEN CIRCULATION

REGENERATION STRATEGY This chapter illustrates the proposal on several scales. From civic to construction details, one can see how the design has created a positive impact.

Urban Farm

Market

Traditional Farm

Seed Producer

Cafe

Restaurant

Community Centre

Greenhouse

Community Gardens

Deliveries

Commun

Production

Publ

Previous / Zagreb Food Network Diagram / Lam 2018 Site Plan / 1:500@A3 / Lam 2017

Greenhouse

Community Gardens

nity

lic

Production

Top / Street Scene / 1:200@A3 / Lam 2017 Left / Context Photographs / Lam 2017 Right / Design Precedents

75

B

WC

Office

Community Mess Room

Aquaculture Distribution

Propagation

Preparation Store

Kitchen

Hydroponics

Hydroponics

Aquaculture A

Cafe

B

Previous / Isometric in Context / Lam 2018 Left / Ground Floor Plan / 1:200@A3 / Lam 2017 Right / First Floor Plan / 1:200@A3 / Lam 2017

Store A

B

WC

Aeroponics

Aeroponics Viewing Terrace

A

A

B

Existing

Proposed

79

Left / West Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017 Right / East Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017

North Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017

South Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017

Previous / Street View / Lam 2017 Top Left / Community Kitchen / Lam 2017 Bottom Left / Aquaculture / Lam 2017 Top Right / Distribution Warehouse / Lam 2017 Bottom Right / Community Space / Lam 2017

Cafe Viewing Terrace / Lam 2017

Public Cafe / Lam 2017 Next / Hydroponics / Lam 2017

Previous / Aeroponics / Lam 2018 Section AA / 1:100@A3 / Lam 2017

99

Proposed glass roof structure with automated opening rooflights for stack ventilation Steel frame double glazed rooflights with 6 + 6mm toughened glass

Conserve existing steel trusses. Paint with white intumescent paint

First Floor - Tata Steel Composite Deck 60mm polished screed with steel re-bar in 150mm steel deck

Steel frame construction to hold first floor with pad foundations at each column 178 x 102mm Universal Columns 305mm x 165mm Universal Beam

Timber frame boxes separated from steel frame. Thermally insulated for passive space heating. Slavonian oak cladding with white intumescent paint to finish.

306mm timber frame walls with 50mm thermal insulation between studs

310mm Beam and block raft floor on existing concrete slab 60mm Polished Screed on 100mm rigid thermal insulation on 150mm beam and block floor

Steel frame double glazed toughened glass between existing columns. Existing steel columns connected to steel trusses

Previous / Allotments and Community Garden / Lam 2017 Right / Exploded Construction Isometric / Lam 2017

01 Double glazed roof-light 02 Window frame with recessed screw at eaves 03 Galvanised steel flashing 04 Bottom transom 05 Steel L-angle 06 Steel gutter 07 Steel Bracket with galv. gutter bolt 08 DPC 09 Existing masonry wall 10 Steel frame double glazed windows 11 Existing Steel truss Truss to be propped up during construction

Left / South Wall Section / 1:50 / Lam 2017 Right / Eaves Detail / 1:5 / Lam 2017

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11

01 Existing rendered Column 02 Steel frame Glazed Door 03 2mm Insulated steel kicking panel 04 Integrated Weather Board 05 Steel Threshold 06 Ground To falls away from door threshold 07 100mm Gatic Slot Drain

Left / South Wall Section / 1:50 / Lam 2017 Right / Door Threshold Detail/ 1:5 / Lam 2017

01 02

03

04 05 06 07

01 Existing Brick and render around column 02 Existing Steel Column 03 Proposed windows screwed into existing render and brickwork 04 Steel frame windows to match existing

Left / South Wall Section / 1:50 / Lam 2017 Right / Window to Column Plan Detail / 1:5 / Lam 2017

01 02

03 04

Left / 3D Roof-Column-Window Details / Lam 2017 Right / Exploded 3D Isometric Detail / 1:5 / Lam 2017

Previous / Old Meets New Material Intervention / Lam 2018 Section BB / 1:100@A3 / Lam 2017

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abandoned Croatia. [Photographs] (2017).

Amirtahmasebi, R., Orloff, M., Wahba, S. and Altman, A. (2016) Regenerating Urban Land. 1st ed. [ebook] Washington: The World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/979091467993467764/pdf/106149-PUB-ADD-DOI-ISBN-SERIESAUTHORS-OUO-9.pdf (Accessed 24 Feb. 2017).

Beekmans, J. and Boer, J. (2014) Pop-up city. 1st ed. Amsterdam: BIS. Bishop, P. and Williams, L. (2012) The Temporary City. 1st ed. London: Routledge.

Bowen, R. (2009) Types of Feasibility Studies. Available at: http://www. brighthubpm.com/project-planning/56372-types-of-feasibility-studies/ (Accessed: 21 February 2017).

City of Zagreb, (2004) City Health Devevlopment Plan. 1st ed. [ebook] Zagreb: The City of Zagreb - City Office for Health, Labour and Social Welfare.

Available at: http://www.zagreb.hr/Userdocsimages/ dokument.nsf/52e5cbe929e7b66fc125696500452b27/ aca541f1c92616d1c1256a0d0049db58/$FILE/City%20Health%20%20 Development%20Plan.pdf [Accessed 28 Feb. 2017].

Colantonio, A., Dixon, Timothy J., & Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (2011) Urban regeneration & social sustainability: Best practice from European cities (Real estate issues (Oxford, England)).

Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.

Colenutt , B. (1992). Social regeneration. 1st ed. Centre for Local Economic Strategies.

Cowan, R., Connected City, & Liverpool Architecture Design Trust. (1997) The Connected City : A new approach to making cities work. London: The Connected City.

Deplazes, A. (2013). Constructing architecture. 1st ed. Basel: BirkhaĚˆuser.

Despommier, D. (2011). The vertical farm. 1st ed. London: Pan Macmillan.

English Heritage and CABE. (2001) Building in Context New development in historic areas.

Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for people. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Gehl, J. (2011) Life between buildings: Using public space. Washington, DC: Island Press.

Lim, C. and Liu, E. (2010). Smart-cities and eco-warriors. 1st ed. London: Routledge.

Macdonald, S. (2011). Contemporary Architecture in Historic Urban Environments Orbasli, A. (2008). Architectural conservation. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science (UK).

Orbasli, A. (2009). Re-using existing buildings towards sustainable regeneration.

1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.aylinorbasli.com/Resources/ Reuse%20and%20sustainability%20Orbasli.pdf [Accessed 18 Apr. 2017].

Orbasli, A. (2016). Conservation Theory Orbasli, A. (2016). Heritage & Design.

Pelsmakers, S. (2016). The environmental design pocketbook. 2nd, rev. ed. 1st ed. London: RIBA Publishing.v The Burra Charter. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://australia.icomos. org/wp-content/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017].

Tiesdell, S., Oc, T. and Heath, T. (1996). Revitalizing historic urban quarters.

Tiesdell, S., Oc, T. and Heath, T. (1996). Revitalizing historic urban quarters.

World Health Organisation, (2009) Zagreb Declaration for Healthy Cities. 1st ed. [ebook] World Health Organisation. Available at: http://www.euro.who. int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/101076/E92343.pdf (Accessed 28 Feb. 2017).