Equine owner educational atlas. Horses

PRESENTATION

BROCHURE

Equine Owner Educational Atlas

HORSES Reviewers: Marta Barba, John Schumacher

Equine Owner Educational Atlas

HORSES Reviewers: Marta Barba, John Schumacher

EQUINE OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS

Horses eBook available

Visual and technical atlas describing general concepts and details of the main diseases affecting horses. This atlas is designed as an aid to equine veterinarians who need to explain these concepts to horse owners in simple but precise terms.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

✱ Small animal vets.

Equine ✱ Veterinary nurses ✱ Veterinary students FORMAT: 22 × 28 cm NUMBER OF PAGES: 76 NUMBER OF SHEETS: 69 BINDING: hardcover, wire-o ISBN: 978-84-17640-11-8

RETAIL PRICE

€75

Texts and review MARTA BARBA Assistant Professor at the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain. Part of the equine internal medicine clinical service at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain.

Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine - Large Animal.

JOHN SCHUMACHER Professor of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Auburn University, Alabama. Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine - Large Animal.

KEY FEATURES:

➜ Simple and graphical approach with high quality illustrations. ➜ Aid in the communication between equine veterinarians and owners. ➜ Organized in thematic sections about the most common diseases and procedures.

Eric Isselee/shutterstock.com

Equine owner educational atlas. HORSES

Presentation of the book The Equine Owner Educational Atlas is a visual and technical atlas including the most important concepts and details of the main equine diseases. Explaining the clinical signs, causes and evolution of diseases is an important role of equine veterinarians to help owners understand the diagnosis and treatment of the illnesses that affect their horses. Using a simple and graphical approach, this atlas provides an excellent tool to aid in the communication between the veterinarian and the client through the information supported by the images, helping decision-making in specific cases. Each of the illustrations is designed to help in the different fields and specialties of equine clinical medicine, which is why this atlas has been structured by systems and shows many of the most common diseases in horses. This book can be of interest to clinicians in first opinion equine practice as well as specialists in equine internal medicine and surgery, to help them in their explanations to the clients.

Texts and review Marta Barba She graduated in Veterinary Medicine from the University of Zaragoza, Spain, in 2009 and obtained the status of Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine – Large Animal after finishing the residency in equine internal medicine at Auburn University, Alabama, United States in 2015. She also completed her PhD studies at the College of Veterinary Medicine of the same university.

Marta has been a visiting clinician or researcher at several institutions around the world such as Argentina, New Zealand, France, Belgium, England, and Scotland, and is the author of several clinical case reports and original articles published in international scientific journals. She has been a speaker at national and international congresses. Nowadays, she teaches undergraduate veterinary students as a University Assistant Professor at the Universidad CEU Cardenal Herrera, Spain and is part of the equine internal medicine clinical service at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the same University. Her main area of interest within the field of equine medicine is infectious diseases.

Equine owner educational atlas. HORSES

John Schumacher He graduated in Veterinary Medicine from Kansas University in 1973 and is a Diplomate of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine – Large Animal after completing a residency in equine internal medicine in Texas A&M University. He obtained his degree of Master of Science from the same University.

hkeita/shutterstock.com

John is author of more than 100Â articles published in international scientific journals, and has written several books and book chapters. He is now a professor of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Auburn University, Alabama. His main interest areas include equine lameness examination and gastrointestinal diseases.

Table of contents 1. Anatomy of the horse Equine skeleton Equine muscles

2. Main disorders by system Musculoskeletal system Osteochondrosis Osteoarthritis. Degenerative joint disease (DJD) Tendinitis and desmitis The hoof. Anatomy and common problems Laminitis Navicular syndrome Exertional myopathies Other muscle disorders Digestive system Dental anatomy Dental problems Esophageal obstruction Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) Equine colic. General concepts Medical equine colic Surgical equine colic Equine colitis Equine colitis. Etiopathogenesis Hepatic lipidosis Most common equine intestinal parasites Cardiorespiratory system Sinuses. Anatomy Sinuses and nasal cavity. Common diseases Guttural pouches. Anatomy Guttural pouches. Common diseases Laryngeal hemiplegia Pleuropneumonia Equine asthma Equine cardiac electrophysiology Equine arrhythmias Physiologic cardiac murmurs Pathologic cardiac murmurs Nervous system Wobbler syndrome. Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) Viral encephalomyelitis. West Nile virus disease.

Eastern and western equine encephalomyelitis Facial nerve paralysis and vestibular disease Headshaking syndrome Endocrine system Cushing’s syndrome. Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) Equine metabolic syndrome (EMS)

Editorial Servet

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Urogenital system Acute and chronic kidney disease Urolithiasis Breeding of the mare Endometritis Castration Cryptorchidism Skin and integumentary system Ectoparasites and insect bite hypersensitivity Wound management and healing process Skin tumors. Sarcoids Skin tumors. Other skin tumors Eyes Structures of the eye Corneal ulcers and keratitis Stromal abscess Equine recurrent uveitis

3. Neonatal disorders Failure of transfer of passive immunity (FTPI) Septicemia and septic arthritis Hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Dummy foal Flexural limb deformities Angular limb deformities

4. Infectious diseases Equine respiratory viruses. Equine influenza virus, equine herpesvirus, and equine arteritis virus Equine piroplasmosis Strangles

5. Special techniques Nerve and joint blocks in a lameness examination.

Front limb blocks Nerve and joint blocks in a lameness examination.

Hind limb blocks Nasogastric tube placement How to administer drugs

6. Behavior and management Normal posture and gait Stereotypic behavior Parturition Neonatal management

Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 Centro Empresarial El Trovador planta 8, oficina 50002 Zaragoza, Spain

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+34 976 461 480

Equine Owner Educational Atlas

HORSES Reviewers: Marta Barba, John Schumacher

8

EQUINE OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. HORSES

1 Equine skeleton 1 2

33 32

3

4

6

7

30 31

5

29 18 28 17

20

16

19

15 21

14 13

8

27 12

26 22

25 24 23

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Libro.indb 8

Cranium Cervical (neck) vertebrae Thoracic (chest) vertebrae Lumbar (loin) vertebrae Pelvis Sacral (pelvic) vertebrae Coccygeal (tail) vertebrae Tarsus (hock) Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx

11 10 9

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

Metatarsal (cannon) bone Talus Calcaneus Tibia Fibula Patella (knee cap) Femur Ribs Ulna Radius Proximal sesamoid bones

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

Distal phalanx Middle phalanx Proximal phalanx Metacarpal (cannon) bone Carpus (knee) Humerus Scapula Mandible Teeth Nasal bone Maxilla

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9

ANATOMY OF THE HORSE

2 Equine muscles 48 49

47 46 45

50 51

52

5

1

6

40

7 2

39 38 37

44 43

41

33 36 35

34

19 18

31

42

9 17

21 22 23

Libro.indb 9

8

4

30

29

1.

2.

3.

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24.

3

20

32

Thoracolumbar fascia Gluteal fascia Tensor fasciae latae m.

Fascia lata Gluteus medius m.

Gluteus superficialis m.

Semitendinosus m.

Semimembranosus m.

Biceps femoris m.

Gastrocnemius m.

Deep digital flexor m.

Extensor digitorum lateralis m.

Extensor digitorum longus m.

Superficial digital flexor tendon External abdominal oblique m.

Deep pectoral m.

Ascending pectoral m.

Serratus ventralis thoracis m.

Latissimus dorsi m.

External intercostal mm.

Radial carpal extensor m.

Common digital extensor m.

Lateral carpal flexor m.

Ulnaris lateralis m.

16

10

15

25 26

11

24 13 12 27 28

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

Flexor carpi ulnaris m.

Flexor carpi radialis m.

Deep digital flexor tendon Superficial digital flexor tendon Descending pectoral m.

Triceps brachii m., lateral head Triceps brachii m., long head Infraspinatus m.

Supraspinatus m.

Deltoid m.

Subclavius m.

Cervical cutaneous m.

Serratus ventralis cervicis m.

Brachiocephalic m.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

44.

45.

46.

47.

48.

49.

50.

51.

52.

14

Sternomandibular m.

Masseter m.

Depressor labii inferioris m.

Buccinator m.

Zygomaticus m.

Orbicularis oris m.

Caninus m.

Levator nasolabialis m.

Levator labii superioris m.

Orbicularis oculi m.

Auricularis mm.

Splenius m.

Trapezius m., cervical part Trapezius m., thoracic part

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EQUINE OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. HORSES

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

21 Most common equine

intestinal parasites

Protozoa

Cryptosporidium

Giardia

Nematodes

Small strongyles (cyathostomes)

Cestodes

Tapeworms (Anoplocephala perfoliata, A. mamillana, A. magna)

Large strongyles (Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, S. equinus)

Disease transmissible to humans (zoonosis).

Disease affecting foals.

Disease affecting adult horses.

Pinworms (Oxyuris equi)

Libro.indb 28

Roundworms (Parascaris equorum)

13/3/19 15:22

MAIN DISORDERS BY SYSTEM

29

CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

22 Sinuses Anatomy Paranasal sinuses are air-filled spaces located within the bones of the head surrounding the nasal cavity. For each side, all sinuses communicate. Fluid from these sinuses drains into the nasal cavity via an aperture in the maxillary sinus.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Frontal sinus Dorsal conchal sinus Sphenopalatine sinus Ventral conchal sinus Caudal maxillary sinus Rostral maxillary sinus

1

2

3 4

5

6

Libro.indb 29

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EQUINE OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. HORSES

CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

31 Physiologic cardiac murmurs These murmurs are caused by normal blood flow sounds, so they are not associated with a heart problem.

Normal heart

To the lungs

To the lungs

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary veins from the lungs

AO

RA Pulmonary valve

PA

LA

Atrial septum

Aortic valve Mitral valve

Tricuspid valve

LV RV

Ventricular septum ■ Oxygen-poor blood RA: right atrium RV: right ventricle PA: pulmonary artery

■ Oxygen-rich blood LA: left atrium LV: left ventricle AO: aorta

Systole ■ ■ ■ ■

Libro.indb 38

Contraction of ventricles.

Mitral and tricuspid valves are closed.

Blood goes to arteries and the heart empties.

Ejection murmur: left-sided systolic murmur.

Diastole ■ ■ ■ ■

Dilation of ventricles.

Aortic and pulmonary valves are closed.

Blood fills the heart.

Ventricular filling: left-sided diastolic murmur.

13/3/19 15:23

MAIN DISORDERS BY SYSTEM

39

CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

32 Pathologic cardiac murmurs Pathologic cardiac murmurs are caused by an abnormal blood flow, usually due to a faulty heart valve or congenital cardiac anomalies.

Mitral insufficiency

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Aortic insufficiency

Left-sided systolic murmur.

Cause: lesion of the mitral valve.

It can lead to congestive cardiac failure.

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Tricuspid regurgitation

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Left-sided diastolic murmur.

It is more common in old horses.

Cause: disease of the aortic valve.

It can lead to congestive cardiac failure.

Ventricular septal defect

Right-sided systolic murmur.

It is usually benign, and associated with athletic training.

A less common cause is endocarditis associated with septic jugular vein thrombosis.

■

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Loud right-sided systolic murmur and soft leftsided systolic murmur.

It is a congenital abnormality usually detected in young foals.

Medical treatment ■

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Libro.indb 39

Degenerative valve disease: there is no treatment, but monitoring disease severity and progression is important to determine when the horse should stop performing.

Infectious endocarditis: antimicrobial and supportive treatment.

Prognosis is guarded.

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Signs of advanced disease (cardiac failure): treatment includes diuretics (furosemide) and drugs that increase heart contractibility (digoxin). The effect of other drugs such as ACE inhibitors (benazepril) is still being studied in horses.

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EQUINE OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. HORSES

61 Strangles Highly contagious disease caused by the bacterium Streptococcus equi subsp. equi. It is transmitted by inhalation or direct contact with nasal secretions of affected horses or with purulent material in the environment.

Bacterial entry through nostrils or mouth

Bacterial adherence to pharyngeal lymphoid tissue

Clinical signs ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

Fever.

Inappetence.

Purulent nasal discharge.

Cough.

Lymph node enlargement and abscess formation.

Bacterial multiplication in lymph nodes

Abscess formation in lymph nodes

Guttural pouch empyema (pus accumulation)

Abscess in retropharyngeal lymph node

Administrating antibiotics in uncomplicated cases is controversial.

Complications ■

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Bastard strangles: abscess formation in organs other than head lymph nodes.

Purpura hemorrhagica: necrotizing vasculitis due to an excessive immune response.

It can also occur after vaccination against strangles.

Myositis: muscle damage.

Abscess in submandibular lymph node

Diagnosis ■ ■

■

Microbiological culture: gold standard.

PCR: useful to detect active infection and subclinical carriers.

Serology: useful to diagnose purpura hemorrhagica or myositis, and to determine if vaccination is suitable.

Empyema of the guttural pouch

Due to guttural pouch infection, 10% of affected horses become subclinical carriers and shed bacteria without showing clinical signs.

Medical treatment ■ ■ ■

Libro.indb 68

Anti-inflammatory drugs.

Poultices to speed abscess maturation.

Antibiotics (e.g., penicillin) are always indicated in case of complications.

Recommendations/prevention ■ ■ ■

Quarantine.

Detection and treatment of subclinical carriers.

Vaccination if there are no clinical signs of the disease or if antibody titers are low.

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