ALNA TOXICOLOGY a mapping study of air-, noise-, waterand soilpollution in Alna
Attachment to the diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization” by Emil Nyutstumo Horn, AHO, spring 2015
Introduction This is a compilation of the mapping study done of four main categories of pollution in Alna; air, soil, water and noise.
pollutants, their health effects, environmental effects and how it can be remediated. If phytoremediation is possible, the plant names will be listed, in addition to the plants hight in an mature state of growth to provide an intuitive way of choosing which vegetation to design with. The individual plant will of course have other individual traits, and it is therefore important to read this document together with the Phytoremediation Plant List as the two documents is together meant to provide a tool for designing with remediating vegetation in the project.
The study is produced as an attachment to the diploma project reclamation > remediation > urbanization, which utilizes remediation though revegetation of the site, phytoremediation. Accordingly, the study naturally has special emphasis on the soil pollution as this is the type of pollution known to most efficiently be reduced through phytoremediation. The soil pollution study is shown not only as a mapping study, but by individual
toxicity
Health effect
Environmental effect
Plant size
phytoremediation
Pollutant name
a alb is’
ist ‘Tr
lia
um
li ifo
or
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us sa
ite
um
ii
icz
ow
a tiv
sa
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l ha
lix Sa
p Ty
gm ra
Ph
go ica
ed M
x
m he nt
li he ra
sa ry
de He
Ch
s
im
tu
ax
m
u ac
lus
us
pu
irp
Sc
Po
Name of phytoremediating plant
Air pollution: yearly average There are several ways of categorizing “air pollution”. In this study two of the most prominent pollutors in Alna are mapped. Both gas emissions and particle emissions are largely coming from the road system, as the study clearly shows. This is the pollution in a yearly average, which means the actual pollution at a certain time will vary according to wind, weather, traffic and season.
μg/m3
NO 2
10-15
NO2 (nitrogenoxide) is a gas that is released mainly from motorized vehicles, and may have negative health effects, like asthma and bronchitis.
15-20 20-30
[Luftkvalitet.info, 2015]
30-40 40-50 > 50
NO2 “safe” level.
<40 μg/m3 [Norway, Miljøetaten, 2015, p. 5]
μg/m3
PM 10
10-15
PM10 is particulate matter in the air, that is typically caused by traffic. A number of studies are showing a connection between particulate matter, illness and mortality rate.
15-20 20-30 30-40
[Luftkvalitet.info, 2015]
40-50 > 50
PM10 “safe” level.
<20 μg/m3 [Norway, Miljøetaten, 2015, p. 5]
Noise pollution: daily average Noise pollution is mainly caused by traffic, where the E6 is the biggest source. This is also evident in the mapping.
dB 50-60 60-65 65-70 > 75
85 dB
Level of which sustained exposure may result in permanent hearing loss. [dangerousdecibels.org, 2015]
Water pollution In Statens Forurensingstilsyns (Norwegian Pollution Control Authorityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) Kartlegging av Miljøgifter i Alna og Akerselva from 2009, the largest amount of pollution were in general found at the measuring station in Breivoll. Particularly four environmental toxins were found in higher concentrations than in all other locations, both upstream and downstream. This naturally means that pollutants are being added to the river upstream from Breivoll, and downstream from Grorud, likely through runoff water and groundwater.
Report sediment sample points:
Grorud
Breivoll Tveten KvĂŚrner
Breivoll
Brominated flame retardants (several values, all highest at Breivoll.)
Phthalates (862 ng/g)
surface runoff sediment sample point
Chlorinated paraffins (830 ng/g)
Siloxans (196 ng/g)
Triclosans (14 ng/g)
[Norway, Statens Forurensingstilsyn, 2015]
Soil pollution PCB
82
Pb Lead 207.2
Methane (Aliphatic hydrocarbon)
24
Cr
Ethylbenzene
Chromium 51.996
27
Co Cobalt 58.933
28
Ni
Nickel 58.693
Tuolene
Phtalates
STUBBERUD LANDFILL (1947 - 1963)
PAH
Naphthalene
80
Hg
29
Mercury 200.59
30
Cu Copper 63.546
Benzene
Zn Zinc 65.39
Trichlorethene 33
As Arsenic 74.922
48
Cd
Cadmium 112.411
33
As Arsenic 74.922
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
48
Cd
Arsenic
24
Cr
Cadmium 112.411
Chromium 51.996
Cadmium
Chromium
29
27
Co Cobalt 58.933
Cobalt
82
Cu
Pb
Copper 63.546
Copper
Benzene
Lead 207.2
Ethylbenzene
Lead
28
80
Hg
Ni
Nickel 58.693
Mercury 200.59
Mercury
Naphthalene
Nickel
PAH
PCB
Phthalates
30
Zn Zinc 65.39
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
Zinc
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
of the global greenhouse gas emissions
[United States Environmental Protection Agency]
environmental effect
14%
Methane (aliphatic hydrocarbon)
remediation
Propane Butane
Methane harvesting
phytoremediation
Very toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]
toxicity
[miljøstatus.no]
Highly carcinogenic
33
As
Arsenic 74.922
Arsenic
is’
ist ‘Tr
ivu
at
es
s
s en sc ule er ca pi a las hiz Th lyr po la de iro ra Sp nd
lba
ta en
xp
li Sa
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lat
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nu
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da ae st
nu
Pi
ra
‘P
s
s
lbu
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ub
sr
u or M
sa
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sa
se
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se
inu
p Lu
s ru co
da
s
uu
n
ula
d en
ylo
nn
ica
da
o
ct
sa
an
rm
ge
eu ps
cu
n Ju
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Iris
on
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lia He
od
n Cy
ep
ap
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r cu
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bit ur
c Cu
elo ut Bo
at
as en Av
ris
illa
p ca
n go
o op dr
An
is st ro Ag
Arsenic
phytoremediation
toxicity
Carcinogenic (leukemia)
Damaging to the bone marrow [cancer.org]
Benzene
lix
Sa
alb
aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;
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is st Tri
lia
ifo
lat
s
m
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sa
ite
m
ha
p Ty
g ra
Ph
a tiv
sa
x eli
go
ica
ed M
ah er
d He
um
ii
icz
ow
im
ax
us
em
m
ut ac
h nt
sa ry
Ch
us
irp Sc
lus
pu
Po
Benzene
phytoremediation
Very toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]
toxicity
Highly poisonous by inhalation, and may result in acute lung damage. Highly carcinogenic
Damaging to fertility and fetal development [miljøstatus.no]
48
Cadmium 112.411
Cd
Cadmium
ille
ina ar am er st Zo p. sp ola olia Vi s if at en sc al ph ule Ty er ca a pi hiz yr las l Th po la a de at iro tin ec Sp ap tin is ar ar Sp ulg ev en Sil lis ra tra nig us lix sa Sa a ite ce gm dina ra un Ph ar ris ne ala en Ph r pe m liu r Lo no i m s na ru m co Le da eu ps ica Iris an s rm uu ge nn Iris sa ea hu ac nt din lia un He r aa ta uc a st ica os Fe sp pit lis es ca ich st ia Di ps m n ha ylo sc ct De da n do o no p Cy pe ta ita lia rb cu rfo Cu pe ia on yt e Cla iva at ns a s osce en s k Av xu yo fle m tro riu re hy At us th m an liu ar fo ille am
Am
h Ac
Cadmium
Chromium
Damaging to DNA material Carcinogenic Allergyinducing
Damaging to fertility and fetal development Harmful to kidneys and liver if digested. [miljøstatus.no]
toxicity
Very toxic to water organisms
24
[miljøstatus.no]
Cr
Chromium 51.996
phytoremediation
Chromium
pi
las
Th
a
s
n ce
les
ru
s
ide
ulo
a
m
u oli hif at
lap
m tre
e ca
lus
alb
pu
lix
Sa
Po
um on lyg
Po
r ino
da
ae
m
us
nu
sa ito
p es ca
t ra do ao ae
ph
st
m
na
nu
Pi
Ny
m Le
ia
an
ps
us
m
th an
li He
ha sc De
phytoremediation
Toxic to some water organisms [miljøstatus.no]
toxicity
Can cause temporary gastrointestinal distress with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Can damage the liver and kidneys. [New Hampshire Department of Enironmental Services]
29
Cu
Copper 63.546
Copper
lia ifo at m al ivu ph st Ty s ae en sc um tic ule Tri er ca a pi at las tin ec Th ap tin ar Sp ra us nig tiv lix sa s Sa us pu ris an c ph n um o Ra oli et hif og at m ta ap l Po um ralis t on us lyg sa Po ite ta ra gm do ra Ph ao ae ph e m nn Ny re pe ra m liu iflo Lo un lla re to r o Lit n i m na us m or Le ac d eu ps a Iris nic a us rm nu ge n a Iris sa or hu os nt hr yt lia er He is er pt ta a a yo os pic Dr s pit lis es ca ich st ia Di ps m n ha ylo a sc ct ul De da nd n pe do rti no cu Cy ua elo ut e Bo iva at ns a s osce en k Av yo m riu da hy igi r At ii af rd isi ra ge
on og
op dr
m te
Ar
An
Copper
Ethylbenzene
Cause of dizziness, chest constriction, irritation of the eyes
toxicity
[United States Environmental Protection Agency]
remediation
Ethylbenzene
chemical remediation
phytoremediation
Ethylbenzene has not been recorded to be taken up in plants. Since it is a monocyclic hydrocarbon (BTEX) it might be reasonable to test the same phytoremediating plants as with Benzene and Toluene.
There are chemical products on the market that can clean BTEX by injection into the contaminated soil, like “Klozur® CR”. [peroxychem.com]
phytoremediation
Extremely toxic to water organisms toxicity
Damaging to the brain and central nerve system
Damaging to fertility and fetal development [miljøstatus.no]
Extremely toxic to mammals [miljøstatus.no]
[miljøstatus.no]
82
Pb
Lead 207.2
Lead
lia ifo m at a l tivu s ph ae Ty um ens s p tic Tri m re scen liu ule r fo Tri i cae p ra nd las Th nta s’ pe isti s lix u Tr Sa ba ‘ risp c al n s lix to Sa oge oide ul m ta em Po s tr es lu oid lium lt pu fo Po s de athi lu lap pu is Po um ral on ust lyg s a ii Po ite ith gm sm ra m Ph yru a iv op sc sat Pa go ica nne e ed M per ra m iflo liu n Lo la u l re or to Lit min uus na ann m Le hus lii nt be lia m s He s ga tho cu acan a er i Gu ia tr ace n its ndi ora u ed Gl a ar hros uc eryt st Fe eris a a pt icat itos yo p p Dr lis s aes ich sia c st Di mp lon ha cty sc a De n d do po ula e no d Cy ita p ipen rb urt c cu Cu oua el ut se va Bo sati cen a os ok en Av m y osa riu tic . ru hy At ha f ris L p a or pill Am is ca st ro Ag
Lead
Damaging to the brain and central nerve system
[erdetfarlig.no]
Allergyinducing
Damaging to fetal development Harmful to kidneys [miljøstatus.no]
toxicity
Very toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]
80
Hg Mercury 200.59
phytoremediation
Mercury
lix
Sa a‘ ’ tis
s Tri
s
a or os hr yt er
ide lto de
a
alb
lus
alb
pu
lix
Sa
Po
is
er pt yo
Dr
phytoremediation
toxicity
Carcinogenic
[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]
Major cause for contact dermatitis [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]
Ni 28
Nickel 58.693
Nickel
s
n ce
les
â&#x20AC;&#x2122; tis
s Tri
u er ca
ra
aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;
ina
ph
ty
alb
nig
pi las
Th
lix
Sa
lix
Sa
us
Rh
s
ivu
at
ss
nu
s
li tra
us
sa
ea ac
din
s
uu
nn
un ar
ite
m
ha
p Ra
g ra
Ph
ris
ala
Ph
sa
u th an
li He
iva at
as
m
nu
s
xu fle tro re
ia en ulf
w
us th an ar
en Av
Am
m
su ys
Al
Damaging to DNA material Carcinogenic Damaging to fertility and fetal development
toxicity
[miljøstatus.no]
Some PAHs are extremely toxic to water organisms and may inhibit their reproductional ability. [miljøstatus.no]
phytoremediation
Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (Benzo(A)pyrene shown)
ra ce ro
p ca
lia
ifo
lat
m
ns
pe re
ivu st ae
m
m
ha
ti Ur
p Ty
icu
t Tri
liu fo Tri
a igr
xn
li Sa da
ea ac
din
ii
ith
sm
un
ar
ae
ris
st
ala
nu
Pi
Ph
um
ra
a tiv
sa
b ru
yr op sc
Pa
us or M
go
sis en
ad
s ide ylo ct
da
n ca us
ica
ed M
m Ely
ua
ula
nd pe
elo ut Bo
la tu Be
phytoremediation
toxicity
Carcinogenic (leukemia)
Damaging to the bone marrow [cancer.org]
PCB
s
en
p re
ra ce ro
p ca
ti Ur
m
liu fo Tri
a alb lix Sa ina ph ty us s Rh ide lto de lus pu Po a igr sn ea ac nu Pi din un ar ris ala Ph a br ru us a or er M f i om ap ra lur ife ac lip M tu
us
nu
an
n ro
us
d en
iod
Lir
th an
li He
s a inu ce ax ina Fr nd ru aa uc st Fe ula nd pe la tu Be ra nig la tu is Be ns rte ho ii lex rd rip ra At ge on og op dr um An rin ha cc sa er Ac
Damaging to fertility and fetal development
toxicity
[miljøstatus.no]
Some phthalates are extremely toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]
remediation
Phthalates (Diisononyl phthalate shown)
Biodegradation through sparging (mechanical remediation) [Otten, Alphenaar, Pijls, Spuij & de Wit, p.78]
Damaging to the brain and central nerve system
[erdetfarlig.no]
Damaging to fetal development
toxicity
[erdetfarlig.no]
phytoremediation
Toluene
lus
pu
Po
x
ii
icz
m
liu ifo or
xm
ow
um
im
ax
eli
em
â&#x20AC;&#x2122; tis
s Tri
m
ah er
h nt
aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;
alb
sa ry
d He
Ch
lix
Sa
phytoremediation
Toxic to water organisms. [miljøstatus.no]
toxicity
Damaging to DNA material Carcinogenic
[miljøstatus.no]
Trichlorethene
lix
Sa
ra
nd
a
a nt pe
a igr
xn
li Sa
s
ii icz
ow
ri st
is’ ist ‘Tr
u xig
xe
li Sa
lba
xa
li Sa
alu
im ax
es
id lto
de
m
sp
rcu
e Qu
lus
pu Po
lus
pu Po
da
ra
ife
lip tu
ne
n re
pe
ae
st
nu
Pi
um
li Lo
xm
m
liu ifo or
a oli tif
us
ng
on dr
en
iod
Lir
um
em
sa
nu
ag
e Ela
h nt
sis en
d na ca
sa ry
Ch
s rci Ce
ra
nig
m
inu
ar
h cc
sa
la tu Be
er Ac
phytoremediation
Very toxic by ingestation to some animals like dogs. toxicity
May supress other metals and cause metal deficiencies
30
Zn
Zinc 65.39
Zinc
p ca
m ivu st ae s um en tic sc Tri ule er ca pi las Th is ar ulg ev en a Sil dr an nt pe lix Sa ra nig lix isâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Sa st Tri aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; alb lix s Sa ide lto de lus ii pu ith Po sm um yr op sc a Pa tiv sa go ica ed M ica an rm s ge uu Iris nn sa hu a nt ce lia ina He nd ru a aa or uc os st hr Fe yt er is er pt yo Dr po pe ita ula rb nd cu pe Cu rti cu ua elo ut Bo iva s at xu as fle en tro Av re us th an L. ar ris illa
Am
is st ro Ag
Sources Official documents NORWAY, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN. (2009) Kartlegging av Miljøgifter i Alna og Akerselva. Oslo: Statens forurensingstilsyn. NORGE, NORGES GEOLOGISKE UNDERSØKELSE (NGU). (2009) Aktsomhetskart Byjordgrense. Oslo: NGU. NORGE, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN (2007) Kartframstilling av luftkvalitet til bruk i arealplanlegging. NORGE, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN (2007) Utlekking av miljøgifter fra større grunnforurensningslokaliteter i Norge. NORGE, DIREKTORATET FOR ARBEIDSTILSYNET (2001) Grunnlag For Fastsettelse Av Administrativ Norm For Etylbenzen. NORGE, KLIMA- OG FORURENSINGSDIREKTORATET (2012) Grunnforurensning - bransjer og stoffer. NORGE, MILJØDIREKTORATET (2014) Veileder til retningslinje for behandling av støy i arealplanlegging (T-1442/2012) Web-pages NORWAY, VANN-NETT (2015) Vann-nett [Online] Available from: http://vann-nett.no/portal/Default.aspx. [Accessed: 2nd February 2015]. NORWAY, MILJØDIREKTORATET (2015) MIljøstatus [Online] Available from: http://www.miljostatus.no/ [Accessed: 2014-2015]. NORGE, NORGES GEOLOGISKE UNDERSØKELSE (NGU) (2015) Byjord [Online] Available from: http://www.ngu.no/fagomrade/byjord [Accessed: 6th February 2015]. USA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013) Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data [Online] Available from: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html [Accessed: 5th January 2015]. USA, DANGEROUS DECIBELS (2015) Dangerous Decibels “how loud is too loud” [Online] Available from: http://www.dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/noise-induced-hearing-loss/ [Accessed: 20th March 2015].