PHYTOREMEDIATION a toolbox for phytoremediation design in the Oslo climate, hardiness zone 6
Attachment to the diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization” by Emil Nyutstumo Horn, AHO, spring 2015
Introduction In my diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization�, an important element in designing a green infrastructure for future urbanization in Alna, Oslo, has been dealing with site pollution. Considering the timeframe of a future 2050 situation, using phytoremediation as a way of removing the pollution is a good choice. This list has been compiled to provide a library of plants that can be utilized in the diploma project, not only as a method of remediation, but also as a design element in the landscape.
Method This list is a compilation of plants found in a broad search in material from different sources, and compiled together. It only contains plant species able to grow in a the plant hardiness zone 6, which is the zone that Oslo is in. The species have been cross-checked in the last edition of the Norwegian black list for foreign species (Fremmede arter i Norge, med norsk svarteliste, 2012) to exlude any known invasive species. However, invasiveness cannot be excluded completely as the list also contains several species not normally found in Norway. Therefore, it is important that these species are monitored in the norwegian ecology if tested. The plants are listed alphabetically by their scientific names. They will each be shown with a photo, what pollutant they are able to reduce and how they can reduce it (if the source can state the method of remediation, which the studies often does not). The species growing conditions is listed, and a diagram showing their spacial characted and scale in a fully grown state. This has been included as a tool for designing with the vegetation within each contaminated site.
accumulated toxins
Pollutant
quantity
Photo
Accumulation type
spatial character
Spatial character diagram
Scientific name
tolerance
Common name
sun
Thriving light conditions
Tolerance to special conditions
How does phytoremediation work? “Phytoremediation (from the Greek ‘phyton’, meaning plant) describes all forms of remediation employing plants as the means to reduce or remove contamination from anenvironment.” [Hill, 2010, p. 19]. Even though all phytoremediation plants are in some way absorbing pollutants, there are several processes allowing this to happen, and they are quite different. The expression phytoremediatin does not only include reducing a pollutant, but also detection and control of pollution. It is important to note that phytoremediation not necessarily is “better” than other types of remediation. There is still much to learn about this science, and we can only hope to gain as much knowledge as possible about it. This may eventually allow us to adapt, and eventually strategically utilize different remediation methods in different situations. Broadly categorized, there are a few different processes of phytoremediating:
Phytostabilization This process is not actually reducing the pollution, but sequestering it in the soil in its root system. This prevents both availability and spreading of the pollutant.
Phytoextraction This is the process where some species naturally accumulate dramatically higher amounts of certain pollutants than other species. The pollutant is then stored somewhere in the plant tissue, of which the location is varying from species to species. This is not unproblematic, as the pollutant will continue to exist within the biomass, and disposal of the contaminated plant material will still be a challenge.
Rhizofiltration Rhizofiltration is basically the same as phytoextraction, but will occur in aquatic species. The species will filter the water, and take up a certain amount of pollutants which is normally lower than the phytoextracting species.
Phytodegredation and phytovolatilization These processes are actually reducing the level of pollution within a system as the plant will break down the contaminant through metabolic processes. These pollutants however, largely is organic compounds. The risk is that the breakdown products themselves may not be less toxic than the original pollutant, allthough it often is.
Plant index Acer rubrum
Fraxinus
Populus deltoides
Acer saccharinum
Gleditsia triacanthos
Populus maximowiczii
Achillea millefolium
Guercus gambelii
Populus tremuloides
Acorus calamus
Hedera helix
Potamogeton crispus
Agrostis capillaris L.
Helianthus annuus
Pyrus calleryana
Alyssum wulfenianum
Hemerocallis hybrid
Quercus palustris
Amaranthus retroflexus
Iris germanica
Raphanus sativus
Amorpha fruticosa
Iris pseudacorus
Rhus typhina
Andropogon gerardii
Juncus effuses
Salix alba
Artemisia frigida
Juniperus procumbens
Salix alba ‘Tristis’
Athyrium yokoscense
Lemna minor
Salix exigua
Atriplex hortensis
Liquidambar styraciflua
Salix nigra
Avena sativa
Liriodendron tulipifera
Salix pentandra
Beta vulgaris
Littorella uniflora
Scirpus acutus
Betula nigra
Lolium perenne
Silene vulgaris
Betula pendula
Lupinus albus
Spartina pectinata
Bouteloua curtipendula
Maclura pomifera
Spirodela polyrhiza
Bouteloua dactyloides
Medicago sativa
Stellaria media
Brassica oleracea var. capitata.
Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’
Thlaspi caerulescens
Cercis canadensis
Morus rubra
Tradescantia bracteata
Chrysanthemum x morifolium
Nymphaea odorata
Trifolium repens
Claytonia perfoliata
Panicum virgatum
Triticum aestivum
Cucurbita pepo
Pascopyrum smithii
Typha latifolia
Cynodon dactylon
Phalaris arundinacea
Urtica procera
Deschampsia caespitosa
Phragmites australis
Vicia Americana
Distichlis spicata
Picea mariana
Vicia faba
Dryopteris erythrosora
Picea pungens
Vicia grandiflora
Elaeagnus angustifolia
Pinus nigra
Viola spp.
Elymus canadensis
Pinus ponderosa
Zostera marina
Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’
Pinus taeda
Festuca arundinacea
Polygonum lapathifolium
tolerance
[http://www.naturallandscapesnursery.com/Acer%20 rubrum%20alone.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Plutonium
Cesium
quantity
Acer rubrum
Red Maple
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions Accumulator
spatial character
Acer rubrum
Acer saccharinum
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Vinyl Chloride
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e8/Acer_saccharinum_’pyramidalis’.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
spatial character
Acer saccharinum
tolerance
Silver Maple
sun / semi-shade
Tolerant to wet conditions Salt tolerant
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Achillea_millefolium_20041012_2574. jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
quantity
Achillea millefolium
Yarrow
Draught tolerant
sun
Accumulator
spatial character
Achillea millefolium
Acorus calamus
Iron
accumulated toxins
Manganese
method
[http://www.gardensandplants.com/images/plants/ Acorus%20calamus%20Variegatus.jpg]
quantity
Rhizofiltration
spatial character
Acorus calamus
tolerance
Sweet Flag
sun / semi-shade / shade
Tolerant to wet conditions
Accumulator
Agrostis capillaris L.
Lead Arsenic Manganese Zinc
accumulated toxins
Aluminum
[http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/images%5CImage1201large.jpg]
quantity
Hyperaccumulator
spatial character
Agrostis capillaris L.
tolerance
Bentgrass
sun / semi-shade / shade
Normal
tolerance
[http://www.gardensandplants.com/images/plants/ Acorus%20calamus%20Variegatus.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Nickel
quantity
Alyssum wulfenianum
Alpine Alyssum
Draught tolerant
sun
Accumulator
spatial character
Alyssum wulfenianum
tolerance
[http://newfs.s3.amazonaws.com/taxon-images-1000s1000/Amaranthaceae/amaranthus-retroflexus-le-pdrobot.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Amaranthus retroflexus
Cadmium
Cesium
Nickel
Zinc
spatial character
Amaranthus retroflexus
Redroot Amaranth
Normal
sun
tolerance
[http://newfs.s3.amazonaws.com/taxon-images-1000s1000/Fabaceae/amorpha-fruticosa-ha-rboutwell-b.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Lead
Salt tolerant quantity
Amorpha fruticosa
Indigo Bush
Draught tolerant
sun
Accumulator
spatial character
Amorpha fruticosa
Andropogon gerardii
Anthracene Arsenic Atrazine Copper
method quantity
Rhizofiltration Phytodegradation
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Andropogon_gerardii_(3904160434). jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
spatial character
Andropogon gerardii
tolerance
Big Bluestem
Normal
sun
Hyperaccumulator
Artemisia frigida
Copper
method
[http://www.waterwiseplants.utah.gov/images/ shrubs/Artemisia_frigida1.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Hydrocarbons
Rhizofiltration
spatial character
Artemisia frigida
tolerance
Frindged Sage
Draught tolerant High hp tolerant
sun
Athyrium yokoscense
Cadmium Copper
quantity
[http://www.asianflora.com/Pterydophytes/Athyrium-yokoscense.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Lead
Hyperaccumulator
spatial character
Athyrium yokoscense
tolerance
Fern
shade
Tolerant to wet conditions Low hp tolerant
tolerance
[http://www.calhortsociety.org/seed-exchange/ seed-exchange-2002/seed%20list%20photos%20 originals/atriplex-hortensis-lv.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
spatial character
Atriplex hortensis
Garden Orach
sun / semi-shade / shade
Normal
Atriplex hortensis
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ bd/Avena_sativa_(3873730509).jpg ]
accumulated toxins
Avena sativa
Arsenic
Cadmium
Cobalt
Copper
Lead
Nickel
Zinc
method
Avena sativa
Oat
Low hp tolerant
sun
Phytostabilization
spatial character
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Beta_Vulgaris_aout_2012.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cesium
Strontium
Normal quantity
Beta vulgaris
Beet
sun
Accumulator
spatial character
Beta vulgaris
Betula nigra
Bentazon Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
[http://www.fuf.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ AA.-Betula-nigra-elevation.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Vinyl Chloride
spatial character
Betula nigra
tolerance
River Birch
sun / semi-shade
Tolerant to wet conditions
Betula pendula
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
method
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Betula_Pendula_at_Stockholm_University_2005-07-01.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Phytoextraction
spatial character
Betula pendula
tolerance
European White Birch
sun
Clay tolerant Draught-tolerant Salt tolerant
tolerance
[http://www.soilcropandmore.info/crops/Weeds/ UvaldeWeedSite/final/bocu_wp.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Bouteloua curtipendula
Aluminum
Arsenic
Copper
Lead
Manganese
Zinc
spatial character
Bouteloua curtipendula
Sideoats Grama
Normal
sun
Bouteloua dactyloides
Carbon Dioxide
method quantity
[http://www.ksuturf.org/OrnamentalGrasses/ Images/2009/A-L/Buchloe_dactyloides_closeup_2009_09.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Bouteloua dactyloides
tolerance
Buffalo Grass
sun
Draught-tolerant
Accumulator
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ a0/Starr_070618-7337_Brassica_oleracea_var._ capitata.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cesium
spatial character
Brassica oleracea var. capitata.
Cabbage
sun / semi-shade / shade
Draught tolerant
Brassica oleracea var. capitata.
Cercis canadensis
Perchloroethylene (PCE) Petroleum Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
accumulated toxins
Vinyl Chloride
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Cercis_canadensis_redbud_tree_ bloom.jpg]
quantity
Tolerant
spatial character
Cercis canadensis
tolerance
Eastern Red Bud
sun / semi-shade
Clay tolerant
Chrysanthemum x morifolium
Benzene Carbon Monoxide Formaldehyde Toluene Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
method quantity
[hhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ f7/Chrysanthemum_morifolium_4.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Xylene
Phytoextraction
spatial character
Chrysanthemum x morifolium
tolerance
Chrysanthemum
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions
Accumulator
tolerance
[http://warehouse1.indicia.org.uk/upload/Springbeauty%20(Claytonia%20perfoliata)%20Base%20 of%20Croft%20Hill%20SP%205090%209637%20 (taken%2015.5.2010),,,.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
Clay tolerant quantity
Claytonia perfoliata
Miner’s Lettuce
shade
Accumulator
spatial character
Claytonia perfoliata
tolerance
[http://a.static.trunity.net/ files/190501_190600/190566/Cucurbita_pepo_ ssp._pepo_convar._giromontiina_01.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Arsenic
Cadmium
Lead
Zinc
spatial character
Cucurbita pepo
Zucchini
Normal
sun
Cucurbita pepo
Cynodon dactylon
Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Copper Diesel Fuel Hydrocarbons
method quantity
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cynodon_dactylon_2.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Lead
Rhizofiltration
spatial character
Cynodon dactylon
tolerance
Bermuda grass
Draught tolerant Clay tolerant
sun
Hyperaccumulator
Deschampsia caespitosa
Cadmium Chromium Copper
[http://redbuttecanyon.net/diversity_images/d_ caespitosa.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Lead
spatial character
Deschampsia caespitosa
tolerance
Tufted Hairgrass
shade
Tolerant to wet conditions Low hp tolerant
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Distichlis_spicata_(5879864704).jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
Copper
Lead
Salt tolerant quantity
Distichlis spicata
Inland Saltgrass
sun
Accumulator
spatial character
Distichlis spicata
tolerance
[https://e54055a024bc6fb58d47-f7df714a3b816a175961a96ef2278d84.ssl.cf2.rackcdn. com/8655-Autumn-Fern.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Dryopteris erythrosora
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Zinc
spatial character
Dryopteris erythrosora
Autumn Fern
shade
Tolerant to wet conditions
Elaeagnus angustifolia [http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Bilder-A-F/Elaeagnus-angustifolia-1.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
spatial character
Elaeagnus angustifolia
tolerance
Russian Olive
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions Salt tolerant
Elymus canadensis
Hydrocarbons
accumulated toxins
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
method
[http://www.grimmsgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Indiangrass-Copy.jpg]
quantity
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Elymus canadensis
tolerance
Canadian Wild Rye
sun / semi-shade / shade
Normal
Accumulator
Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’
quantity
[http://www.onlineplantguide.com/Image%20Library/E/3343.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Petroleum
Tolerant
spatial character
Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’
tolerance
Purple Leaf Wintercreeper
Normal
sun / semi-shade
Festuca arundinacea
Cadmium Diesel Fuel Lead, Nitrogen Phosphorus Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Potassium
method quantity
Phytoextraction Rhizodegradation
[http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/123785.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Zinc
spatial character
Festuca arundinacea
tolerance
Tall Fescue
Draught tolerant
sun
Accumulator
Fraxinus ssp.
method
[http://www.chewvalleytrees.co.uk/images/products/ FRAXINUSEXCELSIOR-2.JPGg]
accumulated toxins
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Fraxinus ssp.
tolerance
Ash
sun / semi-shade
Varying from species to species
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e3/Gleditsia_triacanthos_sunburst.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Lead
Salt tolerant method
Gleditsia triacanthos
Honey Locust
Draught tolerant
High hp tolerant
sun
Phytoextraction
spatial character
Gleditsia triacanthos
tolerance
[http://swbiodiversity.org/imglib/seinet/Fagaceae/ Quercus-gambelii-P-web-N3.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Guercus gambelii
Chlorinated Solvents
Lead
Palladium
Plutonium
Uranium
spatial character
Guercus gambelii
Gambel Oak
Draught tolerant
sun
Hedera helix
Benzene Carbon Monoxide Formaldehyde Petroleum Toluene
accumulated toxins
Xylene
method
[http://www.arborix.be/sites/default/files/HEDERA%20HELIX.jpg]
quantity
Phytoextraction
spatial character
Hedera helix
tolerance
English Ivy
sun / semi-shade / shade
Normal
Hyperaccumulator
Helianthus annuus
Arsenic
Manganese
Cadmium
Nickel
Chromium
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Copper
Zinc
method quantity
Phytoextraction Rhizofiltration
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/ d8/Helianthus_annuus_0001.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Lead
spatial character
Helianthus annuus
tolerance
Sunflower
Clay tolerant High hp tolerant
sun
Hyperaccumulator
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Hemerocallis_Hybrid_FransHals_BotGardBln07122011D.JPG ]
accumulated toxins
Petroleum
quantity
Hemerocallis hybrid
Daylily
sun / semi-shade / shade
Normal Tolerant
spatial character
Hemerocallis hybrid
Iris germanica
Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Copper Flourine Manganese
method quantity
[https://davisla3.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/ iris-germanica.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Zinc
Rhizofiltration
spatial character
Iris germanica
tolerance
Bearded Iris
Salt tolerant Draught tolerant High hp tolerant
sun
Hyperaccumulator
Iris pseudacorus
Aluminum Arsenic Atrazine Beryllium Cadmium Copper
method quantity
[http://www.plantright.org/sites/default/files/Iris_ pseudacorus-FlickrCommons_Coanri-slash-Rita.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Manganese
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Iris pseudacorus
tolerance
Pale Yellow Iris
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions
Hyperaccumulator
Juncus effuses
Ammonia Anthracene Arsenic Nitrate Nitrogen
method
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/ d2/Pitrus_plant_(Juncus_effusus).jpg]
accumulated toxins
Phosphate
Rhizofiltration
spatial character
Juncus effuses
tolerance
Soft Rush
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ bb/Juniperus_procumbens_nana_MN_2007.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Petroleum
quantity
Juniperus procumbens
Juniper
sun / semi-shade
Salt tolerant Tolerant
spatial character
Juniperus procumbens
tolerance
[http://www.plantedevis.ro/assets/galerie/lintita-lemna_minor_14.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Petroleum
spatial character
Lesser Duckweed
Lemna minor
Aquatic
sun / semi-shade
Lemna minor
Liquidambar styraciflua
Cesium Plutonium Uranium
accumulated toxins
Vinyl Chloride
method quantity
Phytodegradation
[http://www.naturallandscapesnursery.com/sweetgumtree.jpg]
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Liquidambar styraciflua
tolerance
American Sweet Gum
sun / semi-shade
Tolerant to wet conditions
Hyperaccumulator
Strontium
Formaldehyde
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Plutonium
Vinyl Chloride
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Xylene
quantity
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Liriodendron_tulipifera_-_La_Hulpe_ (1).JPG]
accumulated toxins
Liriodendron tulipifera
Cesium
Accumulator
spatial character
Liriodendron tulipifera
tolerance
Tulip Tree
sun
Clay tolerant Low hp tolerant Tolerant to wet conditions
tolerance
[http://www.web.forumacvarist.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Littorella-uniflora2.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Copper
Lead
spatial character
American Shoreweed
Littorella uniflora
sun / semi-shade
Tolerant to wet conditions
Littorella uniflora
Lolium perenne
Barium Cadmium Copper Lead
accumulated toxins
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
method
Phytoextraction
[http://online-media.uni-marburg.de/biologie/nutzpflanzen/bilder/vb/lolium_perenne1.jpg]
Phytostabilization
spatial character
Lolium perenne
tolerance
Perennial Ryegrass
Normal
sun / semi-shade
Lupinus albus
Arsenic
method
[http://ernest.orgfree.com/plantes/Papilionaceae/ Lupinus%20albus2.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Nitrogen
Rhizoaccumulation
spatial character
Lupinus albus
tolerance
White Lupin
sun / semi-shade
Low hp tolerant
Maclura pomifera
method
[http://www.treetopics.com/maclura_pomifera/ osage_orange_1040345.png]
accumulated toxins
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Maclura pomifera
tolerance
Osage Orange
Salt tolerant
sun
Medicago sativa
Barium Benzene Bifenthrin Cesium Lead Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
accumulated toxins
Zinc
method
[http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/users/paraman1/8_16_09_2/Upload16Aug09D/116MedicagoSativa.jpg]
quantity
Phytodegradation
spatial character
Medicago sativa
tolerance
Alfalfa
sun / semi-shade
Draught tolerant
Accumulator
tolerance
[http://www.veriflor.com/assets/products/ P3240006.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Anthracene
Arsenic
spatial character
Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’
Fruitless Mulberry
Normal
sun
Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’
Morus rubra
Anthracene Arsenic Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
[http://www.leegov.com/gov/dept/dcd/EnvSciences/ PublishingImages/ProtectedTrees/01redmulberry. jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
spatial character
Morus rubra
tolerance
Red Mulberry Tree
Normal
sun / semi-shade
Nymphaea odorata
Chromium Copper
method quantity
[https://davisla2.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/nymphaea-odorata.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Manganese
Rhizofiltration
spatial character
Nymphaea odorata
tolerance
Water Lily
Aquatic
sun
Accumulator
tolerance
[http://www.ksuturf.org/OrnamentalGrasses/ Images/2008/M-Z/Panicum_virgatum_’Dallas_ Blues’_2008_9.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Hydrocarbons
Picloram
Normal method
Panicum virgatum
Switchgrass
sun
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Panicum virgatum
Pascopyrum smithii
Atrazine Hydrocarbons Lead Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
accumulated toxins
Zinc
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Pascopyrum_smithii_NRCS-4.jpg]
method
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Pascopyrum smithii
tolerance
Western Wheatgrass
sun / semi-shade
Draught tolerant
Phalaris arundinacea
Cadmium Cesium Nickel Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
[http://erick.dronnet.free.fr/belles_fleurs_de_france/ images/phalaris_arundinacea1.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
spatial character
Phalaris arundinacea
tolerance
Reed Canary Grass
Normal
sun / semi-shade
Phragmites australis
Ammonia
Lead
Atrazine
Manganese
Benzene
Nickel
Cadmium
Nitrogen
accumulated toxins
Copper
method
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ f0/Phragmites_australis-2009_09_09_01.JPG]
quantity
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Phragmites australis
tolerance
Common Reed Grass
sun / semi-shade
Tolerant to wet condistions
Accumulator
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Picea_mariana_(Spruce_black).jpg]
accumulated toxins
Uranium
spatial character
Picea mariana
Black Spruce
Low hp tolerant
sun
Picea mariana
tolerance
[http://www.schumachersnursery.com/sites/default/ files/92_img0_colorado-spruce_0.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Petroleum
quantity
Dwarf Globe Blue Spruce
Picea pungens
Low hp tolerant
sun
Tolerant
spatial character
Picea pungens
Pinus nigra
method
[http://static.panoramio.com/photos/ large/91892729.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Pinus nigra
tolerance
European Black Pine
Draught tolerant High hp tolerant Salt tolerant
sun
tolerance
[https://conpm.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/pinus-ponderosa-upright.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Plutonium
Strontium
quantity
Pinus ponderosa
Ponderosa Pine
Draught tolerant
sun
Accumulator
spatial character
Pinus ponderosa
Pinus taeda
Arsenic, Chromium Creosote, Perchloroethylene (PCE) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
method
Phytodegradation Rhizodegradation
[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cxPjZEr_Sts/TyIHK8H1WpI/AAAAAAAABZ8/0TnNhTbNwCo/s1600/ Pinus_taeda_2.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
spatial character
Pinus taeda
tolerance
Loblolly Pine
Draught tolerant
sun
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ f1/Smartweed,_Polygonum_lapathifolium.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Chromium
Copper
Lead
spatial character
Polygonum lapathifolium
Smartweed
sun / semi-shade
Draught tolerant
Polygonum lapathifolium
Populus deltoides
Anthracene, Arsenic
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Atrazine
Strontium
Chlorinated Solvents
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Lead
Zinc
quantity
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Populus_deltoides_(5026724621).jpg]
accumulated toxins
Mercury
Accumulator
spatial character
Populus deltoides
tolerance
Eastern Cottonwood
Normal
sun
Populus maximowiczii
Benzene Ethyl Perchloroethylene (PCE) Toluene Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products Vinyl Chloride
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Populus_nigra-bekes.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Xylen
spatial character
Populus maximowiczii
tolerance
Japanese Poplar
Normal
sun
Populus tremuloides
Bifenthrin Chlorinated Solvents Chromium Ethyl Lead Palladium
accumulated toxins
Plutonium
method quantity
Phytodegradation Rhizodegradation
[http://www.bomengids.nl/usaoctober/pics/quaking_ aspen__populus_tremuloides_bryce_torrey-bryce2img_8411.jpg]
Phytoextration
spatial character
Populus tremuloides
tolerance
Quaking Aspen
Draught tolerant
sun
Accumulator
tolerance
[http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Bilder-P-Z/Potamogeton-crispus-2.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Copper
Lead
Aquatic quantity
Potamogeton crispus
Curly pondweed
sun
Accumulator
spatial character
Potamogeton crispus
Pyrus calleryana
accumulated toxins
Petroleum
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e9/Pyrus_calleryana.JPG]
quantity
Tolerant
spatial character
Pyrus calleryana
tolerance
Bradford Flowering Pear
sun / semi-shade
Clay tolerant Low hp tolerant Draught tolerant
Quercus palustris
Perchloroethylene (PCE) Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Quercus_palustris_1_(nautical2k).jpg]
accumulated toxins
Vinyl Chloride
spatial character
Quercus palustris
tolerance
Pin Oak
Normal
sun / semi-shade
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Radijs_planten_(Raphanus_sativus_ subsp._sativus).jpg]
accumulated toxins
Arsenic
Cobalt
Copper
Nickel
Normal method
Raphanus sativus
Radish
sun / semi-shade
Phytostabilization
spatial character
Raphanus sativus
Rhus typhina
Nickel
quantity
[http://www.jacques-briant.fr/medias/RHUS-TYPHINA-DISSECTA-A.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
Hyperaccumulator
spatial character
Rhus typhina
tolerance
Staghorn Sumac
Draught tolerant
sun
Salix alba
Chromium Mercury Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Silver Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
[http://www.treesandhedging.co.uk/prodzoomimg714.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Vinyl Chloride
spatial character
Salix alba
tolerance
White Willow
Salt tolerant Clay tolerant
sun
Salix alba ‘Tristis’
Arsenic
Phosphorus
Benzene
Silver
Chloroform,
Toluene
Lead
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Mercury
Tritium
Nickel
Zinc
accumulated toxins
Perchloroethylene (PCE)
method
Phytostabilization Phytoextraction Phytodegradation
[http://www.eggert-baumschulen.de/images/ product_images/popup_images/1079_1_Salix-alba-Tristis-Trauerweide.JPG]
Rhizodegradation Phytovolatilization
spatial character
Salix alba ‘Tristis’
tolerance
Golden Weeping Willow
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant
Salix exigua [http://www.smmflowers.org/bloom/pics/ S7223aWLRDb.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
spatial character
Salix exigua
tolerance
Narrowleaf Willow
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Cadmium
Silver
Copper
Styrene
Endosulfan Sulfate
Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products
Ethyl,
Tritium
Nickel
Zinc
accumulated toxins
Salix nigra
Bentazon
method quantity
Phytodegradation Rhizodegradation
[http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail. cfm?imgnum=5468258]
Phytoextration
spatial character
Salix nigra
tolerance
Black Willow
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant
Accumulator
Salix pentandra
Arsenic Chloroform Lead Perchloroethylene (PCE) Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products Tritium
accumulated toxins
Zinc
method
Phytostabilization Phytoextraction Phytodegradation
[http://search.eaglelakenurseries.com/Content/Images/Photos/A105-12.jpg]
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Salix pentandra
tolerance
Laurel-Leaved Willow
sun
Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant
tolerance
[http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3cxd06Mjuz8/T3K6JbGU_hI/AAAAAAAAE64/CnCha01G7Ms/s1600/ Scirpus%2Blacustris.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Benzene
spatial character
Hardstem Bulrush
Scirpus acutus
Aquatic
sun / semi-shade
Scirpus acutus
tolerance
[http://www.xn--naturnahe-grten-ritter-b5b.ch/images/Bilder%20Wildstauden/SileneVulgaris2008.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
Zinc
Normal method
Bladder Campion
Silene vulgaris
sun
Phytostabilization
Phytoextraction
spatial character
Silene vulgaris
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Spartina_pectinata_2.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
Copper
Nitrogen
spatial character
Spartina pectinata
Prairie Cord Grass
sun / semi-shade
Salt tolerant
Spartina pectinata
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/StellariaMedia001.JPG]
accumulated toxins
Aluminum
Arsenic
Cadmium
Nitrate
Aquatic quantity
Spirodela polyrhiza
Giant Duckweed
sun
Hyperaccumulator
spatial character
Spirodela polyrhiza
tolerance
[http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/images/10739. jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cesium
Normal quantity
Stellaria media
Chickweed
sun / semi-shade
Accumulator
spatial character
Stellaria media
Thlaspi caerulescens
Aluminum
Copper
Arsenic
Lead
Cadmium
Nickel
Chromium
Zinc
accumulated toxins
Cobalt
method quantity
Phytostabilization
[http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/images/10739. jpg]
Phytoextraction
spatial character
Thlaspi caerulescens
tolerance
Alpine Pennycress
sun / semi-shade
Draught tolerant
Hyperaccumulator
Tradescantia bracteata
Cesium Cobalt Plutonium Strontium Tritium
quantity
[http://www.bintgoddess.com/plantpics/IMG_1053. JPG]
accumulated toxins
Uranium
Phytoindicator
spatial character
Tradescantia bracteata
tolerance
Longbract Spiderwort
Draught tolerant
sun
Trifolium repens
Diesel Fuel Hydrocarbons Lead, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
method quantity
[http://amc-nh.org/resources/guides/wildflowers/ images/Trifolium%20repens_White%20Clover,%20 Dutch%20Clover_primary_2_Gloucester,%20 MA_20120622_Tom%20Todd_IMGP0742.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Trifolium repens
tolerance
White Clover
Clay tolerant, High hp tolerant
sun
Accumulator
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Triticum_aestivum_(ripe)_3.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Triticum aestivum
Barium
Copper
Lead,
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Triazine
Zinc
spatial character
Triticum aestivum
Common Wheat
Normal
sun
Typha latifolia
Ammonia
Nitrate
Benzene
Nitrogen
Cadmium
Phosphate
Copper
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
method quantity
[http://www.nwplants.com/images/commons/Typha_latifolia_jen09271035.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Lead
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Typha latifolia
tolerance
Broad-Leaved Cattail
sun
Tolerant of very wet conditions
Accumulator
Urtica procera
Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)
method
[http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/albums/bot-011/ urtica-dioica-subsp-dioica23954.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)
Rhizodegradation
spatial character
Urtica procera
tolerance
Tall Nettle
Normal
sun / semi-shade
tolerance
[https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws. com/696/flashcards/1206696/jpeg/vicia_villosa1337361960176.jpeg]
accumulated toxins
Nitrogen
Phosphorus
Potassium
spatial character
Vicia Americana
American Vetch
Normal
sun / semi-shade
Vicia Americana
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Vicia_faba1.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Aluminum
Normal quantity
Horse Bean
Vicia faba
sun / semi-shade
Accumulator
spatial character
Vicia faba
tolerance
[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vicia_grandiflora_W.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Aluminum
spatial character
Vicia grandiflora
Vetch
Normal
sun / semi-shade
Vicia grandiflora
tolerance
[http://blog.chestnutherbs.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Commonblueviolet.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
quantity method
Viola spp.
Violet
sun
Varying between cultivars Phytoextraction
spatial character
Hyperaccumulator
Viola spp.
tolerance
[http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/o_zosmar5.jpg]
accumulated toxins
Cadmium
spatial character
Zostera marina
Eel Grass
Aquatic
sun / semi-shade
Zostera marina
Sources Books KIRKWOOD, N. (ed.) (2001) Manufactured sites - Re-thinking the Post-Industrial Landscape. London: Taylor & Francis. SCHUL, J. (2010) Hvilken plante hvor - planteguide for hagen. 2nd ed. Oslo: Cappelen Damm AS Official documents NORGE, ARTSDATABANKEN. (2012) Fremmede arter i Norge - med norsk svarteliste. Trondheim: Skipnes Kommunikasjon AS. USA, THE INTERSTATE TECHNOLOGY & REGULATORY COUNCIL PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES TEAM. (2009) Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees. . [Online] Available from: http://www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/PHYTO-3.pdf. [Accessed: 2nd February 2015]. USA, PUGET SOUND PARTNERSHIP. (2012) Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound. [Online] Sampling of Plant Species Studied for Phytoremediation. p.209-214. Available from: http://www.superorg.net/archive/proposal/plant%20species%20phyto.pdf. [Accessed: 20th January 2015]. USA, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center. (2010) Plant Fact Sheet: black willow. . [Online] Available from: http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sani.pdf. [Accessed: 27th February 2015]. USA, NASA (1989) Interior Landscape Plants For Indoor Air Pollution Abatement. [Online] Available from: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073077.pdf . [Accessed: 2oth February 2015]. Thesis HILL, J.C. (2010) Sustainable Remediation and the Landscape Architect. Birmingham: Birmingham University. BIZECKI ROBSON, D. (2003) Phytoremediation Of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil Using Plants Adapted To The Western Canadian Climate. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy in the Department of Soil Science. Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan. RONNHEDEN, J. & FALK, M. (2010) Succession: Landskapsarkitekten & fytoremedieringen Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.
Journals SARMA, H. (2011) Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: A Review Focusing on Phytoremediation Technology. [Online] Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4 (2). p.118-138. Available from: http://scialert.net/qredirect.php?doi=jest.2011.118.138&linkid=pdf. [Accessed: 20th January 2015]. Web-pages FAMULARI, S. (2015) North Dakota State University. [Online] Available from: http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/famulari_research/index.php. [Accessed: 5th January2015]. POTTORFF, L. (2010) Colorado State University. [Online] Available from: http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/CoopExt/4DMG/Plants/clean.htm. [Accessed: 20th February 2015]. UK, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY (2015) Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder. [Online] Available from: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-form. [Accessed: 5th January - 20th March 2015]. UK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE (2015) Plants for a Future Plant Search. [Online] Available from: http://www.pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx. [Accessed: 5th January - 20th March 2015]. Photos Web-page URL placed adjacent to each plant photo. [All accessed: 3rd - 4th March 2015]