R > R > U Alna Toxicology appendix

ALNA TOXICOLOGY a mapping study of air-, noise-, waterand soilpollution in Alna

Attachment to the diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization”

by Emil Nyutstumo Horn, AHO, spring 2015

Introduction This is a compilation of the mapping study done of four main categories of pollution in Alna; air, soil, water and noise.

pollutants, their health effects, environmental effects and how it can be remediated. If phytoremediation is possible, the plant names will be listed, in addition to the plants hight in an mature state of growth to provide an intuitive way of choosing which vegetation to design with. The individual plant will of course have other individual traits, and it is therefore important to read this document together with the Phytoremediation Plant List as the two documents is together meant to provide a tool for designing with remediating vegetation in the project.

The study is produced as an attachment to the diploma project reclamation > remediation > urbanization, which utilizes remediation though revegetation of the site, phytoremediation. Accordingly, the study naturally has special emphasis on the soil pollution as this is the type of pollution known to most efficiently be reduced through phytoremediation. The soil pollution study is shown not only as a mapping study, but by individual

toxicity

Health effect

Environmental effect

Plant size

phytoremediation

Pollutant name

a alb is’

ist ‘Tr

lia

um

li ifo

or

xm

lis tra

us sa

ite

um

ii

icz

ow

a tiv

sa

ifo at

l ha

lix Sa

p Ty

gm ra

Ph

go ica

ed M

x

m he nt

li he ra

sa ry

de He

Ch

s

im

tu

ax

m

u ac

lus

us

pu

irp

Sc

Po

Name of phytoremediating plant

Air pollution: yearly average There are several ways of categorizing “air pollution”. In this study two of the most prominent pollutors in Alna are mapped. Both gas emissions and particle emissions are largely coming from the road system, as the study clearly shows.

This is the pollution in a yearly average, which means the actual pollution at a certain time will vary according to wind, weather, traffic and season.

μg/m3

NO 2

10-15

NO2 (nitrogenoxide) is a gas that is released mainly from motorized vehicles, and may have negative health effects, like asthma and bronchitis.

15-20 20-30

[Luftkvalitet.info, 2015]

30-40 40-50 > 50

NO2 “safe” level.

<40 μg/m3 [Norway, Miljøetaten, 2015, p. 5]

μg/m3

PM 10

10-15

PM10 is particulate matter in the air, that is typically caused by traffic. A number of studies are showing a connection between particulate matter, illness and mortality rate.

15-20 20-30 30-40

[Luftkvalitet.info, 2015]

40-50 > 50

PM10 “safe” level.

<20 μg/m3 [Norway, Miljøetaten, 2015, p. 5]

Noise pollution: daily average Noise pollution is mainly caused by traffic, where the E6 is the biggest source. This is also evident in the mapping.

dB 50-60 60-65 65-70 > 75

85 dB

Level of which sustained exposure may result in permanent hearing loss. [dangerousdecibels.org, 2015]

Water pollution In Statens Forurensingstilsyns (Norwegian Pollution Control Authorityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s) Kartlegging av Miljøgifter i Alna og Akerselva from 2009, the largest amount of pollution were in general found at the measuring station in Breivoll.

Particularly four environmental toxins were found in higher concentrations than in all other locations, both upstream and downstream. This naturally means that pollutants are being added to the river upstream from Breivoll, and downstream from Grorud, likely through runoff water and groundwater.

Report sediment sample points:

Grorud

Breivoll Tveten KvĂŚrner

Breivoll

Brominated flame retardants (several values, all highest at Breivoll.)

Phthalates (862 ng/g)

surface runoff sediment sample point

Chlorinated paraffins (830 ng/g)

Siloxans (196 ng/g)

Triclosans (14 ng/g)

[Norway, Statens Forurensingstilsyn, 2015]

Soil pollution PCB

82

Pb Lead 207.2

Methane (Aliphatic hydrocarbon)

24

Cr

Ethylbenzene

Chromium 51.996

27

Co Cobalt 58.933

28

Ni

Nickel 58.693

Tuolene

Phtalates

STUBBERUD LANDFILL (1947 - 1963)

PAH

Naphthalene

80

Hg

29

Mercury 200.59

30

Cu Copper 63.546

Benzene

Zn Zinc 65.39

Trichlorethene 33

As Arsenic 74.922

48

Cd

Cadmium 112.411

33

As Arsenic 74.922

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

48

Cd

Arsenic

24

Cr

Cadmium 112.411

Chromium 51.996

Cadmium

Chromium

29

27

Co Cobalt 58.933

Cobalt

82

Cu

Pb

Copper 63.546

Copper

Benzene

Lead 207.2

Ethylbenzene

Lead

28

80

Hg

Ni

Nickel 58.693

Mercury 200.59

Mercury

Naphthalene

Nickel

PAH

PCB

Phthalates

30

Zn Zinc 65.39

Toluene

Trichloroethylene

Zinc

Aliphatic hydrocarbons

of the global greenhouse gas emissions

[United States Environmental Protection Agency]

environmental effect

14%

Methane (aliphatic hydrocarbon)

remediation

Propane Butane

Methane harvesting

phytoremediation

Very toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]

toxicity

[miljøstatus.no]

Highly carcinogenic

33

As

Arsenic 74.922

Arsenic

is’

ist ‘Tr

ivu

at

es

s

s en sc ule er ca pi a las hiz Th lyr po la de iro ra Sp nd

lba

ta en

xp

li Sa

xa

li Sa

ss

’ lia

ifo

an

lat

id lto

de

nu

ha

p Ra

lus

pu Po

da ae st

nu

Pi

ra

‘P

s

s

lbu

lba

ub

sr

u or M

sa

u or M

sa

se

ffu

se

inu

p Lu

s ru co

da

s

uu

n

ula

d en

ylo

nn

ica

da

o

ct

sa

an

rm

ge

eu ps

cu

n Ju

Iris

Iris

on

hu nt

lia He

od

n Cy

ep

ap

tip

L.

ii rd ra ge

r cu

iva

ua

bit ur

c Cu

elo ut Bo

at

as en Av

ris

illa

p ca

n go

o op dr

An

is st ro Ag

Arsenic

phytoremediation

toxicity

Carcinogenic (leukemia)

Damaging to the bone marrow [cancer.org]

Benzene

lix

Sa

alb

aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

â&#x20AC;&#x2122;

is st Tri

lia

ifo

lat

s

m

liu ifo or

xm

li tra

us

sa

ite

m

ha

p Ty

g ra

Ph

a tiv

sa

x eli

go

ica

ed M

ah er

d He

um

ii

icz

ow

im

ax

us

em

m

ut ac

h nt

sa ry

Ch

us

irp Sc

lus

pu

Po

Benzene

phytoremediation

Very toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]

toxicity

Highly poisonous by inhalation, and may result in acute lung damage.

Highly carcinogenic

Damaging to fertility and fetal development [miljøstatus.no]

48

Cadmium 112.411

Cd

Cadmium

ille

ina ar am er st Zo p. sp ola olia Vi s if at en sc al ph ule Ty er ca a pi hiz yr las l Th po la a de at iro tin ec Sp ap tin is ar ar Sp ulg ev en Sil lis ra tra nig us lix sa Sa a ite ce gm dina ra un Ph ar ris ne ala en Ph r pe m liu r Lo no i m s na ru m co Le da eu ps ica Iris an s rm uu ge nn Iris sa ea hu ac nt din lia un He r aa ta uc a st ica os Fe sp pit lis es ca ich st ia Di ps m n ha ylo sc ct De da n do o no p Cy pe ta ita lia rb cu rfo Cu pe ia on yt e Cla iva at ns a s osce en s k Av xu yo fle m tro riu re hy At us th m an liu ar fo ille am

Am

h Ac

Cadmium

Chromium

Damaging to DNA material Carcinogenic Allergyinducing

Damaging to fertility and fetal development Harmful to kidneys and liver if digested. [miljøstatus.no]

toxicity

Very toxic to water organisms

24

[miljøstatus.no]

Cr

Chromium 51.996

phytoremediation

Chromium

pi

las

Th

a

s

n ce

les

ru

s

ide

ulo

a

m

u oli hif at

lap

m tre

e ca

lus

alb

pu

lix

Sa

Po

um on lyg

Po

r ino

da

ae

m

us

nu

sa ito

p es ca

t ra do ao ae

ph

st

m

na

nu

Pi

Ny

m Le

ia

an

ps

us

m

th an

li He

ha sc De

phytoremediation

Toxic to some water organisms [miljøstatus.no]

toxicity

Can cause temporary gastrointestinal distress with symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Can damage the liver and kidneys.

[New Hampshire Department of Enironmental Services]

29

Cu

Copper 63.546

Copper

lia ifo at m al ivu ph st Ty s ae en sc um tic ule Tri er ca a pi at las tin ec Th ap tin ar Sp ra us nig tiv lix sa s Sa us pu ris an c ph n um o Ra oli et hif og at m ta ap l Po um ralis t on us lyg sa Po ite ta ra gm do ra Ph ao ae ph e m nn Ny re pe ra m liu iflo Lo un lla re to r o Lit n i m na us m or Le ac d eu ps a Iris nic a us rm nu ge n a Iris sa or hu os nt hr yt lia er He is er pt ta a a yo os pic Dr s pit lis es ca ich st ia Di ps m n ha ylo a sc ct ul De da nd n pe do rti no cu Cy ua elo ut e Bo iva at ns a s osce en k Av yo m riu da hy igi r At ii af rd isi ra ge

on og

op dr

m te

Ar

An

Copper

Ethylbenzene

Cause of dizziness, chest constriction, irritation of the eyes

toxicity

[United States Environmental Protection Agency]

remediation

Ethylbenzene

chemical remediation

phytoremediation

Ethylbenzene has not been recorded to be taken up in plants. Since it is a monocyclic hydrocarbon (BTEX) it might be reasonable to test the same phytoremediating plants as with Benzene and Toluene.

There are chemical products on the market that can clean BTEX by injection into the contaminated soil, like “Klozur® CR”. [peroxychem.com]

phytoremediation

Extremely toxic to water organisms toxicity

Damaging to the brain and central nerve system

Damaging to fertility and fetal development [miljøstatus.no]

Extremely toxic to mammals [miljøstatus.no]

[miljøstatus.no]

82

Pb

Lead 207.2

Lead

lia ifo m at a l tivu s ph ae Ty um ens s p tic Tri m re scen liu ule r fo Tri i cae p ra nd las Th nta s’ pe isti s lix u Tr Sa ba ‘ risp c al n s lix to Sa oge oide ul m ta em Po s tr es lu oid lium lt pu fo Po s de athi lu lap pu is Po um ral on ust lyg s a ii Po ite ith gm sm ra m Ph yru a iv op sc sat Pa go ica nne e ed M per ra m iflo liu n Lo la u l re or to Lit min uus na ann m Le hus lii nt be lia m s He s ga tho cu acan a er i Gu ia tr ace n its ndi ora u ed Gl a ar hros uc eryt st Fe eris a a pt icat itos yo p p Dr lis s aes ich sia c st Di mp lon ha cty sc a De n d do po ula e no d Cy ita p ipen rb urt c cu Cu oua el ut se va Bo sati cen a os ok en Av m y osa riu tic . ru hy At ha f ris L p a or pill Am is ca st ro Ag

Lead

Damaging to the brain and central nerve system

[erdetfarlig.no]

Allergyinducing

Damaging to fetal development Harmful to kidneys [miljøstatus.no]

toxicity

Very toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]

80

Hg Mercury 200.59

phytoremediation

Mercury

lix

Sa a‘ ’ tis

s Tri

s

a or os hr yt er

ide lto de

a

alb

lus

alb

pu

lix

Sa

Po

is

er pt yo

Dr

phytoremediation

toxicity

Carcinogenic

[Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]

Major cause for contact dermatitis [Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry]

Ni 28

Nickel 58.693

Nickel

s

n ce

les

â&#x20AC;&#x2122; tis

s Tri

u er ca

ra

aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

ina

ph

ty

alb

nig

pi las

Th

lix

Sa

lix

Sa

us

Rh

s

ivu

at

ss

nu

s

li tra

us

sa

ea ac

din

s

uu

nn

un ar

ite

m

ha

p Ra

g ra

Ph

ris

ala

Ph

sa

u th an

li He

iva at

as

m

nu

s

xu fle tro re

ia en ulf

w

us th an ar

en Av

Am

m

su ys

Al

Damaging to DNA material Carcinogenic Damaging to fertility and fetal development

toxicity

[miljøstatus.no]

Some PAHs are extremely toxic to water organisms and may inhibit their reproductional ability. [miljøstatus.no]

phytoremediation

Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (PAH) (Benzo(A)pyrene shown)

ra ce ro

p ca

lia

ifo

lat

m

ns

pe re

ivu st ae

m

m

ha

ti Ur

p Ty

icu

t Tri

liu fo Tri

a igr

xn

li Sa da

ea ac

din

ii

ith

sm

un

ar

ae

ris

st

ala

nu

Pi

Ph

um

ra

a tiv

sa

b ru

yr op sc

Pa

us or M

go

sis en

ad

s ide ylo ct

da

n ca us

ica

ed M

m Ely

ua

ula

nd pe

elo ut Bo

la tu Be

phytoremediation

toxicity

Carcinogenic (leukemia)

Damaging to the bone marrow [cancer.org]

PCB

s

en

p re

ra ce ro

p ca

ti Ur

m

liu fo Tri

a alb lix Sa ina ph ty us s Rh ide lto de lus pu Po a igr sn ea ac nu Pi din un ar ris ala Ph a br ru us a or er M f i om ap ra lur ife ac lip M tu

us

nu

an

n ro

us

d en

iod

Lir

th an

li He

s a inu ce ax ina Fr nd ru aa uc st Fe ula nd pe la tu Be ra nig la tu is Be ns rte ho ii lex rd rip ra At ge on og op dr um An rin ha cc sa er Ac

Damaging to fertility and fetal development

toxicity

[miljøstatus.no]

Some phthalates are extremely toxic to water organisms [miljøstatus.no]

remediation

Phthalates (Diisononyl phthalate shown)

Biodegradation through sparging (mechanical remediation) [Otten, Alphenaar, Pijls, Spuij & de Wit, p.78]

Damaging to the brain and central nerve system

[erdetfarlig.no]

Damaging to fetal development

toxicity

[erdetfarlig.no]

phytoremediation

Toluene

lus

pu

Po

x

ii

icz

m

liu ifo or

xm

ow

um

im

ax

eli

em

â&#x20AC;&#x2122; tis

s Tri

m

ah er

h nt

aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC;

alb

sa ry

d He

Ch

lix

Sa

phytoremediation

Toxic to water organisms. [miljøstatus.no]

toxicity

Damaging to DNA material Carcinogenic

[miljøstatus.no]

Trichlorethene

lix

Sa

ra

nd

a

a nt pe

a igr

xn

li Sa

s

ii icz

ow

ri st

is’ ist ‘Tr

u xig

xe

li Sa

lba

xa

li Sa

alu

im ax

es

id lto

de

m

sp

rcu

e Qu

lus

pu Po

lus

pu Po

da

ra

ife

lip tu

ne

n re

pe

ae

st

nu

Pi

um

li Lo

xm

m

liu ifo or

a oli tif

us

ng

on dr

en

iod

Lir

um

em

sa

nu

ag

e Ela

h nt

sis en

d na ca

sa ry

Ch

s rci Ce

ra

nig

m

inu

ar

h cc

sa

la tu Be

er Ac

phytoremediation

Very toxic by ingestation to some animals like dogs. toxicity

May supress other metals and cause metal deficiencies

30

Zn

Zinc 65.39

Zinc

p ca

m ivu st ae s um en tic sc Tri ule er ca pi las Th is ar ulg ev en a Sil dr an nt pe lix Sa ra nig lix isâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Sa st Tri aâ&#x20AC;&#x2DC; alb lix s Sa ide lto de lus ii pu ith Po sm um yr op sc a Pa tiv sa go ica ed M ica an rm s ge uu Iris nn sa hu a nt ce lia ina He nd ru a aa or uc os st hr Fe yt er is er pt yo Dr po pe ita ula rb nd cu pe Cu rti cu ua elo ut Bo iva s at xu as fle en tro Av re us th an L. ar ris illa

Am

is st ro Ag

Sources Official documents NORWAY, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN. (2009) Kartlegging av Miljøgifter i Alna og Akerselva.

Oslo: Statens forurensingstilsyn.

NORGE, NORGES GEOLOGISKE UNDERSØKELSE (NGU). (2009) Aktsomhetskart Byjordgrense.

Oslo: NGU. NORGE, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN (2007) Kartframstilling av luftkvalitet til bruk i arealplanlegging.

NORGE, STATENS FORURENSINGSTILSYN (2007) Utlekking av miljøgifter fra større grunnforurensningslokaliteter i Norge.

NORGE, DIREKTORATET FOR ARBEIDSTILSYNET (2001) Grunnlag For Fastsettelse Av Administrativ Norm For Etylbenzen.

NORGE, KLIMA- OG FORURENSINGSDIREKTORATET (2012) Grunnforurensning - bransjer og stoffer.

NORGE, MILJØDIREKTORATET (2014) Veileder til retningslinje for behandling av støy i arealplanlegging (T-1442/2012) Web-pages NORWAY, VANN-NETT (2015) Vann-nett [Online] Available from: http://vann-nett.no/portal/Default.aspx.

[Accessed: 2nd February 2015].

NORWAY, MILJØDIREKTORATET (2015) MIljøstatus [Online] Available from: http://www.miljostatus.no/ [Accessed: 2014-2015].

NORGE, NORGES GEOLOGISKE UNDERSØKELSE (NGU) (2015) Byjord [Online] Available from: http://www.ngu.no/fagomrade/byjord [Accessed: 6th February 2015].

USA, United States Environmental Protection Agency (2013) Global Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data [Online] Available from: http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/global.html [Accessed: 5th January 2015].

USA, DANGEROUS DECIBELS (2015) Dangerous Decibels “how loud is too loud” [Online] Available from: http://www.dangerousdecibels.org/education/information-center/noise-induced-hearing-loss/ [Accessed: 20th March 2015].