Index

aber modal particle4.21 coordinating conjunction10.2 abstract nouns (use of definite article)3.3 accusative case1.1, 1.3, 2.11, 7.4, 8.1 governed by prepositions 5.1, 5.3 in adverbials4.9, 4.11 accusative object1.3, 1.5, 2.11, 7.4, 7.6, 8.1–8.3, 8.5, 8.7, 8.9, 9.6–9.7, 9.9, 10.3 active voice7.4 adjectival noun 4.3 adjective1.1, 1.6, 2.12, 4.1–4.7 attributive4.1 comparison 4.6–4.7 dative case used with2.11, 4.4 declension 4.1–4.2 expressing sensations4.4 formation11.4 predicate4.1, 8.1, 8.9 prefix11.4 suffix11.4 used as noun 4.3, 10.5, 11.2 with prepositions4.5 adverb/adverbial1.1, 2.11, 4.8–4.16, 7.11, 8, 12.6 clause10.4 comparative4.16 in accusative case4.9, 4.11 interrogative4.15 of attitude4.12, 9.7 of degree4.14 of direction4.11 of manner4.13, 9.7, 9.9, 10.4 of place4.10, 9.7, 9.9 of reason4.8, 9.7, 10.4 of time4.9, 7.2, 9.7, 9.9, 10.4 position in clause9.7 prepositional3.7, 5.5, 10.3, 10.6 pronominal5.5 agent (in passive constructions)5.2, 7.7 agreement1.3 alle 3.6 alles 10.5 als comparative particle/conjunction4.7, 9.10, 10.4, 12.6, 12.10 conjunction of time10.4 als ob 10.4 an 5.3, 8.7 anstatt 5.4 anstatt … zu 10.7 anstatt dass 10.7 anticipatory es 10.3, 10.6 ‘any’ 3.3, 3.6, 3.9 article2.12, 3.1–3.3, 4.1, 12.9–12.10 attitude adverbs4.12, 9.7 auch 4.21 auf 5.3, 8.7 aus 5.2 außer 5.2 außer … zu 10.7 auxiliary verb1.8, 6.2, 6.5–6.9, 7.13–7.19, 8.1, 9.2, 10.6, 10.8

bare infinitive10.8 bei 5.2 beide 3.6 bekommen 7.9 bevor 10.4 bis preposition5.1 conjunction10.4 bleiben (copular verb)1.6, 3.3, 6.7, 8.10 body (parts of)3.3, 8.2, 8.4 ‘bottom’ 4.10 bracket (verbal)1.8, 9.1, 9.4, 9.10, 12.10 ‘by’ (in passive)7.4, 7.7

capital letters12.3 cardinal numbers4.17 case1.1, 2.11, 8, 10.5 accusative1.1, 1.3, 2.11, 4.9, 4.11, 5.1, 5.3, 7.4, 8.1 dative1.1, 1.4, 2.11–2.12, 4.4, 5.2–5.3, 8.3–8.4 endings on noun2.12 genitive1.1, 2.11–2.12, 5.2, 5.4, 8.5–8.6, 12.10 nominative1.1–1.2, 1.6, 2.11, 8.9, 9.3, 9.8 with prepositions5 central section (of clause)9.1, 9.4, 9.7–9.9 classes of people3.3 clause adverbial10.4 central section9.1, 9.4, 9.7–9.9 infinitive1.10, 5.5, 8.3, 8.10, 10.1, 10.6, 11.5–11.6, 12.6 main1.7, 1.8, 6.6, 9.1–9.3, 10.1–10.3, 12.6 noun 10.3 relative 10.5 subordinate1.7–1.8, 1.10, 6.4, 8.1, 9.1–9.2, 9.10, 10.1–10.5, 12.6 use of comma12.6 clock times4.20, 5.1 clothing3.3, 8.2, 8.4 colloquial pronunciation12.9 colloquial vocabulary12.11 colon12.7 comma12.6 commands1.9, 9.1, 12.7 comparative of adjectives 4.6–4.7 of adverbs4.16 phrases9.10, 12.6 comparison 4.6–4.7, 4.16 complement1.1, 8, 9.3, 9.8–9.9 direction8.1, 8.9, 9.7–9.8 place8.1, 8.8, 9.7–9.8 position in clause9.8 predicate1.1, 1.6, 2.11, 3.3, 4.1, 4.7, 8.1, 8.10, 9.8 complex sentence1.7, 10 compound tense6.2, 6.6, 6.9 compound words11.1, 11.3, 12.4 conditional (subjunctive form)6.9, 7.10 conditional sentences7.10–7.11 conjugation (verb) 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 conjunction1.7, 1.10, 10 coordinating10.1–10.2, 12.6 of manner10.4

of reason10.4 of time10.4 subordinating9.2, 10.1, 10.3–10.4, 12.6 consonants12.1 continuous tense6.2 coordinating conjunction1.7, 10.1–10.2, 12.6 coordination10.1–10.2 copula/copular verb1.6, 2.11, 8.1, 8.10 countries (names of)2.4, 3.3

da

conjunction of reason10.4 place adverb4.10 dadurch … dass 10.4 damit 10.4 da(r) preposition3.7, 5.5, 10.3, 10.6 dass-clause5.5, 8.3, 10.3 dative case1.1, 1.4, 2.11, 8.3, 8.4 dative plural ending on nouns2.12 governed by prepositions 5.2–5.3 used with adjectives4.4 dative object1.4, 1.5, 2.11, 8.1, 8.3, 9.6, 9.8 in passive7.6, 7.9 reflexive pronoun8.2 days of the week4.20 decimals4.17 declension of adjectives4.1–4.2 of nouns2.12 definite article2.1, 3.1, 3.3, 4.1, 12.9–12.10 degree adverbs4.14 demonstrative determiner 3.4 pronoun 3.9, 12.10 denn modal particle4.21 coordinating conjunction10.2 der definite article the 2.1, 3.1, 3.3 demonstrative determiner that 3.4 demonstrative pronoun that, the one 3.9, 9.5, 12.10 relative pronoun who, which, that 10.5 derjenige 3.4 derselbe 3.4 determiner1.1, 2.12, 3, 4.1 dieser 3.4, 4.1 diphthongs12.1

direct object1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.11, 7.4, 8.1, 9.6–9.7, 9.9, 10.3 direct speech7.12, 12.7 direction adverb4.11 direction complement8.1, 8.9, 9.7–9.8 doch 4.21 dort 4.10 du 3.7 dummy subject7.5 duration (adverbials)4.9 durch 5.1, 7.4, 7.7 dürfen 6.5, 7.14

eben 4.21 ehe 10.4 eigentlich 4.21 ein (indefinite article) 3.2, 4.1 ein paar 3.6 einem etwas verbs8.3 einer 3.7, 3.9 einige 3.6, 4.2 ending1.2 adjective4.1–4.2 noun plurals 2.6 noun case 2.12, 9.3 verb6.2, 9.3, 12.9 entlang 5.3 equality (with adjectives)4.7 etwa 4.21 etwas 3.9, 10.5 exclamation mark12.7 exclamations12.6–12.7

fahren 10.8 falls 10.4 feminine noun2.1 gender 2.3 plural 2.8 finite verb1.2, 1.8–1.10, 6.2, 6.6, 8.1, 9.1–9.2, 9.5 first person3.7 first position (in main clause)9.3, 10.6 foreign noun2.10, 11.8 fractions4.19 frequency (adverbials)4.9 fühlen 10.8 für 5.1, 8.7 future perfect tense6.2, 6.6, 7.1–7.2 future subjunctive6.9, 7.10 future tense6.2, 6.6, 7.1–7.2 gegen 5.1 gegenüber 5.2 gehen 10.8 gender of nouns 2.1–2.5, 11.2–11.3 of personal pronouns3.7 genitive case1.1, 2.11, 8.5–8.6, 12.10 genitive endings on nouns2.12 governed by prepositions5.4 replaced by a phrase with von 5.2 genitive object8.1, 8.5, 9.8 genug 10.7 gerade 7.1 greetings (use of acc. case)2.11

haben as auxiliary verb6.2, 6.6–6.7 conjugation6.5 halt 4.21 helfen 10.8 her 4.11, 5.5 hier 4.10 hin 4.11, 5.5 hinter 5.3 hoch 4.2 hören 10.8

ihr 3.7 immer 4.7 imperative mood6.3, 7.10 in 5.3 indefinite article 3.2, 4.1, 12.9 indefinite pronoun 3.8 indem 10.4 indicative mood7.10, 7.12 indirect object1.1, 1.4–1.5, 2.11, 8.1, 8.3, 9.6 indirect questions10.3 indirect speech7.10, 7.12 infinitive1.8, 1.10, 6.1, 6.3–6.4, 6.6, 7.13, 9.2, 10.6–10.8 bare10.8 used as nouns2.4, 3.3, 11.2 infinitive clause1.10, 5.5, 7.9, 8.3, 8.10, 10.1, 10.6–10.8, 11.5–11.6, 12.6 inseparable verb6.4, 11.5, 11.7 interjections12.6–12.7 interrogative adverbs4.15 sentences1.9, 9.1

intransitive verb6.7, 7.5, 8.1–8.2 irgendein 3.6 irgendwelche 3.6 irregular verb6.5, 6.9–6.10

ja 4.21 je … desto/umso 4.7 jeder 3.6 jemand 3.9 jener 3.4

kaum 9.9 kein 3.2, 4.1 keiner 3.9 kommen 10.8 können 6.5, 7.15 kriegen 7.9

languages (names of)3.3 lassen 7.9, 10.8 lehren 10.8 length of time (adverbials)4.9 lernen 10.8 linking element (in compounds)11.3

main clause1.7, 1.8, 6.6, 9.1–9.3, 10.1–10.3, 12.6 main verb1.8, 6.2, 6.6, 9.2 mal 4.21 man 3.7, 7.9 mancher 3.6, 4.2 manner adverbials4.13, 9.7, 9.9 masculine noun2.1 gender 2.2 plural 2.7 genitive singular2.12 irregular2.12 weak2.7, 2.12 mehrere 3.6, 4.2 ‘middle’ 4.10 mit 5.2, 8.7 mitten 4.10 mixed adjective declension4.1 modal auxiliary6.5, 6.9, 7.13–7.19, 10.6, 10.8 modal particles4.21 mögen 6.5, 7.16 months (names of)2.2, 3.3, 4.20 mood6.9, 7.10 imperative6.3, 7.10

indicative7.10, 7.12 subjunctive6.9, 7.10–7.12 müssen 6.5, 7.17

nach 5.2, 8.7 nachdem 10.4 names (proper)3.3 nationality (names of)3.3 neben 5.3 neuter noun2.1 gender 2.4 plural 2.9 genitive singular2.12 nicht 9.9 nichts 3.9, 10.5 nie 9.9 niemand 3.9 nominative case1.1, 1.2, 1.6, 2.11, 8.10, 9.3, 9.8 non-finite verb1.8, 6.2, 6.4 noun1.1, 2 case marking2.12 compound 11.3 formation 11.2 from adjective 4.3, 11.2 initial capital letter12.3 gender 2.1–2.5, 11.2–11.3 plural 2.6–2.10 prefix11.2 suffix2.2–2.4, 11.2 noun clause10.3 noun phrase1.1, 1.6, 3, 4.1, 8.1, 8.10, 10.3 numbers cardinal4.17 ordinal4.18

ob 10.3 oben 4.10 object9.3, 9.6, 9.7 accusative1.3, 1.5, 2.11, 7.4, 7.6, 8.1–8.3, 8.5, 8.7, 8.9, 9.6–9.7, 9.9, 10.3 dative1.4–1.5, 2.11, 7.6, 7.9, 8.1, 8.3, 9.6–9.7 direct1.1, 1.3, 1.5, 2.11, 7.4, 8.1, 8.3, 9.6–9.7, 10.3 genitive8.1, 8.5, 9.8 indirect1.1, 1.4, 1.5, 2.11, 8.1, 8.3, 9.6–9.7 prepositional1.1, 1.5, 8.1, 8.6, 9.8, 10.3 obwohl 10.4 oder 10.2, 12.6 ohne 5.1

ohne … zu 10.7 ohne dass 10.7 ordinal numbers4.18

participle1.8, 6.2–6.4, 11.2 particle (modal)4.20 parts of the body3.3, 8.2, 8.4 passive5.2, 6.8, 7.4–7.9 alternative passive constructions7.9, 10.8

English7.8, 8.2 sein-passive6.8, 7.8 subjectless7.5 werden-passive7.4–7.8 with dative objects7.6 past participle1.8, 4.1, 6.2–6.4, 6.6, 6.8, 7.4, 7.8, 9.2, 11.2, 11.5–11.6 past subjunctive6.9, 7.10, 7.11 past tense6.1–6.4, 7.1, 7.3, 12.10 people (names of)3.3 perfect infinitive7.15 perfect subjunctive6.9, 7.10, 7.12 perfect tense6.2, 6.6–6.7, 7.1–7.3, 12.10 person (first, second, third)3.7 personal pronoun3.5, 3.7, 9.5–9.6, 12.9–12.10 phrasal verb7.9, 9.8 place adverbial4.10, 9.7, 9.9 place complement8.1, 8.8, 9.7–9.8 pluperfect subjunctive6.9, 7.10, 7.11 pluperfect tense6.2, 6.6, 7.1 plural (of nouns) 2.6, 2.7–2.10 point in time (adverbials)4.9 possession (expression of)2.11 possessive determiner 3.5, 4.1 pronoun 3.9 predicate adjective4.1, 8.1 predicate complement1.1, 1.6, 2.11, 3.3, 4.1, 4.7, 8.1, 8.10, 9.8 prefix1.8, 11.1 adjective11.4 inseparable11.5, 11.7 noun11.2 separable1.8, 6.4, 10.6, 11.6–11.7 verb6.4, 10.6, 11.5–11.7 preposition1.5, 2.11, 3.7, 5, 8.1, 8.7 after adjectives4.5 followed by infinitive clause10.7

governing accusative case 5.1 governing accusative or dative case 5.3 governing dative case 5.2 governing genitive case 5.4 with definite article3.1, 12.9 prepositional adverb3.7, 5.5, 10.3, 10.6 prepositional object1.1, 1.5, 8.1, 8.6, 9.8, 10.3 prepositional phrase3.3, 4.9, 5, 9.10 present participle4.1, 6.4, 11.2 present subjunctive6.9 present tense6.2–6.4, 7.1–7.3 principal parts (of verbs)6.1, 6.10–6.11 professions (names of)3.3 progression (with adjectives)4.7 progressive tense6.2, 7.1, 7.8 pronominal adverb5.5 pronoun1.1, 3.7–3.9, 9.5, 9.6 demonstrative 3.9, 9.5, 12.10 first person3.7 indefinite3.9 personal3.5, 3.7, 9.5–9.6, 12.9–12.10 possessive3.9 reflexive3.8, 8.2, 8.4, 9.5 relative1.10, 10.5 second person3.7 thrird person3.7 pronunciation12.1, 12.9 proper names3.3, 12.3 proportion (with adjectives)4.7 punctuation 12.6–12.7

questions1.9, 9.1–9.2 indirect10.3 question word1.9, 4.15, 10.3 quotation marks12.7

reason adverbials4.8, 9.7 reflexive pronoun3.8, 8.2, 8.4, 9.5 reflexive verb3.8, 6.7, 7.9, 8.1–8.2, 8.5 register 12.8–12.11 relative clause1.10, 10.5 relative pronoun1.10, 9.5, 10.5 reported speech7.10, 7.12 root (of word)11.1

sämtliche 3.6 schicken 10.8

schon 4.21, 7.3 seasons (names of)2.2, 3.3 second person3.7 second position (in main clauses)9.3, 10.1, 10.3 sehen 10.8 sein (verb) auxiliary verb6.2, 6.6–6.8, 7.8 conjugation6.5, 6.7, 6.9 copular verb1.6, 3.3, 8.10 followed by adjective with a dative4.4 followed by infinitive with zu 7.9 sein-passive 6.8, 7.8 seit conjunction10.4 preposition5.2, 7.3 seitdem 10.4 semi-colon12.7 sentence1.7 sentence patterns 8.1 separable verb1.8, 6.4, 10.6, 11.6–11.7 sich 3.8 sie 3.7 Sie 3.7, 12.3 simple tense 6.3 so dass 10.4 so ein 3.4 so … wie 4.7, 10.4 sobald 10.4 solange 10.4 solcher 3.4 sollen 6.5, 7.18 ‘some’ 3.3, 3.6, 3.9 sondern 10.2 sooft 10.4 soviel 10.4 soweit 10.4 spelling 12.1–12.5 capitalization12.3 compound words12.4 one word or two? 12.4 -ss-/-ß- 12.5 spoken German12.8 spüren 10.8 statt 5.4 statt … zu 10.7 statt dass 10.7 streets (names of)3.3 strong adjective declension4.1 strong verb6.1, 6.3, 6.9–6.10 subject1.1–1.2, 1.6, 2.11, 7.4, 8.1–8.3, 9.6, 9.8, 10.2–10.3, 10.6 dummy subject7.5 subjunctive 6.9, 7.10–7.12 subjunctive I forms 6.9 subjunctive I uses 7.12, 12.10 subjunctive II forms 6.9 subjunctive II uses 7.11–7.12, 7.14–7.18 subordinate clause1.7–1.8, 1.10, 6.4, 8.1, 9.1–9.2, 9.10, 10.1–10.5, 12.6 subordinating conjunction1.7, 1.10, 9.2, 10.1, 10.3–10.4 subordination10.1, 10.3–10.5 ‘such’ 3.4 suffix11.1 adjective11.4 noun11.2 superlative adjectives4.6–4.7 adverbs4.16

tense compound6.2, 6.5, 6.9 continuous6.2 formation 6.2–6.7 future6.2, 6.6, 7.1–7.2 future perfect6.2, 6.6, 7.1–7.2 in passive6.8, 7.4 in subjunctive7.10–7.12 of modal auxiliaries7.13 past6.2–6.4, 7.1, 7.3, 12.10 perfect6.2, 6.6–6.7, 7.1–7.3, 12.10 pluperfect6.2, 6.6, 7.1 present6.2–6.4, 7.1–7.3 progressive6.2, 7.1, 7.8 simple6.2–6.4 use 7.1–7.3 ‘that’ 3.4 ‘then’ 4.9 third person3.7 ‘this’ 3.4 time adverbial4.9, 7.2, 9.7, 9.9 time (clock)4.20 titles12.3 ‘top’ 4.10 topic (of sentence)1.8, 9.3

transitive verb1.3, 6.7, 7.4–7.6, 8.1–8.2 trotz 5.4

über 5.3, 8.7 überhaupt 4.21 um 5.1, 8.7 um … zu 10.7 Umlaut in comparative adjectives4.6 in noun plurals2.6 in subjunctive6.9 in word formation11.1, 11.4–11.5, 11.8 und 10.2, 12.6 unten 4.10 unter 5.3

valency/valence1.1, 8 verb1.1, 6, 7, 8 auxiliary1.8, 6.2, 6.5–6.9, 7.13–7.19, 8.1, 9.2, 10.6, 10.8 conjugation 6.3, 6.5, 6.6 copular1.6, 2.11, 8.1, 8.10 einem etwas 8.3 finite1.2, 1.8–1.10, 6.2, 6.6, 8.1, 9.1–9.2 formation11.5–11.8 forms 6 governing dative7.6 inseparable6.4, 11.5 intransitive1.3, 6.7, 7.5, 8.1–8.2 irregular6.5, 6.9, 6.11 main1.8, 6.2, 6.6, 9.2 modal auxiliary6.5, 6.9, 7.13–7.19, 10.6, 10.8 mood6.9 non-finite1.8, 6.2, 6.4 of motion4.11, 6.7, 8.1, 8.9, 11.5, 11.7 of saying/speaking7.12, 8.3, 10.3, 12.7 phrasal7.9, 9.8 prefix6.4, 11.5–11.7 principal parts6.1, 6.10–6.11 reflexive3.8, 6.7, 7.9, 8.1–8.2, 8.5 separable1.8, 6.4, 10.6, 11.6–11.7 strong6.1, 6.3, 6.9–6.11, 11.1–11.2 tense formation 6.2–6.7 tense use 7.1–7.3 transitive1.3, 6.7, 7.4–7.6, 8.1–8.2 valency 8 weak6.1, 6.3, 6.9 verbal bracket1.8, 9.1, 9.4, 9.10, 12.10 viel(e) 3.6, 4.2, 10.5 vielleicht 4.21 voice (passive and active)7.4 von 5.2, 7.4, 7.7, 8.6–8.7 vor 5.3, 8.7 vowels12.1 vowel changes in strong verbs6.10, 11.1–11.2

während conjunction10.4 preposition5.4 was 3.9 was für (ein) 3.6 weak adjective declension4.1 weak masculine noun2.7, 2.12 weak verb6.1, 6.3 weekdays4.20 wegen 5.4 weil 10.4, 12.10 welcher interrogative3.6 demonstrative3.9 wenig(e) 3.6, 4.2 wenn 7.11, 10.4 wer 3.9 werden auxiliary verb6.2, 6.6, 6.8, 7.4 conjugation6.5 copular verb1.6, 3.3, 8.10 werden-passive 6.8, 7.4–7.8 wie 9.10, 10.4, 10.8, 12.6, 12.10 wishes (use of acc. case)2.11 wissen 6.5 wohl 4.21, 7.2 wollen 6.5, 7.19 wo(r) preposition3.9, 5.5, 10.5 word formation 11 word order1.8, 9 written German12.8 würde-form (conditional)6.9, 7.10

zu

adverb10.7 preposition5.2, 8.7 with infinitive1.10, 5.5, 7.9, 10.6–10.8, 11.5–11.6, 12.6 zwischen 5.3