Newcastle disease

Medicina pediĂĄtrica en pequeĂąos animales

Presentation brochure

Newcastle disease

Author: Kang-Seuk Choi.

Format: 17 x 11 cm.

Number of pages: 74.

Binding: Paperback, wire-o.

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Atlas entirely dedicated to Newcastle disease based on a handy and visual approach of the matter. This handbook has been developed by a prestigious and renowned expert extremely experienced in this topic, being nowadays the chief of the OIE reference lab for this disease. An up-to-date and complete review has been carried out including the most significant contents, such as aetiology, epidemiology, etc. Moreover, it is worthy to mention the information related to clinical diagnosis, especially the excellent images included in this chapter. Besides, vaccination has been perfectly developed in order to provide the main guidelines to avoid failures in this sense and control the situation. The atlas format helps to make the contents understandable and affordable for readers.

Presentation of the book Newcastle disease is a contagious bird disease that affects many domestic and wild avian species in which has a great economic and ecologic impact. Besides, it is transmissible to humans, so that it is convenient to extreme caution and to take appropriate measures to avoid its spreading.

This disease supposes a worldwide severe problem in lots of countries in which it has not been completely controlled, thus it is essential to know the most important features which make it very dangerous in poultry farming.

Moreover, it has been used as an anticancer agent and a potential biological weapon, so that researches with this virus have been numerous in the last decades.

Generally speaking, in veterinary medicine, it is necessary to perform an updated and graphic review about it. To make it easier, the author, a prestigious specialist in this field, has developed a thorough study in a didactic and visual way. The inclusion of images, tables, graphs and even flowcharts focuses the reader’s attention on this topic. These graphic resources are accompanied by a short text to make the handbook understandable. Thanks to this information, the veterinarians will get an overview of the disease and this tool will help them to know and tackle the disease successfully day after day.

Newcastle disease

The author Kang-Seuk Choi DVM, MS, PhD. OIE (World Organisation for Animal Health) expert for Newcastle disease.

Chief of OIE Reference Lab for Newcastle Disease, Avian Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quaratine Agency (QIA). Republic of Korea.

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Table of contents 1. Part 1. Aetiology and epidemiology

2. Part 2. Clinical signs, diagnosis and control

Newcastle disease (ND)

Clinical signs

History of the disease

History taking

The taxonomy of Newcastle disease virus (NDV)

Clinical tentative diagnosis

Avian paramyxoviruses Virus morphology Virus pathotype Virus genotype Antigenic variation Resistance to environment Hosts of the disease Outbreak versus control Current geographical distribution Transmission mode Incubation period Morbidity and mortality Immunity and protection

Differential diagnosis Sampling and transport Laboratory diagnostic tests Identification of virulent viruses Newcastle disease vaccine Maternally derived antibody (MDA) Hatchery vaccination Field vaccination on farm Vaccination failure Biosecurity Cleaning and disinfection References

1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

History of the disease First reported in 1926 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England (probably introduced from Southeast Asia).

At least for several panzootic events of the disease in poultry industry worldwide.

Table 1. Major panzootic events of ND.

4

Panzootic

Emergence

Widespread route

Period

Virus type involved

1st

Southeast Asia (1920s)

Poultry/meat (?)

1926 to early 1950s

II- IV (class II)

2nd

Middle East (late 1960s)

Psittacine

Late 1960s to late 1970s

V (class II)

3rd

Middle East (late 1970s)

Racing pigeon

Entire 1980s

VI (class II)

4th

Asia (middle 1980s)

Unknown (?)

1990s to present

VII (class II)

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

The taxonomy of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) The sole member of APMV-1 in the genus Avulavirus within the Paramyxoviridae family.

Order

Mononegavirales (single-stranded RNA virus)

Family

Paramyxoviridae

Filoviridae

Subfamily

Paramyxovirinae

Pneumovirinae

Genus

Avulavirus

Morbillivirus

Serotype

APMV-1 (NDV) Other APMVs

Bornaviridae

Rhabdoviridae

Respirovirus

Rubulavirus

5

Henipavirus

Figure 1. Taxonomy of NDV (APMV-1).

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1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

Avian paramyxoviruses At least 12 serotypes recognised, but new serotypes of APMV are being continuously discovered.

Table 2. List of APMV.

Serotype

Chickens

Clinical signs in poultry Turkeys Ducks/geese Ostriches

Pigeons

APMV-1 APMV-2 APMV-3

6

APMV-4 APMV-5 APMV-6 APMV-7 APMV-8 APMV-9 Clinical signs reported

APMV-10

Subclinical infection reported

APMV-11

No reported

APMV-12

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Virus morphology Enveloped and pleomorphic (100 nm to 500 nm in size).

Negative-sense, non-segmented and single-stranded RNA genome (15,186 to 15,198 nucleotides in size).

N: nucleoprotein P: phospho M: matrix F: fusion HN: haemagglutinin neuraminidase L: large RNA polymerase

7

P protein

Lipid bilayer

Figure 2. Schematic representation of NDV.

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L protein

M protein HN glycoprotein F glycoprotein

Nucleocapsid (viral RNA + N protein)

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1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

Virus pathotype Determined based on the severity of clinical disease for chicken.

At least four pathotypes: asymptomatic, lentogenic, mesogenic and velogenic.

Pathogenicity tests include:

8

» Intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) in chickens (method recommended by OIE).

» Mean death time (MDT) in chicken embryos. » Intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) in chickens. » Molecular pathotyping test (MPT) based on F0 cleavage site.

Often inconsistent pathotyping results among tests.

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Table 3. Pathotypes of NDV, based on the severity of clinical disease for chicken.

Pathotype

Main tropism*

Respiratory

Digestive

Clinical signs Reproductive

Nervous

Mortality

Asymptomatic

E

-

-

-

-

-

Lentogenic (Lo)

R, (E)

+

-

-

-

+/-

Mesogenic (Mo) Velogenic (Vo)

R

++

-

+

+/-

+

Neurotropic

N, R

+++

-

+++

+++

++

Viscerotropic

E, R, N

+++

+++

+++

+++

+++

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* E, enterotropic; N, neurotropic; R, respiratory.

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1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

Table 4. Several pathotyping tests of NDV isolates.

Test

Animal

Inoculation

Measurement

Interpretation Vo

Mo

Lo

ICPI

Day-old SPF chickens

Intracerebral

Mean clinical score (8 days)

1.5-2.0

0.5-1.5

< 0.5.

MDT

10 SPF chicken embryos

Allantoic cavity

Mean death time (h)

< 60

60-90

> 90

IVPI

Six-week old SPF chickens

Intravenous

Mean clinical score (10 days)

2-3

0-0.5

0

Test

Measurement Amino acids (aa) at

MPT

Sequencing analysis of F cleavage site

» Position 112-114 » Position 117

10

Interpretation Virulent: Multibasic aa Phe (F)

Avirulent: Monobasic aa Leu (L)

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Mo

MDT (h)

IVPI

Vo 3.0

0

ICPI 2.0

Lo 30

1.5

60

1.0

90

0.5

2.0

1.0

0.0

120

0.0

Molecular pathotyping

NDV strain

112

RRQKRF117

Herts’33

112

RRQKRF

Texas GB

112

RRQKRF117

Beaudette C

RRQKRF

Mukteswar

117

112

117

112

GRGGRL117

LaSota

112

GKQGRL

V4

112

GRQGRL117

Hitchner B1

112

GKQGRL

Ulster 2C

117

117

11

Figure 3. Example of NDV pathotyping tests.

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1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

Current geographical distribution In poultry, ND is endemic in most of countries in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and Central and South America.

Sporadic outbreaks were reported in racing pigeons and poultry (especially backyard birds) in many European countries.

20

Currently, no outbreak of the disease in poultry was reported in Australia, USA and Canada.

In wild birds, virulent NDVs are frequently detected in wild cormorants in USA and Canada.

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

EUROPE 1135

42

2188

ASIA

2250

NORTH AMERICA 54

CENTRAL/ SOUTH AMERICA

32

0.6

225

0.7 0.6

EUROPE

2009 2010 2011

1002

0.0

OCEANIA

17.9

AFRICA

21

4

NORTH AMERICA

CENTRAL/ SOUTH AMERICA

680 2009 2010 2011

704

2972

11

2009 2010 2011

25

MIDDLE EAST

2009 2010 2011

1894

44

MIDDLE ESAST

55.7 ASIA

15 17 2009 2010 2011

2009 2010 2011

AFRICA

24.5

Figure 6. Current global distribution of ND in poultry during 2009-2011, based on the statistics of ND cases officially reported to the OIE.

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1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

Transmission mode Mechanical transmission is the main route of virus spread during epidemic period and endemic regions.

» People: vaccination crews, insemination technician, vaccination team, veterinarian, etc. » Vehicles: trucks for feed delivery, poultry slaughter and waste transport, etc. » Equipments: reused egg trays, etc.

Vaccinated infected birds, subclinical birds and wild birds (cormorants, parrots, pigeons, etc.) can serve as a carrier.

22

Live bird market birds from multiple sources and village chickens can be a significant source of virus dissemination.

Airborne transmission is rare because the virus is easily inactivated by direct sunlight.

Vertical transmission is unlikely to occur but transmission by contaminated hatching eggs may be possible.

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY FAECES/ MANURE INFECTED PREMISE

LIVE POULTRY

VEHICLE/ EQUIPMENT

CONTACT

MEAT AND BYPRODUCTS

23

FEEDING/ DRINKING

DROPLET INHALATION

?

CONTAMINATED EGGS

WILD BIRDS

Figure 7. Various transmission modes of ND.

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?

PEOPLE

VECTORMEDIATED

FEED/ WATER PESTS/ INSECTS

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1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

Incubation period Incubation period varies depending on host and environmental factors such as the virulence and amount of exposed virus, the host species, host age, immune status, coinfection with other pathogens and environmental conditions.

24

In poultry, the incubation period of ND varies from 2 to 15 days (average 5 to 6 days) after natural exposure.

The OIE code gives a maximum incubation period of 21 days for regular purposes.

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

Morbidity and mortality Morbidity and mortality are influenced by host, agent and environmental factors, which include bird species, strain of virus, bird age, immune suppression, coinfections with other pathogens, physical stress, environmental factors, and vaccination practices.

25

In gallinaceous birds (unimmunised chickens):

» Morbidity: as high as 100 % in chickens. » Mortality: ~ 50 % in adults and ~ 90 % in chicks for neurotropic velogenic NDV. ~ 100 % in all ages for viscerotropic velogenic NDV (vvNDV).

In pigeons:

» Morbidity: ~ 100 % in young pigeons and ~ 10 % in adult birds. » Mortality: ~ 100 % in young pigeons and negligible in adult birds.

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1

Aetiology and epidemiology

Newcastle disease

Immunity and protection Antibody titers (e.g., NDV HI titers) strongly correlate with the degree of clinical protection against virulent ND.

a % Clinical signs

100

% Mortality 75

26

50 25 0 <1

2.9 ± 1.4

5.2 ± 1.4

HI titer (log2)

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AETIOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY

b

30 % Egg drop 25 20 15

27

10 5 0 6.6 ± 0.8

7.5 ± 1.0

8.1 ± 1.0

8.6 ± 1.5

HI titer (log2)

Figure 8 (a and b). Example of relationship between NDV HI titers in chickens and clinical protection against highly virulent NDV (KR005 strain, class II genotype VIId).

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2

Clinical signs, diagnosis and control

Newcastle disease

Clinical signs Gallinaceous birds (e.g., chicken) are highly susceptible (up to 100 % mortality).

Clinical presentations vary depending on the virus pathotype and bird species (Tables 3 and 7).

28

The severity of the disease varies depending on the immune status (both passive and active immunity).

In field, vaccinated laying hens show generally mild clinical signs and egg drop syndrome without mortality.

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CLINICAL SIGNS, DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL

a

b

1200 1000

TOTAL

Death

800 600 HOUSE 2 HOUSE 1

400

29

Flock size: 38,000 birds.

Bird type: broiler.

Vaccination: live NDV (spray, 16 days old).

Clinical signs: sudden death, depression, diarrhoea and nervous sign (torticollis).

200

Virology: vvNDV isolation.

HOUSE 3

0 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

Age (days old)

Serology: HI test.

10 days old: 1.9 Âą 1.2 (log2).

21 days old: 9.9 Âą 1.0 (log2).

Figure 9. Sudden massive deaths (a and b). High mortality, caused by highly virulent NDV, is usually seen in poultry flocks with no detectable or low level immunity.

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2

Clinical signs, diagnosis and control a

Newcastle disease b

30

Figure 10. Severe depression and ruffled feathers. Most of affected chickens show severe depression and ruffled feathers before death (a and b). Cyanosis of wattle and comb are seen in some of affected birds (b).

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CLINICAL SIGNS, DIAGNOSIS AND CONTROL

a

b

31

Figure 11. Transparent secretions seen at early stage of infection (a and b). Such secretions contain a large amount of the

virus, which can be a source of contamination and serve as source of virus spread from farm to farm and flock to flock by mechanical transmission.

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