Pet Owner Educational Atlas. Dentistry

PRESENTATION

BROCHURE

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

DENTISTRY Texts and review: Aurora Mateo Romรกn

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS

DENTISTRY Texts and review: Aurora Mateo Román

Dentistry eBook

available

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ESTIMATED

This new title in the Per Owner Educational Atlas series deals with the most commonly encountered oral and dental diseases in small animal veterinary practice.

The book covers the main diagnostic methods and techniques, as well as a range of treatment options, including those which can be carried out in a first-opinion veterinary clinic and those which should be referred to a specialist.

TARGET AUDIENCE:

RETAIL PRICE

✱ Small animal vets.

Dentistry ✱ Veterinary nurses ✱ Veterinary students FORMAT: 22 × 28 cm.

NUMBER OF PAGES: 64 NUMBER OF CHARTS: 49 BINDING: hardback, wire-O

€ 75

Text and content revision AURORA MATEO ROMÁN Graduate in veterinary medicine. Head of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service at the Vetsia Veterinary Hospital (Madrid, Spain). Final year of residency to become a Diplomate of the European Veterinary Dental College. Author and coauthor of several publications and papers presented at international conferences.

KEY POINTS:

➜ Very engaging charts. High-quality illustrations. ➜ A very useful tool for communicating with pet owners. ➜ The book provides a precise, rigorous approach to the main aspects facing veterinary surgeons in the area of veterinary dentistry.

Presentation Veterinary dentistry has traditionally received less attention than other specialisations. However, oral, dental, and maxillofacial diseases are now widely acknowledged as some of the most common problems facing an everyday veterinary practice. In particular, periodontal disease is the most prevalent condition among small animals, just as it is in humans.

In recent years, we have observed a spike in public awareness of animal welfare, while at the same time universities have offered more courses specialising in dentistry. The local and systemic effects of certain dental problems, plus the high levels of pain they cause, are now well recognised.

Nevertheless, the degree of implication of both owners and veterinary surgeons still falls short of what is required. Oral or dental diseases often go undetected, or they are underestimated, as we tend to believe that if an animal is eating with a good appetite, its mouth must be free from pain. Therefore, they sometimes have to bear a varying degree of “pain” and “infection” for months, or even years, before they are eventually treated.

There is currently a wide range of materials and dental instruments available to assist with diagnosis and help vets perform most routine dental procedures in the average veterinary clinic. Pet owners demand increasingly more efficient and painless treatments, and on the other hand veterinary dentistry is gradually shedding its reputation as a difficult and unpopular speciality.

This work provides the tools required to convey to owners the importance of an early diagnosis, since of course pets cannot talk and therefore vets must learn to detect their condition in time. The owner’s collaboration and participation is clearly of the utmost importance in achieving this end. This book primarily aims to help veterinary surgeons identify the most commonplace oral diseases observed in cats and dogs, while also presenting a small section dedicated to rabbits. Some of these conditions are easily identified during the examination of conscious patients, but in many cases the definitive diagnosis and true extent of the disease can only be detected while the animal is under sedation or general anaesthesia.

It provides veterinary professionals with a straightforward data collection system from which they can learn how to create extremely useful dental reports, whether for filing relevant clinical information or for explaining to owners their animal’s specific problem and the treatment they must undergo.

Each disease is explained in simple terms, with illustrations and photographs of real cases, and accompanied by the various treatment options available. The best reward for a vet is observing the owner’s satisfaction when they appreciate how much their pet’s quality of life is improved by an uncomplicated and effective dental treatment.

Aurora Mateo Román

Dentistry

Reviewer Aurora Mateo Romรกn A registered member of the Madrid College of Veterinarians, Aurora graduated from the Complutense University of Madrid (UCM) and holds a specialist diploma in dentistry and oral surgery by the same university. She is currently completing her final year of residency to become a Diplomate of the European Veterinary Dental College at the Veterinary Dental Surgery in Surrey, UK. She has gained clinical experience working at various practices in Spain and the UK. Aurora is Head of the Dentistry and Oral Surgery Service at the Vetsia Veterinary Hospital (Madrid) and participates in private research projects into periodontal disease by assessing new products designed to help control this problem in small animals.

She regularly collaborates with the NGO International Animal Rescue (IAR) in primate rescue projects in India and Indonesia.

She is a member of various associations and societies: the Spanish Small Animal Veterinary Association (AVEPA), the Madrid Small Animal Veterinary Association (AMVAC), the European Veterinary Dental Society (EVDS), and the Spanish Society of Veterinary and Experimental Dentistry and Maxillofacial Surgery (SEOVE).

hkeita/shutterstock.com

She is the author or coauthor of several publications and has presented lectures and communications both across Spain and internationally. Aurora teaches courses designed for first-opinion veterinary surgeons, in particular, courses dedicated to the introduction of modern dentistry in everyday clinical practice.

Contents 1. Anatomy applied to diagnosis Anatomical and dental terminology. Dogs Anatomical and dental terminology. Puppies Anatomical and dental terminology. Cats Tooth eruption

Attrition and abrasion Colour changes (nonvital teeth) Caries Resorptive lesions in cats (1) Resorptive lesions in cats (2) Resorptive lesions in dogs

Teeth and periodontium Oral examination during consultation Normal occlusion: consultation room examination. Cats and dogs

4. Oral diseases and neoplasms Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (1)

Malocclusion: class I, class II, and class III. Clinical relevance

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (2)

Dental malocclusion. Rotation and crowding

Oral manifestation of systemic diseases

Oral examination under general anaesthesia

Benign tumours. General recommendations

Intraoral X-ray. Relevance and techniques

Malignant tumours. General recommendations

2. Periodontal disease Three-year-old dog Plaque, calculus, and gingivitis Ultrasonic cleaning and polishing

Five-year-old dog Periodontal probing: periodontal pockets Furcation lesions and gingival retraction

Seven-year-old dog Horizontal and vertical bone loss Tooth mobility

Ten-year-old dog Local and systemic consequences of periodontal disease Oronasal fistula and pathological fractures

Ulcerative stomatitis in dogs

5. Common oral procedures and dental emergencies Local anaesthesia. Blocks Advanced periodontal treatment Simple extractions Surgical extractions: canine and fourth premolar teeth Root canal treatment: endodontics Vital pulp therapy Orthodontic solutions. Inclined plane Tooth avulsion Maxillofacial fractures. How to act

Cats Special features of periodontitis in cats

Oral hygiene maintenance at home Brushing a dog’s teeth Brushing a cat’s teeth

3. Dental diseases Alterations in number, size, and shape of teeth Retention of deciduous tooth Impacted tooth: dentigerous cyst Enamel dysplasia Tooth fractures. Types and treatment options Pathogenesis of periapical lesions

Editorial Servet

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Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 Centro Empresarial El Trovador planta 8, oficina 50002 Zaragoza, Spain

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+34 976 461 480

Pet Owner Educational Atlas

DENTISTRY Texts and review: Aurora Mateo Romรกn

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. DENTISTRY

5 Teeth and periodontium Teeth, which are located in the oral cavity and whose main function is to chew food, anatomically consist of tissues with different densities and hardnesses. The periodontium is the anatomical unit that serves to hold the tooth in the bone and provides a dampening effect that can withstand masticatory forces and normal uses expected of teeth.

Points of interest Enamel Dentine

Crown

Pulp/pulp cavity

Gingival sulcus Mucogingival junction

Free gingiva

Root

Periodontium

Attached gingiva

Pulp/root canal Alveolar mucosa

Periodontal ligament Cementum

Enamel, which is the hardest and most mineralised tissue, is incapable of regenerating or repairing itself, while dentine is not as hard as enamel but it is harder than bone. Dentine is the main component of teeth and constantly deposits throughout an individual’s lifetime (secondary dentine).

In immature teeth, the root apex is a unique and very broad aperture; when mature, the root forms an apical delta with several apertures or apical branches.

The periodontium is formed by the free gingiva, which forms an invagination between the tooth and gingiva known as the gingival sulcus (0.5–2.0 mm), the periodontal ligament, which helps absorb the force of mastication, and the cementum, which is avascular, highly mineralised and can undergo restorative and reabsorption processes throughout its lifetime.

Alveoli are the sockets in the alveolar bone in which the teeth are embedded.

Alveolar bone

Progressive reduction of the pulp due to the growth of secondary dentine

4 months

7 months

1.5 years

2 years

3.5 years

Apical delta (mature tooth) Root apex

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ANATOMY APPLIED TO DIAGNOSIS

11 Intraoral radiography.

Relevance and techniques

Indications ■ ■

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Clinical signs of periodontal disease.

Before extractions, to confirm it is in fact necessary and to plan the extraction technique.

After extractions, to avoid leaving any remains of root and to check the bone has not been damaged during the procedure.

Tooth colour changes (pulp disease).

Dental defects: fractures, caries, wear, resorptive lesions.

Oral tumours, to assess bone involvement.

Maxillofacial trauma.

Diagnosis of missing dental pieces.

Materials ■ ■

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X-ray plates or sensors.

X-ray tubes. Dental X-ray tubes can be used to take X-ray images without moving the patient and therefore simplify the veterinary surgeon’s work. However, they are not essential and general-purpose X-ray machines are also valid.

X-ray viewers.

Essential for any dental treatment.

Requires general anaesthesia.

Parallel technique For premolars and mandibular molars

X-ray tube

Dental film X-rays

Bisecting technique For all other teeth X-ray tube Bisector

Dental film

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X-rays Tooth’s longitudinal axis

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. DENTISTRY

27 Dental fractures Dental fractures may affect just the enamel or they can reach the cementum and pulp. They must be examined with X-rays to establish the correct treatment.

The use of antibiotics in the case of complicated fractures only manages to temporarily mask the problem.

Types of dental fracture 1. Enamel fracture: small chip or crack that only affects the enamel.

2. Uncomplicated crown fracture: affects the enamel and dentine, but no pulp is exposed.

3. Complicated crown fracture: affects the enamel and dentine, leaving some pulp exposed.

4. Uncomplicated crown–root fracture: affects the enamel, dentine, and cementum, but no pulp is exposed.

5. Complicated crown–root fracture: affects the enamel, dentine, and cementum, exposing some pulp.

6. Root fracture: affects the enamel, cementum, and pulp.

1

2

3

4

5

6

Treatment ■

Fractures with no pulp involvement can be restored with composite (filling) to prevent sensitivity and preserve tooth vitality (exposed dentine is porous and could compromise tooth vitality in the long term). Some fractures leave teeth with sharp edges that can damage the mucous membrane.

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Fractures affecting the root canal (complicated) always require treatment. This could be extraction or, whenever possible, conservative treatment by means of root canal therapy. These fractures can cause serious infections and significant pain for the animal, although their manifestation can go unnoticed.

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DENTAL DISEASES

28 Pathogenesis of periapical lesions Complicated fractures affect the root canal (blood supply and nerve). At the beginning the fracture causes bleeding and it is very painful, although it can go unnoticed. After the nerve dies, the infection in the canal reaches the apex and destroys the periapical bone (visible on X-rays). It can develop into a granuloma, cyst, or abscess (extremely painful). Often it is only detected when it becomes externally visible, which indicates the animal has had the infection for a long time.

A nonvital tooth must always be treated, either by root canal therapy or extraction.

Most frequent Fractures of tooth 208 (fourth maxillary premolar) frequently result in an infraorbital fistula.

Canine teeth generally drain into the nasal cavity.

Fractures are not the only cause of tooth death and periapical lesions, but they are the most common reason behind these injuries.

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The administration of antibiotics as the sole treatment only encourages the lesions to persist, as they conceal the condition but do not address it.

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PET OWNER EDUCATIONAL ATLAS. DENTISTRY

41 Local anaesthesia. Blocks Anaesthetic blocks offer better anaesthesia and analgesia in painful procedures such as dental extractions or any other surgical procedure performed in the oral cavity. They help reduce the need for inhaled and intravenous anaesthetics, besides improving subsequent recovery by alleviating postoperative pain.

3. Infraorbital nerve block

1. Inferior alveolar nerve block Recommended technique.

In the maxillary foramen.

In the mandibular foramen. An intraoral approach is also possible.

Area anaesthetised: rostral section of lip and incisors on the anaesthetised side up to the fourth premolar.

Area anaesthetised: bone, soft tissues, and all mandibular teeth.

2. Maxillary nerve block

4. Middle mental nerve block

Recommended technique.

In the middle mental foramen.

Area anaesthetised: All maxilary teeth, oral mucosa and soft tissue. Best block for multiple extractions.

Area anaesthetised: lip and chin.

Always confirm negative aspiration to avoid accidental intravenous injection.

3

2 1

4

Always use a fine needle and insert it parallel to the nerve, not perpendicularly, to avoid causing damage. Cats require smaller doses and very fine needles, never greater than 27 gauge.

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The publishing strength of Grupo AsĂ­s Editorial Servet, a division of Grupo AsĂ­s, has become one of the reference publishing companies in the veterinary sector worldwide. More than 15 years of experience in the publishing of contents about veterinary medicine guarantees the quality of its work. With a wide national and international distribution, the books in its catalogue are present in many different countries and have been translated into nine languages to date: English, French, Portuguese, German, Italian, Turkish, Japanese, Russian and Chinese.

Its identifying characteristic is a large multidisciplinary team formed by doctors and graduates in Veterinary Medicine and Fine Arts, and specialised designers with a great knowledge of the sector in which they work. Every book is subject to thorough technical and linguistic reviews and analyses, which allow the creation of works with a unique design and excellent contents.

Servet works with the most renowned national and international authors to include the topics most demanded by veterinary surgeons in its catalogue. In addition to its own works, Servet also prepares books for companies and the main multinational companies in the sector are among its clients.

Communication services Online presentation of the promotional chapter.

PDF file for the presentation brochure, compatible with mobile devices.

Media promotion Advertisement1.

Interview with the author1.

Press release.

1

See conditions.

Servet (Division of Grupo Asís Biomedia S.L. Centro Empresarial El Trovador, planta 8, oficina I Plaza Antonio Beltrán Martínez, 1 • 50002 Zaragoza (Spain) Tel.: +34 976 461 480 • Fax: +34 976 423 000 • www.grupoasis.com