R > R > U Phytoremediation appendix

PHYTOREMEDIATION a toolbox for phytoremediation design in the Oslo climate, hardiness zone 6

Attachment to the diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization”

by Emil Nyutstumo Horn, AHO, spring 2015

Introduction In my diploma project “reclamation > remediation > urbanization�, an important element in designing a green infrastructure for future urbanization in Alna, Oslo, has been dealing with site pollution.

Considering the timeframe of a future 2050 situation, using phytoremediation as a way of removing the pollution is a good choice.

This list has been compiled to provide a library of plants that can be utilized in the diploma project, not only as a method of remediation, but also as a design element in the landscape.

Method This list is a compilation of plants found in a broad search in material from different sources, and compiled together. It only contains plant species able to grow in a the plant hardiness zone 6, which is the zone that Oslo is in. The species have been cross-checked in the last edition of the Norwegian black list for foreign species (Fremmede arter i Norge, med norsk svarteliste, 2012) to exlude any known invasive species. However, invasiveness cannot be excluded completely as the list also contains several species not normally found in Norway. Therefore, it is important that these species are monitored in the norwegian ecology if tested.

The plants are listed alphabetically by their scientific names. They will each be shown with a photo, what pollutant they are able to reduce and how they can reduce it (if the source can state the method of remediation, which the studies often does not). The species growing conditions is listed, and a diagram showing their spacial characted and scale in a fully grown state. This has been included as a tool for designing with the vegetation within each contaminated site.

accumulated toxins

Pollutant

quantity

Photo

Accumulation type

spatial character

Spatial character diagram

Scientific name

tolerance

Common name

sun

Thriving light conditions

Tolerance to special conditions

How does phytoremediation work?

“Phytoremediation (from the Greek ‘phyton’, meaning plant) describes all forms of remediation employing plants as the means to reduce or remove contamination from anenvironment.” [Hill, 2010, p. 19]. Even though all phytoremediation plants are in some way absorbing pollutants, there are several processes allowing this to happen, and they are quite different. The expression phytoremediatin does not only include reducing a pollutant, but also detection and control of pollution.

It is important to note that phytoremediation not necessarily is “better” than other types of remediation. There is still much to learn about this science, and we can only hope to gain as much knowledge as possible about it. This may eventually allow us to adapt, and eventually strategically utilize different remediation methods in different situations.

Broadly categorized, there are a few different processes of phytoremediating:

Phytostabilization This process is not actually reducing the pollution, but sequestering it in the soil in its root system. This prevents both availability and spreading of the pollutant.

Phytoextraction This is the process where some species naturally accumulate dramatically higher amounts of certain pollutants than other species. The pollutant is then stored somewhere in the plant tissue, of which the location is varying from species to species. This is not unproblematic, as the pollutant will continue to exist within the biomass, and disposal of the contaminated plant material will still be a challenge.

Rhizofiltration Rhizofiltration is basically the same as phytoextraction, but will occur in aquatic species. The species will filter the water, and take up a certain amount of pollutants which is normally lower than the phytoextracting species.

Phytodegredation and phytovolatilization These processes are actually reducing the level of pollution within a system as the plant will break down the contaminant through metabolic processes. These pollutants however, largely is organic compounds. The risk is that the breakdown products themselves may not be less toxic than the original pollutant, allthough it often is.

Plant index Acer rubrum

Fraxinus

Populus deltoides

Acer saccharinum

Gleditsia triacanthos

Populus maximowiczii

Achillea millefolium

Guercus gambelii

Populus tremuloides

Acorus calamus

Hedera helix

Potamogeton crispus

Agrostis capillaris L.

Helianthus annuus

Pyrus calleryana

Alyssum wulfenianum

Hemerocallis hybrid

Quercus palustris

Amaranthus retroflexus

Iris germanica

Raphanus sativus

Amorpha fruticosa

Iris pseudacorus

Rhus typhina

Andropogon gerardii

Juncus effuses

Salix alba

Artemisia frigida

Juniperus procumbens

Salix alba ‘Tristis’

Athyrium yokoscense

Lemna minor

Salix exigua

Atriplex hortensis

Liquidambar styraciflua

Salix nigra

Avena sativa

Liriodendron tulipifera

Salix pentandra

Beta vulgaris

Littorella uniflora

Scirpus acutus

Betula nigra

Lolium perenne

Silene vulgaris

Betula pendula

Lupinus albus

Spartina pectinata

Bouteloua curtipendula

Maclura pomifera

Spirodela polyrhiza

Bouteloua dactyloides

Medicago sativa

Stellaria media

Brassica oleracea var. capitata.

Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’

Thlaspi caerulescens

Cercis canadensis

Morus rubra

Tradescantia bracteata

Chrysanthemum x morifolium

Nymphaea odorata

Trifolium repens

Claytonia perfoliata

Panicum virgatum

Triticum aestivum

Cucurbita pepo

Pascopyrum smithii

Typha latifolia

Cynodon dactylon

Phalaris arundinacea

Urtica procera

Deschampsia caespitosa

Phragmites australis

Vicia Americana

Distichlis spicata

Picea mariana

Vicia faba

Dryopteris erythrosora

Picea pungens

Vicia grandiflora

Elaeagnus angustifolia

Pinus nigra

Viola spp.

Elymus canadensis

Pinus ponderosa

Zostera marina

Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’

Pinus taeda

Festuca arundinacea

Polygonum lapathifolium

tolerance

[http://www.naturallandscapesnursery.com/Acer%20 rubrum%20alone.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Plutonium

Cesium

quantity

Acer rubrum

Red Maple

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions Accumulator

spatial character

Acer rubrum

Acer saccharinum

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Vinyl Chloride

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e8/Acer_saccharinum_’pyramidalis’.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

spatial character

Acer saccharinum

tolerance

Silver Maple

sun / semi-shade

Tolerant to wet conditions Salt tolerant

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Achillea_millefolium_20041012_2574. jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

quantity

Achillea millefolium

Yarrow

Draught tolerant

sun

Accumulator

spatial character

Achillea millefolium

Acorus calamus

Iron

accumulated toxins

Manganese

method

[http://www.gardensandplants.com/images/plants/ Acorus%20calamus%20Variegatus.jpg]

quantity

Rhizofiltration

spatial character

Acorus calamus

tolerance

Sweet Flag

sun / semi-shade / shade

Tolerant to wet conditions

Accumulator

Agrostis capillaris L.

Lead Arsenic Manganese Zinc

accumulated toxins

Aluminum

[http://www.nzflora.info/factsheet/images%5CImage1201large.jpg]

quantity

Hyperaccumulator

spatial character

Agrostis capillaris L.

tolerance

Bentgrass

sun / semi-shade / shade

Normal

tolerance

[http://www.gardensandplants.com/images/plants/ Acorus%20calamus%20Variegatus.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Nickel

quantity

Alyssum wulfenianum

Alpine Alyssum

Draught tolerant

sun

Accumulator

spatial character

Alyssum wulfenianum

tolerance

[http://newfs.s3.amazonaws.com/taxon-images-1000s1000/Amaranthaceae/amaranthus-retroflexus-le-pdrobot.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Amaranthus retroflexus

Cadmium

Cesium

Nickel

Zinc

spatial character

Amaranthus retroflexus

Redroot Amaranth

Normal

sun

tolerance

[http://newfs.s3.amazonaws.com/taxon-images-1000s1000/Fabaceae/amorpha-fruticosa-ha-rboutwell-b.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Lead

Salt tolerant quantity

Amorpha fruticosa

Indigo Bush

Draught tolerant

sun

Accumulator

spatial character

Amorpha fruticosa

Andropogon gerardii

Anthracene Arsenic Atrazine Copper

method quantity

Rhizofiltration Phytodegradation

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4f/Andropogon_gerardii_(3904160434). jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

spatial character

Andropogon gerardii

tolerance

Big Bluestem

Normal

sun

Hyperaccumulator

Artemisia frigida

Copper

method

[http://www.waterwiseplants.utah.gov/images/ shrubs/Artemisia_frigida1.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Hydrocarbons

Rhizofiltration

spatial character

Artemisia frigida

tolerance

Frindged Sage

Draught tolerant High hp tolerant

sun

Athyrium yokoscense

Cadmium Copper

quantity

[http://www.asianflora.com/Pterydophytes/Athyrium-yokoscense.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Lead

Hyperaccumulator

spatial character

Athyrium yokoscense

tolerance

Fern

shade

Tolerant to wet conditions Low hp tolerant

tolerance

[http://www.calhortsociety.org/seed-exchange/ seed-exchange-2002/seed%20list%20photos%20 originals/atriplex-hortensis-lv.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

spatial character

Atriplex hortensis

Garden Orach

sun / semi-shade / shade

Normal

Atriplex hortensis

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ bd/Avena_sativa_(3873730509).jpg ]

accumulated toxins

Avena sativa

Arsenic

Cadmium

Cobalt

Copper

Lead

Nickel

Zinc

method

Avena sativa

Oat

Low hp tolerant

sun

Phytostabilization

spatial character

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Beta_Vulgaris_aout_2012.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cesium

Strontium

Normal quantity

Beta vulgaris

Beet

sun

Accumulator

spatial character

Beta vulgaris

Betula nigra

Bentazon Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

[http://www.fuf.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/ AA.-Betula-nigra-elevation.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Vinyl Chloride

spatial character

Betula nigra

tolerance

River Birch

sun / semi-shade

Tolerant to wet conditions

Betula pendula

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

method

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5e/Betula_Pendula_at_Stockholm_University_2005-07-01.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

Phytoextraction

spatial character

Betula pendula

tolerance

European White Birch

sun

Clay tolerant Draught-tolerant Salt tolerant

tolerance

[http://www.soilcropandmore.info/crops/Weeds/ UvaldeWeedSite/final/bocu_wp.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Bouteloua curtipendula

Aluminum

Arsenic

Copper

Lead

Manganese

Zinc

spatial character

Bouteloua curtipendula

Sideoats Grama

Normal

sun

Bouteloua dactyloides

Carbon Dioxide

method quantity

[http://www.ksuturf.org/OrnamentalGrasses/ Images/2009/A-L/Buchloe_dactyloides_closeup_2009_09.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Hydrocarbons, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Bouteloua dactyloides

tolerance

Buffalo Grass

sun

Draught-tolerant

Accumulator

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ a0/Starr_070618-7337_Brassica_oleracea_var._ capitata.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cesium

spatial character

Brassica oleracea var. capitata.

Cabbage

sun / semi-shade / shade

Draught tolerant

Brassica oleracea var. capitata.

Cercis canadensis

Perchloroethylene (PCE) Petroleum Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

accumulated toxins

Vinyl Chloride

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Cercis_canadensis_redbud_tree_ bloom.jpg]

quantity

Tolerant

spatial character

Cercis canadensis

tolerance

Eastern Red Bud

sun / semi-shade

Clay tolerant

Chrysanthemum x morifolium

Benzene Carbon Monoxide Formaldehyde Toluene Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

method quantity

[hhttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ f7/Chrysanthemum_morifolium_4.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Xylene

Phytoextraction

spatial character

Chrysanthemum x morifolium

tolerance

Chrysanthemum

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions

Accumulator

tolerance

[http://warehouse1.indicia.org.uk/upload/Springbeauty%20(Claytonia%20perfoliata)%20Base%20 of%20Croft%20Hill%20SP%205090%209637%20 (taken%2015.5.2010),,,.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

Clay tolerant quantity

Claytonia perfoliata

Miner’s Lettuce

shade

Accumulator

spatial character

Claytonia perfoliata

tolerance

[http://a.static.trunity.net/ files/190501_190600/190566/Cucurbita_pepo_ ssp._pepo_convar._giromontiina_01.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Arsenic

Cadmium

Lead

Zinc

spatial character

Cucurbita pepo

Zucchini

Normal

sun

Cucurbita pepo

Cynodon dactylon

Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Copper Diesel Fuel Hydrocarbons

method quantity

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Cynodon_dactylon_2.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Lead

Rhizofiltration

spatial character

Cynodon dactylon

tolerance

Bermuda grass

Draught tolerant Clay tolerant

sun

Hyperaccumulator

Deschampsia caespitosa

Cadmium Chromium Copper

[http://redbuttecanyon.net/diversity_images/d_ caespitosa.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Lead

spatial character

Deschampsia caespitosa

tolerance

Tufted Hairgrass

shade

Tolerant to wet conditions Low hp tolerant

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Distichlis_spicata_(5879864704).jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

Copper

Lead

Salt tolerant quantity

Distichlis spicata

Inland Saltgrass

sun

Accumulator

spatial character

Distichlis spicata

tolerance

[https://e54055a024bc6fb58d47-f7df714a3b816a175961a96ef2278d84.ssl.cf2.rackcdn. com/8655-Autumn-Fern.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Dryopteris erythrosora

Copper

Lead

Mercury

Zinc

spatial character

Dryopteris erythrosora

Autumn Fern

shade

Tolerant to wet conditions

Elaeagnus angustifolia [http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Bilder-A-F/Elaeagnus-angustifolia-1.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

spatial character

Elaeagnus angustifolia

tolerance

Russian Olive

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions Salt tolerant

Elymus canadensis

Hydrocarbons

accumulated toxins

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

method

[http://www.grimmsgardens.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Indiangrass-Copy.jpg]

quantity

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Elymus canadensis

tolerance

Canadian Wild Rye

sun / semi-shade / shade

Normal

Accumulator

Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’

quantity

[http://www.onlineplantguide.com/Image%20Library/E/3343.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Petroleum

Tolerant

spatial character

Euonymus fortunei ‘coloratus’

tolerance

Purple Leaf Wintercreeper

Normal

sun / semi-shade

Festuca arundinacea

Cadmium Diesel Fuel Lead, Nitrogen Phosphorus Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Potassium

method quantity

Phytoextraction Rhizodegradation

[http://www.biolib.cz/IMG/GAL/BIG/123785.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Zinc

spatial character

Festuca arundinacea

tolerance

Tall Fescue

Draught tolerant

sun

Accumulator

Fraxinus ssp.

method

[http://www.chewvalleytrees.co.uk/images/products/ FRAXINUSEXCELSIOR-2.JPGg]

accumulated toxins

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Fraxinus ssp.

tolerance

Ash

sun / semi-shade

Varying from species to species

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e3/Gleditsia_triacanthos_sunburst.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Lead

Salt tolerant method

Gleditsia triacanthos

Honey Locust

Draught tolerant

High hp tolerant

sun

Phytoextraction

spatial character

Gleditsia triacanthos

tolerance

[http://swbiodiversity.org/imglib/seinet/Fagaceae/ Quercus-gambelii-P-web-N3.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Guercus gambelii

Chlorinated Solvents

Lead

Palladium

Plutonium

Uranium

spatial character

Guercus gambelii

Gambel Oak

Draught tolerant

sun

Hedera helix

Benzene Carbon Monoxide Formaldehyde Petroleum Toluene

accumulated toxins

Xylene

method

[http://www.arborix.be/sites/default/files/HEDERA%20HELIX.jpg]

quantity

Phytoextraction

spatial character

Hedera helix

tolerance

English Ivy

sun / semi-shade / shade

Normal

Hyperaccumulator

Helianthus annuus

Arsenic

Manganese

Cadmium

Nickel

Chromium

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Copper

Zinc

method quantity

Phytoextraction Rhizofiltration

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/ d8/Helianthus_annuus_0001.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Lead

spatial character

Helianthus annuus

tolerance

Sunflower

Clay tolerant High hp tolerant

sun

Hyperaccumulator

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Hemerocallis_Hybrid_FransHals_BotGardBln07122011D.JPG ]

accumulated toxins

Petroleum

quantity

Hemerocallis hybrid

Daylily

sun / semi-shade / shade

Normal Tolerant

spatial character

Hemerocallis hybrid

Iris germanica

Aluminum Arsenic Cadmium Copper Flourine Manganese

method quantity

[https://davisla3.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/ iris-germanica.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Zinc

Rhizofiltration

spatial character

Iris germanica

tolerance

Bearded Iris

Salt tolerant Draught tolerant High hp tolerant

sun

Hyperaccumulator

Iris pseudacorus

Aluminum Arsenic Atrazine Beryllium Cadmium Copper

method quantity

[http://www.plantright.org/sites/default/files/Iris_ pseudacorus-FlickrCommons_Coanri-slash-Rita.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Manganese

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Iris pseudacorus

tolerance

Pale Yellow Iris

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions

Hyperaccumulator

Juncus effuses

Ammonia Anthracene Arsenic Nitrate Nitrogen

method

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/ d2/Pitrus_plant_(Juncus_effusus).jpg]

accumulated toxins

Phosphate

Rhizofiltration

spatial character

Juncus effuses

tolerance

Soft Rush

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ bb/Juniperus_procumbens_nana_MN_2007.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Petroleum

quantity

Juniperus procumbens

Juniper

sun / semi-shade

Salt tolerant Tolerant

spatial character

Juniperus procumbens

tolerance

[http://www.plantedevis.ro/assets/galerie/lintita-lemna_minor_14.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

Chromium

Copper

Lead

Petroleum

spatial character

Lesser Duckweed

Lemna minor

Aquatic

sun / semi-shade

Lemna minor

Liquidambar styraciflua

Cesium Plutonium Uranium

accumulated toxins

Vinyl Chloride

method quantity

Phytodegradation

[http://www.naturallandscapesnursery.com/sweetgumtree.jpg]

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Liquidambar styraciflua

tolerance

American Sweet Gum

sun / semi-shade

Tolerant to wet conditions

Hyperaccumulator

Strontium

Formaldehyde

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

Plutonium

Vinyl Chloride

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Xylene

quantity

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Liriodendron_tulipifera_-_La_Hulpe_ (1).JPG]

accumulated toxins

Liriodendron tulipifera

Cesium

Accumulator

spatial character

Liriodendron tulipifera

tolerance

Tulip Tree

sun

Clay tolerant Low hp tolerant Tolerant to wet conditions

tolerance

[http://www.web.forumacvarist.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Littorella-uniflora2.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Copper

Lead

spatial character

American Shoreweed

Littorella uniflora

sun / semi-shade

Tolerant to wet conditions

Littorella uniflora

Lolium perenne

Barium Cadmium Copper Lead

accumulated toxins

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

method

Phytoextraction

[http://online-media.uni-marburg.de/biologie/nutzpflanzen/bilder/vb/lolium_perenne1.jpg]

Phytostabilization

spatial character

Lolium perenne

tolerance

Perennial Ryegrass

Normal

sun / semi-shade

Lupinus albus

Arsenic

method

[http://ernest.orgfree.com/plantes/Papilionaceae/ Lupinus%20albus2.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Nitrogen

Rhizoaccumulation

spatial character

Lupinus albus

tolerance

White Lupin

sun / semi-shade

Low hp tolerant

Maclura pomifera

method

[http://www.treetopics.com/maclura_pomifera/ osage_orange_1040345.png]

accumulated toxins

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Maclura pomifera

tolerance

Osage Orange

Salt tolerant

sun

Medicago sativa

Barium Benzene Bifenthrin Cesium Lead Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

accumulated toxins

Zinc

method

[http://www.phytoimages.siu.edu/users/paraman1/8_16_09_2/Upload16Aug09D/116MedicagoSativa.jpg]

quantity

Phytodegradation

spatial character

Medicago sativa

tolerance

Alfalfa

sun / semi-shade

Draught tolerant

Accumulator

tolerance

[http://www.veriflor.com/assets/products/ P3240006.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Anthracene

Arsenic

spatial character

Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’

Fruitless Mulberry

Normal

sun

Morus alba ‘Platanifolia’

Morus rubra

Anthracene Arsenic Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

[http://www.leegov.com/gov/dept/dcd/EnvSciences/ PublishingImages/ProtectedTrees/01redmulberry. jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

spatial character

Morus rubra

tolerance

Red Mulberry Tree

Normal

sun / semi-shade

Nymphaea odorata

Chromium Copper

method quantity

[https://davisla2.files.wordpress.com/2012/07/nymphaea-odorata.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Manganese

Rhizofiltration

spatial character

Nymphaea odorata

tolerance

Water Lily

Aquatic

sun

Accumulator

tolerance

[http://www.ksuturf.org/OrnamentalGrasses/ Images/2008/M-Z/Panicum_virgatum_’Dallas_ Blues’_2008_9.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Hydrocarbons

Picloram

Normal method

Panicum virgatum

Switchgrass

sun

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Panicum virgatum

Pascopyrum smithii

Atrazine Hydrocarbons Lead Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

accumulated toxins

Zinc

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Pascopyrum_smithii_NRCS-4.jpg]

method

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Pascopyrum smithii

tolerance

Western Wheatgrass

sun / semi-shade

Draught tolerant

Phalaris arundinacea

Cadmium Cesium Nickel Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

[http://erick.dronnet.free.fr/belles_fleurs_de_france/ images/phalaris_arundinacea1.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

spatial character

Phalaris arundinacea

tolerance

Reed Canary Grass

Normal

sun / semi-shade

Phragmites australis

Ammonia

Lead

Atrazine

Manganese

Benzene

Nickel

Cadmium

Nitrogen

accumulated toxins

Copper

method

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ f0/Phragmites_australis-2009_09_09_01.JPG]

quantity

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Phragmites australis

tolerance

Common Reed Grass

sun / semi-shade

Tolerant to wet condistions

Accumulator

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Picea_mariana_(Spruce_black).jpg]

accumulated toxins

Uranium

spatial character

Picea mariana

Black Spruce

Low hp tolerant

sun

Picea mariana

tolerance

[http://www.schumachersnursery.com/sites/default/ files/92_img0_colorado-spruce_0.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Petroleum

quantity

Dwarf Globe Blue Spruce

Picea pungens

Low hp tolerant

sun

Tolerant

spatial character

Picea pungens

Pinus nigra

method

[http://static.panoramio.com/photos/ large/91892729.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Pinus nigra

tolerance

European Black Pine

Draught tolerant High hp tolerant Salt tolerant

sun

tolerance

[https://conpm.files.wordpress.com/2010/07/pinus-ponderosa-upright.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Plutonium

Strontium

quantity

Pinus ponderosa

Ponderosa Pine

Draught tolerant

sun

Accumulator

spatial character

Pinus ponderosa

Pinus taeda

Arsenic, Chromium Creosote, Perchloroethylene (PCE) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

method

Phytodegradation Rhizodegradation

[http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-cxPjZEr_Sts/TyIHK8H1WpI/AAAAAAAABZ8/0TnNhTbNwCo/s1600/ Pinus_taeda_2.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

spatial character

Pinus taeda

tolerance

Loblolly Pine

Draught tolerant

sun

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/ f1/Smartweed,_Polygonum_lapathifolium.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Chromium

Copper

Lead

spatial character

Polygonum lapathifolium

Smartweed

sun / semi-shade

Draught tolerant

Polygonum lapathifolium

Populus deltoides

Anthracene, Arsenic

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Atrazine

Strontium

Chlorinated Solvents

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

Lead

Zinc

quantity

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Populus_deltoides_(5026724621).jpg]

accumulated toxins

Mercury

Accumulator

spatial character

Populus deltoides

tolerance

Eastern Cottonwood

Normal

sun

Populus maximowiczii

Benzene Ethyl Perchloroethylene (PCE) Toluene Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products Vinyl Chloride

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Populus_nigra-bekes.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Xylen

spatial character

Populus maximowiczii

tolerance

Japanese Poplar

Normal

sun

Populus tremuloides

Bifenthrin Chlorinated Solvents Chromium Ethyl Lead Palladium

accumulated toxins

Plutonium

method quantity

Phytodegradation Rhizodegradation

[http://www.bomengids.nl/usaoctober/pics/quaking_ aspen__populus_tremuloides_bryce_torrey-bryce2img_8411.jpg]

Phytoextration

spatial character

Populus tremuloides

tolerance

Quaking Aspen

Draught tolerant

sun

Accumulator

tolerance

[http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Bilder-P-Z/Potamogeton-crispus-2.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Copper

Lead

Aquatic quantity

Potamogeton crispus

Curly pondweed

sun

Accumulator

spatial character

Potamogeton crispus

Pyrus calleryana

accumulated toxins

Petroleum

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ e9/Pyrus_calleryana.JPG]

quantity

Tolerant

spatial character

Pyrus calleryana

tolerance

Bradford Flowering Pear

sun / semi-shade

Clay tolerant Low hp tolerant Draught tolerant

Quercus palustris

Perchloroethylene (PCE) Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Quercus_palustris_1_(nautical2k).jpg]

accumulated toxins

Vinyl Chloride

spatial character

Quercus palustris

tolerance

Pin Oak

Normal

sun / semi-shade

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Radijs_planten_(Raphanus_sativus_ subsp._sativus).jpg]

accumulated toxins

Arsenic

Cobalt

Copper

Nickel

Normal method

Raphanus sativus

Radish

sun / semi-shade

Phytostabilization

spatial character

Raphanus sativus

Rhus typhina

Nickel

quantity

[http://www.jacques-briant.fr/medias/RHUS-TYPHINA-DISSECTA-A.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

Hyperaccumulator

spatial character

Rhus typhina

tolerance

Staghorn Sumac

Draught tolerant

sun

Salix alba

Chromium Mercury Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Silver Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

[http://www.treesandhedging.co.uk/prodzoomimg714.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Vinyl Chloride

spatial character

Salix alba

tolerance

White Willow

Salt tolerant Clay tolerant

sun

Salix alba ‘Tristis’

Arsenic

Phosphorus

Benzene

Silver

Chloroform,

Toluene

Lead

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

Mercury

Tritium

Nickel

Zinc

accumulated toxins

Perchloroethylene (PCE)

method

Phytostabilization Phytoextraction Phytodegradation

[http://www.eggert-baumschulen.de/images/ product_images/popup_images/1079_1_Salix-alba-Tristis-Trauerweide.JPG]

Rhizodegradation Phytovolatilization

spatial character

Salix alba ‘Tristis’

tolerance

Golden Weeping Willow

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant

Salix exigua [http://www.smmflowers.org/bloom/pics/ S7223aWLRDb.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

spatial character

Salix exigua

tolerance

Narrowleaf Willow

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

Cadmium

Silver

Copper

Styrene

Endosulfan Sulfate

Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products

Ethyl,

Tritium

Nickel

Zinc

accumulated toxins

Salix nigra

Bentazon

method quantity

Phytodegradation Rhizodegradation

[http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/detail. cfm?imgnum=5468258]

Phytoextration

spatial character

Salix nigra

tolerance

Black Willow

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant

Accumulator

Salix pentandra

Arsenic Chloroform Lead Perchloroethylene (PCE) Trichloroethylene (TCE) and by-products Tritium

accumulated toxins

Zinc

method

Phytostabilization Phytoextraction Phytodegradation

[http://search.eaglelakenurseries.com/Content/Images/Photos/A105-12.jpg]

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Salix pentandra

tolerance

Laurel-Leaved Willow

sun

Tolerant to wet conditions Clay tolerant

tolerance

[http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-3cxd06Mjuz8/T3K6JbGU_hI/AAAAAAAAE64/CnCha01G7Ms/s1600/ Scirpus%2Blacustris.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Benzene

spatial character

Hardstem Bulrush

Scirpus acutus

Aquatic

sun / semi-shade

Scirpus acutus

tolerance

[http://www.xn--naturnahe-grten-ritter-b5b.ch/images/Bilder%20Wildstauden/SileneVulgaris2008.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

Zinc

Normal method

Bladder Campion

Silene vulgaris

sun

Phytostabilization

Phytoextraction

spatial character

Silene vulgaris

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Spartina_pectinata_2.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

Copper

Nitrogen

spatial character

Spartina pectinata

Prairie Cord Grass

sun / semi-shade

Salt tolerant

Spartina pectinata

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/StellariaMedia001.JPG]

accumulated toxins

Aluminum

Arsenic

Cadmium

Nitrate

Aquatic quantity

Spirodela polyrhiza

Giant Duckweed

sun

Hyperaccumulator

spatial character

Spirodela polyrhiza

tolerance

[http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/images/10739. jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cesium

Normal quantity

Stellaria media

Chickweed

sun / semi-shade

Accumulator

spatial character

Stellaria media

Thlaspi caerulescens

Aluminum

Copper

Arsenic

Lead

Cadmium

Nickel

Chromium

Zinc

accumulated toxins

Cobalt

method quantity

Phytostabilization

[http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/images/10739. jpg]

Phytoextraction

spatial character

Thlaspi caerulescens

tolerance

Alpine Pennycress

sun / semi-shade

Draught tolerant

Hyperaccumulator

Tradescantia bracteata

Cesium Cobalt Plutonium Strontium Tritium

quantity

[http://www.bintgoddess.com/plantpics/IMG_1053.

JPG]

accumulated toxins

Uranium

Phytoindicator

spatial character

Tradescantia bracteata

tolerance

Longbract Spiderwort

Draught tolerant

sun

Trifolium repens

Diesel Fuel Hydrocarbons Lead, Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

method quantity

[http://amc-nh.org/resources/guides/wildflowers/ images/Trifolium%20repens_White%20Clover,%20 Dutch%20Clover_primary_2_Gloucester,%20 MA_20120622_Tom%20Todd_IMGP0742.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Trifolium repens

tolerance

White Clover

Clay tolerant, High hp tolerant

sun

Accumulator

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2f/Triticum_aestivum_(ripe)_3.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Triticum aestivum

Barium

Copper

Lead,

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

Triazine

Zinc

spatial character

Triticum aestivum

Common Wheat

Normal

sun

Typha latifolia

Ammonia

Nitrate

Benzene

Nitrogen

Cadmium

Phosphate

Copper

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

method quantity

[http://www.nwplants.com/images/commons/Typha_latifolia_jen09271035.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Lead

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Typha latifolia

tolerance

Broad-Leaved Cattail

sun

Tolerant of very wet conditions

Accumulator

Urtica procera

Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB)

method

[http://luirig.altervista.org/cpm/albums/bot-011/ urtica-dioica-subsp-dioica23954.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH)

Rhizodegradation

spatial character

Urtica procera

tolerance

Tall Nettle

Normal

sun / semi-shade

tolerance

[https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws. com/696/flashcards/1206696/jpeg/vicia_villosa1337361960176.jpeg]

accumulated toxins

Nitrogen

Phosphorus

Potassium

spatial character

Vicia Americana

American Vetch

Normal

sun / semi-shade

Vicia Americana

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Vicia_faba1.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Aluminum

Normal quantity

Horse Bean

Vicia faba

sun / semi-shade

Accumulator

spatial character

Vicia faba

tolerance

[http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Vicia_grandiflora_W.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Aluminum

spatial character

Vicia grandiflora

Vetch

Normal

sun / semi-shade

Vicia grandiflora

tolerance

[http://blog.chestnutherbs.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/Commonblueviolet.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

quantity method

Viola spp.

Violet

sun

Varying between cultivars Phytoextraction

spatial character

Hyperaccumulator

Viola spp.

tolerance

[http://www.marlin.ac.uk/imgs/o_zosmar5.jpg]

accumulated toxins

Cadmium

spatial character

Zostera marina

Eel Grass

Aquatic

sun / semi-shade

Zostera marina

Sources Books KIRKWOOD, N. (ed.) (2001) Manufactured sites - Re-thinking the Post-Industrial Landscape.

London: Taylor & Francis.

SCHUL, J. (2010) Hvilken plante hvor - planteguide for hagen. 2nd ed.

Oslo: Cappelen Damm AS Official documents NORGE, ARTSDATABANKEN. (2012) Fremmede arter i Norge - med norsk svarteliste.

Trondheim: Skipnes Kommunikasjon AS. USA, THE INTERSTATE TECHNOLOGY & REGULATORY COUNCIL PHYTOTECHNOLOGIES TEAM. (2009) Phytotechnology Technical and Regulatory Guidance and Decision Trees. . [Online] Available from: http://www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/PHYTO-3.pdf.

[Accessed: 2nd February 2015].

USA, PUGET SOUND PARTNERSHIP. (2012) Technical Guidance Manual for Puget Sound. [Online] Sampling of Plant Species Studied for Phytoremediation. p.209-214.

Available from: http://www.superorg.net/archive/proposal/plant%20species%20phyto.pdf.

[Accessed: 20th January 2015].

USA, USDA NRCS Plant Materials Center. (2010) Plant Fact Sheet: black willow. . [Online] Available from: http://plants.usda.gov/factsheet/pdf/fs_sani.pdf.

[Accessed: 27th February 2015].

USA, NASA (1989) Interior Landscape Plants For Indoor Air Pollution Abatement. [Online] Available from: http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19930073077.pdf .

[Accessed: 2oth February 2015].

Thesis HILL, J.C. (2010) Sustainable Remediation and the Landscape Architect.

Birmingham: Birmingham University.

BIZECKI ROBSON, D. (2003) Phytoremediation Of Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil Using Plants Adapted To The Western Canadian Climate. A Thesis Submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment ofthe Requirements for the Degree ofDoctor of Philosophy in the Department of Soil Science.

Saskatoon: University of Saskatchewan.

RONNHEDEN, J. & FALK, M. (2010) Succession: Landskapsarkitekten & fytoremedieringen Uppsala: Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet.

Journals SARMA, H. (2011) Metal Hyperaccumulation in Plants: A Review Focusing on Phytoremediation Technology. [Online] Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 4 (2). p.118-138.

Available from: http://scialert.net/qredirect.php?doi=jest.2011.118.138&linkid=pdf.

[Accessed: 20th January 2015].

Web-pages FAMULARI, S. (2015) North Dakota State University. [Online] Available from: http://www.ndsu.edu/pubweb/famulari_research/index.php.

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POTTORFF, L. (2010) Colorado State University. [Online] Available from: http://www.colostate.edu/Depts/CoopExt/4DMG/Plants/clean.htm.

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UK, ROYAL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY (2015) Royal Horticultural Society Plant Finder. [Online] Available from: https://www.rhs.org.uk/plants/search-form.

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UK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE (2015) Plants for a Future Plant Search. [Online] Available from: http://www.pfaf.org/user/Default.aspx.

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Photos Web-page URL placed adjacent to each plant photo.

[All accessed: 3rd - 4th March 2015]