Cultivating Communities West Waddy Regeneration Award Winner 2017 Daniel Lam Oxford Brookes University
CULTIVATING COMMUNITIES
INTERNATIONAL ARCHITECTURAL REGENERATION AND DEVELOPMENT OXFORD BROOKES UNIVERSITY
007 BRIEF / RESEARCH
Social, Cultural and Economical Data Local Precedents Potential Sites
015 BUILDING ANALYSIS
Conservation Principles Site Photographs Survey Drawings, Details and Decay Analysis Existing Element Exploded Isometric Existing Element Value Analysis
041 ADAPTIVE REUSE
Adaptive Reuse Programme 01 Adaptive Reuse Programme 02 Adaptive Reuse Programme 03 Value of Adaptive Reuse Strategy The Positive Impact of a Local Food Network
051 DESIGN PROCESS
Intervention Principles Adaptation Approach Environmental Strategy Diagrams Growing Space Light Analysis Material Removal and Reuse Process Crop Schedule Food Production Systems Space Planning Process
069 REGENERATION STRATEGY Zagreb Food Network Diagram Site Plan Street Scene / Context Photos / Design Precedents Isometric in Context Ground Floor Plan / First Floor Plan West / East Elevations North Elevation South Elevation Street View Internal Views Cafe / Viewing Terrace Public Cafe Hydroponics Aeroponics Section AA Allotments / Community Garden Construction Breakdown Eaves Detail Door Threshold Detail Window Plan Detail 3D Isometric Detail Old Meets New Material Intervention Section BB 117 BIBLIOGRAPHY
BRIEF / RESEARCH Cultivating Communities is an Urban Farm Regeneration strategy for Zagreb, Croatia. The proposal is a creative response to theoretical, social, economic and cultural research. It utilises the existing heritage and skills from the historic agriculture industry to respond to contemporary needs. It includes a regeneration strategy through the use of abandoned buildings for food production and distribution within the city. The main building in the neighbourhood of Crnomerec is an old military barracks that is to house industrial, public and community uses. Socially / Working with communities and networks Culturally / Creating opportunities for a common ground Economically / Revitalising a historic industry and creating jobs Sustainably / Encouraging healthy living and reducing carbon emissions through locality Tangibility / Producing food for people in need This project is based upon the research of the International Architectural Regeneration and Development (IARD) Specialisation at Oxford Brookes.
INFORMAL ECONOMY
FAMILY & FRIENDS
Unemployed people tend to rely on the informal (illegal) economy. The strongest connections are between family, friends and neighbours. / Dr. Irena đokic, phd, research associate, Zagreb institute of economics
Family members rely heavily on one another for support. It is normal for several generations to live in the same household. / Dr. Irena đokic, phd, research associate, Zagreb institute of economics
CAFE CULTURE
EX-SOCIALIST STRUCTURE
Local residents tend not to eat out in restaurants, they use cafés and bars to socialise instead. / Social data interviews
Aftermath of post-socialist era is still a sensitive issue. This has effected work ethic.
UNEMPLOYMENT
POPULATION
Croatia has the third highest unemployment rate within the EU.
The population is declining with young people leaving Croatia. This means the average age is increasing.
Left / Social, Cultural and Economical Data Summary / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Right / Social, Cultural and Economical Data Findings / IARD Field Study Data 2017
BOTTOM UP APPROACH
SOCIAL SPACES
Because of Croatia’s complex social and political past the Generative Process and participatory approach is necessary / Hakim 2008
The field data shows that there is a need for social spaces, communal green spaces because of the ones provided during the socialist past and community cooking facilities. These all relate to the local cultures and customs. / City Making 2017
COMMUNITY CONSULTATION
ABANDONED BUILDINGS
In addition to the field research a temporary community hub will be set up within the building to find the most appropriate uses for the community spaces and for feedback on the overall scheme / Amirtahmasebi 2016
Croatia has a large amount of abandoned and unfinished buildings. Many from the 20th Century and many due to the economic downturn.
Design District Community Garden
Borovje Community Garden
Eko Ekipa Precko Community Allotments
KliconoĹĄa Urban Farm
Cloud Gardening Domestic Agriculture
Housing Estate Community Gardening
Left / Local Precedents of urban farming in Zagreb Right / Potential Sites in Zagreb / IARD Field Study Data 2017
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2
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1
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3 8 4
1 / Central Market 2 / Site 3 / Stara Ciglana 4 / Blok TKZ
5 / Sanatorij Brestovac 6 / Dom Zeljeznicar 7 / Emilijeva kuca 8 / Design District
Potential Abandoned Sites / Abandoned Croatia 2017
BUILDING ANALYSIS Before designing a regeneration strategy and an adaptive reuse proposal, a thorough survey and analysis was conducted. In addition to the principles overleaf, this analysis is what all design interventions are based on. All of which relate to SPAB’s own principles of conservation. Maintenance / An education of reusing and maintaining buildings is a large part of the community ethos. Context / As you will see from the next page and the last chapter, the proposal uses materials and design to become subservient to the context and surroundings. Respect for Age / The oldest elements of the building have been given the highest value. Repair / The valued elements of the building are to be repaired to create a sustaining reuse. Old and New / The new elements to the site are detailed respectfully to highlight the existing’s importance. Materials and Craftsmanship / Much like the use of historic agricultural skills, the repair and adaptation of the existing building is based on local knowledge and methods. Locally sourced materials are used in this bottom up approach to adaptive reuse.
Juxtaposition
Conserve
Repair
Replicate
Conservation Principles / Burra Charter 2013 / Orbasli 2008 / Orbasli 2016
Translucency
Current Needs
Adapt
Greenery
Left / External Photographs / Lam 2017 Right / Internal Photographs / IARD Field Study Data 2017
Building Photographs / IARD Field Study Data 2017
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A
B
Ground Floor Plan / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017
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A
Existing
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B
A
B
Reflected Ceiling Plan / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017
A
Existing
Top / North Elevation with Decay / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom / South Elevation with Decay / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017
BRICK EXPOSED; CRUMBLING
BEGINNING TO DECAY; UNEXPOSED RENDER NOT SCALE SPECIFIC, JUST A REPRESENTATION OF DECAY
BRICK EXPOSED; CRUMBLING
BEGINNING TO DECAY; UNEXPOSED
Brick Exposed; Crumbling Render Beginning To Decay; Unexposed
Decay Photographs / Lam 2017
Top Left / West Elevation / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Left / Historic Building Photograph / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Top Right / East Elevation / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Right / Section BB / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017
Existing
Truss details Truss connection to steel columns
Connection sketch Detail 2
Detail 1
Right angle pla
Truss
L channel
Steel column
Key:
Coarse render
Tie steel column into brick for stability
Connection scaled sketch Detail 2 Finishing render
Plan Brick
Steel connection plate Steel cross beam Tile
S
Stee
Steel
Top / Section AA / Survey Drawing / 1:200 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Left / Truss Connection to Steel Columns / 1:20 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Bottom Right / 3D Connection Detail and 2D Connection Details / IARD Field Study Data 2017
details Connection sketch Detail 2
H beam
Right angle plate
Existing
L channel
teel columns
Connection sketch Detail 2
L channel
H beam Right angle plate
Key:
L channel L channel Coarse render
Connection scaled sketch Detail 2 Key:
Finishing render Coarse render
Plan
Connection scaled sketch Detail 2
Finishing render
Brick
Plan Brick
Steel connection plate Steel cross beamSteel connection plate
Steel cross beam
Tile
Tile
Steel cross beam
Steel cross beam
Steel connection plate
Steel
Steel
Steel connection plate Steel plate Steel plate
Walland typed pes plan All walls Flemish bonds Wall type 1 Section 5
Wall type 3 Plan
Wall type 2 Section
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410
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Wall Type 01
Wall Type 02 All walls Flemish bonds
Key: Walltype type41 Wall Section Section
Wall type 3 Plan
Wall type 2 ection
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Wall type 2 Section
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410
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Coarse render
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Finishing render
Brick
Wall Type 04 Tile
Key:
Coarse render
Finishing render
Brick
Tile
Wall Type 03 All brickwork Flemish bond
Left / Wall Type Details / 1:20 / IARD Field Study Data 2017 Right / Window Type Details / 1:100 / IARD Field Study Data 2017
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Window type 2
Window type 1
Window Type 01 Window type 2
Window Type 02 Window type 3
Window type 4
Window Type 03
Window Type 04
Window typ
North Wall
Floor
West Wall
Existing Retained/Reused Existing Removed
Right / Existing Elements / Lam 2017
Roof Tiles Purlins
Trusses
Annex
East Wall South Columns
South Wall
HIGH
MAINTAIN
Floor
South Columns
MEDIUM
ADAPT / REUSE
South Wall Bricks
North Wall Columns
LOW
REMOVE
Tiles And Purlins
TANGIBLE
Element Value Analysis / Lam 2017
East Wall
Structural Robust Industrial Heritage Functionality Thermal Mass
Allows for Local Food Network Modern Industry
Trusses
West Wall
Thermal Mass Adaptive Reuse
Community Kitchen Social Networks Social Spaces
Light Health and Safety Moisture Barrier
Environmental Education Consultation Spaces Community Garden
Annex
REASON
INTANGIBLE
ADAPTIVE REUSE This section shows how appropriate urban farming is as a regeneration and reuse strategy. Firstly, it directly compliments Zagreb‘s declaration for healthy cities and city health development plan / City of Zagreb 2004. In addition to the global effort to reduce carbon emissions and localise food production / World Health Organisation 2009 For example, urban farming has been used in Detroit, USA as a response to unemployment, de-industrialisation and depopulation, all issues relevant to Zagreb / Bishop and Williams 2012 / Beekmans and Boer 2014 ‘Balance between functional needs, historic evidence and future sustainability’ - Orbasli
Left / Croatia’s Historic Agriculture Industry / Effekt Regen Villages / Urban Farming Right / Adaptive Reuse 01 / Lam 2017
RESEARCH DATA Market Culture Informal Economy Historic Agriculture Industry
RESPONSE Local Food Network Social Networks Modernise Industry
URBAN FARM ADAPTIVE REUSE
Left / Urban Farm Cafe Detroit / Urban Farming as a Regeneration Process Detroit Right / Adaptive Reuse 02 / Lam 2017
RESEARCH DATA Cafe culture Bottom Up Regeneration
RESPONSE Cafe/Restaurant Social Spaces Public Space
PUBLIC SPACE ADAPTIVE REUSE
Left / Urban Farming and Agricultural Education Zagreb / DIY Community Construction Paris Right / Adaptive Reuse 03 / Lam 2017
RESEARCH DATA Food culture Gardening culture Allotments/Urban Farms
RESPONSE Community Kitchen Community Garden Education
COMMUNITY SPACE ADAPTIVE REUSE
Use
Heritage
Production
Culture
Historic
Present
Proposed
Left / Value of Adaptive Reuse Strategy / Lam 2017 Right / The Positive Impact of a Local Food Network / Lam 2017
Economy
Social
+
+
Urban Farm
Traditional Farms
+ Markets
+ Restaurants
+
CafĂŠs
+ Social Space
Creating Communities
Food Production
+ Economic Activity
Seed Production
+ Healthy Lifestyle
Environmentally Friendly
DESIGN PROCESS This chapter is the architectural response to the field study research, building analysis and the adaptive reuse strategy. It shows a sensitive approach to the existing allowing a functional reuse. The process incorporates the following: Maximise growing space High and Low Tech Growing Methods Passive Design Natural Ventilation Design for Systems
Utilise Existing Building
Greenhouse effect + Thermal Mass
High and Low Tech Cultivation
Left / Intervention Principles / Assemble / Eden Project / Right / Adaptation Approach
Insufficient light for growing
Replace with glass roof
Mimic existing window composition
Roof not visible from street level
Outdoor
Indoor
Winter solar gain Reversible UF Heating and Insulated spaces Appropriate plants to stabilise temperature
Raft floor over existing North
South
Thermal Comfort and stabilisation South side not insulated North side insulated
Space heating strategy Ground Floor Plan Greenhouse treated as a passive solar space used to spread solar gain to insulated space in winter
Environmental Strategy Diagrams/ Pelsmakers 2016 / Cuestaroble 2011
Stack ventilation 68
o
Daylight
North
South
Summer Responding to Zagreb’s climate Daylight form north Temperature Max = 33 oC Rain Min = 46mm
20 o Office Greenhouse Cafe/Kit
North
South
Winter Passive Solar Design with Thermal Mass Temperature Min = -7 oC Rainfall Max = 150mm Utilise rainwater harvesting
Existing
Potential growing space
Proposed Greenhouse
Proposed
Seasonal Garden
Left / Growing Space Light Analysis Summer / Lam 2017 Right / Growing Space Light Analysis Winter / Lam 2017
Potential growing space
Proposed Greenhouse
Seasonal Garden
01 / Existing Building
02 / Remove roof and south wall
03 / Reuse South Wall
04 / Use its bricks as thermal mass
Material Removal and Reuse Process / Lam 2017
05 / Both greenhouses have thermal mass to extend the summer seasons
Winter Crop Schedule / Lam 2017
Spring
Summer
Autumn
GREENHOUSES Covered glass growing
SEASONAL GARDEN Outdoor agriculture
Left / System Requirements / Low-Tech Food Production Systems Right / System Requirements / High-Tech Food Production Systems
AQUACULTURE Fish farming Heated Space Water and Electrical services
HYDROPONICS Cultivation in water Direct Light Water and Electrical services
AEROPONICS Cultivation in air 40% less water than hydroponics 95% less water than soil
01 / Existing Spaces
02 / Utilise Space Space Planning Process / Lam 2017
03 / Adapt Form
04 / Divide Uses
05 / Space Planning
EXISTING
PUBLIC
WAREHOUSE/PREPARATION
COMMUNITY/GREENHOUSE
INDUSTRIAL/HYDROPONICS
AEROPONICS
Space Planning Process / Lam 2017
06 / Adaptive Reuse
AQUAPONICS COMMUNITY GARDEN CIRCULATION
REGENERATION STRATEGY This chapter illustrates the proposal on several scales. From civic to construction details, one can see how the design has created a positive impact.
Urban Farm
Market
Traditional Farm
Seed Producer
Cafe
Restaurant
Community Centre
Greenhouse
Community Gardens
Deliveries
Commun
Production
Publ
Previous / Zagreb Food Network Diagram / Lam 2018 Site Plan / 1:500@A3 / Lam 2017
Greenhouse
Community Gardens
nity
lic
Production
Top / Street Scene / 1:200@A3 / Lam 2017 Left / Context Photographs / Lam 2017 Right / Design Precedents
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B
WC
Office
Community Mess Room
Aquaculture Distribution
Propagation
Preparation Store
Kitchen
Hydroponics
Hydroponics
Aquaculture A
Cafe
B
Previous / Isometric in Context / Lam 2018 Left / Ground Floor Plan / 1:200@A3 / Lam 2017 Right / First Floor Plan / 1:200@A3 / Lam 2017
Store A
B
WC
Aeroponics
Aeroponics Viewing Terrace
A
A
B
Existing
Proposed
79
Left / West Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017 Right / East Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017
North Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017
South Elevation / 1:200 / Lam 2017
Previous / Street View / Lam 2017 Top Left / Community Kitchen / Lam 2017 Bottom Left / Aquaculture / Lam 2017 Top Right / Distribution Warehouse / Lam 2017 Bottom Right / Community Space / Lam 2017
Cafe Viewing Terrace / Lam 2017
Public Cafe / Lam 2017 Next / Hydroponics / Lam 2017
Previous / Aeroponics / Lam 2018 Section AA / 1:100@A3 / Lam 2017
99
Proposed glass roof structure with automated opening rooflights for stack ventilation Steel frame double glazed rooflights with 6 + 6mm toughened glass
Conserve existing steel trusses. Paint with white intumescent paint
First Floor - Tata Steel Composite Deck 60mm polished screed with steel re-bar in 150mm steel deck
Steel frame construction to hold first floor with pad foundations at each column 178 x 102mm Universal Columns 305mm x 165mm Universal Beam
Timber frame boxes separated from steel frame. Thermally insulated for passive space heating. Slavonian oak cladding with white intumescent paint to finish. 306mm timber frame walls with 50mm thermal insulation between studs
310mm Beam and block raft floor on existing concrete slab 60mm Polished Screed on 100mm rigid thermal insulation on 150mm beam and block floor
Steel frame double glazed toughened glass between existing columns. Existing steel columns connected to steel trusses
Previous / Allotments and Community Garden / Lam 2017 Right / Exploded Construction Isometric / Lam 2017
01 Double glazed roof-light 02 Window frame with recessed screw at eaves 03 Galvanised steel flashing 04 Bottom transom 05 Steel L-angle 06 Steel gutter 07 Steel Bracket with galv. gutter bolt 08 DPC 09 Existing masonry wall 10 Steel frame double glazed windows 11 Existing Steel truss Truss to be propped up during construction
Left / South Wall Section / 1:50 / Lam 2017 Right / Eaves Detail / 1:5 / Lam 2017
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11
01 Existing rendered Column 02 Steel frame Glazed Door 03 2mm Insulated steel kicking panel 04 Integrated Weather Board 05 Steel Threshold 06 Ground To falls away from door threshold 07 100mm Gatic Slot Drain
Left / South Wall Section / 1:50 / Lam 2017 Right / Door Threshold Detail/ 1:5 / Lam 2017
01 02
03
04 05 06 07
01 Existing Brick and render around column 02 Existing Steel Column 03 Proposed windows screwed into existing render and brickwork 04 Steel frame windows to match existing
Left / South Wall Section / 1:50 / Lam 2017 Right / Window to Column Plan Detail / 1:5 / Lam 2017
01 02
03 04
Left / 3D Roof-Column-Window Details / Lam 2017 Right / Exploded 3D Isometric Detail / 1:5 / Lam 2017
Previous / Old Meets New Material Intervention / Lam 2018 Section BB / 1:100@A3 / Lam 2017
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Abandoned Croatia. [Photographs] (2017). Amirtahmasebi, R., Orloff, M., Wahba, S. and Altman, A. (2016) Regenerating Urban Land. 1st ed. [ebook] Washington: The World Bank. Available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ en/979091467993467764/pdf/106149-PUB-ADD-DOI-ISBN-SERIESAUTHORS-OUO-9.pdf (Accessed 24 Feb. 2017). Beekmans, J. and Boer, J. (2014) Pop-up city. 1st ed. Amsterdam: BIS. Bishop, P. and Williams, L. (2012) The Temporary City. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Bowen, R. (2009) Types of Feasibility Studies. Available at: http://www. brighthubpm.com/project-planning/56372-types-of-feasibility-studies/ (Accessed: 21 February 2017). City of Zagreb, (2004) City Health Devevlopment Plan. 1st ed. [ebook] Zagreb: The City of Zagreb - City Office for Health, Labour and Social Welfare. Available at: http://www.zagreb.hr/Userdocsimages/ dokument.nsf/52e5cbe929e7b66fc125696500452b27/ aca541f1c92616d1c1256a0d0049db58/$FILE/City%20Health%20%20 Development%20Plan.pdf [Accessed 28 Feb. 2017]. Colantonio, A., Dixon, Timothy J., & Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development (2011) Urban regeneration & social sustainability: Best practice from European cities (Real estate issues (Oxford, England)). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. Colenutt , B. (1992). Social regeneration. 1st ed. Centre for Local Economic Strategies. Cowan, R., Connected City, & Liverpool Architecture Design Trust. (1997) The Connected City : A new approach to making cities work. London: The Connected City. Deplazes, A. (2013). Constructing architecture. 1st ed. Basel: BirkhaĚˆuser. Despommier, D. (2011). The vertical farm. 1st ed. London: Pan Macmillan. English Heritage and CABE. (2001) Building in Context New development in historic areas. Gehl, J. (2010) Cities for people. Washington, DC: Island Press. Gehl, J. (2011) Life between buildings: Using public space. Washington, DC: Island Press. Lim, C. and Liu, E. (2010). Smart-cities and eco-warriors. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Macdonald, S. (2011). Contemporary Architecture in Historic Urban Environments Orbasli, A. (2008). Architectural conservation. 1st ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science (UK). Orbasli, A. (2009). Re-using existing buildings towards sustainable regeneration. 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://www.aylinorbasli.com/Resources/ Reuse%20and%20sustainability%20Orbasli.pdf [Accessed 18 Apr. 2017]. Orbasli, A. (2016). Conservation Theory Orbasli, A. (2016). Heritage & Design. Pelsmakers, S. (2016). The environmental design pocketbook. 2nd, rev. ed. 1st ed. London: RIBA Publishing.v The Burra Charter. (2013). 1st ed. [ebook] Available at: http://australia.icomos. org/wp-content/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf [Accessed 21 Mar. 2017]. Tiesdell, S., Oc, T. and Heath, T. (1996). Revitalizing historic urban quarters. Tiesdell, S., Oc, T. and Heath, T. (1996). Revitalizing historic urban quarters. World Health Organisation, (2009) Zagreb Declaration for Healthy Cities. 1st ed. [ebook] World Health Organisation. Available at: http://www.euro.who. int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/101076/E92343.pdf (Accessed 28 Feb. 2017).