Contained Container

air exhaust at top 30% sloped glazing

cavity / gallery /garden 1700

cavity / gallery /garden 1700

air intake at base

Contained Container

‘wrapping’ the Silodam with a second skin to create climate buffer 4187237, Dominika Linowska

MONOLITHIC FACADE

DOUBLE SKIN FACADE

SUN

SOUND

RAIN

WIND

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Figure 1.1 Isometric diagram illustrating primary steel construction for holding up the proposed second skin

Contained Container

Figure 1.2 Isometric drawing showing ‘contained container’ concept

Dominika Linowska 4187237

Figure 1.3 Comparative illustration generated from Leigh Holmes’ blog [http://srd364lhol.blogspot.com/]

1. Introduction

Figure 1.4 Hand drawn investigation of various double-skin applicable restoration options, generated illustrations from Thiemo Ebbert’s “Re-Face” research thesis Figure 1.5 Impression (generated in photoshop, using own photograph of view from Silodam) showing useability and scale of the redesign proposal Figure 1.6 Multi-storey facade: defined by cavity which reaches several floors; needs ventillation openings at top and bottom Figure 1.7 Corridor-type facade: horizontal separations; cavity forms corridors within the building; alternating diagonal ventilation Figure 1.8 Shaft-box facade: natural ventilation plus thermal updraft; box window properties; effective air extraction with smaller ventillation openings (fig.1.6-1.8 generated from T.Ebbert’s “Re-Face” p32-33) Figure 1.9 Typical refurbishment strategies for existing buildings

‘wrapping’ the Silodam with a second skin to create climate buffer

The Enclosed Space - The spatial model that best corresponds to the new development for both inside and outside spaces on all scales is that of enclosed or ‘wrapped’ space. An enclosed space offers a sense of security in an uncontrolled environment. An enclosed space has the potential to stimulate concentration in a world of fleeting diversions and perpetual change.

Enclosed spaces runs the risk of becoming hermetic. Modernist spatial ideas such as lightness and transparency, deployed in combination with new building materials, form the key to making enclosed spaces that are refreshing and elegant.

(Atelier Kempe Thill: Specific Neutrality, AEDES, p5) The redesign proposal deals with ‘containing the container’: retrofitting MVRDV’s Silodam by covering it up, creating a protective and flexible double facade system. This second skin consists of a multi-storey 1.7 m wide air cavity with some integrated vertical divisions and no openings on the exterior facade. The new membrane will protect residents as well as the building itself from the harsh conditions experienced at Amsterdam’s harbour: strong prevailing winds, vast amounts of precipitation, moisture, noise, pollution, etc. The new glass ‘blanket’ shelters the collage of existing facade materials, which are highly prone to damage from various weather conditions of solar, wind and water exposure.

2. The fragment chosen The Silodam is composed of a stacked variety of housing units which are accessed through narrow hallways usually situated within the central area of all floor plans (fig.4.1). The architect’s gesture of adding colour to these corridors is not enough for residents to use them to their full potential. The choice for the lightly coloured carpets in these areas is also not a very smart move, as these high traffic zones quickly tend to obtain dirt. The chosen fragment for the redesign is located near the vertical circulation core (fig.2.8) which was found to be the most uncomfortable spot upon the first visit to Silodam. Due to strong winds, temperature fluctuations and bad air quality, the semi-exterior stair shafts which link to the main, hot corridor (fig.2.1) are unpleseant areas to be in. This design flaw was the primary concern for the Silo re-design proposal. In addition to the experienced discomfort, there have been many complaints from the residents regarding bad air quality, leakage and the overall climate system.

Although the redesign is applicable on all four sides of the Silodam, the fragment zooms in on a particular section. The detail is located on the main (west) facade. A section through the front of apartments (G1, G4, H1, I1, J1, K1, L7) will be analyzed relating to the existing structure and facade with relation to the new addition of the second skin. At least two storeys will be needed in order to illustrate (fig.8.3) the 3

Figure 2.1

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4 MAIN STRUCTURE, CONCRETE

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STEEL WINDOW FRAME, DOUBLELAYERED HIGH EFFICIENCY GLASS

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HORIZONTAL WOODEN PANEL WALL INFILL, LIGHTWEIGHT TIMBER FRAME

Figure 2.7

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Figure 2.1 Existing corridors and semi-outdoor vertical access within Silodam, photographs taken by Dominika Linowska Figure 2.2 Fragment of facade which is taken into consideration for research topic of the redesign, photo by DL Figure 2.3 Semi-outdoor gallery/garden spaces being utilized on the 4th and 5th floor of a portion of the Silodam; detail of glass protection from wind integrated into the original design Figure 2.4 Typical facade construction detail found throughout the Silodam Figure 2.5 Existing typical wall structure, components in the Silodam Figure 2.6 Main elevation depicted as being divided into four separate parts Figure 2.7 Main structural system of the Silodam’s ground floor, image generated from p98 of 2002 El Croquis-mvrdv issue Figure 2.8 Photograph of Silodam exterior showing collage of facades as well as emphasizing lit vertical access shaft.

Photo taken by miekevullings on 26 jan 2007.

proposed multi-storey naturally-ventilated double facade system. As there is an evident flaw with the existing outer skin and overall climate design of the Silodam, an investigation on how the new layer meets the old is necessary. The ‘Contained Container’ proposal is a very simple, minimal and aesthetic approach for the refurbishment of the Silodam, while preserving its original architectural qualities. By fixing a particular condition in one area, the overal quality of the building automatically improves. The redesign solution is therefore applicable throughout the whole building.

The ‘Contained Container’ proposal will also focus on the existing double-height balcony located on the 5th and 6th floor in Block 2. This partially-covered glasspaneled area already tries to deal with the barrier between strong wind pressure as well as rain in relation to the facade. Unfortunately, this existing approach is not a good attempt at solving the problem since the rest of the building is left unprotected, without a semi-outdoor space for the dwellers. The proposal allows residents to have a new peripheral access gallery with an integrated balcony/garden.

This added platform of 1.7m not only provides spatial qualities but is also part of the overall double-skin system. The new gallery access/balcony is integrated with the necessary full-height air cavity.

The added structure (fig.1.1 and fig.6.1) which will hold up the new facade system starts at level 1 up until the roof line. Internal vertical partitions (fig.1.7) are located approximately every 32.4m on centre which define the four main blocks of the Silodam. The Silodam is divided into four structurally-separate compartments (fig.2.6).

Each of these parts encompasess its own deep foundation, 22m below the water level. The main structure of the Silodam consists of loadbearing concrete walls and floors with timber framing (fig.2.5). A mechanical ventilation system is located within every apartment. The current heating system in the Silodam is not very complicated. It includes radiators which are connected to a district heating system which then could be integrated into the double facade air intake and exhaust system.

The new assembly materials are composed of a steel post and beam system following the already existing a rigid structural grid: columns every 5.4m and floorsupporting beams (tapered I-profile, refer to fig.8.6 and 6.1) every 2.7m. The interstitial space (1.7m wide) also known as the gallery or the garden will have wooden plank floors (fig.3.1 and fig.8.5) as well as an integrated metal grate on the edge for better air flow throughout the cavity. The low-E coating glazing of the added skin will be held up by spider clips (fig.8.1 and fig.8.5). The 8-storey glazing will encompass the whole building, protecting it from the elements while creating a better climate on the inside. Protective solar glazing is integrated into the facade, yet residents are still encouraged to use their forms of curtains, and blinds for extra solar glare protection within their homes.

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Figure 3.1

BBC Broadcasting House, London

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Figure 3.1 Atelier Kempe Thill, Rosemaai Housing, Antwerp

3. Reference Project

Figure 3.2 Atelier Kempe Thill, Rosemaai Housing, Antwerp

The first inspirational reference project has typological as well as architectural similarities to the Silodam. Both case studies are medium-rise (9 to 11 storey) dwelling apartments situated on a fairly extreme site. The Rozenmaai Housing project (fig.3.1, 3.2) by Rotterdam-based firm Atelier Kempe Thill is located in Antwerp, Belgium (similar climatic conditions to the Netherlands). The Rozemaai site called for an intensification of the relationship with the environment as well as a solution to deal with the noise from the highway and the harbour. The architects propose a newly glazed gallery acting as a noise barrier as well as a climate buffer in order to improve the energy performance of the building. This project received an award in 2011 for the competition idea which is currently in the process of being built. This elegant and contemporary approach will also be appropriated in the Silo-redesign.

Figure 3.3 Double Skin Components p6. [Cambridge Public Library, Cambridge MA. Case Study: a Double-Skin Glass Wall.

William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc. with Ann Beha Architects] Figure 3.4 Components of Cambridge Public Library facade Figure 3.5 Structure of a double wall facade using steel beams, columns as well as glass clips, BBC Broadcasting House, London (taken from ‘Architecture In Detail’ p127) Figure 3.6 Cambridge Public Library facade detail Figure 3.7 Atelier Kempe Thill, remodelling of 1100 apartments, Uithoorn (NL), extended gallery concept diagram Figure 3.8 Atelier Kempe Thill, remodelling of 1100 apartments, Uithoorn, rendering showing useable gallery space as winter garden

There is a vast variety of projects that successfully utilize the many versions of the Double Facade System. Another example which is closely related to the ‘Contained Container’ redesign is the Cambridge Public Library in Massachusetts.

Designed by William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc in 2009, it is the first US project to integrate the main components of the European Double-skin curtainwall technology system. The Library integrates a High-Performance Facade. The double-skin includes two surfaces of glass, which create an insulated airspace.

This multi-story (full height) airspace is also full depth with a thermal flue. The facade allows for complete transparency while ensuring protection from excessive heat gain, heat loss, and glare. This ‘smart’ facade saves energy (50 % reduction) and maximizes comfort within the reading spaces. The 900mm airspace can be open in summer to keep heat from entering the building and closed in the winter to create an insulating thermal blanket. A significant amount of balanced natural light is brought into the building and carefully controlled by fixed and moveable sunshades. Last but not least, the Double-Skin takes care of natural ventilation: operable windows in the facade allow for fresh air throughout the year (even in winter) without the need for insect screens. In the winter, spring and fall, the windows allow heat from the cavity to be brought into the building.1 4. The research question The main challenge for the redesign was to come up with an effective solution that improves the overall qualities of MVRDV’s Silodam by means of adding a new layer. This newly added skin addresses the following issues of: functionality, environmental performance, solar protection, wind protection, moisture and rain protection, air quality, accoustical comfort, thermal insulation as well as preservation and aesthetics of the Silodam itself. Another challenge that the proposal for the ‘Contained Container’ addresses, is how it will cover all these grounds with a clean, efficient and easily-demountable design.

The research question is as follows: How can an additional layer enhance the performance of an existing building without structural interference with the interior?

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William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc. (2009). Cambridge Public Library: Case Study: A Double Skin Glass Wall 7

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Figure 4.1 Silodam plans emphasizing corridor/access zones in back and facade addition acting as a perimeter gallery/balcony extension in blue Figure 4.2 View onto gallery/ facade addition from existing living room within the Silodam. Impression created by D.L. Figure 4.3 General idea of ‘Contained Container’ proposal sketch showing added layers to existing structure Figure 4.4 One of the first double facade proposals incorporating the corridor-type system Figure 4.5 Initial sketch over existing section of Silodam; investigating scale, structure and climate Figure 4.6 Initial Sketch of design proposal, addressing the structure which will hold new skin intact Figure 4.7 Diagram showing west facade, structural support, vertical partitions, newly added double facade with gallery Figure 4.8 Initial investigation regarding primary structural components of the added layer

SILODAM ANALYSIS: MOISTURE PENETRATION Figure 4.10

5 MOISTURE PENETRATION FORCES

Figure 4.9 Quick sketch of added gallery floor components consisting of steel structure, metal grate and wooden panel finish Figure 4.10 One of the initial 3d models generated on Sketchup showing structural components of redesigned facade system

L1 Through fixed unit to interior (includes through fixed portion of sash) L2 - Around operable unit to interior L3 - Through window-to-wall interface to interior (head, sill and jambs, also includes leakage at coupler mullions or corner posts between 2 adjacent window assemblies) L4 - Through window assembly to adjacent wall assembly L5 - Through window to wall interface to adjacent wall assembly (head, sill & jambs, also includes leakage at coupler mullions or corner posts btw 2 adjacent window assemblies) L6 - Through wind o w assembly to concealed compartments within window assembly (includes frame sections that do not drain and spandrel cavities within window walls)

Figure 4.11 Investigation of highest potential water leakage zones within existing wall structure of the SIlodam Figure 4.12 An initial attempt for the redesign of the Silodam facade

WETTING PATTERNS

Dry building

After 10 minutes: migration begins

L3 L2

L6 L1

L4 L5

Dry building

After 20 minutes: development of characteristic rain-wetting pattern 2

After 10 minutes: migration begins

After 20 minutes: development of characteristic rain-wetting pattern

After 40 minutes: rain ends, wetting of windward faces by deposit and migration roughly proportional to directional exposure to driving rain

After 40 minutes: rain ends, wetting of windward faces by deposit and migration roughly proportional to directional exposure to driving rain

~ 4812.16 m solid surface

~ 3778.98 m2 openings/windows

79% windows on west facade RAIN PATTERNS IN AMSTERDAM

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

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vent with operable vers

Winter Air Flow 1

Closed louvers shield from low angled sun glare into building

Spring/FallSpring/Fall Air Flow Air Flow 2

Closed top and bottom vents trap air inside double skin cavity

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Air within cavity heats up, effectively 1 Upper and lower vents 1 can Upper be and lower 2 vents Operable can bewindows2 allowOperable natural windows allow natural creating thermal barrier between opened or closed to modulate opened or closed toventilation modulate ventilation external and internal environments temperature of cavity temperature of cavity

Summer AirSummer Flow Air Flow 1

High angled sun is 1 caught High by angled2sun isCooler caughtair by is drawn 2 into double Cooler air is3,4 drawnAir intoheats double up and rises 3,4 within Air heats cavity, up and rises within cavity, horizontal louvers, heating horizontal the louvers, skin heating cavity thethrough openskin lower cavity through creating open lower chimney effect creating and drawing chimney effect and drawing double skin cavity and providing double skin cavity and ventsproviding vents hot air away from building hotmass air away from building mass shade to building shade to building

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Figure 5.1 Double Skin Components p6. [Cambridge Public Library, Cambridge MA. Case Study: a Double-Skin Glass Wall.

William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc. with Ann Beha Architects] p.4-5 Figure 5.2 four main ventilation modes (generated from fig9, p118 of the ventilation Annex) Figure 5.3 Twin Face Facade Figure 5.4 Extract Air Facade Figure 5.5 Buffer Facade Fig 5.3-5.5: Classification of Double Skin Façade Systems

by Typetaken from ‘The Tectonics of the Double Skin, by Terri Meyer Boake. p2-3) Figure 5.6 Multi-storey facade type (double case studies pdf p34) Figure 5.7 HVAC systems integrated with double skin facades Figure 5.8 Diagram of induction unit from DADANCO company

5. Theoretical references The Double Skin Façade is a European architectural trend driven mostly by: the aesthetic desire for an all glass façade that leads to increased transparency, the practical need for improved indoor environment, the need for improving the acoustics in buildings located in noise, in polluted areas, the reduction of energy use during the occupation stage of a building.(p22 annex hariri) According to Claessens and DeHerde, “a second skin façade is an additional building envelope installed over the existing façade. This additional façade is mainly transparent. The new space between the second skin and the original façade is a buffer zone that serves to insulate the building. This buffer space may also be heated by solar radiation, depending on the orientation of the façade. For south oriented systems, this solar heated air is used for heating purposes in the winter time. It must be vented in order to prevent overheating in other periods.”

The layers of the Double Skin Façade Concept are explained by the BBRI (2002).

First and foremost, you have the exterior glazing which is usually a hardened single glazing. Then there is the interior glazing which is protected with low E coating, and some sort of solar control glazing. Almost always this layer is not completely glazed. This is a perfect description of the case in Silodam, where the inner facade is partially glazed with an assortment of window types. Another important layer of the Double Facade System is the air cavity between the two panes. It can be totally natural, fan-supported or mechanically ventilated. The width of the cavity can vary as a function of the applied concept between 200 mm to more than 2m. This width influences the way that the façade is maintained. The interior window can be opened by the user. This may allow natural ventilation. Automatically controlled solar shading devices can also be integrated inside the air cavity.2 (p26 hariri) “When solar radiation is high, the façade cavity has to be well ventilated, to prevent overheating. The key criteria here are the width of the cavity and the size of the ventilation openings in the outer skin. The air change between the environment and the cavity is dependent on the wind pressure conditions on the building’s skin, the stack effect and the discharge coefficient of the openings. These vents can either be left open all the time (passive systems), or opened by hand or by machine (active system). Active systems are very complicated and therefore expensive in terms of construction and maintenance.” (p27 hariri) Theoretical research on the subject of double facades has brought up many interesting points about the many different types of systems as well as their advantages and disadvantages. The proposal for the ‘Contained Container’ encompasses an assortment of aspects from this research, which helped to establish the exact properties for the redesign. For example, the initial move to ‘cover-up’ the existing building was one of the options from current refurbishment practise (fig.1.9). This gesture allows for an independent structure to be supported by the existing Silodam. Secondly, the choice for a cavity with vertical partitions was the most appropriate as it is more efficient to construct instead of the corridor-type partitions. The simple component assemblage of the redesig was generated from many structural systems such as that of the Cambridge Library as well as the BBC Broadcasting House in London.

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Figure 6.1

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Figure 6.1 Visible steel post and beam structure of the newly added layer to existing Silodam. Emphasis on connections, floors, joints and glazing. Illustration generated through Sketchup by Dominika Linowska Figure 6.2 Single-sided ventilation via double-facade:“Wind and stack pressure drive the air flow up through the void created by the double facade. The flow rate is determined by a number of factors including wind speed and the height of the top of the facade void, or, in still conditions, the temperature generated inside the void. Single sided ventilation occurs between the occupied spaces and the facade void.

The higher floors will receive air from the void which has, at least in part, already been through other spaces with the consequent rise in temperature.” (http://www.edsl.net) Figure 6.3 Perspective view of redesign fragment in relation to existing building. Image generated through Sketchp, DL.

6. Redesign The double-skin facade has a number of advantages which contribute to the improvement of the Silodam’s performance on an overall level. Primarily, the second layer acts as an environmental buffer-- a protective skin for the existing building.

It minimizes water penetration as well as condensation. In a climate where there is a vast amount of precipitation and moisture from the surrounding body of water, this characteristic is very important. The naturally-ventilated cavity assists in rapid removal of humid air which escapes from the interior to the exterior through the exhaust at the top of the cavity. This system provides thermal comfort for the users of the building during both the cooling and heating seasons. Windows on the existing inner facade are operable, whereas the new outer layer is a fixed, single-pane tempered low-E coated glass.

With the addition of this second layer, high acoustic performance is also reached relative to the outdoor noise. This advantage is very appropriate because of the Silodam’s situation at a very busy and windy harbour. The proposed ‘glass blanket’ shelters the building from direct wind contact, which has the potential to cause great damage to the assemblage of the current, poorly-designed facade materials.

The wide cavity permits for a platform which is not only necessary for the climatic system to function but also yields to a better utilization of the perimiter area of the building. The platform acts as a spatial extention of the living room and kitchen onto the newly created gallery + sheltered balcony/garden. In this (1.7m) space, users can personalize, access and actually enjoy their front facade. Currently, there is no gradient between the harsh outdoor qualities and the interior. Dwellers are only ‘protected’ with one layer: the exterior facade with operable windows, which, when opened creates uncomfortable conditions causing a severe draft. Additionally, the redesign proposal will diminish the problem of the current main access/circulation characteristics: a zone in which very poor air quality is experienced. When walking throughout the Silodam using the main access corridoor, two extremes of temperatures are present: very hot and stuffy in the ‘coloured’ and carpeted corridoors, whereas in the outdoor passageways, a great sweep of cold air and strong wind is experienced. By adding a second skin, these two extremes are diminished, providing users with a comfortable circulation system. There is also no need for a full air-conditioning or heating system within the building. The double-skin facade benefits stack effect and provides a natural means of heating and cooling as well as providing proper ventillation throughout the dwellings.

The double facade is used/applied/attached on all four faces of the building regardless of orientation since all sides have integrated solar protection embedded within the glazing. (south-west...talk abotu which one has the potential to overheat the most). Glazing is hung from the Silodam, taking into consideration the existing structural grid of floors and walls. The simple (primary) structure of lightweight steel framing consists of I-beams, columns and cantilevering tapered T-beams attatched to the Silodam at the instances where the floor meets the wall. This simple structure can be easily assembled and dismantled.

The SIiodam building has 10 levels and stands above water. The supporting structure is made of concrete elements (floors and walls) based on a 5.4m grid. A collage of opening types and materials which is integrated into the building besign, is still visible from the outside, through the newly glazed facade. Four main parts are 13

air exhaust at the top of the cavity

stack effect

solar gain / radiation

induction unit

controlable ventilation flaps

WINTER Cavity of double facade insulates during cold seasons. Flaps at the top and bottom can be either closed or left open depending on the temperatures. The original HVAC system is used to heat up the building using warmed air from the cavity.

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air intake at base

FALL / SPRING Air within the cavity can be mild or warm depending on the solar gain from the new glass facade. Therefore, interior windows can be operable during the shoulder seaons to let in fresh air.

SUMMER Residents have the option to open interior windows in order to let fresh air in or, when temperatures are too hot, use the existing HVAC system to convert heated air within cavity into colder air into the dwellings.

Figure 7.1 Climate concept for ‘Contained Container’ redesign; explaning how the double skin cavity is a benefit for the whole building during all seasons

defined by visual vertical ‘partitions’ defined through the change in the facade material. The proposed redesign does not affect this initial design concept of MVRDV as it literally ‘protects’ the idea; it contains it.

Since the Silodam’s floor levels vary, the newly attached cavity platform will have integrated stairs at each differing floor height. Glass doors at these moments will also be necessary, especially to go through the vertical partitions (fig.4.7).

Last but not least, the redesign takes into consideration easy assembly and potential removal of the added parts. The new system is a quick method to errect the primary structure needed to support the glass skin. Also, It is easy to clean, especially since the glass on the interior side of the cavity is accessible within the gallery space. The choice for glass as the main material of the outer skin is a very logical one, as glass is known to have a lifespan for approximately 100 years.

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Figure 8.1

1700 2700 5400

Figure 8.2 16

Figure 8.1 Elevational view of west facade fragment of Silodam; ‘Contained Container’ redesign, by D.L (reduced from the 1:20 drawing from A0 poster) Figure 8.2 Plan view of redesigned facade system, showing structural components, attachments, spatial qualities (reduced from the 1:20 drawing from A0 poster) Figure 8.3 Cross section showing relationship of added skin with existing building (reduced from the 1:20 drawing from A0 poster)

cavity / gallery /garden 1700

Figure 8.3

air intake at base

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Figure 8.4

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Figure 8.4 Longitudinal section, cutting through cavity, with view onto interior facade of the Silodam

INTERIOR

Figure 8.5 1:10 detail of structural attachment of existing construction to new additional elements Figure 8.6 1:10 detail of redesigned glass facade structure, supporting structures, gallery floor components Figure 8.7 1:10 detail depicting how new meets old, using a simple steel post and beam technique horizontal steel C-channel beam

Figure 8.4 40mm floor steel grate with standard opening 55.5 x 33.3mm

T-profile steel beam welded to horizontal main I-beam

40mm wooden floor planks fastened to steel beam

250mm

EXTERIOR

CRL heavy duty spider fittings 15mm tempered glass with low-E coating

Figure 8.5

40mm wooden floor planks fastened to steel main beam existing concrete floor structure

horizontal 200mm steel tapared I-beam welded to vertical steel column and attached to floor

200mm

steel C-channel (beam) attached to exterior wall and to existing structure with anchor bolts

Figure 8.6

INTERIOR

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nedrag/ yrellag / ytivac 0071

Figure 9.1 20

Figure 9.1 Merged collage and main cross section of the ‘Contained Container’ redesign, illustrating the technical and sensory (as well as existing qualities of the site) aspects of the successful addition

7. Conclusion The ‘Contained Container’ is an all in all simple and sophisticated system with a basic principle: a buffer between two environmental conditions.

The double facade system yields greater comfort within the apartments. The choice to ‘cover’ the Silodam has both a functional as well as a social concept, to protect the building’s poorly-designed existing facade elements (leakage, etc) as well as protect the iconic image of the stacked-silo-architecture itself.

The redesign will automatically improve the economic and energy demands of the building. Like the goal of the research question stated, the overal performance of the Silodam will increase with this new addition. The building becomes more functional with the added gallery/garden space. It becomes an even more communal environment for the dwellers. Furthermore, problems like noise, wind, bad air quality, moisture and overheating corridors will be resolved. Overall, the solution to these problems of adding a second skin to the existing structure was very successful. It is a common refurbishment solution in practises all over the world and is becoming more and more applicable.

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8. Bibliography (2008). Atelier Kempe Thill- Specific Nautrality. Rotterdam: AEDES Barkkume, Allen. (2007). Innovative Building Skins: Double Glass Wall Ventilated Faรงade. New Jersey Bizley, Graham. (2008). Architecture In Detail. Elsevier Ltd. Boake, T.Meyer. The Tectonics of the Double Skin: What are double faรงades and how do they work?. University of Waterloo.

Ebbert, Thiemo. (2010). Re-Face: Refurbishment Strategies for the Technical Improvement of office facades. RWTH Aachen University of Technology.

(2002) El croquis: MVRDV. Madrid: Medianex Exclusivas.

Poirazis, Harris. (2006). Double Skin Facades: A literature review. Lund: Lund Institute of Technology.

Loncour, X., Deneyer, A., Blasco, M., Flamant, G., Wouters, P. Ventilated Double Facades: Classification & Illustration of facade concepts. Belgian Building Research Institute.

William Rawn Associates, Architects, Inc. (2009). Cambridge Public Library, Case Study: A Double-Skin Glass Wall. Cambridge MA Online sources http://silodammvrdv.blogspot.com/ Case studies: 20 years of double skin building (pdf) http://www.architizer.com/en_us/projects/view/rozemaai-housing/25061/ http://srd364lhol.blogspot.com/2008/10/double-facade.html http://www.edsl.net/main/software/designer/Evaluating.aspx

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