C1 revision booklet by Isaac Newton Academy

C1 GCSE Revision Booklet

Name: ________________________ Class: _________________ Chemistry C1 Learning Objectives Topic 1 The Earth’s sea and atmosphere 1.1 Recall that the gases produced by volcanic activity formed the Earth’s early atmosphere 1.2 Recall that the early atmosphere contained: a little or no oxygen b a large amount of carbon dioxide c water vapour and small amounts of other gases 1.3 Explain why there are different sources of information about the development of the atmosphere which makes it difficult to be precise about the evolution of the atmosphere 1.4 Describe how condensation of water vapour formed oceans 1.5 Describe how the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere was reduced by: a the dissolution of carbon dioxide into the oceans b the later incorporation of this dissolved carbon dioxide into marine organisms which eventually formed carbonate rocks 1.6 Explain how the growth of primitive plants used carbon dioxide and released oxygen by photosynthesis and consequently the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere gradually increased 1.7 Investigate the proportion of oxygen in the atmosphere 1.8 Describe the current composition of the atmosphere and interpret data sources showing this information 1.9 Demonstrate an understanding of how small changes in the atmosphere occur through: a volcanic activity b human activity, including the burning of fossil fuels, farming and deforestation

Q1.Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (i) The percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere today is (1) A greater than 5% B 4% C 3% D less than 0.5% (ii) The percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere today is less than that in the Earth's earliest atmosphere. Explain what has caused the percentage of carbon dioxide to decrease. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere help to keep the Earth warm. State how these gases keep the Earth warm. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q2.This experiment was carried out in a research laboratory some years ago. The experiment involved the use of white phosphorus, which smoulders as it reacts with oxygen at room temperature. The phosphorus was put into the apparatus shown in the diagram.

The water level in the graduated tube was read. The apparatus was left for a few days. During this time, the water level in the graduated tube rose slowly and then stopped rising. The final water level in the graduated tube was read. Initial reading on graduated tube = 50 cm3 Final reading on graduated tube = 40 cm3

Explain how the readings taken in this experiment can be used to calculate the percentage of oxygen in the air. (4) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q3.(a) Which of these shows the relative amounts of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the Earth's early atmosphere? (1) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A large amount of carbon dioxide and large amount of oxygen B large amount of carbon dioxide and small amount of oxygen C small amount of carbon dioxide and large amount of oxygen D small amount of carbon dioxide and small amount of oxygen (b) The concentration of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere depends on the balance between the processes hat remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and those that release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. (i) Explain how carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain how carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Describe the test to show that a gas is carbon dioxide. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(d) The graphs show the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and the mean global temperature between 1960 and 2000.

Explain whether or not these graphs provide evidence that human activity is causing the Earth's temperature to rise. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 10 marks) Q4.Changes in the atmosphere (a)

The Earth's earliest atmosphere was very different from the Earth's atmosphere today. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer The Earth's earliest atmosphere was formed by (1) A B C D

(b)

animals breathing global warming plants decaying volcanic activity

Use words from the box to complete the sentences. Each word may be used once, more than once, or not at all.

(3) (i) The Earth's earliest atmosphere is thought to have contained mainly ........................................................... (ii) Over the years, carbon dioxide dissolved in the oceans and was absorbed by marine organisms. The marine organisms eventually formed rocks which are ...........................................................

(iii) The Earth's atmosphere today contains approximately 79% of ........................................................... (c) There is much less water vapour in the Earth's atmosphere today than in the Earth's earliest atmosphere. Explain how the amount of water vapour decreased. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (d) When plants first started to grow on the Earth they caused the composition of the atmosphere to change. Describe how the composition of the atmosphere changed as a result of plants growing. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 8 marks) Q5.The table shows possible percentages of some of the gases in the Earth’s early atmosphere. gas percentage in early atmosphere (%) oxygen small amount nitrogen small amount carbon dioxide 12 water vapour 77 (i) Some time after the early atmosphere had been formed, oceans appeared on the Earth’s surface. State how these oceans were formed. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The amount of carbon dioxide in today’s atmosphere is much lower than that in the early atmosphere. State how the formation of the oceans caused this reduction. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) The amount of oxygen in today’s atmosphere is much higher than that in the early atmosphere. Describe the process that has caused this increase. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q6.The Earth's atmosphere today has changed, when compared with the Earth's earliest atmosphere. Two processes that caused changes were the cooling of the atmosphere and photosynthesis. (i) State how cooling changed the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain how photosynthesis changed the composition of the Earth's atmosphere. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. Q7. Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. An excess of magnesium ribbon was placed in an evaporating basin that was floated on water in a trough. The magnesium ribbon was lit. A bell jar was placed over the evaporating basin and the stopper inserted to seal the experiment.

When the magnesium flame went out, there was some magnesium left in the basin. When the apparatus had cooled, the water in the bell jar had risen. (i) Explain why the water level had risen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

(ii) At the start of the experiment, the volume of the air in the bell jar was 1000 cm3. Assume that 21% of the air by volume is oxygen. Calculate the volume of gas that was present in the bell jar at the end of the experiment. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. volume of gas = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3 Q8.(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (i) The percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere today is (1) A greater than 5% B 4% C 3% D less than 0.5% (ii) The percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere today is less than that in the Earth's earliest atmosphere. Explain what has caused the percentage of carbon dioxide to decrease. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere help to keep the Earth warm. State how these gases keep the Earth warm. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Describe the test to show that a gas is oxygen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide. An excess of magnesium ribbon was placed in an evaporating basin that was floated on water in a trough. The magnesium ribbon was lit. A bell jar was placed over the evaporating basin and the stopper inserted to seal the experiment.

When the magnesium flame went out, there was some magnesium left in the basin.

When the apparatus had cooled, the water in the bell jar had risen. (i) Explain why the water level had risen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) At the start of the experiment, the volume of the air in the bell jar was 1000 cm3. Assume that 21% of the air by volume is oxygen. Calculate the volume of gas that was present in the bell jar at the end of the experiment. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. volume of gas = . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . cm3 (d) Metal oxides react with acids to produce salts and water. Dilute sulfuric acid was added to magnesium oxide. State the name of the salt formed. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 11 marks)Q9Gases in the air Some processes release carbon dioxide into the air. Some processes remove carbon dioxide from the air. (a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences. combustion condensation dissolving evaporation

photosynthesis

(i) Plants remove carbon dioxide from the air in the process known as (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Fossil fuels burn and release carbon dioxide into the air in the process known as (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Oceans remove carbon dioxide from the air by forming a solution. This process is known as (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Methane is a fossil fuel. When methane is burned in air it reacts with oxygen. The products are carbon dioxide and water. Complete the word equation for this reaction. (2) methane + ............................................â&#x2020;&#x2019;............................................+............................................ (c) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The gas that makes up most of todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s atmosphere is (1) A B C D

argon carbon dioxide nitrogen oxygen

Topic 2 Materials from the Earth 2.1 Describe that igneous rocks, such as granite, are: a formed by the solidification of magma or lava b made of crystals whose size depends on the rate of cooling 2.2 Describe chalk and limestone as examples of sedimentary rocks 2.3 Describe how sedimentary rocks are formed by the compaction of layers of sediment over a very long time period 2.4 Recall that sedimentary rocks: a may contain fossils b are susceptible to erosion 2.5 Describe marble as an example of a metamorphic rock 2.6 Describe the formation of metamorphic rocks by the action of heat and/or pressure, including the formation of marble from chalk or limestone 2.7 Recall that limestone, chalk and marble exist in the Earth’s crust and that they are all natural forms of calcium carbonate 2.8 Demonstrate an understanding of the balance between the demand for limestone and the economic, environmental and social effects of quarrying it 2.9 Demonstrate an understanding of the commercial need for quarrying calcium carbonate on a large scale, as a raw material for the formation of glass, cement and concrete 2.10 Describe the thermal decomposition of calcium carbonate into calcium oxide and carbon dioxide 2.11 Investigate the ease of thermal decomposition of carbonates, including calcium carbonate, zinc carbonate and copper carbonate 2.12 Describe the ease of thermal decomposition of different metal carbonates 2.13 Demonstrate an understanding that: a atoms are the smallest particles of an element that can take part in chemical reactions b during chemical reactions, atoms are neither created nor destroyed c during chemical reactions, atoms are rearranged to make new products with different properties from the reactants 2.16 Demonstrate an understanding that the total mass before and after a reaction in a sealed container is unchanged, as shown practically by a precipitation reaction 2.14 Describe the effect of water on calcium oxide 2.15 Describe how calcium hydroxide dissolves in water to form a solution, known as limewater 2.17 Explain how calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide and calcium carbonate can be used to neutralise soil acidity 2.18 Explain how calcium carbonate can be used to remove acidic gases from coal-‐fired power station chimneys, reducing harmful emissions and helping to reduce acid rain

Q10.Calcium carbonate The picture shows a piece of limestone rock containing fossils.

(a) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Limestone is a form of calcium carbonate. The elements present in calcium carbonate are

) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A B C D

calcium and oxygen only calcium and carbon only calcium and carbonate only calcium, carbon and oxygen only

(ii) Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Explain how fossils are formed in limestone. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Marble is also a form of calcium carbonate. It is a metamorphic rock. Explain how marble is formed from limestone. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. When calcium carbonate is heated it reacts to form calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. This reaction is an example of A electrolysis B incomplete combustion C cracking D thermal decomposition (ii) Write the word equation for this reaction. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (d) Describe what you would see when water is added drop by drop to a sample of cold calcium oxide. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q11. (a) Marble and limestone are both forms of calcium carbonate. Which of the following is a rock that is another form of calcium carbonate? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A chalk B glass C granite D magma (b) When calcium carbonate is heated strongly it undergoes thermal decomposition. CaCO3(s) â&#x2020;&#x2019; CaO(s) + CO2(g) 2.50 g of calcium carbonate was heated strongly. 1.40 g of solid remained after heating. (i) Calculate the mass of carbon dioxide produced during this reaction. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) It is possible that not all of the calcium carbonate decomposed when it was heated. Suggest what could be done to confirm that the decomposition was complete. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Calcium oxide reacts with water to form calcium hydroxide. Write the balanced equation for this reaction. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (c) In an experiment, calcium chloride solution reacted with sodium carbonate solution to produce solid calcium carbonate and sodium chloride solution. CaCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) â&#x2020;&#x2019; CaCO3(s) + 2NaCl(aq) mass of calcium chloride solution used = 11.00 g mass of sodium carbonate solution used = 10.50 g mass of calcium carbonate solid produced = 1.00 g Calculate the mass of the solution left at the end of the reaction. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (d) Calcium carbonate is used to treat waste gases produced in coal-fired power stations. Explain why calcium carbonate is used in this way. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 10 marks)

Q12.Carbonates The photograph shows a sedimentary rock.

(a) State what evidence in the photograph shows that the rock is a sedimentary rock. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate. Complete the sentences by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (i) The formula of calcium carbonate is (1) A CaO B CaC C CaCO D CaCO3 (ii) Another rock that is mainly calcium carbonate is (1) A B C D

cement chalk granite magma

(c) When metal carbonates are heated some of them decompose giving carbon dioxide. In an experiment to investigate how fast three metal carbonates decompose, equal masses of the carbonates are heated. The table shows the changes observed and the time for carbon dioxide to be detected.

(ii) Use the information in the table to explain which of the carbonates is the easiest to decompose. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Describe an experiment in which copper carbonate is heated and the gas evolved is tested to show that the gas is carbon dioxide. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q13.When metal carbonates are heated some of them decompose giving carbon dioxide. In an experiment to investigate how fast three metal carbonates decompose, equal masses of the carbonates are heated. The table shows the changes observed and the time for carbon dioxide to be detected.

(i) Explain what evidence in the table shows that a chemical reaction occurs when copper carbonate is heated. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use the information in the table to explain which of the carbonates is the easiest to decompose. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Describe an experiment in which copper carbonate is heated and the gas evolved is tested to show that the gas is carbon dioxide. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q14.* Limestone can be converted into limewater in two steps as shown in the diagram.

Describe how limestone is converted into limewater in the laboratory, using these reactions. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q15. Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Explain how sedimentary rocks are formed. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q16. The photographs show the crystals in two samples of igneous rock, A and B.

Explain how these igneous rocks, containing different sized crystals, have been formed. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q17.Calcium carbonate occurs naturally as limestone, which is an important raw material. Calcium carbonate has many uses and can be converted into calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. By describing uses of these three calcium compounds, explain why limestone is such an important raw material. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q18.The photograph shows a limestone cliff face.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock. The limestone shown in the photograph was originally formed beneath the sea and then earth movements forced the rock upwards to form the cliff. Describe how the limestone was originally formed and has become the cliff face shown in the photograph. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q19.The photograph shows a limestone quarry.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Opening a limestone quarry causes environmental problems. One of these problems is that opening the quarry (1) A B C D

provides jobs for local people increases noise improves the habitat for wildlife decreases the amount of traffic

Q20.(a) The photograph shows a limestone quarry.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Opening a limestone quarry causes environmental problems. One of these problems is that opening the quarry (1) A provides jobs for local people B increases noise C improves the habitat for wildlife D decreases the amount of traffic (b) Limestone is mainly calcium carbonate. When calcium carbonate is heated, the reaction that occurs is calcium carbonate â&#x2020;&#x2019; calcium oxide + carbon dioxide (i) This reaction is a thermal decomposition. Explain what is meant by thermal decomposition. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) When 100 kg of calcium carbonate was completely decomposed, 44 kg of carbon dioxide was given

off. Calculate the mass of calcium oxide produced in the reaction. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Limestone can be changed into a metamorphic rock. (i) Give the name of a metamorphic rock formed from limestone. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain how a sedimentary rock, such as limestone, is changed into a metamorphic rock. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Sedimentary and metamorphic are two types of rock. Give the name of the third type of rock. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 8 marks) Q21.Marble is also a form of calcium carbonate. It is a metamorphic rock. Explain how marble is formed from limestone. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q22.(a) Limestone is a natural form of calcium carbonate. Explain why calcium carbonate can be used to treat waste gases produced in coal-fired power stations. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) If calcium carbonate is heated strongly it decomposes to calcium oxide and carbon dioxide. Write the balanced equation for this reaction. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (c) A few drops of cold water are added to a lump of calcium oxide. Which of the following is not a correct statement about this reaction? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A steam is formed B a white powder is produced C the lump of calcium oxide cools down D calcium hydroxide is formed * (d) A diagram of rocks under the Earth's surface is shown.

Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Marble is a metamorphic rock. Granite is an igneous rock. Explain how the three rock layers were formed. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 12 marks)

Topic 3 Acids 3.1 Recall that hydrochloric acid is produced in the stomach in order to: a help digestion b kill bacteria 3.2 Describe indigestion remedies as containing substances that neutralise excess stomach acid 3.3 Investigate the effectiveness of different indigestion remedies 3.4 Recall that acids are neutralised by: a metal oxides b metal hydroxides c metal carbonates to produce salts (no details of salt preparation techniques or ions are required) 3.5 Recall that: a hydrochloric acid produces chloride salts b nitric acid produces nitrate salts c sulfuric acid produces sulfate salts 3.6 Describe electrolysis as a process in which electrical energy, from a d.c. supply, decomposes compounds, by considering the electrolysis of dilute hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen and chlorine (explanations of the reactions at he electrodes are not required) 3.7 Investigate the electrolysis of dilute hydrochloric acid 3.8 Describe the chemical test for hydrogen 3.9 Describe the chemical test for chlorine 3.10 Recall that chlorine can be obtained from sea water by electrolysis (explanations of the reactions at the electrodes are not required) 3.11 Describe chlorine as a toxic gas and that this leads to potential hazards associated with its large-‐scale manufacture 3.12 Describe the use of chlorine in the manufacture of bleach and of the polymer poly(chloroethene) (PVC) 3.13 Recall that water can be decomposed by electrolysis to form hydrogen and oxygen 3.14 Describe the chemical test for oxygen Q23. (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( An acid reacts with a metal oxide to form

) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A a salt and hydrogen only B a salt and oxygen only C a salt only D a salt and water only (b) Acids also react with metal carbonates. The word equation for the reaction of copper carbonate with dilute nitric acid is copper nitric copper carbon carbonat (s) + (aq) → (aq) + acid nitrate dioxide e

(g) + water (l)

(i) State two things you would see when solid copper carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of copper carbonate with dilute nitric acid. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Two gases can be produced by the electrolysis of water, under suitable conditions. (i) Explain what is meant by electrolysis. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) One of the gases is oxygen. Describe a test to show the gas is oxygen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 10 marks) Q24.Acids (a) Magnesium carbonate reacts with dilute nitric acid. Give the names of the products formed in this reaction. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. (b)

Zinc oxide, ZnO, reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid to form zinc chloride, ZnCl2, and water. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( This reaction is an example of

) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A B C D

combustion thermal decomposition neutralisation oxidation

(ii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction between zinc oxide and dilute hydrochloric acid. (3) ............................................................................................................................................. *(c)

Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid can produce hydrogen and chlorine.

The apparatus for the electrolysis is hydrochloric acid two carbon rods a suitable container for the electrolysis reaction a suitable source of electricity test tubes Describe how the apparatus can be used to electrolyse hydrochloric acid and how the gases produced can be tested to show that they are hydrogen and chlorine.

You may use a diagram to help your answer. (6) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 12 marks)

Q25.(a) (i) Hydrochloric acid is produced in the stomach. The acid kills bacteria. State another reason why this acid is needed in the stomach. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Some people take indigestion remedies. Why are indigestion remedies taken? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A to make bacteria grow B to release energy C to produce chlorine D to neutralise excess acid (b) Dilute sulfuric acid reacts with zinc oxide. Write the word equation for this reaction. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (c) (i) Water, with some dilute sulfuric acid added, can be decomposed by passing a direct electric current through it. Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. This process is (1) A electrolysis B heating C neutralisation D precipitation (ii) The water decomposes to form hydrogen and oxygen. Describe a test to show that a gas is hydrogen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (d) Chlorine can be produced by the decomposition of hydrochloric acid. (i) The decomposition is carried out in a fume cupboard. Explain why a fume cupboard is used. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Chlorine is used to make some polymers. Give the name of a polymer containing chlorine. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question is 10 marks)

Q26.Acids (a) Hydrochloric acid is produced in the stomach. (i) Give two reasons why the stomach produces hydrochloric acid. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. An indigestion tablet removes excess acid by (1) A breaking down food in the stomach B diluting the food in the stomach C making the contents of the stomach more acidic D neutralising the excess acid (iii) Some indigestion tablets contain magnesium carbonate. Write the word equation for the reaction of magnesium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) The diagram shows the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid. Chlorine is produced in this process.

(i) Which of the following statements is not correct for ALL electrolysis experiments? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A a direct current supply is used B compounds are decomposed C electrical energy is used D the products are always gases (ii) Chlorine is given off in this experiment. Describe the test to show the gas is chlorine. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Explain one precaution that should be taken if hydrochloric acid is electrolysed on a large scale. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q27.Chemical reactions (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. When dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with copper oxide one of the products is (1) A copper B copper hydroxide C copper chlorate D copper chloride (b) Chlorine is manufactured by electrolysis. Explain what is meant by electrolysis. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Chlorine gas reacts with sodium hydroxide solution to form sodium chlorate(I), NaOCl, sodium chloride and water. Write the balanced equation for this reaction. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Sulfur is an impurity in some fossil fuels. Explain how the presence of sulfur in fossil fuels can lead to damage to the environment and how the amount of damage can be reduced. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q28.The diagram shows the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid. Chlorine is produced in this process.

(i) Write the balanced equation for water decomposing to form hydrogen and oxygen. (3) ..............................................................................................................................................

(ii) Describe the test to show that a gas is hydrogen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Describe the test to show that a gas is oxygen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q30.Electrolysis can be used to decompose hydrochloric acid, HCl, into its elements. Part of the apparatus that can be used is shown.

Explain how you would use this apparatus to carry out the electrolysis of hydrochloric acid in the laboratory, naming the products formed. You may add to the diagram to help with your answer. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q32. Two gases can be produced by the electrolysis of water, under suitable conditions. (i) Explain what is meant by electrolysis. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) One of the gases is oxygen. Describe a test to show the gas is oxygen. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q33.(a) Electrolysis of hydrochloric acid produces chlorine and hydrogen. The apparatus used is shown.

(i) Explain what is meant by electrolysis. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Describe the test to show that a gas is chlorine. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Chlorine is used in the manufacture of a polymer. Part of this polymer molecule is

State the name of the polymer. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Dilute hydrochloric acid reacts with silver nitrate solution to form silver chloride and nitric acid. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The reaction produces silver chloride as a precipitate. In an equation this would be shown as (1)

A AgCl(aq) B AgCl(g) C AgCl(l) D AgCl(s) (ii) This apparatus is used to investigate the mass of the reactants and the mass of products in this reaction.

The total mass of this apparatus was measured. The flask was shaken to allow the silver nitrate solution and dilute hydrochloric acid to react. After the reaction the total mass of the apparatus was measured again. State how the total mass of the apparatus after the reaction will compare with the total mass of the apparatus before the reaction. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Write the balanced equation for the reaction of silver nitrate solution, AgNO3, with dilute hydrochloric acid to form silver chloride, AgCl, and nitric acid. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 9 marks)

Topic 4 Obtaining and using metals 4.1 Recall that: a most metals are extracted from ores found in the Earth’s crust b unreactive metals are found in the Earth as the uncombined elements 4.2 Describe how most metals are extracted from their ores by: a heating with carbon, illustrated by iron b electrolysis, illustrated by aluminium (Knowledge of the blast furnace or the electrolytic cell for aluminium extraction are not required) 4.3 Explain why the method used to extract a metal is related to its position in the reactivity series and cost of the extraction process 4.4 Investigate methods for extracting a metal from its ore 4.5 Describe oxidation as the gain of oxygen and reduction as the loss of oxygen 4.6 Recall that the extraction of metals involves reduction of ores 4.7 Recall that the oxidation of metals results in corrosion 4.8 Demonstrate an understanding that a metal’s resistance to oxidation is related to its position in the reactivity series 4.9 Discuss the advantages of recycling metals, including economic implications and how recycling preserves both the environment and the supply of valuable raw materials 4.10 Describe the uses of metals in relation to their properties, including: a aluminium b copper c gold d steel 4.11 Use models to explain why converting pure metals into alloys often increases the strength of the product 4.12 Demonstrate an understanding that iron is alloyed with other metals to produce alloy steels with a higher strength and a greater resistance to corrosion H 4.13 Describe how alloying changes the properties of metals, including: a smart or shape memory alloys, including nitinol, an alloy of nickel and titanium H b gold alloys with higher strength, including fineness (parts per thousand) and carats to indicate the proportion of pure gold H 4.14 Demonstrate an understanding that new materials are developed by chemists to fit new applications, such as the creation of new shape memory alloys for use, for example, in spectacle frames and as stents in damaged blood vessels

Q36.Some modern spectacle frames are made of shape memory alloys.

Explain why shape memory alloys are better than other alloys for making spectacle frames. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q37. * Pure metal can be converted into alloys. In many cases alloys are more useful than pure metals, for example they are stronger. Gold alloys, stainless steel and nitinol are examples of useful alloys. Describe how alloying improves the usefulness of metals and how strength is increased in terms of structure. You may use diagrams to help your answer. (6)

............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

Q38. Aluminium and iron are both extracted from their oxides. (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. Iron is extracted from its oxide by heating the oxide with carbon. In this process the iron oxide is (1) A thermally decomposed B oxidised C neutralised D reduced (ii) Aluminium cannot be extracted from its oxide by heating the oxide with carbon. Electrolysis must be used. Explain why electrolysis must be used to extract aluminium from its oxide. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q39.Many everyday items are made of metal. The picture shows four objects made of metals or alloys.

The knife is made of stainless steel. Stainless steel is an alloy. Explain what is meant by an alloy. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q40.(a) Drinks are often sold in cans. These cans are made either of aluminium or of steel coated with tin. The table gives information about these three metallic substances.

Use the table to give two reasons why it could be more important to recycle tin than to recycle aluminium or steel. (2) reason 1 .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. reason 2 .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The reaction for the extraction of aluminium from its ore involves (1) A heating with carbon B thermal decomposition C reduction D neutralisation (c) Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium. The diagram shows the structure of this alloy.

(i) Explain what you understand by the term alloy. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain, in terms of their structures, why magnalium is stronger than pure aluminium. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 8 marks) Q41.A mixture of copper oxide and carbon powder was heated. Carbon dioxide was produced. It was bubbled into limewater.

The word equation for the reaction is copper oxide + carbon â&#x2020;&#x2019; copper + carbon dioxide (i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. When carbon dioxide is bubbled into limewater, the limewater (1) A B C D

changes from orange to colourless remains colourless becomes milky becomes blue

(ii) The mass of test tube X and its contents was measured before heating and after heating. There was a change in mass. Explain why the total mass of the test tube and contents changes during the reaction. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) In this reaction a substance is reduced. Explain which substance is reduced. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q42.The list shows some metals in order of reactivity.

(a) Aluminium and iron are extracted by reduction of their oxides. State what is meant by reduction. (1) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (b) Electrolysis and heating with carbon are two methods of reduction. Explain why aluminium needs to be extracted from its ore by electrolysis, rather than by heating with carbon. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

Q43.The photograph shows a mask discovered in Colombia. It is made from a gold and copper alloy.

The diagrams show the structure of pure gold and of the alloy containing a few atoms of copper.

Explain how the presence of copper atoms results in an alloy with a higher strength than pure gold. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q44.Many everyday items are made of metal. The picture shows four objects made of metals or alloys.

Explain why gold is a suitable metal to make jewellery. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q45. * Converting pure metals into their alloys changes the properties and the structures of the metals. The uses of metals are increased by alloying the metals. Describe how the alloys of aluminium and of gold and the alloy nitinol are more useful than the pure metals. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q46.Magnalium is an alloy of aluminium and magnesium. The diagram shows the structure of this alloy.

Q48.Gold is used to make some jewellery. (a) Explain why gold is used to make jewellery. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The purity of gold can be measured in carats. Pure gold is (1) A 9 carat B 18 carat C 24 carat D 100 carat (c) Gold can be alloyed with other metals to produce alloys that have a higher strength than pure gold. Explain why gold alloys are stronger than gold. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Iron and aluminium occur in the Earth's crust as their oxides. Different methods are used to extract iron and aluminium from their oxides. Explain, in terms of the position of the metal in the reactivity series and the cost of the extraction processes, why iron and aluminium are extracted by different methods. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question is 12 marks)

Q49. Metals The pie chart shows the main uses of copper.

(a) Use the pie chart to give the biggest use for copper. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Copper can be extracted from a naturally occurring substance called malachite. State the name given to naturally occurring substances from which metals are extracted. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Overhead power cables supported on pylons are used to carry electricity.

The table shows information about three metallic substances. metallic substance

density / kg mâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;3

cost per tonne / ÂŁ

relative strength

relative ability to conduct electricity very good good good

relative resistance to corrosion

copper 8920 5279 high good aluminium 2700 1425 high good steel 7820 505 very high poor (i) The pylons are made of steel. Use information from the table to explain which properties of steel make it the most suitable of these three metals for the pylons. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Use information from the table to explain which properties of aluminium make it more suitable than copper for making overhead power cables. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Iron for making steel, copper and aluminium is obtained from substances found in the Earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s crust. The metals are made into many useful things.

When no longer required the metal articles are thrown away as waste or recycled. Explain why it is important to recycle these metals rather than put them in general household waste. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q50.(a) Unreactive metals are found as uncombined metals in the Earth's crust. Which of the following metals is found uncombined in the Earth's crust? (1) Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A gold B sodium C tin D zinc (b) When iron oxide is heated with carbon, the iron oxide is reduced. (i) Complete the word equation for the reaction. (2) iron oxide + carbon â&#x2020;&#x2019; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) State what is meant by reduced. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Part of the reactivity series is shown. sodium aluminium zinc iron copper Aluminium is found in the ore bauxite. Aluminium is obtained from bauxite by electrolysis. Explain why electrolysis has to be used to obtain aluminium from bauxite. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q53. Copper oxide reacts with hydrogen to form copper and water. The equation for the reaction is CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O Explain how this reaction involves both oxidation and reduction. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Topic 5 Fuels

5.1 Describe hydrocarbons as compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only

5.2 Describe crude oil as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons

5.3 Describe the separation of crude oil into simpler, more useful mixtures by the process of fractional distillation (details of

b petrol, used as a fuel for cars

c kerosene, used as a fuel for aircraft

d diesel oil, used as fuel for some cars and trains

e fuel oil, used as fuel for large ships and in some power stations

f bitumen, used to surface roads and roofs

5.5 Describe that hydrocarbons in different fractions differ from each other in:

b boiling points

c ease of ignition

d viscosity

5.6 Describe how the complete combustion of hydrocarbons:

b produces carbon dioxide and water

c gives out energy

5.7 Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide (using limewater)

5.8 Explain why the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons can produce carbon and carbon monoxide

5.9 Describe how carbon monoxide behaves as a toxic gas

fractional distillation are not required) 5.4 Recall the name and uses of the following fractions: a gases, used in domestic heating and cooking

a the number of carbon and hydrogen atoms their molecules contain

a involves oxidation of the hydrocarbons

5.10 Demonstrate an understanding of the problems caused by incomplete combustion producing

carbon monoxide and soot in appliances that use carbon compounds as fuels 5.11 Explain why impurities in some hydrocarbon fuels result in the production of sulfur dioxide

5.12 Demonstrate an understanding of some problems associated with acid rain caused when sulfur dioxide dissolves in rain water

5.13 Describe how various gases in the atmosphere, including carbon dioxide, methane and water vapour, trap heat from the Sun and that this keeps the Earth warm

5.14 Demonstrate an understanding that the Earth’s temperature varies and that human activity may influence this

5.15 Demonstrate an understanding that the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere varies, due to human activity, and that

b converting carbon dioxide into hydrocarbons

5.16 Evaluate how far the correlation between global temperature and the proportion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere provides

5.17 Describe biofuels as being possible alternatives to fossil fuels

5.18 Recall that one example of a biofuel is ethanol obtained by processing sugar cane or sugar beet and that it can be used to

b that growing the crops to make biofuels requires land and may affect the availability of land for growing food

c the balance between the carbon dioxide removed from the atmosphere as these crops grow and the carbon dioxide

b the amount of ash or smoke it produces

c the comparative amount of heat energy it produces (calculations involving conversion to joules are not required)

d how easy it is to store and transport

5.21 Recall that a simple fuel cell combines hydrogen and oxygen to form water and that this reaction releases energy

5.22 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using hydrogen, rather than petrol, as a fuel in cars

5.23 Describe petrol, kerosene and diesel oil as non-‐renewable fossil fuels obtained from crude oil and methane as a non-‐renewable

5.24 Compare the temperature rise produced when the same volume of water is heated by different fuels

5.25 Recall that alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons, which are present in crude oil

5.26 Recall the formulae of the alkanes methane, ethane and propane, and draw the structures of these

chemists are investigating methods to control the amount of the gas in the atmosphere by: a iron seeding of oceans

evidence for climate change

reduce the demand for petrol 5.19 Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of replacing fossil fuels with biofuels, including: a the fact that biofuels are renewable

produced when they are transported and burned 5.20 Demonstrate an understanding of the factors that make a good fuel, including: a how easily it burns

fossil fuel found in natural gas

molecules to show how the atoms are bonded together (no further knowledge of bonding is required in this unit) 5.27 Recall that alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons

5.28 Recall the formulae of the alkenes ethene and propene and draw the structures of their molecules to show how the atoms are bonded together (no further knowledge of bonding is required in this unit)

5.29 Describe how bromine water is used to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes

5.30 Describe how cracking involves the breaking down of larger saturated hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes) into smaller, more useful ones, some of which are unsaturated (alkenes)

5.32 Describe the cracking of liquid paraffin in the laboratory

5.33 Recall that:

b the polymer formed is called poly(ethene) (conditions and mechanisms not required but H equations required)

5.34 Describe how other polymers can be made by combining together other monomer molecules, to include poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) (PVC) and PTFE

5.35 Relate uses of the polymers poly(ethene), poly(propene), poly(chloroethene) (PVC) and PTFE to the properties of the compounds

5.36 Recall that most polymers are not biodegradable, persist in landfill sites and that many produce toxic products when burnt

5.37 Explain how some problems associated with the disposal of polymers can be overcome: a by recycling

b by developing biodegradable polymers

a many ethene molecules can combine together in a polymerisation reaction

Q54. * An experiment was carried out to determine the amount of heat energy released when different fuels were burned. Equal masses of four different fuels, A, B, C and D, were burned and the heat energy released was used to raise the temperature of 100 g of water. The table shows information about each fuel and the results of the experiment. fuel A B C D

state of fuel at room temperature

ease of lighting fuel

gas liquid liquid liquid

very easy very easy easy easy

relative amount of smoke produced none none very little very little

temperature rise of water/°C 12 20 38 45

Give the advantages and disadvantages of each fuel, explaining which of the four fuels would be best for use in a domestic heater. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q55.(a) Ethane and propane are both alkanes. Ethene and propene are both alkenes. (i) Which of the following statements about ethene is correct? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A ethene can form a polymer B ethene is a saturated hydrocarbon C an ethene molecule has a double bond between two hydrogen atoms D an ethene molecule contains four carbon atoms (ii) Complete the table: (3) name propene

formula of molecule

structure of molecule

C 3H 6

(iii) Describe a test to show that a compound is an alkene rather than an alkane. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(b) Many plastic bags are used by shoppers and then thrown away. Most of these plastic bags are sent to landfill sites. Two ways of reducing the amount of plastic in landfill sites are to recycle the plastic or to burn it. Describe the possible environmental advantages and disadvantages of recycling and of burning plastics. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(Total for Question is 12 marks)

Q56. Fractions from crude oil contain alkanes. Some fractions containing larger alkane molecules are cracked. (i) When a fraction containing alkanes is cracked, the products are different alkanes and another type of hydrocarbon. Give the name of the other type of hydrocarbon produced. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A molecule with the formula C18H38 is cracked to give one molecule of ethene, C2H4, and one other molecule only. Complete the equation for this reaction. (1) C18H38 â&#x2020;&#x2019; C2H4 +............................... (iii) Draw the structure of one molecule of ethene, C2H4, showing all bonds. (2) Q58. Alternative fuels, such as bioethanol, are being developed to replace fossil fuels, such as petrol. (i) Which of the following statements about petrol is true? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. A burning petrol does not release energy B petrol availability is limited C petrol burns to form hydrogen D when petrol is burned, no carbon dioxide is formed (1) (ii) Bioethanol is a biofuel. Describe why it is an advantage to use bioethanol rather than petrol as a fuel for car engines. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q59.Natural gas is mainly methane. A gas with similar composition, known as bio-methane, can be produced from plants grown specifically for this purpose. Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using bio-methane rather than natural gas as a source of energy. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q60. Complete the sentences by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (i) When bromine water is shaken with ethene, it changes colour. The bromine water becomes (1) A B C D

orange brown colourless clear

(ii) The formula of ethene is (1) A B C D

CH4 C 2H 4 C 2H 6 C 3H 8

Q61. Burning fuels The picture shows a gas water heater. The fuel used in this heater is natural gas which is mainly methane. (a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Natural gas is a good fuel because

) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A B C D

supplies of it will never run out it always burns with a yellow flame that is easily seen it produces no waste gases on complete combustion it produces no solid waste on complete combustion

(b) The complete combustion of fossil fuels releases gases into the atmosphere. Explain how these gases could cause an increase in the temperature of the Earth. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Biofuels, made from plants, can be used as alternatives to fossil fuels. (i) State an advantage of replacing fossil fuels with biofuels made from plants. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Explain a disadvantage of replacing fossil fuels with biofuels made from plants. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. *(d) Incomplete combustion of methane can occur in gas heaters such as the one shown in the photograph. Explain how incomplete combustion occurs and the problems it can cause. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

(i) Give the names of the two elements combined together in propene. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) Propene is an alkene. Alkenes are unsaturated. State what you would see when orange bromine water is shaken with propene. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. Q64. Fractional distillation is used to separate crude oil into fractions. A fractionating column is used for the process. The diagram shows a fractionating column and the fractions obtained when crude oil is fractionally distilled.

Some fractions obtained from crude oil are cracked to produce alkenes. (i) Explain what is meant by cracking. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) One alkene obtained is ethene. The diagram shows the structure of a molecule of ethene.

Ethene is unsaturated. Ethene is a hydrocarbon. Explain why ethene is described as an unsaturated hydrocarbon. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) Describe what you would see when a sample of ethene is shaken with bromine water. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q65. Cracking (a) Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. Which of these fractions contains hydrocarbon molecules with the largest number of carbon atoms? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A bitumen B diesel oil C fuel oil D kerosene

(b) Fractions from crude oil contain alkanes. Some fractions containing larger alkane molecules are cracked. (i) When a fraction containing alkanes is cracked, the products are different alkanes and another type of hydrocarbon. Give the name of the other type of hydrocarbon produced. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) A molecule with the formula C18H38 is cracked to give one molecule of ethene, C2H4, and one other molecule only. Complete the equation for this reaction. (1) C18H38 â&#x2020;&#x2019; C2H4 +............................... (iii) Draw the structure of one molecule of ethene, C2H4, showing all bonds.

(2) (c) The table shows the percentage composition of one type of crude oil and the relative demand for each of the fractions. fraction

percentage composition (%)

gases 4 petrol 15 kerosene 20 diesel oil 37 fuel oil 21 bitumen 3 Explain why cracking is necessary.

relative demand 10 28 5 14 3 1 (3)

When the experiment is complete there is a danger that water will rise up the delivery tube into the hot test tube. State what you would do to prevent this. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. The equation for a reaction that occurs during cracking is C12H26 â&#x2020;&#x2019; C2H6 + C6H12 + X

In the balanced equation, X is (1) A C 3H 8 B C 4H 8 C C4H10 D C6H14 (c) Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons. State what is meant by unsaturated. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (d) Propane and propene are bubbled through separate samples of bromine water. Describe what you would see in these tests. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (e) In industry, long chain hydrocarbon molecules are cracked to form shorter chain hydrocarbon molecules. Explain why this process is important. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (Total for Question = 8 marks) Q67.(a) Gases, petrol, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil and bitumen are the fractions obtained from crude oil by fractional distillation. Identify the fraction described in each of the following statements. (i) This fraction is more difficult to ignite than most other fractions and is used as a fuel in large ships. (1) name of fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (ii) This fraction is obtained from the top of the fractionating column. (1) name of fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (iii) This fraction has a higher boiling point than kerosene and is used as a fuel for some cars. (1) name of fraction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (b) When hydrocarbon fuels are burnt, several different products can be formed. Which of these cannot be a product of burning hydrocarbon fuels? Put a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer. (1) A carbon B carbon dioxide C hydrogen D water (c) Carbon monoxide gas, CO, can be formed when methane, CH4, undergoes incomplete combustion. (i) Balance this equation for the incomplete combustion of methane by putting numbers in the spaces provided. (2) 2CH4 + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O2 â&#x2020;&#x2019; 2CO + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H2O (ii) Carbon monoxide is a toxic gas and can cause death. Explain how carbon monoxide can cause death. (2)

Q69.Crude oil fractions Crude oil can be separated into useful products (a)

Crude oil is non-renewable State what is meant by the term non-renewable. (1)

Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation. The diagram shows a fractional distillation column and the fractions produced.

(i)

Draw one straight line from each fraction to a use of that fraction (2)

(ii) The petrol fraction and the diesel oil fraction have different physical properties. Choose one property, describing the difference between the fractions. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. (c)

The petrol fraction contains octane, C8H18. Octane is a hydrocarbon Describe what is meant by the term hydrocarbon. (2)

(i) Complete the sentence by putting a cross (

) in the box next to your answer (1)

This process is called A cracking B extraction C polymerisation D recycling (ii) The shorter chain hydrocarbon molecules produced are alkanes and alkenes. Bromine can be used to distinguish between alkanes and alkenes. Describe what is seen when bromine water, which is orange-coloured, is shaken with an alkane and with an alkene. (2) ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................

(Total for question = 10 marks) Q70. Crude oil products Crude oil is separated into fractions. Crude oils from different oil wells contain different percentages of the fractions. The table shows the percentages of the fractions in crude oils from three different oil wells.

(a) Give the name of the process that is used to separate crude oil into fractions. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Crude oil from which oil well contains the most petrol? (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (c) Which fraction is present in almost the same percentage in the crude oils from all three oil wells? (1) ..............................................................................................................................................

(d) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Kerosene is used as a fuel for

) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A B C D

cars large ships jet aircraft power stations

(e) Petrol fractions contain the hydrocarbon octane, C8H18. Explain what is meant by the term hydrocarbon. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (f) One product obtained when hydrocarbons burn in air is carbon dioxide. Describe a test to show that a gas is carbon dioxide. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q72Fuels When fuels are burnt, various gases can be given off including carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water vapour and sulfur dioxide. (a) Give the name of the element that burns, in oxygen, to form sulfur dioxide. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. (b) Sulfur dioxide dissolves in water in the atmosphere to form acid rain. State two problems caused by acid rain. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (c) The graph shows the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere above Hawaii from 1960 to 2010.

During this time, the average temperature on the Earth has increased by about 0.5 oC. Some people think that a change in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has caused this change in temperature. Explain how the data might or might not provide evidence for this idea. (2)

are renewable do not produce carbon dioxide when burnt do not contain carbon do not need land for their production

*(e) An experiment was carried out to determine the amount of heat energy released when different fuels were burned. Equal masses of four different fuels, A, B, C and D, were burned and the heat energy released was used to raise the temperature of 100 g of water. The table shows information about each fuel and the results of the experiment. relative state of fuel at ease of lighting amount of temperature fuel room fuel smoke rise of water/째C temperature produced A gas very easy none 12 B liquid very easy none 20 C liquid easy very little 38 D liquid easy very little 45 Give the advantages and disadvantages of each fuel, explaining which of the four fuels would be best for use in a domestic heater. (6) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. Q73. Fuels (a) Coal is a solid fuel. When coal is burned in air, three of the products are carbon dioxide, water and sulfur dioxide. (i) Give the name of the three elements that must be present in coal. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) State a problem that can be caused by releasing sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. (1) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (b) A student was comparing how much heat was produced when different liquid hydrocarbons were burned. One of the hydrocarbons was placed in the burner. The burner was placed under 100 cm3 of water in a container and the hydrocarbon was ignited.

The hydrocarbon was allowed to burn for one minute. The temperature rise in the water and the mass of fuel burned were found. The experiment was repeated for each hydrocarbon.

The table shows the studentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s results. temperature rise in water / hydrocarbon mass of fuel burned / g Â°C pentane 30 0.52 octane 43 0.75 dodecane 59 1.02 (i) Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of pentane, C5H12, to form carbon dioxide and water. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) When the hydrocarbons burn, a black deposit forms on the bottom of the container. Explain why the black deposit forms. (2) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. (iii) The table shows that different hydrocarbons produce different temperature rises and that different masses of each hydrocarbon burned in one minute. Use the students results to compare how effective the fuels are at producing heat energy. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. .............................................................................................................................................. ..............................................................................................................................................

Q74.(a) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Crude oil is a mixture of mainly

) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A alkenes B carbon and hydrogen C hydrocarbons D polymers (b) Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( Fuel oil is used as a fuel in

) in the box next to your answer. (1)

A aircraft engines B car engines C cooking stoves D power station furnaces (c) (i) Methane, CH4, is a gas that can be used as a fuel. During complete combustion, it burns in oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. Write the balanced equation for the complete combustion of methane. (3) .............................................................................................................................................. (ii) The table shows the amount of heat energy produced when different masses of methane and octane are burnt. fuel

mass burnt / g

methane 16 octane 114 When 1 g of methane is burnt, 56 kJ of heat energy is produced. Calculate the heat energy produced when 1 g of octane is burnt.

heat energy released / kJ 896 5472 (1)